1.
1879 in Canada
–
Events from the year 1879 in Canada. Swift Runner was executed for murdering and then eating eight members of his own family over the previous winter and he believed he was possessed by Wendigo, a terrifying mythological creature with a ravenous appetite for human flesh. During the late 1800s and into the 20th Century, fear of Wendigo haunted northern Alberta communities, all other deaths he can document were cases of Wendigo executions, where others have killed the person believed to be possessed. They were acts of self-preservation, attempts to protect their community, January 15 - Mazo de la Roche, author January 17 - Richard Gavin Reid, politician and 7th Premier of Alberta January 25 - Humphrey T
2.
1885 in Canada
–
Events from the year 1885 in Canada. Head of state – Queen Victoria Governor general – Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice Prime minister – John A, the last Cree resistance is shattered. July 2 – Big Bear captured, july 6 – Riel is charged with six counts of high treason. John A. Macdonald receives a telegram announcing that the first train from Montreal in Quebec is approaching the Pacific, november 16 – Riel is hanged in Regina. It the largest mass execution in Canadian history, the law, often ignored, is repealed in 1951
3.
18th century
–
The 18th century lasted from January 1,1701 to December 31,1800 in the Gregorian calendar. During the 18th century, the Enlightenment culminated in the French, philosophy and science increased in prominence. Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age and this dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789-, though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror under Maximilien Robespierre. At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power, the Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion, taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768. The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state, the once-powerful and vast kingdom, which had once conquered Moscow and defeated great Ottoman armies, collapsed under numerous invasions. European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as the Age of Sail continued. Great Britain became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in North America in the 1760s, however, Britain lost many of its North American colonies after the American Revolution, which resulted in the formation of the newly independent United States of America. The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the 1770s with the production of the steam engine. Despite its modest beginnings in the 18th century, steam-powered machinery would radically change human society, western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, 1700-1721, Great Northern War between Tsarist Russia and the Swedish Empire. 1701, Kingdom of Prussia declared under King Frederick I,1701, Ashanti Empire is formed under Osei Kofi Tutu I. 1701–1714, The War of the Spanish Succession is fought, involving most of continental Europe, 1701–1702, The Daily Courant and The Norwich Post become the first daily newspapers in England. 1702, Forty-seven Ronin attack Kira Yoshinaka and then commit seppuku in Japan,1703, Saint Petersburg is founded by Peter the Great, it is the Russian capital until 1918. 1703–1711, The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburg Monarchy,1704, End of Japans Genroku period. 1704, First Javanese War of Succession,1705, George Frideric Handels first opera, Almira, premieres. 1706, War of the Spanish Succession, French troops defeated at the Battles of Ramilies,1706, The first English-language edition of the Arabian Nights is published. 1707, The Act of Union is passed, merging the Scottish and English Parliaments,1707, After Aurangzebs death, the Mughal Empire enters a long decline and the Maratha Empire slowly replaces it. 1707, Mount Fuji erupts in Japan for the first time since 1700,1707, War of 27 Years between the Marathas and Mughals ends in India
4.
19th century
–
The 19th century was the century marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia. By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the worlds land, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America and Japan. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of children in factories and mines, as well as strict social norms regarding modesty. Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the Meiji Restoration, before defeating China, under the Qing Dynasty, europes population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century, London became the worlds largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later, liberalism became the pre-eminent reform movement in Europe. Slavery was greatly reduced around the world, following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain and France stepped up the battle against the Barbary pirates and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans. The UKs Slavery Abolition Act charged the British Royal Navy with ending the slave trade. The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, americas 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888. Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia, in the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States of America. The 19th century also saw the creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain. Also, ladywear was a sensitive topic during this time. 1801, Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab,1801, Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope. 1801, Cairo falls to the British,1801, Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia. 1802, Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time,1803, William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the first practical steamboat. 1803, The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out Frances territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U. S. s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain,1803, The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina
5.
20th century
–
The 20th century was a century that began on January 1,1901 and ended on December 31,2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium and it is distinct from the century known as the 1900s, which began on January 1,1900 and ended on December 31,1999. It saw great advances in communication and medical technology that by the late 1980s allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide computer communication, the term short twentieth century was coined to represent the events from 1914 to 1991. It took all of history up to 1804 for the worlds population to reach 1 billion, world population reached 2 billion estimates in 1927, by late 1999. Globally approximately 45% of those who were married and able to have children used contraception, 40% of pregnancies were unplanned, the century had the first global-scale total wars between world powers across continents and oceans in World War I and World War II. The century saw a shift in the way that many people lived, with changes in politics, ideology, economics, society, culture, science, technology. The 20th century may have seen more technological and scientific progress than all the other centuries combined since the dawn of civilization, terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage. It was a century that started with horses, simple automobiles, and freighters but ended with high-speed rail, cruise ships, global commercial air travel and the space shuttle. Horses, Western societys basic form of transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by automobiles and buses within a few decades. Humans explored space for the first time, taking their first footsteps on the Moon, mass media, telecommunications, and information technology made the worlds knowledge more widely available. Advancements in medical technology also improved the health of many people, rapid technological advancements, however, also allowed warfare to reach unprecedented levels of destruction. World War II alone killed over 60 million people, while nuclear weapons gave humankind the means to annihilate itself in a short time, however, these same wars resulted in the destruction of the Imperial system. For the first time in history, empires and their wars of expansion and colonization ceased to be a factor in international affairs, resulting in a far more globalized. The last time major powers clashed openly was in 1945, and since then, technological advancements during World War I changed the way war was fought, as new inventions such as tanks, chemical weapons, and aircraft modified tactics and strategy. After more than four years of warfare in western Europe, and 20 million dead. The regime of Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown during the conflict, Russia became the first communist state, at the beginning of the period, Britain was the worlds most powerful nation, having acted as the worlds policeman for the past century. Meanwhile, Japan had rapidly transformed itself into an advanced industrial power. Its military expansion into eastern Asia and the Pacific Ocean culminated in an attack on the United States
6.
