1.
1883
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As of the start of 1883, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 4 – Life magazine is founded in Los Angeles January 10 – A fire at the Newhall Hotel in Milwaukee kills 73 people, January 16 – The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, establishing the United States civil service, is passed. January 19 – The first electric lighting system employing overhead wires begins service in Roselle, New Jersey, february – The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi is first published complete in book form in Italy. February 13 – The German composer Richard Wagner dies of an attack in Venice. February 16 – The Ladies Home Journal is published for the first time, february 23 – Alabama becomes the first U. S. state to enact an antitrust law. February 28 – The first vaudeville theater is opened, in Boston, march 2 – The Hong Kong Observatory is formed. March 14 – Karl Marx dies in London, march 20 – Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. April 5 – Oxygen is liquefied for the very first time, april 28 – The first sevens tournament is played at Melrose RFC in Scotland. May 23 – Robert Louis Stevensons childrens pirate adventure novel Treasure Island is first published in book format, may 24 – Brooklyn Bridge is opened to traffic after 13 years of construction. May 30 – In New York City, a rumor that the Brooklyn Bridge is going to collapse causes a stampede which crushes 12 people, June 3 – Sheikh Maktoum al Butthi takes power in Dubai. The al-Maktoum family is ruling Dubai as an Emirate ever since, June 13 – Count Arvid Posse leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden. He is succeeded by Carl Johan Thyselius, the first non-aristocrat to serve as Swedish head of government, June 16 – Victoria Hall disaster, A rush for treats results in 183 children being asphyxiated in a concert hall in Sunderland, England. June 28 – In Milan, Italy the first central European electricity power station is inaugurated, stevenson completes writing it at the end of the summer in France. July 3 – The SS Daphne disaster in Glasgow leaves 124 dead, july 4 – The worlds first rodeo is held in Pecos, Texas. July 22 – Zulu King Cetshwayo barely escapes an attack with his life. August King Williams College is opened on the Isle of Man, august 12 – The last quagga dies at the Artis Magistra zoo in Amsterdam. August 21 – An F5 tornado strikes Rochester, Minnesota, leading to the creation of the Mayo Clinic, august 26–August 27 – Krakatoa volcano erupts at 10,02 AM,163 villages are destroyed,36,380 killed by tsunami. August 29 – Dunfermline Carnegie Library, the first Carnegie library, is opened in Andrew Carnegies hometown, Dunfermline, september 11 – Major Evelyn Baring becomes Consul-General of Egypt under British rule
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1881 in the United States
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Events from the year 1881 in the United States. February 2 – The Parkfield earthquake occurs, february 5 – Phoenix, Arizona, is incorporated. February 19 – Kansas becomes the first U. S. state to all alcoholic beverages. March 4 – Inauguration of James A. Garfield as President of the United States, april 11 – Spelman College is established. April 14 – The Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight erupts in El Paso, april 21 – The University of Connecticut is founded as the Storrs Agricultural School. April 28 – Billy the Kid escapes from his 2 jailers at the Lincoln County Jail in Mesilla, New Mexico, killing James Bell and Robert Ollinger before stealing a horse, may 21 The American Red Cross is established by Clara Barton. The United States Tennis Association is established by a group of tennis club members. Tennis Championships are played this year, june 12 – The USS Jeannette is crushed in an Arctic Ocean ice pack. July 2 – Assassination of James A. Garfield, James A. Garfield, President of the United States, is shot by lawyer Charles J. Guiteau at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D. C. He survives the shooting but suffers from infection of his wound, july 4 – In Alabama, the Tuskegee Institute opens. July 14 – Billy the Kid is shot and killed by Pat Garrett outside Fort Sumner, july 20 – Indian Wars, Sioux chief Sitting Bull leads the last of his fugitive people in surrender to United States troops at Fort Buford in Montana. August 27 – The fifth hurricane of the Atlantic season hits Florida, September 5 – The Thumb Fire in the U. S. state of Michigan destroys over a million acres and kills 282 people. September 19 – U. S. President James A. Garfield dies eleven weeks after being shot, vice President Chester A. Arthur becomes the 21st President of the United States. October 5–December 31 – International Cotton Exposition in Atlanta, Georgia October 26 – The Gunfight at the O. K. Corral occurs in Tombstone, Cochise County, Arizona, October 29 – Judge is first published. December 28 – Virgil Earp is ambushed in Tombstone and loses the use of his left arm, New York Citys oldest independent school for girls, the Convent of the Sacred Heart New York, is founded. Gilded Age January 8 – Henrik Shipstead, United States Senator from Minnesota from 1923 till 1947, March 12 – Arthur Raymond Robinson, United States Senator from Indiana from 1925 to 1935. DeMille, American film director October 10 – David Baird, Jr. United States Senator from New Jersey from 1929 till 1930, november 20 – Arthur Marshall, ragtime composer and performer December 16 – Daniel F. Steck, United States Senator from Iowa from 1926 till 1931. June 18 – Henry Smith Lane, United States Senator from Indiana from 1836 to 1837, july 14 – Billy The Kid, American Old West gunfighter August 10 – Orville Hickman Browning, United States Senator from Illinois from 1866 till 1869
4.
