1.
Navy Midshipmen football
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The Navy Midshipmen football team represents the United States Naval Academy in NCAA Division I FBS college football. The Naval Academy completed its season as an FBS independent school in 2014. The team has coached by Ken Niumatalolo since December 2007. Navy has 19 players and three coaches in the College Football Hall of Fame and won the football national championship in 1926 according to the Boand. The 1910 team also was undefeated and unscored upon, the mascot is Bill the Goat. The Naval Academys football program is one of the nations oldest, there were two separate efforts to establish a Naval Academy football team in 1879. The first was guided by first-classman J. H. Robinson, the team played the sport under rules that made it much closer to soccer, where the players were permitted only to kick the ball in order to advance it. The second effort, headed by first-classman William John Maxwell was more successful in its efforts, Maxwell met with two of his friends, Tunstall Smith and Henry Woods, who played for the Baltimore Athletic Club and officially challenged their team to a game with the Naval Academy. A team was formed from academy first-classmen, which Maxwell led as a manager, trainer, the team would wake up and practice before reveille and following drill and meals. The squad received encouragement from some of the faculty, who allowed them to eat a late dinner and this was against the direct orders of the school superintendent, who had banned football and similar activities. The years sole contest was played on December 11 against the Baltimore Athletic Club, the oppositions team was reportedly composed of players from Princeton, Yale, Pennsylvania, and Johns Hopkins. The Naval Academy hosted the Baltimore team on a temporary field drawn on part of the cow pasture. Rules decided upon between the teams established that the game was to be played under rugby rules. The Baltimore American and Chronicle, which covered the contest, described it as such, The game, played rugby rules, was a battle from beginning to end—a regular knock down. Both sides became immediately excited and the audience was aroused to the highest pitch of enthusiasm by the spirited contest, the ball oscillated backward and forward over the ground without any material result. The scrimmages were something awful to witness—living, kicking, scrambling masses of humanity surging to and fro, each individual after the leather oval. If a Baltimorean got the ball and started for a run, he was caught by one of the brawny Cadets. The game was fought and was finally declared a scoreless tie by the referee about an hour after it began
2.
William John Maxwell
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William John Maxwell was a United States Navy officer who served as the 18th Naval Governor of Guam. He entered the United States Naval Academy in 1874, but was not commissioned as an ensign until 1883 and he served aboard many ships before becoming one of the inaugural members of the General Board of the United States Navy. Afterward, he commanded both the USS Mississippi and the USS Florida, after becoming governor in 1914, Maxwell instituted a number of reforms, including establishing the Bank of Guam and the Guam Insular Patrol Force. He also reorganized the tax system and stressed the building and improvement of new roads and his plans to give Guamanians United States citizenship was rejected by then-Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Maxwell attracted controversy during his term, particularly when he approved the first execution on the island since the US takeover. Eventually, an officer, William P. Cronan, placed Maxwell on the sick list, despite his protest. The Navy launched an inquiry into the appropriateness and motives of the dismissal, Maxwell was appointed to the United States Naval Academy on June 8,1874. On March 3,1883, he was commissioned as a junior grade. He served aboard the training ship USS Jamestown from 1883 to 1885, on July 4,1893, he was promoted to Lieutenant. From July 1890 to March 1891, he served aboard the USS Dolphin, in 1900, Maxwell began his assignment aboard the USS Isla de Cuba. In 1905, as a Lieutenant Commander, he served as Chief Engineer on the USS Marylands commissioning crew, in 1910 as a Commander, he served as one of the first members of the General Board of the United States Navy. On November 12,1911, he left Hampton Roads, Virginia commanding the USS Mississippi and he continued in this position until 1912. In 1913, he commanded the USS Florida, Maxwell served as Naval Governor of Guam from March 28,1914 to April 29,1916. During his term, a hit in the summer of 1914, leaving a shortage of rice. As governor, he established a number of government organizations, some still in existence and these organizations include the Guam Insular Patrol Force, the civilian predecessor to the Guam Police Department, as well as the Bank of Guam. He reorganized the system by raising property assessments and stressed road building. The bank opened in January 1916 and helped many islanders obtain loans to small businesses. He also served as the first chairman of the Guamanian chapter of the American Red Cross, in 1914, Maxwell proposed granting United States citizenship to the people of Guam
3.
1879 Michigan Wolverines football team
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The 1879 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1879 college football season. The team was the first intercollegiate football squad to represent the University of Michigan and they played two games, winning one and tying the other. In its first intercollegiate game, Michigan defeated a team from Racine College. Irving Kane Pond scored the first touchdown, and team captain David DeTar scored the first point, the 1879 football season began with a challenge from Racine College in the fall of 1878. The Chronicle published the letter dated September 30,1878, from C. L. We. The best offer we can make is this, Chicago seems to be the most convenient place and we will see that the White Stocking grounds are procured, tend to all the advertising, and give you two-thirds of the gate money. We play according to modified Rugby rules, which we will be able to send you, in printed form in about a week. Trusting that you will present this before your association, and accept our invitation – in the meantime awaiting your prompt reply – I am respectfully yours, C. L. Cleveland, on October 21,1878, Michigans Foot-ball Association met to consider the challenge from Racine. The association voted to accept the challenge on condition that the game be played in the spring. The Association explained, Inasmuch as the University possesses no eleven, and as the lateness of the season prohibits the training of one, a game this fall is out of the question. Yet we have so often intended to put plans into execution, which have so invariably been frustrated through some unforeseen obstacle. The paper also emphasized the importance of winning, ne very important point must not be overlooked and it is essential that we win the first game. Defeat would put an end to all our expectations, while success alone can make them possible. We learn from the Racine paper that, the men have been at work in the gymnasium all winter. Of course, we, not having the advantage which a gymnasium affords, could not work in the winter, indeed they seem to be distinguished only by their laziness and lack of enthusiasm. On May 17,1879, The Chronicle devoted its front page to coverage of the football game in Chicago. The paper reported that a team of 22 players had been selected and had decided to practice after supper, when the campus would be free, and it would not interfere with study. … hey must work hard and faithfully else they will disgrace our University and make it anything, on the Wednesday evening before the Racine game, the team appeared on campus in their new uniforms, “They presented quite a neat appearance
4.
