1.
1870 in art
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Events from the year 1870 in art. June 28 – Claude Monet marries his mistress and model Camille Doncieux in Paris, july – Franco-Prussian War breaks out, Monet and Pissarro flee to London, Cézanne and his mistress, Marie-Hortense Fiquet, leave Paris for LEstaque where he predominantly paints landscapes. In September the Dutch painter Lourens Alma Tadema moves permanently to London where he adopts the name Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Édouard Manet and Louis Edmond Duranty fight a duel at Café Guerbois, Paris. Russian industrialist and patron of the arts Savva Mamontov acquires the Abramtsevo Colony, dante Gabriel Rossettis Poems are published, exhumed from Elizabeth Siddals grave. Daoud Corm goes to Rome to study under Roberto Bompiani at the Accademia di San Luca
2.
1871 in art
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Events from the year 1871 in art. March – Edward Lear settles at his villa in Sanremo, spring – James McNeill Whistler publishes Sixteen etchings of scenes on the Thames and paints his first moonlights of the river. May – James Tissot flees Paris for London, june 14 – Camille Pissarro marries his mistress Julie Vellay in the London borough of Croydon and moves to Pontoise. Summer – Claude Monet visits Zaandam, december – Monet and his wife Camille move to Argenteuil. William Morris and Dante Gabriel Rossetti become tenants of Kelmscott Manor, marie Spartali marries William James Stillman. Crocker establishes the Crocker Art Museum in Sacramento, California, the Apotheosis of War George Frederic Watts – Portrait of Frederic Leighton Alfred Waud – A Home on the Mississippi James McNeill Whistler Arrangement in Grey and Black No
3.
1872 in art
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Events from the year 1872 in art. February 20 – The Metropolitan Museum of Art opens in New York City. A, november 13 – Claude Monet begins painting Impression, Sunrise as viewed from his hotel room at Le Havre. November – Edward Lear acquires his cat Foss, date unknown William De Morgan sets up an art pottery in Chelsea, London. The first Wallace fountains, to the design of sculptor Charles-Auguste Lebourg, are installed in Paris
4.
1873 in art
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Events from the year 1873 in art. Early – Pre-Raphaelite painter Simeon Solomon is arrested in a urinal in London. May – Vincent van Gogh is re-located to London by his employer, monet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Sisley organize the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs, etc. for the purpose of exhibiting artworks independently. The collection forming the Galleria Nazionale dellUmbria is moved to the Palazzo dei Priori, new Accademia delle Arti del Disegno established in Florence. Leslie Ward, as Spy, begins producing caricatures for the British magazine Vanity Fair
5.
1874 in art
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Events from the year 1874 in art. August 22 – English illustrator Helen Paterson marries Irish poet and editor William Allingham, december 19 – Monet begins painting his Snow at Argenteuil series. December 22 – Berthe Morisot, who has exhibited at the first Impressionist exhibition, marries Eugène, brother of Édouard Manet, goyas Black Paintings are transferred to canvas
6.
1876 in art
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Events from the year 1876 in art. April – Impressionist exhibition at the house of Paul Durand-Ruel,11 rue Peletier, may 16 – German American Napoleon of crime Adam Worth steals Gainsboroughs portrait Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire from Agnews gallery in Old Bond Street, London. Henrietta Montalba exhibits at the Royal Academy for the first time, kathleen Newton moves into the London home of James Tissot, becoming his mistress and model
7.
1879 in art
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Events from the year 1879 in art. April 10–May 11 – Fourth Impressionist exhibition in Paris, arranged by Gustave Caillebotte at 28 avenue de lOpéra, ford Madox Brown begins painting the The Manchester Murals in Manchester Town Hall. Chicago Academy of Fine Arts established, guimet Museum of Asian art established in Lyon, France. Museum of Fine Arts Berne established in Switzerland, kate Greenaways first book, with her own colour illustrations, Under the Window, Pictures & Rhymes for Children, is published in London
8.
1881 in art
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Events from the year 1881 in art. April – Sixth Impressionist exhibition in Paris, at Nadars studio, august 31 – English painters Thomas Cooper Gotch and Caroline Burland Yates marry at Newlyn. The Société des Artistes Français is established, with William-Adolphe Bouguereau as its first president. Vincent van Gogh returns from study in Brussels to his parents home in Etten where he produces a number of works, including the start of his series of peasant character studies. Art Gallery of South Australia established in Adelaide, St. Louis School and Museum of Fine Arts established at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, under the direction of Halsey Ives. Dante Gabriel Rossettis Ballads and Sonnets published
9.
1882 in art
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Events from the year 1882 in art. April 9 – English poet and artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti dies aged 53 of Brights disease at Birchington-on-Sea in the care of his brother, march 1 – Seventh Impressionist exhibition in Paris opens at 251 rue Saint-Honoré. August – Vincent van Gogh starts painting in oil on the sea coast at Scheveningen, walter Langley moves to Newlyn on the coast of Cornwall, becoming the first resident artist of the Newlyn School. The gallery of botanical illustrations made and donated by Marianne North is opened at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, the Royal Manchester Institution transfers its galleries and collections to Manchester Corporation as Manchester Art Gallery. Todor Švrakić, Serbian painter January 14 – Timothy H
10.
1883 in art
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20 April – Claude Monet moves to the house in Giverny which will be his main residence for the rest of his life. 28 October – Les XX established in Brussels by Octave Maus, L. Wyllie – Toil, Glitter, Grime and Wealth on a Flowing Tide 3 February – Camille Bombois, French naïve painter. 18 February – Jacques Ochs, French artist, épée and foil fencer,12 April Francis Cadell, Scottish Colourist painter Imogen Cunningham, American photographer. 24 June – Jean Metzinger, French painter and art theorist,16 July – Charles Sheeler, American modernist painter and photographer. 31 July – Erich Heckel, German painter and printmaker,19 August – Coco Chanel, French fashion designer. 14 September – Richard Gerstl, Austrian painter and draughtsman,9 November – Charles Demuth, American painter. 4 December – Felice Casorati, Italian painter,24 December – Stojan Aralica, famous Serbian Impressionist painter and academic. 26 December – Maurice Utrillo, French painter, date unknown – Charles Jourdan, French fashion designer
11.
1884 in art
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February 2 – First annual exhibition of Les XX opens at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. Artists invited to show in addition to members of the group include Auguste Rodin, James McNeill Whistler, march – Theo van Gogh starts buying and selling Impressionist works, beginning with a painting by Pissarro. April – Camille Pissarro moves to Éragny-sur-Epte, may 15–July 15 – Groupe des Artistes Indépendants stages the first officially sanctioned open exhibition of contemporary art in Paris. July 29 – Société des Artistes Indépendants established in Paris under the leadership of Albert Dubois-Pillet, august 30 – Austrian painter Marianne Preindlsberger marries English painter Adrian Scott Stokes
12.