1882 in the United States
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Events from the year 1882 in the United States. Oscar Wilde arrives in the United States for a lecture tour. January 5 – Charles J. Guiteau is found guilty of the assassination of James A. Garfield, march 22 – Polygamy is made a felony by the Edmunds Act passed by the United States Congress. March 29 – The Knights of Columbus, a Catholic fraternal service organization, is incorporated in New Haven, Connecticut by Father Michael J. McGivney. April 3 – Old West outlaw Jesse James is shot in the back of the head and killed by fellow outlaw Robert Ford in his home at St. Joseph, may 6 – The Chinese Exclusion Act is the first significant law that restricts immigration into the U. S. June 30 – Charles J. Guiteau, the assassin of President James A. Garfield, is hanged, august 3 – The U. S. Congress passes the 1882 Immigration Act. August 5 – Standard Oil of New Jersey is established, September 4 – Thomas Edison starts the worlds first commercial electrical power plant, lighting one square mile of lower Manhattan. September 5 – The first United States Labor Day parade is held in New York City, September 30 – The Vulcan Street Plant, the first hydroelectric central station to serve a system of private and commercial customers in North America, comes on stream in Appleton, Wisconsin. October 5 – The Society for Ethical Culture of Chicago is founded by Felix Adler, October 16 – The New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad runs its first trains over the entire system between Buffalo, New York, and Chicago. Nine days later the Seney Syndicate sells the road to William Henry Vanderbilt for US$7.2 million, November 14 – Franklin Leslie shoots Billy Claiborne dead in the streets of Tombstone, Arizona. The Personal Liberty League is established to oppose the movement in the U. S. Carolyn Merrick is elected president of the Womans Christian Temperance Union. Buffalo Bills Wild West Show debuts, Senator from Alabama from 1937 to 1938 September 12 – George L. Berry, U. S. Senator from Tennessee from 1937 to 1938 October 5 – Robert Goddard, rocket scientist October 14 – Éamon de Valera, third President of Ireland January 3 – Clement Claiborne Clay, U. S. Senator from Alabama from 1853 to 1862, Confederate States Senator from Alabama from 1862 to 1864 January 30 – Henry Whitney Bellows, clergyman of the Unitarian Church February 25 – James Bates, U. S. Senator from Georgia from 1877 to 1882 November 5 – Robert Woodward Barnwell, Senator from South Carolina from 1862 to 1865 December 10 – Alexander Gardner, Scottish-born Civil War photographer Media related to 1882 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
5.