1850s
–
The 1850s was a decade that ran from January 1,1850, to December 31,1859. At the mean time, The United States saw its peak on mass migration to the American West, that particularly made the nation experience an economic boom, as well as a rapidly increasing population. Crimean War fought between Imperial Russia and an alliance consisting of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Second French Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, the majority of the conflict takes place around Crimea, on the northern coasts of the Black Sea. On 8 October 1856, the Second Opium War between several powers and China begins with the Arrow Incident on the Pearl River. Second War of Italian Independence, also known as Franco-Austrian War, moldavia and Wallachia are unified and form Romania. Gideon T. Stewart attempts to create a Prohibition Party, dissolution of the Mughal Empire by the British. First commercially successful sewing machine made by Isaac Singer Ukrainian settlers bring Carniolan honeybees to the Primorsky Krai The word girlfriend first appears in writing in 1855, the word boyfriend first appears in writing in 1856. Nikola Tesla American texts from the 1850s American speeches from the 1850s
7.
1860s
–
The 1860s were an extremely different decade with numerous cultural, social, and political upheavals in Europe and America. Revolutions were prevalent in Germany and the Ottoman Empire, the abolition of slavery in America led to the breakdown of the Atlantic Slave Trade, which was already suffering from the abolition of slavery in most of Europe in the late 1820s and ’30s. After the Civil War, turmoil continued in Reconstruction, with the rise of white supremacist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan, replacement of President of Mexico Benito Juárez at first with Juan Nepomuceno Almonte and then by Emperor Maximilian of Mexico with the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire. Juárez eventually manages to recover his position, on 18 October 1860, the first Convention of Peking formally ended the Second Opium War. The American Civil War lasted from 1861 to 1865, the Paraguayan War starts in South America, with the invasion of Paraguay by the Triple Alliance. It will kill almost 60% of the country’s population, the main phase of the New Zealand Wars between British colonials and the Māori population begins with the First Taranaki War in 1860. The most significant campaign is the Invasion of Waikato in 1863, the Kingdom of Prussia under Bismarck invaded Denmark in 1864, which ended in the division of Schleswig, the location of a pro-German revolt, between Prussia and the Austrian Empire. Though Prussia and Austria had both fought side by side in war, Prussia later attacked Austria in the Austro-Prussian war of 1866. The technological and logistical superiority of Prussias armed forces obliterated Austria and its allies, by the end of these conflicts, Prussia was seen as the most powerful state in Germany, and had total hegemony over the other German states. The NGF was formed after the Austro-Prussian war, uniting the states of north Germany, the Bhutan War between the British Empire and Bhutan lasted from 1864 to 1865. It ended in a British victory and the loss of some Bhutanese territory to British India, beginning of the Reconstruction era under President Andrew Johnson. 1863–64 January Uprising in the Russian Empire, on 19 July 1864 the fall of Nanjing formally ended the 14-year Taiping Rebellion. Italian Unification under King Victor Emmanuel II, Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the Papal States. Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 15th and last of the Tokugawa shoguns loses control to the Meiji Emperor, the samurai class fails to survive while the daimyōs turn to politics. The Dominion of Canada is created by the British North America Act on July 1,1867, President of the United States Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, April 14,1865. King of Madagascar Radama II is captured by soldiers and strangled to death, manuel Isidoro Belzu, President of Bolivia is assassinated. Father of Canadian Confederation, Thomas DArcy McGee is assassinated by Patrick J. Whelan, sakamoto Ryōma, a prominent figure in the Bakumatsu era in Japan and part of the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate, is assassinated along with Nakaoka Shintarō at a Kyoto inn in 1867. The First Transcontinental Railroad in the USA is completed in 1869, the Suez Canal in Egypt is opened in 1869
8.
1870s
–
The 1870s continued the trends of the previous decade, as new empires, imperialism and militarism rose in Europe and Asia. The United States was recovering from the American Civil War, germany unified in 1871 and began its Second Reich. Labor unions and strikes occurred worldwide in the part of the decade. The Reconstruction era of the United States brought a legacy of bitterness, franco-Prussian War resulted in the collapse of the Second French Empire and in the formation of both the French Third Republic and the German Empire. The Anglo-Zulu War lasted from 11 January 1879 to 4 July 1879, the Third Carlist War was the last Carlist War in Spain. Bulgaria and Romania declared independence following a war against the Ottoman Empire, the Sioux battled the United States Cavalry and resisted encroachment by white settlers on the Great Plains. Passive resistance was used to prevent the confiscation of Māori land at Parihaka in New Zealand, the German Empire and Alliance System emerged. Racial and economic politics in Americas Reconstruction were bitter, pessimistic, the Gilded Age began in 1874, lasting until 1896. The prototype telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, the first version of the light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison in 1879. The phonograph is invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison, the steam drill is invented in 1879. Ludwig Boltzmann statistically defined thermodynamic entropy,1873 Weltausstellung in Vienna,1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia and 1878 Exposition universelle in Paris. Members of the association, which soon included Cézanne, Berthe Morisot, another painter who greatly influenced Monet and his friends, Johan Jongkind, declined to participate, as did Manet. In total, thirty artists participated in their first exhibition, held in April 1874 at the studio of the photographer Nadar, the group soon became known as the Impressionists. Jeanne Calment, born 1875, would become the longest-living human being in recorded history. She lived until 1997, at the age of 122 and she still holds the record as of 2016. Lewis Carroll publishes Through the Looking-Glass
9.