1885 in art
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July 13 – New building for the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, designed by Pierre Cuypers, opens. August – First public display of works by Vincent van Gogh, Glasgow Boys first exhibit collectively, at the Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts. Aberdeen Art Gallery opens in Scotland, birmingham Museum and Art Gallery opens in England. The Guildhall Art Gallery opens in the City of London, crocker Art Gallery is presented to the people of Sacramento, California. John Everett Millais is granted a baronetcy in the United Kingdom, the first artist to be honoured with a hereditary title
13.
1886 in art
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April 28 – Paul Cézanne marries his model and former lover Marie-Hortense Fiquet, despite having publicly stated that he has no feelings for her. May–June – Eighth and last collective Impressionist exhibition in Paris at 1 rue Laffitte introduces Georges Seurats A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, august 21 – September 21 – Second exhibition by the Société des Artistes Indépendants in Paris. October 28 – Dedication of Frédéric Auguste Bartholdis Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor, P. H. Emerson publishes his first photographic book, Life and Landscape on the Norfolk Broads. Publication in French of Irish-born writer George Moores autobiographical novel Confessions of a Young Man describing bohemian life in 1870s Paris among the Impressionists, publication of Émile Zolas novel LŒuvre based on his friendship with Paul Cézanne
14.
1887 in art
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The year 1887 in art involved some significant events. February – Fourth annual exhibition of Les XX, at the Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique in Brussels, artists invited to show in addition to members of the group include Walter Sickert, Camille Pissarro, Berthe Morisot and Georges-Pierre Seurat. The major work shown is Seurats A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, march 26 – June 8 – Third exhibition by the Société des Artistes Indépendants in Paris. November 14 – Paul Gauguin and Charles Laval return to Paris from Martinique, december – Vincent van Gogh arranges an exhibition of paintings by himself, Émile Bernard, Louis Anquetin, and Toulouse-Lautrec in the Restaurant du Chalet,43 Avenue de Clichy, Montmartre, Paris. Bernard and Anquetin sell their first painting, van Gogh exchanges work with Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh begins his first Sunflowers series of paintings in Paris. Walter Crane illustrates The Architecture of Art, Charles Lang Freers first Asian art purchase is a painted Japanese fan. Sir John Everett Millais painting Bubbles is acquired for advertising purposes by Pears soap, february 5 – Albert Paris Gütersloh, Austrian painter and writer. March 23 – Juan Gris, Spanish painter and sculptor, march 25 – Josef Čapek, Czech painter. April 29 – Stanley Cursiter, Scottish painter and curator, may – Jacob Steinhardt, German-born Israeli painter and woodcut artist. May 12 – Leo Michelson, Latvian-American painter and sculptor, may 21 Barker Fairley, English-born Canadian painter, writer, and educator. May 30 – Alexander Archipenko, Ukrainian sculptor, June 20 – Kurt Schwitters, German Dadaist painter and writer. July 7 – Marc Chagall, Russian-Belarusian-French painter, july 28 – Marcel Duchamp, influential French artist. September 24 – Frank Newbould, English poster artist, october 6 – Le Corbusier, French architect and painter. October 9 – Manuel Ortiz de Zárate, Chilean painter, october 13 – Kate Lechmere, English painter associated with the Vorticists and milliner. November 1 – L. S. Lowry, English painter, november 15 – Georgia OKeeffe, American painter
15.
1888 in art
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February – Fifth annual exhibition of Les XX, at the Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique in Brussels. W. W. January 17 – Mohamed Nagy, Egyptian painter, february 22 – Horace Pippin, self-taught African-American painter. March 14 – Marc-Aurèle Fortin, Canadian painter, march 19 – Josef Albers, German artist, mathematician and educator. April 6 – Hans Richter, German painter, graphic artist, avant-gardist, june 12 – Tom Purvis, English poster artist. July 10 – Giorgio de Chirico, Greek-Italian painter, august 13 – Gleb W. Derujinsky, Russian-American sculptor. August 14 – Sydney Carline, English painter, war artist, august 30 – Siri Derkert, Swedish artist, sculptor and political campaigner. November 7 – Mariano Andreu, Spanish painter, enamelling master, sculptor, november 11 – Johannes Itten, Swiss colour theorist, painter and designer. Stanley Royle, English post-impressionist landscape painter
16.
1889 in art
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February 2 – Sixth annual exhibition of Les XX opens in Brussels, including the first important display of Paul Gauguins work. May 6 – October 31 – Exposition Universelle in Paris, with the Eiffel Tower as its entrance arch, may 8 – Van Gogh moves from Arles to the Saint-Paul asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. July 15 – The Scottish National Portrait Gallery opens in Edinburgh in premises designed by Rowand Anderson, july 23 – Marie Triepcke marries fellow-artist Peder Severin Krøyer in Augsburg. August 17 – The 9 by 5 Impression Exhibition opens in Melbourne, edvard Munch stages his first one-man exhibition and wins a state scholarship to study in Paris. The Skulpturensammlung moves into the Albertinum in Dresden, the Imperial Museum of Nara is established in Japan
17.
1890 in art
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January 18 – February 23 – Seventh annual exhibition of Les XX in Brussels includes a display of work by Vincent van Gogh. Henry de Groux criticises his paintings but Albert Aurier praises them, from the exhibition, van Gogh sells The Red Vineyard to Anna Boch, said to be the only sale of his work during his lifetime. March 20 – April 27 – The Société des Artistes Indépendants show in Paris includes a display of van Gogh paintings. May 20 – Van Gogh moves to Auvers-sur-Oise on the edge of Paris in the care of Dr Paul Gachet where he will produce around seventy paintings in as many days, more than a dozen are size 30 canvases. June–July – Van Gogh develops his double-square painting technique, e. g. in the July paintings Wheatfield with Crows, July 27 – Death of Vincent van Gogh, van Gogh perhaps paints Tree Roots, then apparently shoots himself, dying two days later. September 20 – Theo van Gogh, assisted by Émile Bernard, november – Lucien Pissarro settles permanently in London. Claude Monet begins painting his Haystacks series, wellington – Eventide William R. Coats – Ypsilanti Water Tower, winner of Most Phallic Building contest Grand Prix de Rome, painting. Grand Prix de Rome, sculpture, Paul-Jean-Baptiste Gasq, Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Emmanuel Pontremoli. Zeev Raban, Polish Jewish painter Jean Xceron, Greek-American painter Petar Dobrović, Serbian Expressionist painter
18.