United States Naval Academy
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The United States Naval Academy is a four-year coeducational federal service academy in Annapolis, Maryland, United States. The entire campus is a National Historic Landmark and home to historic sites, buildings. It replaced Philadelphia Naval Asylum, in Philadelphia, that served as the first United States Naval Academy from 1838 to 1845 when the Naval Academy formed in Annapolis. Candidates for admission generally must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a Member of Congress, students are officers-in-training and are referred to as midshipmen. Tuition for midshipmen is fully funded by the Navy in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation, approximately 1,200 plebes enter the Academy each summer for the rigorous Plebe Summer, but only about 1,000 midshipmen graduate. The United States Naval Academy has some of the highest paid graduates in the according to starting salary. Midshipmen are required to adhere to the academys Honor Concept, the United States Naval Academys campus is located in Annapolis, Maryland, at the confluence of the Severn River and the Chesapeake Bay. In its 2016 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked the U. S. Naval Academy as the No.1 public liberal arts college and tied for the 9th best overall liberal arts college in the U. S. In the category of High School Counselor Rankings of National Liberal Arts Colleges, Military Academy and the U. S. Air Force Academy, and is tied for the No.5 spot for Best Undergraduate Engineering program at schools where doctorates not offered. In 2016, Forbes ranked the U. S. Naval Academy as No.24 overall in its report Americas Top Colleges, nominations may be made by members of and delegates to Congress, the President or Vice-President, the Secretary of the Navy or certain other sources. Candidates must also pass a fitness test and a thorough medical exam as part of the application process. In the 21st century, there have been about 1,200 students in each new class of plebes, the U. S. government pays for tuition, room, and board. Midshipmen receive monthly pay of $1,017.00, as of 2015, from this amount, pay is automatically deducted for the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, services, and other miscellaneous expenses. Midshipmen only receive a portion of their pay in cash while the rest is released during firstie year. Midshipmen fourth-class to midshipmen second-class receive monthly stipends of $100, $200, $300, Midshipmen first-class receive the difference between pay and outstanding expenses. Students at the academy are addressed as Midshipman, an official military rank. The same term comprises both males and females, upon graduation, most naval academy midshipmen are commissioned as ensigns in the Navy or second lieutenants in the Marine Corps and serve a minimum of five years after their commissioning. If they are selected to serve as a pilot, they will serve 8–11 years minimum from their date of winging, Foreign midshipmen are commissioned into the armed forces of their native countries
5.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
6.
College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition. Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as a free agent. Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League, college football remained extremely popular throughout the U. S, in many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium. College athletes, unlike players in the NFL, are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries, colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition, housing, and books. Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as football, by the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football. The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges, the first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9,1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. In 1864, at Trinity College, also a college of the University of Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played its own version called Old division football, the rules of which were first published in 1871, all of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities
7.
Rutgers University
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Rutgers was chartered as Queens College on November 10,1766. It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution, for most of its existence, Rutgers was a private liberal arts college affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church. The college expanded its role in research and instruction in agriculture, engineering and it gained university status in 1924 with the introduction of graduate education and further expansion. However, Rutgers evolved into a public research university after being designated The State University of New Jersey by the New Jersey Legislature in laws enacted in 1945 and 1956. It is one of two colonial colleges that later became public universities. Rutgers has three campuses located throughout New Jersey, the New Brunswick campus in New Brunswick and adjacent Piscataway, the Newark campus, the university has additional facilities elsewhere in New Jersey. Instruction is offered by 9,000 faculty members in 175 academic departments to over 45,000 undergraduate students and more than 20,000 graduate, through several years of effort by the Rev. Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen and Rev. The Grammar School, today the private Rutgers Preparatory School, was a part of the community until 1959. New Brunswick was chosen as the location over Hackensack because the New Brunswick Dutch had the support of the Anglican population, despite the religious nature of the early college, the first classes were held at a tavern called the Sign of the Red Lion. When the Revolutionary War broke out and taverns were suspected by the British as being hotbeds of rebel activity, in its early years, due to a lack of funds, Queens College was closed for two extended periods. Early trustees considered merging the college with the College of New Jersey, in Princeton, in 1808, after raising $12,000, the college was temporarily reopened and broke ground on a building of its own, called Old Queens, designed by architect John McComb, Jr. The colleges third president, the Rev. Ira Condict, laid the cornerstone on April 27,1809, shortly after, the New Brunswick Theological Seminary, founded in 1784, relocated from Brooklyn, New York, to New Brunswick, and shared facilities with Queens College. During those formative years, all three institutions fit into Old Queens, in 1830, the Queens College Grammar School moved across the street, and in 1856, the Seminary relocated to a seven-acre tract less than one-half miles away. According to the Board of Trustees, Colonel Rutgers was honored because he epitomized Christian values, the Rutgers Scientific School would expand over the years to grow into the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station and divide into the College of Engineering and the College of Agriculture. Rutgers created the New Jersey College for Women in 1918, with the development of graduate education, and the continued expansion of the institution, the collection of schools became Rutgers University in 1924. Rutgers College continued as an arts college within the university. Rutgers was designated the State University of New Jersey by acts of the New Jersey Legislature in 1945 and 1956, shortly after, the University of Newark was merged with Rutgers in 1946, as were the College of South Jersey and South Jersey Law School, in 1950. These two institutions became Rutgers University–Newark and Rutgers University–Camden, respectively, on September 10,1970, after much debate, the Board of Governors voted to admit women into Rutgers College
8.
Princeton University
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Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The institution moved to Newark in 1747, then to the current site nine years later, Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Theological Seminary, Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States. The university has graduated many notable alumni, two U. S. Presidents,12 U. S. Supreme Court Justices, and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princetons alumni body. New Light Presbyterians founded the College of New Jersey in 1746 in order to train ministers, the college was the educational and religious capital of Scots-Irish America. In 1754, trustees of the College of New Jersey suggested that, in recognition of Governors interest, gov. Jonathan Belcher replied, What a name that would be. In 1756, the moved to Princeton, New Jersey. Its home in Princeton was Nassau Hall, named for the royal House of Orange-Nassau of William III of England, following the untimely deaths of Princetons first five presidents, John Witherspoon became president in 1768 and remained in that office until his death in 1794. During his presidency, Witherspoon shifted the focus from training ministers to preparing a new generation for leadership in the new American nation. To this end, he tightened academic standards and solicited investment in the college, in 1812, the eighth president the College of New Jersey, Ashbel Green, helped establish the Princeton Theological Seminary next door. The plan to extend the theological curriculum met with approval on the part of the authorities at the College of New Jersey. Today, Princeton University and Princeton Theological Seminary maintain separate institutions with ties that include such as cross-registration. Before the construction of Stanhope Hall in 1803, Nassau Hall was the sole building. The cornerstone of the building was laid on September 17,1754, during the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the countrys capital for four months. The class of 1879 donated twin lion sculptures that flanked the entrance until 1911, Nassau Halls bell rang after the halls construction, however, the fire of 1802 melted it. The bell was then recast and melted again in the fire of 1855, James McCosh took office as the colleges president in 1868 and lifted the institution out of a low period that had been brought about by the American Civil War. McCosh Hall is named in his honor, in 1879, the first thesis for a Doctor of Philosophy Ph. D. was submitted by James F. Williamson, Class of 1877. In 1896, the officially changed its name from the College of New Jersey to Princeton University to honor the town in which it resides
9.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
10.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
11.