1880s
–
The 1880s was a decade that began on January 1,1880, and ended on December 31,1889. They occurred at the period of the Second Industrial Revolution. Most Western countries experienced an economic boom, due to the mass production of railroads. The modern city as well as the rose to prominence in this decade as well. The 1880s were also part of the Gilded Age, which lasted from 1874 to 1907, aceh War War of the Pacific Mahdist War 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War 13 September 1882 — British troops occupy Cairo, and Egypt becomes a British protectorate. American Indian Wars 20 July 1881 — Sioux chief Sitting Bull leads the last of his people in surrender to United States troops at Fort Buford in Montana. Frequent lynchings of African Americans in Southern United States during the years 1880–1890 and this would be followed over the next few decades by conquest of almost the entirety of the remaining uncolonised parts of the continent, broadly along the lines determined. 3 August 1881, The Pretoria Convention peace treaty is signed,1884, International Meridian Conference in Washington D. C. held to determine the Prime Meridian of the world. 1884–1885, Berlin Conference, when the western powers divided Africa, the United States had five Presidents during the decade, the most since the 1840s. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland, may to August,1883, Krakatoa, a volcano in Indonesia, erupted cataclysmically,36,000 people were killed, the majority being killed by the resulting tsunami. September 1887, The Yellow river flooded and killed about 900,000 people, the 1880s were marked by several notable assassinations and assassination attempts,13 March 1881 — Assassination of the Tsar of the Russian Empire Alexander II of Russia. 19 September 1881 — James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States 2 March 1882 — Roderick Maclean fails to assassinate Queen Victoria,3 April 1882 — Bob Ford assassinates Jesse James, legendary outlaw. 6 May 1882 - Lord Frederick Cavendish, Chief Secretary for Ireland,1880, Oliver Heaviside of Camden Town, London, England receives a patent for the coaxial cable. In 1887, Heaviside introduced the concept of loading coils, in the 1890s, Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin would both create the loading coils and receive a patent of them, failing to credit Heavisides work. 1880–1882, Development and commercial production of lighting was underway. Thomas Edison of Milan, Ohio, established Edison Illuminating Company on December 17,1880, based at New York City, it was the pioneer company of the electrical power industry. Edisons system was based on creating a power plant equipped with electrical generators. Copper electrical wires would then connect the station with other buildings, Pearl Street Station was the first central power plant in the United States
10.
1890s
–
The phrase, The Gay Nineties, was not coined until the 1920s. This decade was also part of the Gilded Age, a phrase coined by Mark Twain, alluding to the seemingly profitable era that was riddled with crime and poverty. In the United States, the 1890s were marked by an economic depression sparked by the Panic of 1893. As of January 23,2017, there is only 1 verified living person who was born in the 1890s. On December 29,1890,365 troops of the US 7th Cavalry, supported by four Hotchkiss guns, surrounded an encampment of Miniconjou and Hunkpapa Sioux near Wounded Knee Creek, the Army had orders to escort the Sioux to the railroad for transport to Omaha, Nebraska. One day earlier, the Sioux had been cornered and agreed to themselves in at the Pine Ridge Agency in South Dakota. They were the very last of the Sioux to do. the process of disarming the Sioux, the 7th Cavalry quickly suppressed the Sioux fire, and the surviving Sioux fled, but US cavalrymen pursued and killed many who were unarmed. By the time it was over, about 146 men, women, twenty-five troopers also died, some believed to have been the victims of friendly fire as the shooting took place at point-blank range in chaotic conditions. Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, with a number later dying from hypothermia. The incident is noteworthy as the engagement in history in which the most Medals of Honor have been awarded in the military history of the United States. This was the last tribe to be invaded which broke the backbone of the American Indian Wars,1891, Chilean Civil War fought from January to September. José Manuel Balmaceda, President of Chile, and the Chilean Army loyal to him face Jorge Montts Junta, the latter was formed by an alliance between the National Congress of Chile and the Chilean Navy. 1891, Tobacco Protest in Qajar dynasty Persia, on March 20,1890, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, Shah of Iran granted a concession to Major G. F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the production, sale, and export of tobacco for fifty years. In exchange, Talbot paid the shah an annual sum of £15,000 in addition to a quarter of the profits after the payment of all expenses. Now they were forced to seek permits from the Tobacco Régie as well as required to inform the concessionaires of the amount of tobacco produced, during the spring of 1891 mass protests against the Régie began to emerge in major Iranian cities. Initially it was the bazaaris who led the opposition under the conviction that it was their income, the reference to the Hidden Imam, a critical person in Shia Islam, meant that Shirazi was using the strongest possible language to oppose the Régie. Initially there was skepticism over the legitimacy of the fatwa, however Shirazi would later confirm the declaration,1892, The Johnson County War in Wyoming. Actually this range war took place in April 1892 in Johnson County, Natrona County, the combatants were the Wyoming Stock Growers Association and the Northern Wyoming Farmers and Stock Growers Association
11.