1880 in architecture
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The year 1880 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Casa Vicens in Barcelona, designed by Antoni Gaudí is completed, the Natural History Museum in London, designed by Alfred Waterhouse and Francis Fowke is completed. Cologne Cathedral in Cologne, Germany, is completed after 632 years, rajabai Clock Tower in South Mumbai, India is opened. Berlin Anhalter Bahnhof in Berlin, Germany, rebuilt by Franz Heinrich Schwechten, is opened, Manchester Central railway station in Manchester, England is completed. Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne is completed, royal Gold Medal - John Loughborough Pearson. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Louis Girault, january 27 - Edward Middleton Barry, English architect May 25 - Richard Lane, English architect August 22 - Benjamin Ferrey, English architect
19.
Vincent van Gogh
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Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings and his suicide at 37 followed years of mental illness and poverty. Born into a family, Van Gogh drew as a child and was serious, quiet. As a young man he worked as an art dealer, often travelling and he turned to religion, and spent time as a Protestant missionary in southern Belgium. He drifted in ill health and solitude before taking up painting in 1881 and his younger brother Theo supported him financially, and the two kept up a long correspondence by letter. His early works, mostly still lifes and depictions of peasant labourers, in 1886 he moved to Paris, where he met members of the avant-garde, including Émile Bernard and Paul Gauguin, who were reacting against the Impressionist sensibility. As his work developed he created a new approach to still lifes and his paintings grew brighter in colour as he developed a style that became fully realised during his stay in Arles in the south of France in 1888. During this period he broadened his subject matter to include trees, cypresses, wheat fields. Van Gogh suffered from episodes and delusions and though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly. His friendship with Gauguin ended after a confrontation with a razor and he spent time in psychiatric hospitals, including a period at Saint-Rémy. After he discharged himself and moved to the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris and his depression continued and on 27 July 1890, Van Gogh shot himself in the chest with a revolver. He died from his injuries two days later, Van Gogh was unsuccessful during his lifetime, and was considered a madman and a failure. He became famous after his suicide, and exists in the imagination as the quintessential misunderstood genius. His reputation began to grow in the early 20th century as elements of his style came to be incorporated by the Fauves. The most comprehensive source on Van Gogh is the correspondence between him and his younger brother, Theo. Their lifelong friendship, and most of what is known of Vincents thoughts, Theo van Gogh was an art dealer and provided his brother with financial and emotional support, and access to influential people on the contemporary art scene. Theo kept all of Vincents letters to him, Vincent kept few of the letters he received, after both had died, Theos widow Johanna arranged for the publication of some of their letters. A few appeared in 1906 and 1913, the majority were published in 1914, Vincents letters are eloquent and expressive and have been described as having a diary-like intimacy, and read in parts like autobiography
20.
Brussels
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Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels which is the capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community, but is separate from the region of Flanders or Wallonia. The region has a population of 1.2 million and an area with a population of over 1.8 million. Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions, the secretariat of the Benelux and the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are also located in Brussels. Today, it is considered an Alpha global city, historically a Dutch-speaking city, Brussels has seen a language shift to French from the late 19th century onwards. Today, the majority language is French, and the Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. All road signs, street names, and many advertisements and services are shown in both languages, Brussels is increasingly becoming multilingual with increasing numbers of migrants, expatriates and minority groups speaking their own languages. The most common theory of the origin of Brussels name is that it derives from the Old Dutch Broekzele or Broeksel, meaning marsh, Saint Vindicianus, the bishop of Cambrai made the first recorded reference to the place Brosella in 695 when it was still a hamlet. The origin of the settlement that was to become Brussels lies in Saint Gaugericus construction of a chapel on an island in the river Senne around 580. The official founding of Brussels is usually situated around 979, when Duke Charles of Lower Lotharingia transferred the relics of Saint Gudula from Moorsel to the Saint Gaugericus chapel, Charles would construct the first permanent fortification in the city, doing so on that same island. Lambert I of Leuven, Count of Leuven gained the County of Brussels around 1000 by marrying Charles daughter, as it grew to a population of around 30,000, the surrounding marshes were drained to allow for further expansion. The Counts of Leuven became Dukes of Brabant at about this time, in the 13th century, the city got its first walls. After the construction of the city walls in the early 13th century, to let the city expand, a second set of walls was erected between 1356 and 1383. Today, traces of it can still be seen, mostly because the small ring, Brabant had lost its independence, but Brussels became the Princely Capital of the prosperous Low Countries, and flourished. In 1516 Charles V, who had been heir of the Low Countries since 1506, was declared King of Spain in St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral in Brussels. Upon the death of his grandfather, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 and it was in the Palace complex at Coudenberg that Charles V abdicated in 1555. This impressive palace, famous all over Europe, had expanded since it had first become the seat of the Dukes of Brabant. In 1695, during the Nine Years War, King Louis XIV of France sent troops to bombard Brussels with artillery, together with the resulting fire, it was the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels
21.
Impressionism
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Impressionism originated with a group of Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s. The Impressionists faced harsh opposition from the art community in France. The development of Impressionism in the arts was soon followed by analogous styles in other media that became known as impressionist music. Radicals in their time, early Impressionists violated the rules of academic painting and they constructed their pictures from freely brushed colours that took precedence over lines and contours, following the example of painters such as Eugène Delacroix and J. M. W. Turner. They also painted scenes of modern life, and often painted outdoors. Previously, still lifes and portraits as well as landscapes were painted in a studio. The Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting en plein air, the Impressionists, however, developed new techniques specific to the style. The public, at first hostile, gradually came to believe that the Impressionists had captured a fresh and original vision, even if the art critics and art establishment disapproved of the new style. In the middle of the 19th century—a time of change, as Emperor Napoleon III rebuilt Paris, the Académie was the preserver of traditional French painting standards of content and style. Historical subjects, religious themes, and portraits were valued, landscape, the Académie preferred carefully finished images that looked realistic when examined closely. Paintings in this style were made up of brush strokes carefully blended to hide the artists hand in the work. Colour was restrained and often toned down further by the application of a golden varnish, the Académie had an annual, juried art show, the Salon de Paris, and artists whose work was displayed in the show won prizes, garnered commissions, and enhanced their prestige. The standards of the juries represented the values of the Académie, represented by the works of artists as Jean-Léon Gérôme. In the early 1860s, four young painters—Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley and they discovered that they shared an interest in painting landscape and contemporary life rather than historical or mythological scenes. A favourite meeting place for the artists was the Café Guerbois on Avenue de Clichy in Paris, where the discussions were led by Édouard Manet. They were soon joined by Camille Pissarro, Paul Cézanne, during the 1860s, the Salon jury routinely rejected about half of the works submitted by Monet and his friends in favour of works by artists faithful to the approved style. In 1863, the Salon jury rejected Manets The Luncheon on the Grass primarily because it depicted a woman with two clothed men at a picnic. While the Salon jury routinely accepted nudes in historical and allegorical paintings, the jurys severely worded rejection of Manets painting appalled his admirers, and the unusually large number of rejected works that year perturbed many French artists
22.