Vacation
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A vacation or holiday is a leave of absence from a regular occupation, or a specific trip or journey, usually for the purpose of recreation or tourism. People often take a vacation during specific holiday observances, or for festivals or celebrations. Vacations are often spent with friends or family, a person may take a longer break from work, such as a sabbatical, gap year, or career break. The concept of taking a vacation is a recent invention, and has developed through the last two centuries, historically, the idea of travel for recreation was a luxury that only wealthy people could afford. In the Puritan culture of early America, taking a break from work for other than weekly observance of the Sabbath was frowned upon. However, the concept of vacation was led by a later religious movement encouraging spiritual retreat. The notion of breaking from work periodically took root among the middle, in the United Kingdom, vacation once specifically referred to the long summer break taken by the law courts and then later the term was applied to universities. The custom was introduced by William the Conqueror from Normandy where it facilitated the grape harvest, in the past, many upper-class families moved to a summer home for part of the year, leaving their usual home vacant. Recent developments in communication technology—internet, mobile, instant messaging, presence tracking, Vacation today means absence from the workplace rather than temporary cession of work. It is now the norm in North America and Great Britain to carry on working or remain on call while on vacation rather than abandon work altogether, office employees telecommute whilst on vacation. Workers may choose to unplug for a portion of a day, antithetically, workers may take time out of the office to go on vacation, but remain plugged-in to work-related communications networks. While remaining plugged-in over vacation may generate short-term business benefits, the psychological impacts of these developments are only beginning to be understood. Vacation, in English-speaking North America, describes recreational travel, such as a pleasure trip. People in Commonwealth countries use the term holiday to describe absence from work as well as to describe a vacation or journey, Vacation can mean either staying home or going somewhere. Canadians often use vacation and holiday interchangeably referring to an away from home or time off work. In Australia and the UK, holiday can refer to a vacation or a public holiday, the scions of New York City took to declaring that they would “vacate” their city homes for their lakeside summer retreats, and the term “vacation” replaced the British “holiday” in common parlance. In Hungarian, the word vakáció can mean both a recreational trip, an officially granted absence from work, and the school break. For absence from work, the word szabadság can be used, family vacation refers to recreation taken together by the family
12.
Football (ball)
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A football is a ball inflated with air that is used to play one of the various sports known as football. The first balls were made of materials, such as an inflated pig bladder, later put inside a leather cover. Modern balls are designed by teams of engineers to exacting specifications, with rubber or plastic bladders, the oldest football still in existence, which is thought to have been made circa 1550, was discovered in the roof of Stirling Castle, Scotland, in 1981. The ball is made of leather and a pigs bladder and it has a diameter of between 14–16 cm, weighs 125 g and is currently on display at the Smith Art Gallery and Museum in Stirling. In Canada and the United States, the term usually refers to a ball made of cow hide leather. Footballs used in recreation, and in organised leagues, may be made of rubber or plastic materials. Since 1941, Wilson has been the supplier of leather for National Football League footballs. The arrangement was established by Arnold Horween, who had played and coached in the NFL, Horween Leather Company also supplies leather to Spalding, supplier of balls to the Arena Football League. Leather panels are typically tanned to a brown color, which is usually required in professional leagues. At least one manufacturer uses leather that has been tanned to provide a grip in dry or wet conditions. Historically, white footballs have been used in games played at night so that the ball can be more easily, however. However, the NFL once explored the usage of white-striped footballs – in Super Bowl VIII, in the CFL the stripes traverse the entire circumference of the ball. The UFL used a ball with lime-green stripes, two indoor American football leagues, the Ultimate Indoor Football League and American Indoor Football, use a ball with red, white and blue panels. The weight specified for a ball is the dry weight, as older balls often became significantly heavier in the course of a match played in wet weather. The standard ball is a Size 5, although smaller sizes exist, Size 3 is standard for team handball and Size 4 in futsal, other sizes are used in underage games or as novelty items. Most modern Association footballs are stitched from 32 panels of waterproofed leather or plastic,12 regular pentagons and 20 regular hexagons, the 32-panel configuration is the spherical polyhedron corresponding to the truncated icosahedron, it is spherical because the faces bulge from the pressure of the air inside. The first 32-panel ball was marketed by Select in the 1950s in Denmark and this configuration became common throughout Continental Europe in the 1960s, and was publicised worldwide by the Adidas Telstar, the official ball of the 1970 World Cup. The familiar 32-panel football design is referenced to describe the truncated icosahedron Archimedean solid
13.
Severn River (Maryland)
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The Severn River is a tidal estuary 14 miles long in Anne Arundel County in the U. S. state of Maryland, south of the Magothy River and north of the South River. The Severn has an area of 81 square miles, or 69 square miles of land. Thus, its watershed area is 15% water. Its source is the beginning of the non-tidal nine-mile long Severn Run in northwestern Anne Arundel County in Severn, the river enters the Chesapeake Bay near the major port city of Annapolis, also the capital of Maryland. Several tributary creeks drain highly developed areas, including Weems Creek and its nontidal portion Cowhide Branch, which drain most of the Annapolis Mall, the Severn River is crossed by two bridges. One, known as the Severn River Bridge or Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge, the other carries MD450, and is now officially named the US Naval Academy Bridge because its south end traverses the academy. The latter bridge was built as a drawbridge in the late 1920s, a former railroad trestle between the two current bridges, built in about 1887 for the Annapolis and Baltimore Short Line Railroad, was removed post-1968 when it was declared unsafe. If a tributary has sub-tributaries below, they are listed after the & and it faded away after the 1680s when Annapolis came into favor and, in 1694, became Marylands capital. NOAA Chart of Severn River Severn River history from Anne Arundel County web site A. T. Davison, gems of the Severn Available from Scenic Rivers Land Trust, http, //www. srlt
14.
Annapolis, Maryland
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Annapolis is the capital of the U. S. state of Maryland, as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County. Its population was measured at 38,394 by the 2010 census, the city served as the seat of the Continental Congress in 1783–84 and was the site of the 1786 Annapolis Convention and the Annapolis Peace Conference, held in 2007. Annapolis is the home of St. Johns College as well as the United States Naval Academy, a settlement in the Province of Maryland named Providence was founded on the north shore of the Severn River in 1649 by Puritan exiles from Virginia led by Governor William Stone. The settlers later moved to a harbor on the south shore. The settlement on the shore was initially named Town at Proctors, then Town at the Severn. In 1654, after the Third English Civil War, Parliamentary forces assumed control of Maryland, per orders from Charles Calvert, fifth Lord Baltimore, Stone returned the following spring at the head of a Cavalier force. On March 25,1655, in what is known as the Battle of the Severn, Stone was defeated, taken prisoner, Fendall governed Maryland during the latter half of the Commonwealth. In 1660, he was replaced by Phillip Calvert as fifth/sixth Governor of Maryland), Annapolis was incorporated as a city in 1708. Water trades such as oyster-packing, boatbuilding and sailmaking became the chief industries. Annapolis is home to a number of recreational boats that have largely replaced the seafood industry in the city. Dr. Alexander Hamilton was a Scottish-born doctor and writer who lived and worked in Annapolis, Annapolis became the temporary capital of the United States after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. For the 1783 Congress, the Governor of Maryland commissioned John Shaw, the flag is slightly different from other designs of the time. The blue field extends over the height of the hoist. Shaw created two versions of the flag, one started with a red stripe and another that started with a white one. In 1786, delegates from all states of the Union were invited to meet in Annapolis to consider measures for the regulation of commerce. Delegates from only five states—New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, New Jersey, the Philadelphia convention drafted and approved the Constitution of the United States, which is still in force. During this period, a prisoner of war camp, Camp Parole, was set up in Annapolis. As the war continued, the camp expanded to a location just west of the city
15.