1900s (decade)
–
The 1900s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1900, and ended on December 31,1909. The term nineteen-hundreds can also equally be used for the years 1900–1999, the Edwardian era covers a similar span of time. There are several varieties of how individual years of the decade are pronounced in English. Using 1906 as an example, they are nineteen-oh-six, nineteen-six, which variety is most prominent depends somewhat on global region and generation. In American English, nineteen-oh-six is the most common, nineteen-six is less common, nineteen-ought-six is recognized, the strength of the comedic effect diminished during the aughts of the next century, as the public grew used to questioning how to refer to an ohs or aughts decade. Russo-Japanese War establishes the Empire of Japan as a world power, battle of Riyadh was a minor battle of the Unification of Saudi Arabia. Battle of Dilam was a battle of the Unification War between Rashidi and Saudi rebels. First Saudi–Rashidi War was engaged between the Saudi loyal forces of the newborn Emirate of Riyadh versus the Emirate of Hail, demand for Home Rule for Ireland Herero and Namaqua Genocide in German South-West Africa. January 1,1901, British colonies in Australia federate, forming the Commonwealth of Australia May 20,1902 — Cuba gains independence from the United States, june 7,1905 — The Norwegian Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved, and Norway achieves full independence. October 5,1908 — Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire, April 19,1902 — A magnitude 7.5 earthquake rocks Guatemala, killing 2,000. May 8,1902 — In Martinique, Mount Pelée erupts, destroying the town of Saint-Pierre, April 7,1906 — Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates Naples. September 18,1906 — A typhoon and tsunami kill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong, January 14,1907 — An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000. December 28,1908 — An earthquake and tsunami destroys Messina, Sicily and Calabria, April 26,1900 — The Great Lumber Fire of Ottawa–Hull kills 7 and leaves 15,000 homeless. The fire began on a wharf and spread to the adjacent piers, warehouses, may 3,1901 — The Great Fire of 1901 begins in Jacksonville, FL, USA. July 10,1902 – The Rolling Mill Mine disaster in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, August 10,1903 — Paris Métro train fire. December 30,1903 — A fire at the Iroquois Theater in Chicago, February 7,1904 — The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, USA destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. June 15,1904 — A fire aboard the steamboat General Slocum in New York Citys East River kills 1,021, june 28,1904 — The Danish ocean liner SS Norge runs aground and sinks close to Rockall, killing 635, including 225 Norwegian emigrants. January 22,1906 — The SS Valencia strikes a reef off Vancouver Island, Canada, the 1900s were marked by several notable assassinations and assassination attempts, July 29,1900 — King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by Italian-born anarchist Gaetano Bresci
12.
1910s
–
The 1910s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1910, and ended on December 31,1919. The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the half of the 19th century. The murder triggered a chain of events in which, within 33 days, the conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11,1918, leading to the controversial, one-sided Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on June 28,1919. However, each of these states had large German and Hungarian minorities, the decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries. Russia also had a similar fate, since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos and this atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism, which was later renamed as communism. Like the Mexican Revolution, the Russian Revolution of 1917, known as the October Revolution, much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed. Many of the restaurants were equipped with dance floors. Prohibition in the United States began January 16,1919, with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, armenian Genocide during and just after World War I. Wadai War Italo-Turkish War First Balkan Wars – two wars took place in South-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913. Saudi-Ottoman War Latvian War of Independence - a military conflict in Latvia between the Republic of Latvia and the Russian SFSR. The Russian Revolution is the term for the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917. April 13,1919 - The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, at Amritsar in the Punjab Province of British India, sows the seeds of discontent, xinhai Revolution causes the overthrow of Chinas ruling Qing Dynasty, and the establishment of the Republic of China. Madero proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void, and calls for a revolution at 6 p. m. against the illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. The revolution lead to the ouster of Porfirio Díaz six months later, the Revolution progressively becomes a civil war with multiple factions and phases, culminating with the Mexican Constitution of 1917, but combat would persist for three more years. Germany abolishes its monarchy and becomes under the rule of a new elected government called the Weimar Republic, federal Reserve Act is passed by United States Congress, establishing a Central Bank in the US. George V becomes king in Britain, fourteen Points as designed by United States President Woodrow Wilson advocates the right of all nations to self-determination. Rise to power of the Bolsheviks in Russia under Vladimir Lenin, creating the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, easter Rising against the British in Ireland, eventually leads to Irish independence. Several nations in Eastern Europe get their own state, thereby replacing major multiethnic empires
13.