Silver Studio
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Silver Studio was one of the most influential textile design studios in the UK from its formation in 1880 until the middle of the twentieth century. At its most productive, the studio created more than 800 designs per year, the studio was renowned for its distinctive Art Nouveau style, although over the years they produced a wide variety of different designs and styles, including many of the famous Liberty-styles. During the Second World War, the Studio undertook many designs for U. S. clients as a way to gain foreign exchange. The Silver Studio was founded by Arthur Silver in 1880 and it became one of the most influential textile and wallpaper design studios in the UK between 1880 and the middle of the twentieth century. In 1901 Silvers son Reginald Silver took over the studio and ran it until 1962, for its final year of operation,1963, Rexs studio was run by Frank Price, a designer of importance. He had worked twice at Silver Studios, firstly, for a period before the Second World War 1922 to 1935, later he became chief designer at Sandersons. This job ended during the War, when Sandersons were bombed out in 1940 at which point he rejoined Silver Studios,1941, from 1953 to 1963, Frank Price was the only working designer. Rex continued to manage the business, in 1961-2, Rex offered the studio to Frank Price, who was also in his late seventies with deteriorating health. Price completed some projects and finally locked the door, subsequently, Mary Peerless took back the studio, under the terms of the agreement between Silver and Price, and gifted the contents. The Silver Studio sold designs for fabrics and wallpapers to a number of manufacturers and its customers were retailers and manufacturers of wallpapers and textiles at all levels of the market, both in Britain and abroad. Leading British textile manufacturers included Stead McAlpin, Alexander Morton and AH Lee, Turnbull & Stockdale and Liberty, the Silver Studio is widely recognised as having played an important part in the development of British Art Nouveau. John Illingworth Kay and Harry Napper, two of its designers, executed many of its most successful Art Nouveau designs. The Studio produced several designs for wallpapers, textiles and metalwork in the Art Nouveau style between around 1895 and the early 1900s. During the 1890s, Arthur Silver was also interested in. He worked closely with Alexander Rottman who imported many different varieties of paper from Japan, with Rottman, the Silver Studio developed a pioneering technique of stencil decoration, influenced by Japanese stencils, which in turn came to influence the Studio’s own Art Nouveau designs. In the 1930s, the customers who bought the most designs were the big textile printers with mills in the Manchester region, for example, John Hawkins and Sons Ltd sold high quality cotton goods at low price by mail order. During this period the Silver Studio produced many designs for printed dress fabrics as well as for furnishing fabrics, because the majority of the Silver Studio’s clients were mass producers, Silver Studio designs would have found their way into many British homes. The Studio’s influence on British interiors can be seen in the number of their designs that went into production
23.
Anton Mauve
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Anthonij Rudolf Mauve was a Dutch realist painter who was a leading member of the Hague School. Mauve or with a monogrammed A. M, a master colorist, he was a very significant early influence on his cousin-in-law Vincent van Gogh. Most of Mauves work depicts people and animals in outdoor settings, in his Morning Ride in the Rijksmuseum, for example, fashionable equestrians at the seacoast are seen riding away from the viewer. An unconventional detail, horse droppings in the foreground, attests his commitment to realism and his best known paintings depict peasants working in the fields. His paintings of flocks of sheep were especially popular with American patrons, Anton Mauve was born on 18 September 1838 in Zaandam, a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. A year after his birth, his father Willem Carel Mauve, a Mennonite chaplain, was sent to Haarlem and he was apprenticed to the painter Pieter Frederik van Os followed by Wouter Verschuur. In his further development he worked with Paul Gabriël, painting from nature, and they stayed and worked together at Oosterbeek. He was a friend of Jozef Israëls and Willem Maris, in the last two years of his life Mauve settled in the village of Laren in the region surrounding Hilversum called het Gooi. Mauve will have influenced other painters one of whom was the Scottish painter. Mauve died suddenly in Arnhem on 5 February 1888, Mauve was married to van Goghs cousin Ariëtte Sophia Jeannette Carbentus, and he was a major influence on van Gogh, who revered him. He is mentioned, directly or indirectly, in 152 of van Goghs surviving letters, a comparative table of number of letters mentioning his most significant influences is shown in the table. Mauve continued to him and lent him money to rent and furnish a studio. Van Gogh continued his letter by expressing his sorrow, and then launches defiantly into a defence of his relationship with Clasina Maria Hoornik. Vincent is keeping something back that may not be divulged, the reality was that they were lovers. The presumption must be that Mauve had heard of the relationship, however, their relationship had already become strained by late January. Nevertheless, van Gogh continued to hold Mauve in very high esteem, now here, for instance, at this moment, I have 6 paintings of blossoming fruit trees. You may well see it, since I’ve decided to send one to Jet Mauve. I’ve written on it Souvenir de Mauve Vincent & Theo, van Gogh und die Haager Schule, Skira, Milan 1996 ISBN 88-8118-072-3 Engel, E. P. Anton Mauve
24.