Navy Midshipmen baseball
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The team is a member of the Patriot League, which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Associations Division I. Navys first baseball team was fielded in 1893, the team plays its home games at Terwilliger Brothers Field at Max Bishop Stadium in Annapolis, Maryland. The Midshipmen are coached by Paul Kostacopoulos, navy has had 8 Major League Baseball Draft selections since the draft began in 1965. List of NCAA Division I baseball programs Official website Template, League History
16.
Reveille
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Reveille is a bugle call, trumpet call or pipes call most often associated with the military and prisons, it is chiefly used to wake military personnel and prisoners at sunrise. The name comes from réveille, the French word for wake up, the tune used in the Commonwealth of Nations is different from the one used in the United States, but they are used in analogous ways, to ceremonially start the day. In modern times, the U. S. military plays Reveille in the morning, generally near sunrise, though its exact time varies from base to base. While in formation, soldiers are brought to the position of parade rest while Reveille plays then called to attention and present arms as the national flag is raised while To the Colors plays. On board U. S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard facilities, on some U. S. military bases, Reveille is accompanied by a cannon shot. In Commonwealth Remembrance Day and Remembrance Sunday services, The Last Post begins the period of silent reflection, the two tunes symbolize sunset and sunrise respectively, and therefore, death and resurrection. To Reveille or to sound Reveille is often used among military personnel as a meaning to notify personnel that it is time to wake up. Although there are no lyrics to Reveille, these unofficial lyrics for the Commonwealth Reveille have been recently popularized. Or-der-ly officer is on his round, the first lines of the British Cavalry Reveille were for many years rendered as, Soldiers arise. Scrub the bloody muck out of your eyes. The infantry and general Reveille ran, Get out of bed, Get out of bed, I feel sorry for you, I do. In the Royal Navy, Reveille was usually verbalised as, Wakey Wakey, Lash up and Stow. To the U. S. tune, Reveille and Rouse are composed, like all music, solely from the notes of the major triad, usually notated in C as, C, the tonic, E, the mediant, and G. Reise Reise is the wake up call on ships of the German Navy and it comes from the Low German word for rise. Every day on a German Navy ship starts with a call, the purren, which is started by the Locken. The wake-up call is given by a whistle and the call, Reise, reise, aufstehen. Rise, rise, wake up, get your hammock ready, in the Indian Army, reveille is sounded at 06,00, and the regimental colours are hoisted. As this also signals the start of the physical training parade, for practical reasons, in the Irish Army, reveille is sounded at dawn and at military wreath-laying ceremonies, as on the National Day of Commemoration. In Mountjoy Prison a large triangle was formerly beaten to wake the prisoners
17.
Military parade
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A military parade is a formation of soldiers whose movement is restricted by close-order manoeuvring known as drilling or marching. The military parade is now almost entirely ceremonial, though soldiers from time immemorial up until the late 19th century fought in formation, massed parades may also hold a role for propaganda purposes, being used to exhibit the apparent military strength of ones nation. The terminology comes from the tradition of close order formation combat, formation combat was used as an alternative to mêlée combat, and required strict discipline in the ranks and competent officers. As long as their formations could be maintained, regular troops could maintain a significant advantage over less organised opponents, roughly synonymous are drill and march. The English word drill is of Middle Dutch origin, dating from the 16th century drill of the Dutch army of prince Maurice of Orange, in ancient times, drilling increased in importance when men stopped fighting as individuals and began to fight together as units. Military drilling later was used by the Roman Army to maximise efficiency, massed military drilling was used mostly by only the foremost armies and nations, such as the Normans. The U. S. drill is based on the contributions of Baron von Steuben, during the winter quarters in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, von Steuben taught a model company of 100 soldiers musket drill. These soldiers, in turn, taught the remainder of the Continental Army, a military drill is memorizing certain actions through repetition until the action is instinctive to the soldiers being drilled. Complex actions are broken down into simpler ones which can be practised in isolation so when the whole is put together the results are achieved. Such is necessary for a force to perform at maximum efficiency in all manner of situations. However, depending on the army and the drills it adopts, drilling may destroy flexibility and initiative in exchange for predictability, recruits in most modern militaries are taught drill to teach them how to work and move as a team. In addition, formations are used in riot control, where mêlée combat is still the norm. When these are not present, the direction of the commander is the advance. There is only one person in charge of a parade at a time, changing this person is very ceremonious. This is to make it obvious to the soldiers who is currently in command, during parades, unless explicitly told otherwise, soldiers have restricted movement, meaning they can move only exactly when they are told, and then doing only exactly what they are told to do. American usage allows the member to be at four states of alert, Attention, standing straight, eyes forward, chest out, knees straight but not locked. Stand At Ease, Same as Parade Rest, but the soldier may look at the speaker, at Ease, The service member is allowed to move around all but the right foot, but must remain silent. Rest, Service member may talk, smoke and may move as long as their right pivot foot remains grounded, a formation must be brought to the position of attention before it can go to a higher state of alert
18.
Yale Bulldogs football
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The Yale Bulldogs football program represents Yale University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision. Yales football program is one of the oldest in the world, with 890 wins, Yale ranks second in wins in college football history, trailing only the University of Michigan. The Bulldogs were the dominant team in the days of intercollegiate football, winning 27 college football national championships. Walter Camp, known as the Father of Football, graduated from Hopkins Grammar School in 1876 and he later served as the head football coach at Yale from 1888 to 1892. The team made the down and went on to win the game in one of Yales greatest victories in its history, laRoche went on to spearhead the creation of the National Football Foundation and Hall of Fame. When the Ivy League athletic conference was formed in 1955, conference rules prohibited post-season play in football. While Yale had always abstained from post-season play, other schools had participated in bowls before, and the new policy further insulated Yale. The NCAA decided to split Division I into two subdivisions in 1978, then called I-A for larger schools, and I-AA for the smaller ones. In 1982, the NCAA created a rule that stated an average attendance must be at least 15,000 to qualify for I-A membership. This forced the hand, as only some of the member schools met the attendance qualification. Choosing to stay rather than stand their ground separately in the increasingly competitive I-A subdivision. Since the formation of the Ivy League in 1956, Yale has won 14 Ivy League championships,1956,1960,1967,1968,1969,1974,1976,1977,1979,1980,1981,1989,1999,2006. Harvard and Yale have been competing against each other in football since 1875, the annual rivalry game between the two schools, known as The Game, is played in November at the end of the football season. As of 2016, Yale leads the series 66–59–8, the Game is the second oldest continuing rivalry and also the third most-played rivalry game in college football history, after the Lehigh–Lafayette Rivalry and the Princeton–Yale game. Sports Illustrated On Campus rated the Harvard–Yale rivalry the sixth-best in college athletics in 2003, Harvard had been unbeaten versus Yale from 2007 to 2015. The nine game winning streak was the longest during the rivalry, Yales 2016 victory over Harvard in Cambridge, 21-14, ended the streak. The Game is significant for historical reasons as the rules of The Game soon were adopted by other schools. Footballs rules, conventions, and equipment, as well as elements of such as the mascot and fight song, include many elements pioneered or nurtured at Harvard
19.