1884 in the United States
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Events from the year 1884 in the United States. President, Chester A. Arthur Vice President, vacant Chief Justice, Morrison Waite Speaker of the House of Representatives, John G. Carlisle Congress, may 1 – The eight-hour workday is first proclaimed by the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions in the United States. May 1, called May Day or Labour Day, is now a holiday recognized in almost every industrialized country, june 13 – LaMarcus Adna Thompson opens the Gravity Pleasure Switchback Railway at Coney Island, New York City. August 5 – The cornerstone for the Statue of Liberty is laid on Bedloes Island in New York Harbor, August 10 – An earthquake measuring 5.5 Mfa affected a very large portion of the eastern United States. The shock had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII, chimneys were toppled in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Property damage was severe in Jamaica and Amityville in New York, September 5 – Staten Island Academy is founded. October – International Meridian Conference in Washington, D. C. fixes the Greenwich meridian as the prime meridian. October 6 – The United States Naval War College is established in Newport, december 1 – American Old West, Near Frisco, New Mexico, deputy sheriff Elfego Baca holds off a gang of 80 Texan cowboys who want to kill him for arresting cowboy Charles McCarthy. December 6 – The Washington Monument is completed, december 16 – The World Cotton Centennial Worlds Fair opens in New Orleans, Louisiana. Mark Twain writes The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, helen Hunt Jackson completes and publishes Ramona. The water hyacinth is introduced in the U. S. gilded Age Depression of 1882–85 January 1 – Edwin C. Johnson, United States Senator from Colorado from 1955 till 1957, March 11 – Sheridan Downey, United States Senator from California from 1939 till 1950. March 22 – Arthur H. Vandenberg, United States Senator from Michigan from 1928 till 1951, March 31 – James P. Pope, United States Senator from Idaho from 1933 till 1939. April 1 – George A. Wilson, United States Senator from Iowa from 1943 till 1949, may 8 – Harry S. Truman, 33rd President of the United States from 1945 till 1953, 34th Vice President of the United States from January till April 1945. June 21 – Garrett L. Withers, United States Senator from Kentucky from 1949 till 1950,6 May — Judah P.23 August — LeRoy Pope Walker, 1st Confederate States Secretary of War 2 September — Henry B. Anthony, United States Senator from Rhode Island from 1859 till 1884, media related to 1884 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
6.
1885 in the United States
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Events from the year 1885 in the United States. President, Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland Vice President, until March 4, vacant March 4–November 25, Thomas A. Hendricks starting November 25, vacant Chief Justice, Morrison Waite Speaker of the House of Representatives, John G. Carlisle Congress, February 16 – Charles Dow publishes the first edition of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The index stood at a level of 62.76, and represented the average of 14 stocks,12 railroads. February 21 – United States President Chester A. Arthur dedicates the Washington Monument, March 3 – A subsidiary of the American Bell Telephone Company, American Telephone and Telegraph, is incorporated in New York. March 4 – Grover Cleveland is inaugurated as President of the United States, april 30 – A bill is signed in the New York State legislature forming the Niagara Falls State Park. May – The Depression of 1882–85 ends, june 17 – The Statue of Liberty arrives in New York Harbor. July 14 – Sarah E. Goode is the first female African-American to apply for and receive a patent, august 25 – Laura Ingalls Wilder married Almanzo Wilder. September 2 – The Rock Springs massacre occurs in Rock Springs, Wyoming,150 white miners attack their Chinese coworkers, killing 28, wounding 15, september 8 – Saint Thomas Academy is founded in Minnesota. October 13 – The Georgia Institute of Technology is established in Atlanta, November 25 – Vice President Thomas A. Patent Office acknowledges this date as the day Dr Pepper is served for the very first time, the first skyscraper is built in Chicago, Illinois, USA. Michigan Technological University opens its doors for the first time in what is now the Houghton County Fire Hall, camp Dudley, the oldest continually running boys camp in America, is founded. January 24 – Martin Delany, African-American abolitionist, journalist, and physician February 12 – Alexandre Mouton, United States Senator from Louisiana from 1843 till 1846. May 4 – Irvin McDowell, Union Army officer known for their defeat in the First Battle of Bull Run July 23 – Ulysses S. Grant, september 3 – William M. Gwin, United States Senator from California from 1850 till 1855 and from 1857 till 1861. McClellan, soldier, civil engineer, railroad executive, and politician November 25 – Thomas A. Hendricks, december 15 – Robert Toombs, United States Senator from Georgia from 1853 till 1861. December 29 – James E. Bailey, United States Senator from Tennessee from 1877 till 1881, media related to 1885 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
Chester A. Arthur