Michael Ancher
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Michael Peter Ancher was a Danish realist artist. He is remembered above all for his paintings of fishermen and other scenes from the Danish fishing community in Skagen, Michael Peter Ancher was born at Rutsker on the island of Bornholm. The son of a merchant, he attended school in Rønne but was unable to complete his secondary education as his father ran into financial difficulties. In 1865, he work as an apprentice clerk at Kalø Manor near Rønde in eastern Jutland. The following year, he met the painters Theodor Philipsen and Vilhelm Groth who had arrived in the area to paint, impressed with his own early work, they encouraged him to take up painting as a profession. In 1871, he spent a period at C. V Nielsens art school as a preliminary to joining the Royal Danish Academy of Art in Copenhagen later in the year. Although he spent some time at the academy, he left in 1875 without graduating, one of his student companions was Karl Madsen who invited him to travel to Skagen, a small fishing village in the far north of Jutland where the Baltic and North Sea converge. From the mid-1870s, he and Madsen became key members of a group of artists who congregated there each summer, after Ancher first visited Skagen in 1874, he settled there joining the growing society of artists. The colony of painters regularly met in the Brøndums Hotel in Skagen in order to exchange ideas, in 1880 Ancher married fellow painter and Skagen native Anna Brøndum, whose father owned the Brøndums Hotel. In the first years of their marriage, the couple had a home and studio in the Garden House, after the birth of their daughter Helga in 1883, the family moved to Markvej in Skagen. He achieved his breakthrough in 1879 with the painting Vil han klare pynten. Michael Anchers works depict Skagens heroic fishermen and their experiences at sea, combining realism. Key works include The Lifeboat is Carried Through The Dunes, The Crew Are Saved, Michael Ancher was influenced by his traditional training at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in the 1870s which imposed strict rules for composition. His marriage to Anna Ancher did, however, introduce him to the concept of undecorated reproduction of reality. By combining the pictorial composition of his youth with the teachings of naturalism, Michael Ancher created what has been called modern monumental figurative art, such as A Baptism. The works of Anna and Michael Ancher can among other places be seen at the Skagens Museum, Statens Museum for Kunst, Michael Ancher received the Eckersberg Medal in 1889 and in 1894 the Order of the Dannebrog. Originally many of Anchers paintings hung in the room of the Brøndums Hotel. Krøyer conceived the idea of placing paintings by different artists in the wall panels, in 1946 the dining hall was moved to Skagens Museum
25.
Anna Ancher
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Anna Ancher was a Danish artist associated with the Skagen Painters, an artists colony on the northern point of Jutland, Denmark. She is considered to be one of Denmarks greatest visual artists, Anna Kirstine Brøndum was born in Skagen, Denmark, the daughter of Erik Andersen Brøndum and Ane Hedvig Møller. She was the one of the Skagen Painters who was actually born and grew up in Skagen. The artistic talent of Anna Ancher became obvious at an early age and she also studied drawing in Paris at the atelier of Pierre Puvis de Chavannes along with Marie Triepcke, who would marry Peder Severin Krøyer, another Skagen painter. In 1880 she married fellow painter Michael Ancher, whom she met in Skagen and they had one child, daughter Helga Ancher. Despite pressure from society that women should devote themselves to household duties. Anna Ancher was considered to be one of the great Danish pictorial artists by virtue of her abilities as a character painter and colorist. Her art found its expression in Nordic arts modern breakthrough towards a more truthful depiction of reality, e. g. in Blue Ane, Ancher preferred to paint interiors and simple themes from the everyday lives of the Skagen people, especially fishermen, women and children. She was intensely preoccupied with exploring light and color, as in Interior with Clematis and she also created more complex compositions such as A Funeral. Anna Anchers works often represented Danish art abroad and she was awarded the Ingenio et Arti medal in 1913 and the Tagea Brandt Rejselegat in 1924. The Skagen residence of Anne and Michael Ancher was purchased in 1884, in 1913, a large studio annex was added to the property, and this also formed part of what is on display today. Upon her death in 1964, the Anchers daughter, Helga, left the house, the former residence was restored and opened as a museum and visitor attraction. In 1967, Michael and Anna Anchers house in Skagen was converted into a museum by the Helga Ancher Foundation before Anchers Hus opened to the public for tours, original furniture and paintings created by the Anchers and other Skagen artists are shown in the restored home and studio. Anna and Michael Ancher were featured on the front side of the DKK1000 bill, I Am Anna, A Homage to Anna Ancher. Brøndums Hotel Danish Skagen Paintings Paintings and drawings by Anna Ancher
26.
National Gallery of Canada
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The National Gallery of Canada, located in the capital city of Ottawa, Ontario, is one of Canadas premier art galleries. The Gallery is now housed in a glass and granite building on Sussex Drive with a view of the Canadian Parliament buildings on Parliament Hill. The building was designed by Moshe Safdie and opened in 1988, the Gallerys former director Jean Sutherland Boggs was chosen especially by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to oversee construction of the national gallery and museums. Marc Mayer was named the director, succeeding Pierre Théberge. In 1911, the Gallery moved to the Victoria Memorial Museum, in 1913, the first National Gallery Act was passed outlining the Gallerys mandate and resources. In 1962, the Gallery moved to the Lorne Building site, adjacent to the British High Commission, the building has since been demolished for a 17 storey office building that is to house the Federal Finance Department. The museum moved into its current building on Sussex Drive in 1988, in 1985, the newly created Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography, formerly the Stills Photography Division of the National Film Board of Canada, was affiliated to the National Gallery. The CMCPs mandate, collection and staff moved to its new location in 1992, at 1 Rideau Canal, in 1998, the CMCPs administration was amalgamated to that of the National Gallerys. In 2000, the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada chose the National Gallery as one of the top 500 buildings produced in Canada during the last millennium, although its focus is on Canadian art, it holds works by many noted American and European artists. It has a contemporary art collection with some of Andy Warhols most famous works. In 1990 the Gallery bought Barnett Newmans Voice of Fire for $1.8 million, since that time its value has appreciated sharply. In 2005, the Gallery acquired a painting by Italian Renaissance painter Francesco Salviati for $4.5 million and its most famous painting is likely The Death of General Wolfe by Anglo-American artist Benjamin West. In 2005, a sculpture of a giant spider, Louise Bourgeoiss Maman, was installed in the plaza in front of the Gallery. The Canadian collection, the most comprehensive in Canada, holds works by Louis-Philippe Hébert, Tom Thomson, the Gallery organizes its own exhibits which travel across Canada and beyond, and hosts shows from around the world, often co-sponsored with other national art galleries and museums. The Gallerys collection has been built up through purchase and donations, much of the collection was donated, notably the British paintings donated by former Governor General Vincent Massey and that of the Southam family. The museum features Canadian, Native and Inuit art, American and European painting, sculpture, prints and drawings, modern and contemporary art and photographs. After the convent was demolished in 1972, the chapel was dismantled, stored and reconstructed within the gallery as a work of art in 1988. Francis Bacon, Study for Portrait No.1 Hans Baldung, Eve, the Serpent and Death Pompeo Batoni, Vulcan at his forge
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Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
28.
Henri Lucien Doucet
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Henri Lucien Doucet was a French figure and portrait painter and pastellist, born in Paris. Doucet studied under Lefebvre and Boulanger, and in 1880 won the Prix de Rome and his portraits in pastel are also notable. His most widely known picture is Après le bal, other excellent examples are the portraits of Celestine Galli-Marie as Carmen, La princesse Mathilde Laetitia Wilhelmine Bonaparte and My Parents, A Spanish Woman, and Nude Figure. He was awarded a medal for pastel in 1889 and the Legion of Honour in 1891. Goupil made an edition first impression photogravure of the painting. Doucets students included, Doucet at Art Renewal Center List of works This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Gilman. Thurston, H. T. Colby, F. M. eds. article name needed
29.