Penn Quakers football
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The Penn Quakers football team is the college football team at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Penn has played in 1,364 football games, the most of any school in any division, Penn plays its home games at historic Franklin Field, the oldest stadium in football. All Penn games are broadcast on WNTP or WFIL radio, Penn bills itself as college footballs most historic program. The Quakers have had 63 First Team All-Americans, and the college is the alma mater of John Heisman, the team has won a share of 7 national championships and competed in the granddaddy of them all in 1917. Penns total of 837 wins puts them 11th all-time in college football,18 members of the College Football Hall of Fame played at Penn and 5 members of the College Football Hall of Fame coached at Penn. Penn has had 11 unbeaten seasons, Penn is one of the few college football teams to have had an exclusive contract with a network for broadcasting all their home games. For the 1950 season, ABC Sports broadcast all of Penns home games, the only other teams to have exclusive contracts are Miami and Notre Dame. The Quakers competed as an independent until 1956, when they accepted the invitation to join the Ivy League. See, NCAA #Football television controversy Penn joined the Ivy League in 1956 when it was formed, Penn won its 1st Ivy League Football Championship in 1959. It was not until 1982,23 years later, that Penn would win its 2nd Ivy League Football Championship, since that year Penn has become a dominant football power in the Ivy League. They are tied with Dartmouth in winning a record 18 Ivy League Football Championships, Penn, however, is first in outright Ivy League titles, and first in undefeated Ivy League titles. NCAA record for most college football games played -1,364, NCAA record for consecutive overtime losses -3 games Most outright Ivy League titles -13, Highest number of unbeaten Ivy League seasons -8, Longest Ivy League winning streak -20 straight games. Penn also holds the next two Longest Ivy League win streaks, record 18 Ivy League Football Championships. Penns home stadium Franklin Field is not only the oldest stadium in football, brooke - Twice All-America, College football Hall of Fame. Outland - namesake of the Outland Trophy, College Football Hall of Fame Penns total of three major award winners surpasses several BCS programs to this day. A total of 51 players from Penn have been drafted in the NFL, including NFL Hall of Famers Chuck Bednarik and Bert Bell and NFL first-round pick Skip Minisi. List of Penn Quakers in the NFL Draft Penns rivalry with Cornell is the 5th-most played college football rivalry of all time and their first game was in 1893 and have played every year since, except in 1918. Penn leads in the series, 72–46–5, since the official formation of the Ivy League in 1956 Penn has won 31 games and Cornell has won 29 games
20.
Johns Hopkins Blue Jays
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The Johns Hopkins Blue Jays are the athletic teams that represent Johns Hopkins University. They compete in the NCAA Division III, except for their lacrosse teams and they are primarily members of the Centennial Conference. The team colors are Columbia blue and black, and the blue jay is their mascot, Homewood Field is the home stadium. Hopkins celebrates Homecoming in the spring to coincide with the height of the lacrosse season, the Lacrosse Museum and National Hall of Fame, governed by US Lacrosse, is located on the Homewood campus and is adjacent to Homewood Field. Past Johns Hopkins lacrosse teams have represented the United States in international competition, at the 1932 Summer Olympics lacrosse demonstration event Hopkins played for the US. They have also gone to Melbourne, Australia to win the 1974 World Lacrosse Championship, originally, the Johns Hopkins athletes were not called Blue Jays but the Black and Blue, a nickname derived from their athletic colors. Hopkins archivist James Stimpert has theorized that the Blue Jay name stemmed from Hopkins student humor magazine, The Black and Blue Jay, the Black and Blue came from the athletic colors and the Jay most likely stood for first initial in Johns Hopkins. The rivalry with Maryland is the most prominent in college lacrosse, on June 3,2013, it was announced that Johns Hopkins would be joining the Big Ten Conference as a Sport Affiliate member in Mens Lacrosse starting in 2015. The Blue Jays Mens soccer team has won eight Centennial Conference Regular Season titles along with another four ECAC titles previously to joining the Centennial Conference in 1993, the team has reached the NCAA tournament 12 times in the programs history. The team is currently on a streak of 16 winning seasons and has had over 20 All-American selections, the Swimming team also has ranked in the top two of Division III for the last 10 years. Hopkins also has a rivalry with McDaniel College, playing the Green Terrors 83 times in football since the first game in 1894. Johns Hopkins latest team to encounter postseason success is the baseball team. The Blue Jays finished runner-up to Trinity College, losing the championship game, the womens cross country team has experienced great success in recent years, finishing 7th at the NCAA championship in 2009 and 2010. The cross country and track & field teams have also had several All-American runners in the past few years, in 2012, the womens cross country team beat out top-ranked MIT to become the first womens program in Johns Hopkins history to win an NCAA championship. They also won the NCAA championship in 2013 and 2014, giving them 3 championships in just 8 appearances, the Johns Hopkins womens volleyball team won their 1st Centennial Conference Title in 2011. The volleyball team has 4 NCAA All-Americans
21.
Baltimore News-American
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The Baltimore News-American was a Baltimore broadsheet newspaper with a continuous lineage of more than 200 years of Baltimore newspapers. For much of the century, it had the largest circulation in the city. Its final edition was published on May 27,1986, the News American was formed by a final merger of two papers, the Baltimore News-Post and The Baltimore American, in 1964, after a long 191-year history and weaning process. Built opposite later in 1873, was The News office/printing establishment with its mansard roof, all this perished in smoke with the Great Baltimore Fire in February 1904, which burned out both buildings to a shell. Publication had to be shifted to other neighboring cities such as Washington. The South Street complex was torn down several years after the closing in 1986. Paul and East Fayette Streets consumed by the blaze although the new massive City Circuit Courthouse just to the east across the street, mencken described his early reporting years in the second volume of his autobiographical trilogy Newspaper Days published in 1941. The Baltimore American, claimed to be a descendent of the original Maryland Journal. Fulton during the middle 19th Century, after the American Civil War, Felix Agnus, returned from the war and settled in Baltimore and became manager of the American and eventually married the Fultons daughter. Within a decade, he became the editor and publisher following the death of Fulton and he was also very proud that his new skyscraper for the American was the first to be completed in early 1905 in the burnt district. He died in October 1925 at 86, several years after selling the paper to a very controversial, william Randolph Hearsts Hearst Company newspaper empire acquired the morning American from Agnus and the afternoon News from Grasty in 1923 from another newspaper mogul Frank A. Munsey. It became one of the city and states largest financial empires into the 1990s, now the newly revamped News American is published seven days a week with the usually thick special Sunday edition of many sections. Masthead is redesigned with new vignette with old Phoenix Shot Tower in center and city buildings behind. For the first time, paper is referred to without city name on masthead, entrances on Pratt and Lombard are closed. Paper uses postal new address on South Street, john L. Carey, was editor of the Baltimore American in 1845. He published a number of books and pamphlets on the question of prior to the American Civil War. Baltimore News American Photograph Collection, University of Maryland Libraries, College Park, Maryland
22.