1879
–
As of the start of 1879, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January – The current constitution of the State of California in the United States is ratified, January 1 – The Specie Resumption Act takes effect. The United States Note is valued the same as gold for the first time since the American Civil War, January 11 – Anglo-Zulu War begins. January 22 – Battle of Isandlwana, the first major encounter in the Anglo-Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom, a force of 1,200 British soldiers was wiped out by the 20, 000+ Zulu warriors. January 23 – Battle of Rorkes Drift – following the days defeat. February 8 – At a meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute, engineer, march 11 – The Ryukyu Domain is incorporated into the Okinawa Prefecture of Japan and the last ruler, Shō Tai, is exiled to Tokyo. March 28 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Hlobane, British forces suffer a defeat, march 29 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Kambula, British forces defeat 20,000 Zulus. April – Postman Ferdinand Cheval begins to build his Palais Idéal at Hauterives in France, april 5 – War of the Pacific, Chile formally declares war on Bolivia and Peru. April 26 – The National Park, later renamed the Royal National Park, is declared in New South Wales, Australia, may 2 – The Spanish Socialist Workers Party is founded clandestinely at the Casa Labra pub in Madrid by printer Pablo Iglesias. May 10 – The Archaeological Institute of America is formed, may 12 – The English Catholic convert John Henry Newman is elevated to Cardinal. May 14 – The first group of 463 Indian indentured labourers arrive in Fiji aboard the Leonidas, may 26 – Russia and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Gandamak, establishing an Afghan state. May 30 – New York Citys Gilmores Garden is renamed Madison Square Garden by William Henry Vanderbilt, and is opened to the public at 26th Street and Madison Avenue. June 1 – Napoléon, Prince Imperial, great-nephew of Napoléon Bonaparte, june 4 – Yasukuni Shrine, officially renamed from Tokyo Shokonsha Shrine in Japan. June 6 – William Denny and Brothers launch the worlds first ocean-going steamer to be built of mild steel, the SS Rotomahana, on the River Clyde in Scotland. On October 2 they launch the first transatlantic steamer of the same material, june 14 – Sidney Faithorn Green, a priest in the Church of England, is tried and convicted for using Ritualist practices. June 21 – German company Linde is founded by Carl von Linde, july 4 – Anglo-Zulu War, The Anglo-Zulu War effectively ends with British victory at the Battle of Ulundi. August 16 – Fulham F. C. is founded in London as a soccer team. August 21 – Claimed apparition to local people at Knock, County Mayo, Ireland of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Saint Joseph, Saint John the Evangelist, september – Henry George self-publishes his major work Progress and Poverty
14.
1880
–
As of the start of 1880, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 22 Toowong State School is founded in Queensland, Australia, february – The journal Science is first published in the United States with financial backing from Thomas Edison. February 2 The first electric streetlight is installed in Wabash, Indiana, the first successful shipment of frozen mutton from Australia arrives in London aboard the SS Strathleven. March 31 – Wabash, Indiana becomes the first electrically lit city in the world, april – The government of Cape Colony sets a deadline for the surrender of weapons by the Basuto people. Non-compliance leads to the Basuto Gun War, april 18 – William Ewart Gladstone defeats Benjamin Disraeli in the United Kingdom general election to become Prime Minister for the second time. April 19 – The Prime Minister of Sweden, Louis De Geer, resigns over the defeat of a reform bill in the countrys Riksdag. April 27 – Charter founding the Royal University of Ireland, allowing the Catholic University of Ireland to re-form as University College Dublin. May 2 – After having her lights installed by Edisons personnel, may 13 – In Menlo Park, New Jersey, Thomas Edison performs the first test of his electric railway. June – The SS Columbia sets off on her voyage around Cape Horn to Portland, Oregon. June 1 – Tinius Olsen awarded a United States Patent for the Little Giant Testing Machine, june 28 – Australian police capture bank robber Ned Kelly after a gun battle at Glenrowan, Victoria. June 29 – France annexes Tahiti, july 14 – Dorchester Penitentiary opens in Canada. July 22 – Abdur Rahman Khan becomes Emir of Afghanistan, july 27 – Battle of Maiwand August 14 – Cologne Cathedral is completed, after construction began in 1248,632 years earlier. August 24 – The SS Columbia completes her maiden voyage, arriving without incident in Portland, August 26 — Competing circus owners P. T. Barnum and James A. Bailey sign a contract in Bridgeport, Connecticut to create the Barnum & Bailey Circus. In 1907, the circus will merge forces with another competitor, september 1 — Second Anglo-Afghan War, General Frederick Roberts, commanding British forces, defeats the Afghan troops of Mohammad Ayub Khan in the Battle of Kandahar, bringing an end to the war. October – The Blizzard of 1880 begins in North America, october 1 – German company Munich Re is founded in Munich. October 6 – The University of Southern California opens its doors to 53 students and 10 faculty, october 15 – Mexican soldiers kill Victorio, one of the greatest Apache military strategists. October 28 – The first stone is laid for the Clarkson Memorial in Wisbech, november 2 – U. S. presidential election,1880, James Garfield defeats Winfield S. Hancock. November 4 – The first cash register is patented by James and John Ritty of Dayton, november 9 – A major earthquake strikes Zagreb and destroys many buildings including Zagreb Cathedral
15.
1881
–
As of the start of 1881, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1–January 24 – Siege of Geok Tepe, Russian troops under General Mikhail Skobelev defeat the Turkomans, january 25 – Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell form the Oriental Telephone Company. February 4 The Linngton Manor was burned to the ground, february 13 – The first issue of the feminist newspaper La Citoyenne is published by Hubertine Auclert. February 16 – The Canadian Pacific Railway is incorporated, february 19 – Kansas becomes the first U. S. state to prohibit all alcoholic beverages. February 25 – Phoenix, Arizona is incorporated, march 1 – The Cunard Lines SS Servia, the first steel transatlantic liner, is launched at Clydebank in Scotland. March 4 – James A. Garfield is sworn in as President of the United States, march 12 – Andrew Watson makes his Scotland debut as the worlds first black international football player. March 13 – Alexander II of Russia is killed near his palace when a bomb is thrown at him and he is succeeded by his son, Alexander III. March 23 – First Boer War comes to an end, april 11 – Spelman College is established. April 14 – The Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight erupts in El Paso, april 15 – Temuco, Chile is founded. April 15 – Anti-Semitic pogroms in Southern Russia start, april 21 – The University of Connecticut is founded as the Storrs Agricultural School. April 25 – Caulfield Grammar School is founded in Melbourne, Australia, april 28 – Billy the Kid escapes from his 2 jailers at the Lincoln County Jail in Mesilla, New Mexico, killing James Bell and Robert Ollinger before stealing a horse and riding out of town. May 10 – Romania is proclaimed a kingdom, Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen is crowned King of Romania, may 12 – In North Africa, Tunisia becomes a French protectorate by the Treaty of Bardo. May 13 – The Pacific island of Rotuma cedes to Great Britain, may 16 – The worlds first regular electric tram service is started in Berlin by Siemens & Halske. May 21 The American Red Cross is established by Clara Barton, the United States Tennis Association is established by a small group of tennis club members, the first U. S. Tennis Championships are played this year, june 12 – The USS Jeannette is crushed in an Arctic Ocean ice pack. June 18 – The League of the Three Emperors is resurrected, june 20 – The current Cincinnati Reds baseball team plays its first game. June 26 War of the Pacific, Indecisive Battle of Sangrar in central Andes, july 1 – General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell–Childers reforms of the British Armys organization, comes into effect. July 2 – Assassination of James A. Garfield, United States President James A. Garfield is shot by lawyer Charles J. Guiteau in Washington, the wound becomes infected, killing Garfield on September 19
16.