Lion of Belfort
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The Lion of Belfort is a monumental sculpture by Frédéric Bartholdi, sculptor of the Statue of Liberty in New York, located in Belfort, France. It was finished in 1880 and is made of red sandstone. The blocks it is made from were individually sculpted then moved under Belfort castle to be assembled, the colossal work is 22 meters long and 11 meters high and dominates the local landscape. The lion symbolizes the heroic French resistance during the Siege of Belfort, the city was protected from 40,000 Prussians by merely 17,000 men led by Colonel Denfert-Rochereau. Instead of facing Prussia to the east as was intended, it was turned the other way because of German protests, smaller editions stand in the center of Place Denfert-Rochereau in Paris, and in Downtown Montreal — Lion of Belfort
30.
Marie Bashkirtseff
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Marie Bashkirtseff was a Ukrainian diarist, painter, and sculptor. Bashkirtseff was born Maria Konstantinovna Bashkirtseva in Gavrontsi near Poltava to a noble family. As a result, she grew up abroad, traveling with her mother throughout most of Europe, with longer spells in Germany and on the Riviera. Educated privately and with musical talent, she lost her chance at a career as a singer when illness destroyed her voice. She then determined on becoming an artist, and she studied painting in France at the Robert-Fleury studio, the Académie, as one of the few establishments that accepted female students, attracted young women from all over Europe and the United States. Fellow students at the Académie included Anna Bilińska-Bohdanowiczowa and especially Louise Breslau, Bashkirtseff would go on to produce a remarkable, if fairly conventional, body of work in her short lifetime, exhibiting at the Paris Salon as early as 1880 and every year thereafter until her death. In 1884, she exhibited a portrait of Paris slum children entitled The Meeting, Bashkirtseffs best-known works are The Meeting and In the Studio, a portrait of her fellow artists at work. Although a large number of Bashkirtseffs works were destroyed by the Nazis during World War II, in 2000, a U. S. touring exhibition entitled Overcoming All the Obstacles, The Women of Academy Julian featured works by Bashkirtseff and her schoolmates. As a painter, Bashkirtseff took her cue from her friend Jules Bastien-Lepages admiration for realism and naturalism, by unlucky chance, both artists succumbed prematurely to chronic illness in the same year, and the later pages of Bashkirtseffs journal record her visits to the dying painter. Dying of tuberculosis at the age of 25, Bashkirtseff lived just long enough to emerge as an intellectual in Paris in the 1880s, a misandrist, she wrote several articles for Hubertine Auclerts feminist newspaper La Citoyenne in 1881 under the nom de plume Pauline Orrel. One of her most-quoted sayings is Let us love dogs, let us love only dogs, men and cats are unworthy creatures. Bashkirtseff died in Paris in 1884, and she is buried in Cimetière de Passy and her monument is a full-sized artists studio that has been declared a historic monument by the government of France. From approximately the age of 13, Bashkirtseff kept a journal and it has been called a strikingly modern psychological self-portrait of a young, gifted mind, and her urgent prose, which occasionally breaks out into dialogue, remains extremely readable. A consistent theme throughout her journal is her desire to achieve fame. Similarly, When I am dead, my life, which appears to me a remarkable one, in effect, the first half of Bashkirtseffs journal is a coming-of-age story while the second is an account of heroic suffering. Bashkirtseffs journal was first published in 1887, and was only the second diary by a woman published in France to that date, an English translation appeared two years later under the title Marie Bashkirtseff, The Journal of a Young Artist 1860-1884. Translated by Mary J. Serrano, it was abridged and bowdlerized. British Prime Minister William Gladstone referred to her journal as a book without a parallel and it remained popular, eventually spinning off both plays and movies based on her life story, including The Affairs of Maupassant, directed by Henry Koster and released in the United States in 1938
31.
Isle of the Dead (painting)
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Isle of the Dead is the best-known painting of Swiss Symbolist artist Arnold Böcklin. Prints were very popular in central Europe in the early 20th century—Vladimir Nabokov observed in his novel Despair that they could be found in every Berlin home, Böcklin produced several different versions of the mysterious painting between 1880 and 1886. All versions of Isle of the Dead depict a desolate and rocky islet seen across an expanse of dark water, a small rowboat is just arriving at a water gate and seawall on shore. An oarsman maneuvers the boat from the stern, in the bow, facing the gate, is a standing figure clad entirely in white. Just behind the figure is a white, festooned object commonly interpreted as a coffin, the tiny islet is dominated by a dense grove of tall, dark cypress trees—associated by long-standing tradition with cemeteries and mourning—which is closely hemmed in by precipitous cliffs. Furthering the funerary theme are what appear to be sepulchral portals, not knowing the history of the early versions of the painting, many observers have interpreted the oarsman as representing the boatman Charon who ferried souls to the underworld in Greek mythology. The water would then be either the River Styx or the River Acheron, Isle of the Dead evokes, in part, the English Cemetery in Florence, Italy, where the first three versions were painted. The cemetery was close to Böcklins studio and was also where his infant daughter Maria was buried, apollo 93, p.510, states that it was painted in the Bay of Kotor in Montenegro, and that it inspired Rachmaninov. Böcklin completed the first version of the painting in May 1880 for his patron Alexander Günther, in April 1880, while the painting was in progress, Böcklins Florence studio had been visited by Marie Berna, née Christ. She was struck by the first version of this dream image, at Bernas request, he added the coffin and female figure, in allusion to her husbands death of diphtheria years earlier. Subsequently, he added elements to the earlier painting. He called these works Die Gräberinsel and it was acquired by the Gottfried Keller-Stiftung in 1920. The third version was painted in 1883 for Böcklin’s dealer Fritz Gurlitt, beginning with this version, one of the burial chambers in the rocks on the right bears Böcklins own initials, A. B. Financial imperatives resulted in a version in 1884, which was ultimately acquired by the entrepreneur and art collector Baron Heinrich Thyssen. It was burned after an attack during World War II. A fifth version was commissioned in 1886 by the Museum of Fine Arts, Leipzig, in 1888, Böcklin created a painting called Die Lebensinsel. Probably intended as an antipole to the Isle of the Dead, it shows a small island. Together with the first version of the Isle of the Dead, may 1880 – Oil on canvas,111 x 155 cm, Öffentliche Kunstsammlung, Kunstmuseum, Basel
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German language
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German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Luxembourgish and it is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English. One of the languages of the world, German is the first language of about 95 million people worldwide. The German speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of publication of new books. German derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, a portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English. With slightly different standardized variants, German is a pluricentric language, like English, German is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many unique varieties existing in Europe and also other parts of the world. The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the migration period, when Martin Luther translated the Bible, he based his translation primarily on the standard bureaucratic language used in Saxony, also known as Meißner Deutsch. Copies of Luthers Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics initially rejected Luthers translation, and tried to create their own Catholic standard of the German language – the difference in relation to Protestant German was minimal. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, until about 1800, standard German was mainly a written language, in urban northern Germany, the local Low German dialects were spoken. Standard German, which was different, was often learned as a foreign language with uncertain pronunciation. Northern German pronunciation was considered the standard in prescriptive pronunciation guides though, however, German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the mid-19th century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire and its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Some cities, such as Prague and Budapest, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others, such as Pozsony, were originally settled during the Habsburg period, and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest and Bratislava as well as cities like Zagreb, the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language is found within the Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between 1852 and 1860, in 1872, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In 1901, the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form
33.