End zone
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The end zone refers to the scoring area on the field, according to gridiron-based codes of football. It is the area between the end line and goal line bounded by the sidelines, there are two end zones, each being on an opposite side of the field. It is bordered on all sides by a line indicating its beginning and end points, with orange. Canadian rule books use the terms goal area and dead line instead of end zone and end line respectively, a similar concept exists in both rugby football codes, where it is known as the in-goal area. Ultimate frisbee also uses an end zone scoring area, scores in this sport are counted when a pass is received in the end zone. The end zones were invented as a result of the creation of the forward pass, prior to this, the goal line and end line were the same, and players scored a touchdown by leaving the field of play through that line. Goal posts were placed on the line, and any kicks that did not result in field goals. In the earliest days of the pass, the pass had to be caught in-bounds. This also made it difficult to pass the ball very close to ones own goal line. Thus, in 1912, the end zone was introduced in American football. Goal posts were originally kept on the lines, but after they began to interfere with play, they moved back to the end lines in 1927. The National Football League moved the goal posts up to the line again in 1933. As with many aspects of gridiron football, Canadian football adopted the forward pass. The forward pass and end zones were adopted in 1929, in Canada, college football never reached a level of prominence comparable to U. S. college football, and professional football was still in its infancy in the 1920s. As a result, Canadian football was still being played in rudimentary facilities in the late 1920s, a further consideration was that the Canadian Rugby Union wanted to reduce the prominence of single points in the game. Therefore, the CRU simply appended 25-yard end zones to the ends of the existing 110-yard field, a team scores a touchdown by entering its opponents end zone while carrying the ball or catching the ball while being within the end zone. If the ball is carried by a player, it is considered a score when any part of the ball is directly above or beyond any part of the line between the pylons. In addition, a two-point conversion may be scored after a touchdown by similar means, in Ultimate Frisbee, a goal is scored by completing a pass into the end zone
23.
Penalty (gridiron football)
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In American football and Canadian football, a penalty is a sanction called against a team for a violation of the rules, called a foul. Officials initially signal penalties by tossing a yellow or orange colored penalty flag onto the field toward or at the spot of a foul. Many penalties result in moving the football toward the teams end zone, usually either 5,10, or 15 yards. Most penalties against the team also result in giving the offense an automatic first down. In some cases, depending on the spot of the foul, because football is a high-contact sport requiring a balance between offense and defense, many rules exist that regulate equality, safety, contact, and actions of players on each team. It is very difficult to avoid violating these rules without giving up too much of an advantage. Thus, a system of fouls and penalties has been developed to let the punishment fit the crime. Players and coaches are looking for ways to find an advantage that stretches the limitations imposed by the rules. It is a misconception that the term penalty is used to refer both to an infraction and the penal consequence of that infraction. A foul is a rule infraction for which a penalty is prescribed, officials initially signal fouls by tossing a bright yellow colored flag onto the field toward or at the spot of the foul. Because of this, broadcasters and fans use the terms flag or flag on the play to refer to fouls during the game. During a play, multiple officials may flag the same play, if applicable, the same official can signal additional fouls on a given play by throwing a beanbag or their hat. When officials throw a flag during a down, play does not stop until the ball becomes dead under normal conditions, the final determination and assessment of the penalty is the sole responsibility of the referee. The referee then confers with the offended teams on-field captain to find out whether the team would rather decline the penalty. However, there are scenarios where the referee may not have to confer with the team captain because the enforcement cannot be declined or when the choice is fairly obvious. In college and professional football, the referee will give out the numbers of the players who committed the fouls. Some officials will refer to teams by their jersey color, the following are general types of penalty enforcement. Specific rules will vary depending on the league, conference, and/or level of football, most penalties result in replaying the down and moving the ball toward the offending teams end zone
24.
Walter Camp
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Walter Chauncey Camp was an American football player, coach, and sports writer known as the Father of American Football. Among a long list of inventions, he created the line of scrimmage. With John Heisman, Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pop Warner, Fielding H. Yost and he attended Yale College, where he played and coached college football. Camps Yale teams of 1888,1891, and 1892 have been recognized as national champions, Camp was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1951. Camp wrote articles and books on the gridiron and sports in general, by the time of his death, he had written nearly 30 books and more than 250 magazine articles. Camp was born in the city of New Britain, Connecticut, Walter Camp was of English descent. He attended Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven, entered Yale College in 1875, at Yale he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, the Linonian Society, and Skull and Bones. He attended Yale Medical School from 1880 to 1883, where his studies were interrupted first by an outbreak of typhoid fever, in 1873, he attended a meeting where representatives from Columbia, Rutgers, Princeton, and Yale universities created the intercollegiate football association. They created the rule that each team is only allowed 15 plays per drive and he played as a halfback at Yale from 1876 to 1882. Harvard player Nathaniel Curtis took one look at Camp, then only 156 pounds and he worked for the New Haven Clock Company beginning in 1883, working his way up to chairman of the board of directors. On June 30,1888, Camp married Alice Graham Sumner, sister of sociologist William Graham Sumner and they had two children, Walter Camp, Jr. who attended Yale as well and was elected as a member of Scroll and Key in 1912, and Janet Camp Troxell. Camp served as the football coach at Yale from 1888 to 1892 before moving to Stanford University. On Christmas 1894, he and Amos Alonzo Staggs Chicago Maroons organized an early intersectional contest, Camp was on the various collegiate football rules committees that developed the American game from his time as a player at Yale until his death. English Rugby rules at the time required a player, when the ball was fairly held. College Football 1880 rules convention that the contested scrimmage be replaced with a line of scrimmage where the team with the ball started with uncontested possession and this change effectively created the evolution of the modern game of American football from its rugby football origins. This is significant as rugby union has no point value award for this action, the NCAA emerged from the national talks, but worked to Yales disadvantage relative to rival Harvard, according to Branch. By the time of his death, he had written nearly 30 books and his stories also appeared in major daily newspapers throughout the United States. He also selected an annual All-American team, by the age of 33, twelve years after graduating from Yale, Walter Camp had already become known as the Father of Football
25.
Lineman (gridiron football)
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In gridiron football, a lineman is a player who specializes in play at the line of scrimmage. The linemen of the currently in possession of the ball are the offensive line. A number of NFL rules specifically address restrictions and requirements for the offensive line, linemen are usually the largest players on the field in both height and weight, since their positions usually require less running and more strength than skill positions. An offensive linemans motion during a play is limited to just a few quick steps to establish position. Offensive linemen thus tend to be the largest players on the field, with excellent agility and balance, most pro and college football offensive lineman tend to weigh over 300 pounds. On passing plays, the line is responsible for stopping defensive players from tackling the quarterback before he has thrown the ball. The interior offensive line consists of the center, who is responsible for snapping the ball into play, in addition to the interior line, a full offensive line may also include a Tight End outside one or both of the tackles. However, ends are eligible to catch passes, when an offensive lineman knocks a player down on a block, leaving the defensive player lying flat on his back, it is colloquially known as a pancake block. When an offensive line has an number of men on either side of the center. The defensive line consists of one or two defensive tackles and two ends who play outside the defensive tackles. The defensive line works with the linebackers to try to control the line of scrimmage, the 4-3 defensive formation, most commonly used in the NFL, employs two defensive tackles, while the 3-4 formation uses just a single defensive tackle, called the nose tackle. However, defensive ends in a typical 3-4 have responsibilities more similar to a 4-3 defensive tackle than 4-3 defensive ends, on running plays, the goal is to tackle the ball carrier. The defensive tackles are usually the most skilled run defenders on the team, on passing plays, the defensive line tries to reach the quarterback. Defensive ends are usually the most skilled pass rushers on the team, in order to increase the pressure on the quarterback, teams will often have players other than the defensive line attempt to tackle the quarterback, this is called a blitz. Defensive linemen—particularly defensive ends—are called upon to do more running than offensive linemen, thus they usually tend to be somewhat lighter and faster
26.