1882
–
As of the start of 1882, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 2 The Standard Oil Trust is secretly created in the United States to control multiple corporations set up by John D. Rockefeller and his associates. January 5 – Charles J. Guiteau is found guilty of the assassination of James A. Garfield and sentenced to death and he will be hanged on June 30. February 3 – American showman P. T. Barnum acquires the elephant Jumbo from London Zoo, march 2 – Roderick McLean fails in an attempt to assassinate Queen Victoria at Windsor. March 20 – British gunboats enter Monrovia, with Arthur Havelock demanding that Liberia cede disputed territory to the British colony of Sierra Leone of which he is Governor, march 22 – Polygamy is made a felony by the Edmunds Act passed by the United States Congress. March 24 – Robert Koch announces the discovery of the responsible for tuberculosis. March 28 Republican Jules Ferry makes primary education in France free, non-clerical, german medical products company Beiersdorf is founded. March 29 – The Knights of Columbus, a Catholic fraternal service organization, is founded in New Haven, april 3 – Old West outlaw Jesse James is shot in the back of the head and killed by Robert Ford. April 29 – The Elektromote, the worlds first trolleybus started in Berlin, may 1 – Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, as known well for philharmonic orchestra group in Europe, which founded in Germany. May 2 – Charles Stewart Parnell is released, may 8 – The Chinese Exclusion Act is the first important law which restricts immigration into the U. S. A. May 20 – The Triple Alliance is formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, June 6 A cyclone in the Arabian Sea causes flooding in Bombay harbor, leaving about 100,000 dead. Battle of Embabo, The Shewan forces of Menelik II defeat the Gojjame army, June 11 – The ‘Urabi Revolt breaks out in Egypt against Khedive Tewfik Pasha and European influence in that country. June 28 – Anglo-French Convention of 1882 signed marking territorial boundaries between Guinea and Sierra Leone, June 30 – U. S. presidential assassin Charles Guiteau is hanged. July 11–13 – Anglo-Egyptian War, The British Mediterranean Fleet carries out the Bombardment of Alexandria, its forces capturing the city of Alexandria in Egypt, july 26 Boers establish the republic of Stellaland in southern Africa. Richard Wagners opera Parsifal debuts at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in Bavaria, july 31 – The Hebrew Moshava of Rishon LeZion is founded. August 3 – The U. S. Congress passes the 1882 Immigration Act, august 5 – Standard Oil of New Jersey is established. August 18 – The Married Womens Property Act 1882 receives royal assent in Britain, it enables women to buy, own and sell property, august 20 – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovskys 1812 Overture debuts in Moscow. September 4 – Thomas Edison flips the switch to the first commercial power plant in history
17.
1883
–
As of the start of 1883, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 4 – Life magazine is founded in Los Angeles January 10 – A fire at the Newhall Hotel in Milwaukee kills 73 people, January 16 – The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, establishing the United States civil service, is passed. January 19 – The first electric lighting system employing overhead wires begins service in Roselle, New Jersey, february – The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi is first published complete in book form in Italy. February 13 – The German composer Richard Wagner dies of an attack in Venice. February 16 – The Ladies Home Journal is published for the first time, february 23 – Alabama becomes the first U. S. state to enact an antitrust law. February 28 – The first vaudeville theater is opened, in Boston, march 2 – The Hong Kong Observatory is formed. March 14 – Karl Marx dies in London, march 20 – Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. April 5 – Oxygen is liquefied for the very first time, april 28 – The first sevens tournament is played at Melrose RFC in Scotland. May 23 – Robert Louis Stevensons childrens pirate adventure novel Treasure Island is first published in book format, may 24 – Brooklyn Bridge is opened to traffic after 13 years of construction. May 30 – In New York City, a rumor that the Brooklyn Bridge is going to collapse causes a stampede which crushes 12 people, June 3 – Sheikh Maktoum al Butthi takes power in Dubai. The al-Maktoum family is ruling Dubai as an Emirate ever since, June 13 – Count Arvid Posse leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden. He is succeeded by Carl Johan Thyselius, the first non-aristocrat to serve as Swedish head of government, June 16 – Victoria Hall disaster, A rush for treats results in 183 children being asphyxiated in a concert hall in Sunderland, England. June 28 – In Milan, Italy the first central European electricity power station is inaugurated, stevenson completes writing it at the end of the summer in France. July 3 – The SS Daphne disaster in Glasgow leaves 124 dead, july 4 – The worlds first rodeo is held in Pecos, Texas. July 22 – Zulu King Cetshwayo barely escapes an attack with his life. August King Williams College is opened on the Isle of Man, august 12 – The last quagga dies at the Artis Magistra zoo in Amsterdam. August 21 – An F5 tornado strikes Rochester, Minnesota, leading to the creation of the Mayo Clinic, august 26–August 27 – Krakatoa volcano erupts at 10,02 AM,163 villages are destroyed,36,380 killed by tsunami. August 29 – Dunfermline Carnegie Library, the first Carnegie library, is opened in Andrew Carnegies hometown, Dunfermline, september 11 – Major Evelyn Baring becomes Consul-General of Egypt under British rule
18.