Thomas Brock
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Sir Thomas Brock KCB RA was an English sculptor, and medallist, whose works include the monument to Queen Victoria in front of Buckingham Palace. Brock was born in Worcester, attended the School of Design there, in 1866 he became a pupil of the sculptor John Henry Foley. After Foleys death in 1874, Brock finished some of his commissions and it was his completion of Foleys statue of Prince Albert for the Albert Memorial which first brought Brock to prominence. His group The Moment of Peril was followed by The Genius of Poetry, at the Carlsberg Brewery in Copenhagen, Eve, and other imaginative works that mark his development. According to legend, at the unveiling of the memorial in May 1911, George V was so moved by the excellence of the memorial that he called for a sword, Brock was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1883 and full member in 1891. He married in 1869, and had eight children, statue of Richard Baxter, 17th century English Puritan church leader and divine scholar. Originally in the Bull Ring, Kidderminster but moved to its present site, the Black Prince, Leeds City Square,1901. Equestrian bronze A Moment of Peril now in the collection of Tate Britain, statue of Robert Raikes, Victoria Embankment Garden, London. Statue of Sir Rowland Hill, inventor of the Penny Black, statue and bas-relief on the Sir Henry Bartle Frere Memorial, Whitehall Gardens, London. Monument to Henry Philpott, Bishop of Worcester, Design of Queen Victorias veiled or widowed head on British coinage and medals. Statue of Sir John Everett Millais, outside Tate Britain, Millbank, represented standing holding a palette and a paintbrush. Originally erected on the east side of the gallery in 1905, statue of Queen Victoria, Bangalore, India,1906 Victoria Memorial, London, unveiled 1911, completed 1924 Equestrian statue of Edward VII, Macquarie Street, Sydney. Brock was chosen for the commission in 1915, but the work was not finished and delivered until 1921, unveiled in New Delhi, India,1922, it was removed in 1967, sold in 1968 and re-erected in Queens Park in Toronto, Canada in 1969. Bust of Henry W. Longfellow, Grand Pre, Nova Scotia, statue of Queen Victoria on the grounds of the Belfast City Hall. Memorial to the victims of the sinking of the RMS Titanic, statue of Sir Henry Irving on Charing Cross Road, London. Figures of Navigation and Gunnery at the Admiralty Arch, London, New Haven, Yale University Press,1983. Exhibition catalogue, The Fine Art Society,148 New Bond Street London Wl.30 September –30 October 1968, Sankey, John, ed. Thomas Brock, forgotten sculptor of the Victoria Memorial. Body Doubles, Sculpture in Britain, 1877–1905, New Haven, Yale University Press,2004
34.
Elizabeth Thompson
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Elizabeth Southerden Thompson, Lady Butler was a British painter, one of the few female painters to achieve fame for history paintings, especially military battle scenes, at the end of that tradition. Some of her most famous military scenes come from the Napoleonic Wars and she married Lieutenant General Sir William Butler, becoming Lady Butler. Born at Villa Claremont in Lausanne, Switzerland, she specialized in painting scenes from British military campaigns and battles, including the Crimean War, the Roll Call, The Defence of Rorkes Drift, and Scotland Forever. Showing the Scots Greys at the Battle of Waterloo, are among her better-known works and she wrote about her military paintings in an autobiography published in 1922, I never painted for the glory of war, but to portray its pathos and heroism. She was the daughter of Thomas James Thompson and his second wife Christiana Weller and her sister was the noted essayist and poet Alice Meynell. Elizabeth began receiving art instruction in 1862, while growing up in Italy, in 1866 she went to South Kensington, London, and entered the Female School of Art. She became a Roman Catholic along with the rest of the family after they moved to Florence in 1869, while in Florence, under the tutelage of the artist Giuseppe Bellucci, Elizabeth attended the Accademia di Belle Arti. She signed her works as E. B, with the painting Missing, a Franco-Prussian War battle scene depicting the common soldiers suffering and heroism, she earned her first submission to the Royal Academy. After The Roll Call was shown in 1874 at the Academy and it also helped that during this time there was a huge swell of Victorian pride and romanticism for the growing British Empire. While Lady Butlers topics reflected such romanticism, her paintings were generally realistic in detail with such as confusion, mud. Her works tend to focus on British troops shown in action, or shortly after it, the troops are often shown as their opponents might have seen them, but relatively few of the opponents themselves are shown. Her career largely ended with her 11 June 1877 marriage to Sir William Francis Butler, not only was she now married, breaking the hearts of many young men, but she would travel to the far reaches of the Empire with her husband and raise their six children. Yet she continued to paint scenes showing the valour of the ordinary British soldier, Butler also did some black and white illustration, including of poems by her sister, Alice Meynell, and of works by Thackeray. On her husbands retirement from the army, she moved him to Ireland. She showed pictures at the Royal Hibernian Academy from 1892, among the paintings that she took with her to County Tipperary was a set of water-colours that she had painted while with her husband in Palestine. During the Irish Civil War they were transferred to her daughter in Gormanston Castle for safekeeping and she died there shortly before her 87th birthday and was interred at nearby Stamullen graveyard. Dawn at Waterloo The Morning of Talavera The Colours, Advance of the Scots Guards at the Alma Within Sound of Guns Stand Fast Craigellachie Rescue of Wounded, from Sketch-book and Diary An Autobiography. - Britains Battle Painter, Lady Butler and Her Art,13, September 1900, pp. 579–587 Gladwell, Malcolm
35.