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Chester Alan Arthur was an American attorney and politician who served as the 21st President of the United States, he succeeded James A. Garfield upon the latters assassination. At the outset, Arthur struggled to overcome a slightly negative reputation and he succeeded by embracing the cause of civil service reform. His advocacy for, and subsequent enforcement of, the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was the centerpiece of his administration, Arthur was born in Fairfield, Vermont, grew up in upstate New York, and practiced law in New York City. He served as general in the New York Militia during the American Civil War. Following the war, he devoted time to Republican politics. In 1878, the new president, Rutherford B, Hayes, fired Arthur as part of a plan to reform the federal patronage system in New York. When Garfield won the Republican nomination for president in 1880, Arthur, after just half a year as vice president, Arthur found himself in the executive mansion due to the assassination of his predecessor. To the surprise of reformers, Arthur took up the cause of reform and he signed the Pendleton Act into law and strongly enforced its provisions. He gained praise for his veto of a Rivers and Harbors Act that would have appropriated federal funds in a manner he thought excessive. He presided over the rebirth of the United States Navy, but was criticized for failing to alleviate the federal budget surplus, suffering from poor health, Arthur made only a limited effort to secure the Republican Partys nomination in 1884, he retired at the close of his term. Journalist Alexander McClure later wrote, No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted as Chester Alan Arthur, more generally respected, alike by political friend and foe. The New York World summed up Arthurs presidency at his death in 1886, No duty was neglected in his administration, mark Twain wrote of him, t would be hard indeed to better President Arthurs administration. Over the 20th and 21st centuries, however, Arthurs reputation mostly faded among the public, Chester Alan Arthur was born October 5,1829, in Fairfield, Vermont. Arthurs mother, Malvina Stone, was born in Vermont, the daughter of George Washington Stone, malvinas family was primarily of English and Welsh descent, and her grandfather, Uriah Stone, fought in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. His father, William Arthur, was born in Dreen, Cullybackey, County Antrim, Ireland, he graduated college in Belfast. Arthurs mother met his father while William Arthur was teaching at a school in Dunham, Quebec, the two married in Dunham on April 12,1821, soon after meeting. After their first child, Regina, was born, the Arthurs moved to Vermont and they quickly moved from Burlington to Jericho, and finally to Waterville, as William received positions teaching at different schools. William Arthur became an outspoken abolitionist, which made him unpopular with members of his congregations
12.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
13.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
14.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
15.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
16.
Morrison Waite
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Morrison Remick Mott Waite was an attorney and politician in Ohio. He served as the seventh Chief Justice of the United States from 1874 to his death in 1888, Morrison Remick Waite was born in 1816 at Lyme, Connecticut, the son of Henry Matson Waite, an attorney, and his wife Maria Selden. Morrison had a brother Richard, with whom he practiced law. Waite attended Bacon Academy in Colchester, Connecticut, where one of his classmates was Lyman Trumbull and he graduated from Yale University in 1837 in a class with Samuel J. Tilden, who later was the 1876 Democratic presidential nominee. As a student at Yale, Waite became a member of the Skull and Bones, soon afterward Waite moved to Maumee, Ohio, where he studied law as an apprentice in the office of Samuel L. Young. He was admitted to the bar in 1839, and went into practice with his mentor and he was elected to one term as mayor of Maumee. He married Amelia Champlin Warner on September 21,1840 in Hartford and they had three sons together, Henry Seldon, Christopher Champlin, and Edward Tinker, and a daughter Mary Frances Waite. In 1850, Waite and his moved to Toledo, where he set up a branch office of his law firm with Young. He soon came to be recognized as a leader of the state bar, when Young retired in 1856, Waite built a prosperous new firm with his brother Richard Waite. An active member of the Whig Party, Waite was elected to a term in the Ohio Senate in 1849–1850 and he made two unsuccessful bids for the United States Senate, and was offered a seat on the Ohio Supreme Court. In the mid-1850s, because of his opposition to slavery, Waite joined the fledgling Republican Party, in 1871, Waite received a surprise invitation to represent the United States as counsel before the Alabama Tribunal at Geneva. In his first national role, he gained acclaim when he won a $15 million award from the tribunal, in 1872, he was selected to preside over the Ohio 1873 constitutional convention. President Ulysses S. Grant nominated Waite as Chief Justice on January 19,1874, Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase died in May 1873, and Grant waited six months before first offering the seat in November to the powerful Senator Roscoe Conkling of New York, who declined. He finally submitted his nomination of Attorney General George H. Williams to the Senate on December 1, a month later, however, Grant withdrew the nomination, at Williams request, after charges of corruption made his confirmation all but certain to fail. Finally, after persistent lobbying from Ohioans, including Interior Secretary Columbus Delano, on January 19,1874 and he was notified of his nomination by a telegram. The nomination was not well received in political circles, Waite took the oaths of office on March 4,1874. Chief Justice Waite never became a significant intellectual force on the Supreme Court, but his managerial and social skill, especially his good humor and sensitivity to others, helped him to maintain a remarkably harmonious and productive court. During Waites tenure, the Court decided some 3,470 cases, in part, the large number of cases decided and the variety of issues confronted reflected the lack of discretion the Court had at the time in hearing appeals from lower federal and state courts
17.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
18.