1884
–
As of the start of 1884, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 4 – The Fabian Society is founded in London, january 5 – Gilbert and Sullivans Princess Ida has its première at the Savoy Theatre, London. January 18 – Dr. William Price attempts to cremate his dead son, Iesu Grist. Later tried and acquitted on the grounds that cremation is not contrary to English law, he is able to carry out the ceremony on March 14. February 1 – A New English Dictionary on historical principles, part 1, edited by James A. H. Murray, February 5 – Derby County Football Club is founded in England. March 13 – The siege of Khartoum, Sudan begins, april 20 – Pope Leo XIII publishes the encyclical Humanum genus, denouncing Freemasonry and certain liberal beliefs which he considers to be associated with it. April 22 German protectorate in South-West Africa, the Colchester earthquake, England, the UKs most destructive, occurs. May 1 – The eight-hour workday is first proclaimed by the Federation of Organized Trades and this date, called May Day or Labour Day, becomes a holiday recognized in almost every industrialized country. May 16 – Angelo Moriondo of Turin is granted a patent for an espresso machine, may 16, Swedens Finance Minister Robert Themptander becomes his countrys Prime Minister June 4 The future flag of Estonia is consecrated as the flag of the Estonian Students Society. June 13 – LaMarcus Adna Thompson opens the Gravity Pleasure Switchback Railway at Coney Island, july 3 – The Dow Jones Transportation Average, consisting of eleven transportation-related companies, nine railroads and two non-rail companies, was created. The index is the oldest stock index still in use, july 5 – Germany takes possession of Togoland. July 14 – German administration in Cameroon, july 23 – Todays Courier records the first tennis tournaments held on the grounds of Shrubland Hall, Leamington Spa, England. August 5 – The cornerstone for the Statue of Liberty is laid on Bedloes Island in New York Harbor, August 10 – An earthquake measuring 5.5 Mfa affected a very large portion of the eastern United States. The shock had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII, chimneys were toppled in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Property damage was severe in Jamaica and Amityville in New York, August 22 – Sino-French War breaks out. August 23 – Sino-French War, Battle of Fuzhou, French Admiral Amédée Courbets Far East Squadron virtually destroys Chinas Fujian Fleet, september 5 – Staten Island Academy is founded. September 15 –Medicine, The invention of local anesthesia by Karl Koller is made public at a congress in Heidelberg. October 6 – The United States Naval War College is established in Newport, october 18 – The University of Wales, Bangor is founded
19.
1885
–
As of the start of 1885, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 3–4 – Sino-French War – Battle of Núi Bop, French troops under General Oscar de Négrier defeat a numerically superior Qing Chinese force in northern Vietnam, january 4 – The first successful appendectomy is performed by Dr. William W. Grant on Mary Gartside. January 17 – Mahdist War in Sudan, British victory at the Battle of Abu Klea, january 20 – LaMarcus Adna Thompson patents a roller coaster. January 24 – Irish terrorists damage Westminster Hall and the Tower of London with dynamite, january 26 – Mahdist War in Sudan, Troops loyal to the Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad conquer Khartoum. The British commander Charles George Gordon is killed, February 5 – King Léopold II of Belgium establishes the Congo Free State as a personal possession. February 7 – The play La vida alegre y muerte triste by dramatist José Echegaray opens, February 9 – The first Japanese arrive in Hawaii. February 16 – Charles Dow publishes the first edition of the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the index stood at a level of 62.76, and represented the dollar average of 14 stocks,12 railroads and two leading American industries. February 21 – United States President Chester A. Arthur dedicates the Washington Monument, February 23 Sino-French War, France gains an important victory over China in the Battle of Đồng Đăng in the Tonkin region of modern-day Vietnam. An English executioner fails after several attempts to hang John Babbacombe Lee, sentenced for the murder of his employer Emma Keyse, February 26 – The final act of the Berlin Conference regulates European colonization and trade in the scramble for Africa. February 28 – February concludes without having a full moon, march 3 – A subsidiary of the American Bell Telephone Company, American Telephone and Telegraph, is incorporated in New York. March 4 – Grover Cleveland is sworn in as President of the United States, march 7 – The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madrid is founded. March 14 – Gilbert and Sullivans comic opera The Mikado opens at the Savoy Theatre in London, march 26 The Prussian government, motivated by Otto von Bismarck, expels all ethnic Poles and Jews without German citizenship from Prussia in the Prussian deportations. North-West Rebellion in Canada by the Métis people, led by Louis Riel, first legal cremation in England, Mrs Jeannette C. Pickersgill of London, well known in literary and scientific circles, is cremated by the Cremation Society at Woking, march 30 – The Battle for Kushka triggers the Panjdeh Incident, which nearly gives rise to war between the British Empire and Russian Empire. March 31 – The United Kingdom establishes the Bechuanaland Protectorate, april 2 – Frog Lake Massacre, Cree warriors led by Wandering Spirit kill 9 settlers at Frog Lake in the Northwest Territories. April 3 – Gottlieb Daimler is granted a German patent for his single-cylinder water-cooled engine design, april 11 – Luton Town Football Club are created by the merger of Wanderers F. C. and Luton Excelsior F. C. in England. April 14 – Final engagement of Sino-French War, with a French victory at Kép, China withdraws its forces from Tonkin. April 30 – A bill is signed in the New York State legislature forming the Niagara Falls State Park, may 2 Good Housekeeping magazine goes on sale for the first time in the United States
20.