Boarding school
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A boarding school is a school at which most or all of the students live during the part of the year that they go to lessons. The word boarding is used in the sense of bed and board, i. e. lodging, some boarding schools also have day students who attend the institution by day and return to their families in the evenings. Many independent schools are boarding schools, Boarding school pupils normally return home during the school holidays and often weekends, but in some cultures may spend most of their childhood and adolescent life away from their families. In the United States, boarding schools comprise various grades, most commonly grades seven or nine through grade twelve—the high school years, other schools are for younger children, grades two through eight. A military school, or military academy, also features military education, in the former Soviet Union schools were introduced, these sometimes are known as Internat-schools. Some schools were a type of specialized school with a focus in a particular field or fields such as mathematics, physics, language, science, sports. Other schools were associated with orphanages after all children enrolled in Internat-school automatically. Also, separate boarding schools were established for children with special needs, general schools offered extended stay programs featuring cheap meals for children and preventing them from coming home too early before parents were back from work. In post-soviet countries, the concept of boarding school differs from country to country, the term boarding school often refers to classic British boarding schools and many boarding schools around the world are modeled on these. A typical boarding school has separate residential houses, either within the school grounds or in the surrounding area. Pupils generally need permission to go outside defined school bounds, they may be allowed to travel off-campus at certain times, depending on country and context, boarding schools generally offer one or more options, full, weekly, or on a flexible schedule. Each may be assisted in the management of the house by a housekeeper often known as matron. In the U. S. boarding schools often have a resident family that lives in the dorm and they also have janitorial staff for maintenance and housekeeping, but typically do not have tutors associated with an individual dorm. Nevertheless, older pupils are often unsupervised by staff, and a system of monitors or prefects gives limited authority to senior pupils, houses readily develop distinctive characters, and a healthy rivalry between houses is often encouraged in sport. Houses may also have common rooms for television and relaxation and kitchens for snacks, some facilities may be shared between several houses or dorms. In others, separate houses accommodate needs of different years or classes, in some schools, day pupils are assigned to a dorm or house for social activities and sports purposes. Each student has a timetable, which in the early years allows little discretion. Boarders and day students are taught together in school hours and in most cases continue beyond the day to include sports, clubs and societies
27.
Charles Cabaniss
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Charles Cabaniss was a midshipman in the United States Navy and early player of American football. Born and raised in Central Virginia, he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy at the age of 16, at the academy, Cabaniss retained average-level grades and was a member of the schools first-ever football team. He graduated in 1880 and was appointed to the USS Swatara, Cabaniss was killed in an accident on the Swatara in 1882 which received coverage throughout much of the Eastern United States. Cabaniss was born on October 14,1859 in Petersburg, Virginia and he grew up in Central Virginia until he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy at the age of sixteen years and eight months. He began classes at the academy on June 21,1876 and was the member of his class from Virginia. He also spent the two months and eighteen days at sea. Cabaniss had the fewest demerits of any member of his sophomore class, cabanisss academic rankings remained generally the same in his following year at the academy. His scores in drawing, mathematics, and physics were above average, while his merits in French language and he finished 33rd in the class of 66. He maintained his spot as the most disciplined in his class, Cabaniss finished his final year at the Naval Academy ranking 25th out of 61 graduates. He maintained his good conduct, earning the second-fewest demerits of any cadet and this earned him an appointment as a Cadet Ensign, a temporary position as an academy officer. That year, the academy fielded its first competitive football team, although football had seen some popularity at the school, there had not been an organized effort to establish it. Two different teams were assembled in 1879, only first-classmen were allowed to join the teams, Cabaniss joined the second team as a rusher, the equivalent of a modern-day offensive lineman. He played alongside future admiral Hugh Rodman and eventual Governor of Guam William John Maxwell, the academys team played one game, a scoreless tie with the nearby Baltimore Athletic Club. Navys rushers forced the Baltimore A. C. backwards into their own end zone for safeties on three occasions, and generally outplayed and overpowered their opponents the entire game. On June 10,1880, Cabaniss graduated from the academy and was sent home to await his orders and he was assigned on August 17 of that year to the USS Swatara as a part of the Asiatic Squadron. For sixteen months, the ship was docked in Kobe, Japan, crew mates described him as always being happy, with an intimidating, six-foot-tall physique but a personality that did not match. His disciplined nature remained, he reportedly was one of the best-behaved sailors, Cabaniss was never admonished for shore misconduct, a considerable issue for most other new officers and sailors. He was reportedly a favorite of the officers stationed in Kobe
28.
Hugh Rodman
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Admiral Hugh Rodman KCB was an officer in the United States Navy who served during the Spanish–American War and World War I, later serving as the Commander-in-Chief, U. S. Pacific Fleet from 1919 to 1921, born at Frankfort, Kentucky, Rodman graduated from the Naval Academy in 1880. During the Spanish–American War, he served in Raleigh and was commended for his conduct in the Battle of Manila Bay. In 1899, he participated in explorations in the Pacific under the direction of Alexander Agassiz. Then, in 1900, he returned to Alaska for work investigating its fisheries, from 1901 to 1904 he commanded Iroquois in Hawaiian waters. Next on the Asiatic Station, he served in New Orleans, Cincinnati, Wisconsin and, in 1905, from 1907 to 1909, he attended the Naval War College and served as Lighthouse Inspector, 6th Naval District. In 1909 he returned to the Far East to serve in turn as captain of the yard, Cavite, Philippine Islands, and as commanding officer of Cleveland. Captain of the yard, Mare Island Navy Yard, in 1911, he assumed command of Connecticut, flagship, Atlantic Fleet, in 1912, duty as Marine Superintendent of the Panama Canal followed in 1914, and in 1915 he commanded New York. During 1916 he served on the General Board, promoted to the rank of rear admiral in 1917, Rodman served as Commander, Battleship Division 9, Atlantic Fleet, in his flagship, New York. Ordered to European waters late in the year, his division joined the British Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow and became the 6th Battle Squadron, British Grand Fleet, for the remainder of World War I, Admiral Rodman commanded his division in operations in the North Sea. For this service, he was invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath by King George V, returning to the United States after the Armistice, he served with the Atlantic Fleet until July 1919 when he became Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet. Detached in 1921, he served as Commandant, 5th Naval District, from 1921 to 1922, interrupting that duty once for a mission to Peru as Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary. During 1922–23, he was member of a board to formulate administrative policy for all shore stations. In 1937, he represented the U. S. Navy at King George VIs coronation ceremonies in London, Admiral Rodman died at Bethesda, Maryland and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. The destroyer USS Rodman, the transport USS Admiral Hugh Rodman, Admiral William Sims Commander of U. S. Naval Forces in Europe This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here
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United States Pacific Fleet