J. Warren Keifer
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Joseph Warren Keifer was a major general during the Spanish–American War and a prominent U. S. politician during the 1880s. He served in the United States House of Representatives as a Republican from Ohio from 1877 to 1885, from 1881 to 1883, he was also Speaker of the House. Keifer was born in Clark County, Ohio and he attended school at Antioch College then returned to his familys farm. While working as a farmer he devoted his time to studying law. He began his law practice in Springfield, Ohio, January 12,1858 and he enlisted in the 3rd Ohio Infantry, a three-months regiment, being appointed major. He served in western Virginia fighting in the battles of Rich Mountain and Cheat Mountain, when his term expired, he joined the 110th Ohio Infantry and became its colonel. He served in the Eastern Theater leading his regiment at the battle of Winchester. While the Union army was defeated and most of it surrendered. Following the battle of Gettysburg Keifer was assigned to command in the III Corps. After Robert E. Lees army had retreated to safety in Virginia, Keifer, Keifer returned to the Army of the Potomac in time for the Overland Campaign. He was wounded in the arm at the battle of the Wilderness, when he did return to active duty he was placed in command of the 2nd Brigade in James B. Ricketts 3rd Division of the VI Corps and he led his brigade at the battles of Winchester and Fishers Hill. During the battle of Cedar Creek, VI Corps commander, Horatio G. Wright temporarily commanded the Army of the Shenandoah and this put Keifer in command of the 3rd Division in Ricketts absence. For his service during the Shenandoah Valley campaign he was brevetted brigadier general of volunteers on October 19,1864, following the Civil War, Keifer returned to Springfield and resumed his law practice. From 1873 until his death, he served as a trustee of Antioch College, in 1876 he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention and the next year went to Congress. From 1881 to 1883 during the 47th United States Congress, Keifer served as the 34th Speaker of the House of Representatives, during the Spanish–American War, President William McKinley appointed Keifer major general of volunteers on June 9,1898. He commanded the 7th Army Corps and the American forces that marched into Havana after Spanish forces withdrew on Jan, after returning to private life on May 12,1899, he published Slavery and Four Years of War, in 1900. The book was both a commentary on the history of slavery in the United States as well as an autobiography of his experiences during the Civil War
19.
John G. Carlisle
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John Griffin Carlisle was a prominent American politician in the Democratic Party during the last quarter of the 19th century. He served as the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, from 1883 to 1889 and afterward served as Secretary of the Treasury, from 1893 to 1897, during the Panic of 1893. As a Bourbon Democrat he was a leader of the conservative, pro-business wing of the party, Carlisle was born in what is now Kenton County, Kentucky, and began his public life as a lawyer in Covington, Kentucky, under John W. Stevenson. After Carlisles term as Lieutenant Governor ended in 1875, he ran for, on the main issues of the day, Carlisle was in favor of coining silver, but not for free coinage, and favored lower tariffs. He became a leader of the wing of the Democratic Party, and was chosen by House Democrats to become Speaker in 1883 over Samuel J. Randall. Discomfort with nominating a southerner after the Civil War played a role in Carlisles failure to win either nomination, in 1892 Carlisle was again proposed as a candidate for president at the Democratic convention, but this time Carlisle asked that he not be considered. It was reported at the time that Carlisle dropped out with the understanding that Cleveland, once nominated, in 1890, Carlisle was appointed to the United States Senate to fill the unexpired term of James B. Beck. When Cleveland was again elected to the Presidency in 1892, he chose Carlisle as his Secretary of the Treasury, Carlisles tenure as Secretary was marred by the Panic of 1893, a financial and economic disaster so severe that it ended Carlisles political career. In response to a run on the American gold supply, Carlisle felt forced to end silver coinage and he also felt compelled to oppose the 1894 Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act bill. These two stands were widely unpopular among agrarian Democrats, in 1896 Carlisle strenuously opposed 1896 Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan, supporting a splinter Gold Democrat candidate, once-Illinois Governor Palmer, instead. He moved to New York City, where he practiced law, and died on July 31,1910, at age 75, Carlisle County, Kentucky was established in 1886. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Beito, David T. and Linda Royster Beito. Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism from 1896 to 1900, Independent Review 4, New York, New York, Somerset Publishers. Garraty, John A. and Mark C, New York, Oxford University Press,1999. McAfee, John J. Kentucky politicians, sketches of representative Corncrackers, louisville, Kentucky, Press of the Courier-Journal job printing company. Years of Decision, American Politics in the 1890s, John G. Carlisle at Linden Grove Cemetery Carlisle, John Griffin
20.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
21.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
22.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
23.