History of Canada
–
The history of Canada covers the period from the arrival of Paleo-Indians thousands of years ago to the present day. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first European arrivals and have discovered through archaeological investigations. Starting in the late 15th century, French and British expeditions explored, colonized, the colony of New France was established in 1534 and was ceded to the United Kingdom in 1763 after the French defeat in the Seven Years War. The now British Province of Quebec was divided into Upper and Lower Canada in 1791, in 1867, the Province of Canada was joined with two other British colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia through Confederation, forming a self-governing entity named Canada. The new dominion expanded by incorporating parts of British North America, finishing with Newfoundland. Although responsible government had existed in Canada since 1848, Britain continued to set its foreign, with the passing of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, Canada became co-equal with the United Kingdom. After the Constitution was repatriated in 1982, the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament were removed. Canada currently consists of ten provinces and three territories and is a democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. Since the conclusion of the Second World War, Canadians have supported multilateralism abroad, archeological and Aboriginal genetic evidence indicate that North and South America were the last continents into which humans migrated. During the Wisconsin glaciation,50, 000–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the Bering land bridge, from Siberia into northwest North America. At that point, they were blocked by the Laurentide ice sheet covered most of Canada, confining them to Alaska. The exact dates and routes of the peopling of the Americas are the subject of an ongoing debate, by 16,000 years ago the glacial melt allowed people to move by land south and east out of Beringia, and into Canada. The Queen Charlotte Islands, Old Crow Flats, and Bluefish Caves contain some of the earliest Paleo-Indian archaeological sites in Canada, ice Age hunter-gatherers of this period left lithic flake fluted stone tools and the remains of large butchered mammals. The North American climate stabilized around 8000 BCE, climatic conditions were similar to modern patterns, however, the receding glacial ice sheets still covered large portions of the land, creating lakes of meltwater. Most population groups during the Archaic periods were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers, however, individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally, thus with the passage of time, there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization. The Woodland cultural period dates from about 2000 BCE to 1000 CE and includes the Ontario, Quebec, the introduction of pottery distinguishes the Woodland culture from the previous Archaic-stage inhabitants. The Laurentian-related people of Ontario manufactured the oldest pottery excavated to date in Canada, the Hopewell tradition is an Aboriginal culture that flourished along American rivers from 300 BCE to 500 CE. At its greatest extent, the Hopewell Exchange System connected cultures and societies to the peoples on the Canadian shores of Lake Ontario, Canadian expression of the Hopewellian peoples encompasses the Point Peninsula, Saugeen, and Laurel complexes
21.
Battle of the Plains of Abraham
–
The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, also known as the Battle of Quebec, was a pivotal battle in the Seven Years War. The culmination of a siege by the British, the battle lasted about 15 minutes. In the wake of the battle, the French evacuated the city, their military force in Canada. France ceded most of its possessions in eastern North America to Great Britain in the Treaty of Paris, the decisive success of the British forces and the subsequent capture of Quebec City formed part of what became known as the Annus Mirabilis in Great Britain. As the Seven Years War entered its later stages through 1758 and 1759, in 1758 after defeat in July at the Battle of Carillon, the British took Louisbourg in August, causing Atlantic Canada to fall into British hands, and opening the sea route to attack Quebec. Fort Frontenac fell to the British in the month, costing the French supplies for the Ohio Valley campaign. When some of the Indian supporters of the French made peace with the British, French leadership, specifically Governor de Vaudreuil and General Montcalm, were unsettled by the British successes. However, Quebec was still able to protect itself as the British prepared an attack for 1759. James Wolfe expected to lead 12,000 men, but was greeted by only approximately 7,000 regular troops,400 officers, Wolfes troops were supported by a fleet of 49 ships and 140 smaller craft led by Admiral Charles Saunders. In preparation for the approach to Quebec, James Cook surveyed a large portion of the river. Cooks ship was one of the first ships up the river, sounding the channel and guiding the fleet as it moved up, eventually landing Wolfe and his men on the Île dOrléans on 28 June. Despite an air of defeatism among the leadership, the professional French troops, prior to the arrival of the British, a small fleet of supply ships had arrived in Quebec with much needed supplies. Those supplies, along with 500 reinforcements, were likely behind the lengthened siege, in addition, a screen of trees along the Montmorency River made an approach on that route dangerous. On 31 July, the first serious attempt by Wolfes troops to land on the northern shore led to the Battle of Beauport, approximately 3,500 troops, supported by a heavy bombardment, attempted to land, but were caught under fire in the river shallows. Some French officers felt the Montmorency defeat would be the last British attack, Wolfe, I assure you, will make no progress… He contented himself with losing about five hundred of his best soldiers. He predicted another attack would come within days, others in the French camp felt the campaign was over. For the remainder of the summer, Wolfes focus changed, possibly due to frustration with Montcalms tactics and his troops, along with American Rangers, attacked and destroyed small French settlements along the St. Lawrence. An estimated 1,400 stone houses and manors were destroyed, the effort was likely an attempt to force Montcalms army out of its fortifications, but was unsuccessful