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The United States Pacific Fleet is a Pacific Ocean theater-level component command of the United States Navy that provides naval forces to the United States Pacific Command. Fleet headquarters is at Pearl Harbor Naval Station, Hawaii, with large facilities at North Island. A Pacific Fleet was created in 1907 when the Asiatic Squadron, in 1910, the ships of the First Squadron were organized back into a separate Asiatic Fleet. The General Order 94 of 6 December 1922 organized the United States Fleet, until May 1940, the Battle Fleet was stationed on the west coast of the United States. During the summer of year, as part of the U. S. response to Japanese expansionism, it was instructed to take an advanced position at Pearl Harbor. Long term basing at Pearl Harbor was so strongly opposed by the commander, Admiral James O. Richardson, political considerations were thought sufficiently important that he was relieved by Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, who was in command at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Pacific Fleet was formally recreated on 1 February 1941, on that day General Order 143 split the United States Fleet into separate Atlantic, Pacific, and Asiatic Fleets. On 7 December, the Fleet consisted of the Battle Force, Scouting Force, Base Force, Amphibious Force, Cruiser Force, Destroyer Force, also in Hawaii was the Fourteenth Naval District, commanded by Rear Admiral Claude C. At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Pennsylvania was in dry dock and Colorado was being refitted at Bremerton Navy Yard, arizona was mated with Nevada and Oklahoma at that time. Other components of the Battle Force included Aircraft, Battle Force, with Carrier Division One and Carrier Division Two, plus Cruiser Divisions 4,5, the Scouting Force included Cruiser Division Three, Cruiser Division Nine and Submarines, Scouting Force. The Amphibious Force was formally known as Commander, Amphibious Forces, One of PhibPacs subordinate commands during World War II was Transports, Amphibious Force, Pacific Fleet, or TransPhibPac. The commander of TransPhibPac was known as ComTransPhibPac, in December 1941, the fleet consisted of nine battleships, three aircraft carriers,12 heavy cruisers, eight light cruisers,50 destroyers,33 submarines, and 100 patrol bombers. This was approximately the strength at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. That day, the Japanese Combined Fleet carried out the attack on Pearl Harbor, Navy to rely primarily on aircraft carriers and submarines for many months afterward. More minor battles included the Battle of Dutch Harbor, the West Loch disaster occurred at Pearl Harbor on 21 May 1944. The Pacific Fleet took part in Operation Magic Carpet, the return of U. S. servicemen, after the end of the Second World War. The organization of the Pacific Fleet in January 1947 is shown in Hal M. Friedmans Arguing over the American Lake, Bureaucracy and Rivalry in the U. S. Pacific, the RIMPAC exercise series began in 1971. On 7 March 1984, the Secretaries of Transportation and Navy signed a Memorandum of Agreement which created the Maritime Defense Zones, the Pacific MDZ is an echelon three Navy command under the Commander U. S
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Halfback (American football)
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A halfback is an offensive position in American football, whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays, i. e. a running back. The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field, sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver. Occasionally, they line up as wide receivers. When not running or catching the ball, the responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking. Before the emergence of the T-formation in the 1940s, all members of the backfield were legitimate threats to run or pass the ball. Most teams used four offensive backs on every play, a quarterback, the quarterback began each play a quarter of the way back, the halfbacks began each play side by side and halfway back, and the fullback began each play the farthest back. Historically, from the 1870s through the 1950s, the position was both an offensive and defensive position. There has also been a shift in most offense’s dependence on halfbacks, however, the average output of the halfback has not changed. Older systems require the halfback be proficient at throwing the ball downfield as well, many of the “scat backs” in the modern era produce more total yards and touchdowns than their ancestor “power backs” by breaking off big plays on outside runs and receptions. The spread offense and the hurry-up offense change the halfback’s role, the spread, the hurry-up, and the pro-style offenses dominate American football but the “smash-mouth” style of play is far from extinct. A power-running scheme is often utilized to counter an effective Spread attack, as it allows a team to control the clock and this strategy is utilized in NFL, college, and all other forms of American football. The need for “power backs is very prevalent, alongside the need for “scat backs”, in the past few decades the role of the halfback has gone through a great shift as most offensive game plans are now fueled by creativity and finesse instead of raw force. Stamina and durability is more important than ever in the hurry-up offense, on the other hand, speed is often valued over strength, and pass-catching ability is sometimes valued over blocking proficiency. Power was once the most desired trait in a halfback, but has been taken by the need for a diverse skill set. In the last few decades the running back’s individual share of output has declined as quarterbacks are generally treated as the cornerstone of the offense. The demands of an up-tempo offense also favor a multiple running back system, from the dawn of American football through the 1880s most offensive schemes focused on the running game. In a running based game plan the halfback was typically the cornerstone of the offense and this system focused on a physical run attack concentrated in the inside of the field, and therefore depended on a skilled “power back”. There were no forward passes, and pure speed took a backseat to tackle-breaking and bucking ability, there was a focus on physicality over finesse, as this type of playing style earned the moniker of “smash mouth” football
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Fullback (gridiron football)
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A fullback is a position in the offensive backfield in American and Canadian football, and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback. Examples of players who have excelled at the hybrid running-blocking-pass catching role include Mike Alstott, in the days before two platoons, the fullback was usually the teams punter and drop kicker. In modern play, the fullback is a misnomer. Before the emergence of the T-formation in the 1940s, most teams used four offensive backs on every play, a quarterback, two halfbacks, and a fullback. The quarterback began each play a quarter of the way back, the halfbacks began each play side by side and halfway back, and the fullback began each play the farthest back. In the modern game, when the quarterback is under center, fullbacks are typically known less for speed and agility and more for muscularity and the ability to shed tackles. In the modern NFL, fullbacks, while deployed as ball carriers, are often primarily a lead blocker to allow running backs to get to the secondary of the opposing teams defense. In the early 2000s, many NFL teams used blocking fullbacks, such as Tony Richardson and Lorenzo Neal and these backs cleared the way for some of the decades great running backs. There are still fullbacks who remaining prominent in the NFL, among them Aaron Ripkowski, Jamize Olawale, James Develin, John Kuhn, Patrick DiMarco, Mike Tolbert, Kyle Juszczyk, and Marcel Reece. However, in spite of their usually infrequent carries in modern NFL offenses, notably LeRon McClain was the rushing leader for the Baltimore Ravens in 2008 and Tony Richardson led the Kansas City Chiefs in rushing in 2000. Giants running back Peyton Hillis started his NFL career as a fullback before being reverted into a halfback, although technically a running back, typically fullbacks are primarily valued for their blocking in most modern day offenses. The most common and simple runs, the Dive and the Blast, in the flexbone formation, however, the fullback can often be used as the primary rushing threat. In many other schemes, the fullback is used as a receiver. In selected plays, some teams will have a defensive lineman report as a receiver to line up as a fullback or tight end in a Miami package in goalline formation. Defensive Tackle William The Refrigerator Perry scored a touchdown in Super Bowl XX from the fullback position, most teams in the NFL do not have a substitute fullback, though there are exceptions. The role can be filled by backup or number three or four tight ends or bigger and less-frequently-used running backs. In modern offenses, fullbacks in an I-formation can be motioned into a 2-TE formation or H-back formation, the position is less frequently used in Canadian football, which focuses more on passing than running the ball