Alexandre Cabanel
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Alexandre Cabanel was a French painter born in Montpellier, Hérault. He painted historical, classical and religious subjects in the academic style and he was also well known as a portrait painter. According to Diccionario Enciclopedico Salvat, Cabanel is the best representative of the Lart pompier, Cabanel entered the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris at the age of seventeen, and studied with François-Édouard Picot. He exhibited at the Paris Salon for the first time in 1844, Cabanel was elected a member of the Institute in 1863. He was appointed professor at the École des Beaux-Arts in 1864 and he was closely connected to the Paris Salon, He was elected regularly to the Salon jury and his pupils could be counted by the hundred at the Salons. Through them, Cabanel did more than any other artist of his generation to form the character of belle époque French painting, Cabanel won the Grande Médaille dHonneur at the Salons of 1865,1867, and 1878. A successful academic painter, his 1863 painting The Birth of Venus is one of the best known examples of 19th-century academic painting, the picture was bought by the emperor Napoleon III, there is also a smaller replica at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. It was given to them by Wolf in 1893. com
36.
Gustave Caillebotte
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Gustave Caillebotte was a French painter, member and patron of the artists known as Impressionists, although he painted in a much more realistic manner than many others in the group. Caillebotte was noted for his early interest in photography as an art form, Gustave Caillebotte was born on 19 August 1848 to an upper-class Parisian family living in the rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis. His father, Martial Caillebotte, was the inheritor of the familys textile business and was also a judge at the Seine departments Tribunal de commerce. Caillebottes father was widowed before marrying Caillebottes mother, Céleste Daufresne. Caillebotte was born at home on rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis in Paris, and lived there until 1866 and it probably was around this time that Caillebotte began to draw and paint. Caillebotte earned a law degree in 1868 and a licence to practise law in 1870, shortly after his education, he was drafted to fight in the Franco-Prussian war, and served from July 1870 to March 1871 in the Garde Nationale Mobile de la Seine. After the war, Caillebotte began visiting the studio of painter Léon Bonnat and he developed an accomplished style in a relatively short time and had his first studio in his parents home. In 1873, Caillebotte entered the École des Beaux-Arts, but apparently did not spend time there. He inherited his fathers fortune in 1874 and the surviving sons divided the family fortune after their mothers death in 1878, the Impressionists – also called the Independents, Intransigents, and Intentionalists – had broken away from the academic painters showing in the annual Salons. Caillebotte made his debut in the second Impressionist exhibition in 1876, showing eight paintings, including, Les raboteurs de parquet, his earliest masterpiece. Its subject matter, the depiction of labourers preparing a wooden floor was considered vulgar by some critics, at the time, the art establishment deemed only rustic peasants or farmers acceptable subjects from the working class. The painting is now at the Musée dOrsay, a second version, in a more realistic style resembling that of Degas, also was exhibited, demonstrating Caillebottes range of technique and his adept restatement of the same subject matter. With regard to the composition and painting style of his works, the second period of Pointillism, whose main representative was Georges Seurat, announced its influence in the late works that Caillebotte painted at his country house in Petit Gennevilliers. Caillebottes style belongs to the School of Realism, but was influenced by his Impressionist associates. A large number of Caillebottes works also employ a very high point, including View of Rooftops, Boulevard Seen from Above. Caillebotte painted many domestic and familial scenes, interiors, and portraits, there are scenes of dining, card playing, piano playing, reading, and sewing, all executed in an intimate, unobtrusive manner that portrays the quiet ritual of upper-class indoor life. His country scenes at Yerres focus on pleasure boating on the stream as well as fishing and swimming. He often used a soft impressionistic technique reminiscent of Renoir to convey the nature of the countryside
37.
Carl Conrads
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Carl H. Conrads was an American sculptor best known for his work on Civil War monuments and his two works in the National Statuary Hall Collection at the U. S. Capitol in Washington, D. C. He was also known as Charles Conrads and he was born in Sinzig-on-the-Rhine, the son of Heinrich Joseph Conrads and Johanna Maria Catherina Fleischer. His father was mayor of their town until removed from office by the Prussians in 1850, in 1853 his parents and brother Robert emigrated to Texas, where they became farmers and furnituremakers. Carl remained in Munich and received a diploma from the Koeniglich Bayerische Akademie der Bildenden Kunste and he emigrated to New York in 1860, and served as an artilleryman in the 20th New York Volunteers during the American Civil War. He moved to Hartford, Connecticut in 1866 to work for James G. Batterson at the New England Granite Works, a reference from 1879, Another German artist, Carl Conrads, has been for twelve years connected with the Hartford Granite Company. He is perhaps over-modest regarding his work as a sculptor, which is very good of its kind. Among his best designs are the figures on the Antietam Monument, in 1871 he returned to Munich for a short visit, availing himself of the opportunity for still further study. As a designer of monuments, his work stands high, Conrads is buried in West Hartford, Connecticut, his grave is marked with a simple stone. Oswin Welles Memorial, bronze figure, Cedar Hill Cemetery, Hartford, bust of Laurent Clerc, American School for the Deaf, West Hartford, Connecticut,1874. The pedestal features a frieze of Clercs name spelled in sign language, moorhead Column, Allegheny Cemetery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,1877. Alexander Hamilton, Central Park, New York City,1880, conradss plaster model for this is at the Museum of American Finance in New York City. Joel Thayer Monument, granite, Lake View Cemetery, Skaneateles, New York, 1882–83, George Keller, military Academy, West Point, New York,1883. Relief bust of Noah Webster, Connecticut State Capitol, Hartford, relief bust of Reverend Horace Bushnell, Connecticut State Capitol, Hartford, Connecticut, circa 1885. General Henry W. Halleck, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, National Monument to the Forefathers, Plymouth, Massachusetts,1889. With sculptors William Rimmer, John D. Perry, Alexander Doyle and James H. Mahoney, general John Stark, bronze, New Hampshire Statehouse, Concord, New Hampshire,1890, John A. Fox, architect. Ford, bronze, Third Street Park, Ford City, Pennsylvania,1891, John Stark from New Hampshire, marble, National Statuary Hall Collection, United States Capitol, Washington D. C.1894. Currently residing in the United States Capitol crypt, daniel Webster from New Hampshire, marble, National Statuary Hall Collection, United States Capitol, Washington D. C.1894. Samuel J. Tilden Monument, Cemetery of the Evergreens, New Lebanon, New York,1895, Ernest Flagg, the Archangel Gabriel, marble, George H. Thacher Monument, St. Agnes Cemetery, Menands, New York,1896
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