47th United States Congress
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The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Ninth Census of the United States in 1870. The House had a Republican majority, the Senate was evenly divided, the count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. 20,22 Stat.5 May 6,1882, Chinese Exclusion Act,22 Stat.58 August 2,1882, Rivers and Harbors Act January 16,1883, Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, ch. 27,22 Stat.403 March 3,1883, Tariff of 1883 This list is arranged by chamber, Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. Members names are preceded by their district numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of this Congress. Defrees, Sterling P. Rounds Secretary, John C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Directory for the 47th Congress, 1st Session. Congressional Directory for the 47th Congress, 2nd Session, Congressional Directory for the 47th Congress, 2nd Session
24.
48th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1883 to March 4,1885, during the last two years of the administration of U. S. President Chester A. Arthur. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Tenth Census of the United States in 1880, the Senate had a Republican majority, and the House had a Democratic majority. September 5,1883, Mary F. Hoyt became the first woman appointed to the U. S. federal civil service when she became a clerk in the Bank Redemption Agency of the Department of the Treasury. November 18,1883, U. S. and Canadian railroads instituted 5 standard continental time zones, august 10,1884, An earthquake measuring 5.5 Mfa affected a very large portion of the eastern United States. The shock had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII, chimneys were toppled in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Property damage was severe in Jamaica and Amityville in New York, october 6,1884, The United States Naval War College was established in Newport, Rhode Island. October 22,1884, International Meridian Conference in Washington, D. C. fixed the Greenwich meridian as the prime meridian. December 6,1884, The Washington Monument was completed, may 17,1884, District of Alaska was organized. The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. Democratic,196 Republican,117 Readjuster,4 National Greenback,2 Independent,2 Independent Democratic,3 Independent Republican,1 TOTAL members,325 President, Vacant. Chester Arthur, the most recent Senate President, had become U. S. President on the death of his predecessor September 19,1881, leaving the office vacant through the end of this Congress. Skip to House of Representatives, below Senators are listed by their states and Senate class numbers, members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, clark, Jr. Clerk at the Speaker’s Table, Nathaniel T. Crutchfield Doorkeeper, James G. Wintersmith Postmaster, Lycurgus Dalton Sergeant at Arms, John P. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress U. S. House of Representatives, House History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists Congressional Directory for the 48th Congress, Congressional Directory for the 48th Congress, 1st Session. Congressional Directory for the 48th Congress, 2nd Session, Congressional Directory for the 48th Congress, 2nd Session
25.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
26.
Edward A. O'Neal
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Edward Asbury ONeal was a Confederate officer during the American Civil War and the 26th Governor of Alabama. ONeal was born in Madison County, Alabama, to Edward and his father was a native of Ireland, and his mother was a South Carolinian of French Huguenot ancestry. ONeals father died when his son was three months old, after receiving an academic education, including English literature and the classics, ONeal graduated from LaGrange College in 1836 at the top of his class with the degree of bachelor of arts. In 1838, he married Olivia Moore, the daughter of Dr. Alfred Moore, ONeal studied law with James W. McClung and was admitted to the bar in 1840. In 1841 ONeal was elected to Alabamas fourth judicial circuit to fill out an unexpired term and he was a strong believer in secession, and advocated that Alabama should secede during the secession crisis of 1860. In June 1861, ONeal was commissioned as a captain and commanded three companies of soldiers, upon reaching Richmond he was appointed major of the 9th Regiment Alabama Infantry, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the fall. In March 1862, he was appointed colonel of the 26th Alabama infantry, at the Battle of Seven Pines, his horse was killed under him, and he was severely wounded by a shell fragment. He received high praise for his performance at the Battle of Chancellorsville, in 1863, he commanded a brigade in Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodess division, and led it at the Battle of Gettysburg and at the Battle of Mine Run. ONeal commanded this brigade during the remainder of the Atlanta Campaign, after Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood was given command of the Army of Tennessee, ONeal was relieved and served on detached duty for the remainder of the war. He was appointed brigadier general on June 6,1863, but this appointment was held up by Gen. Robert E. Lee, after the war, ONeal resumed his law career. In August 1875, he was elected to the Alabama Constitutional Convention, in 1880, ONeal was an elector on the Winfield Scott Hancock campaign for president, and made speeches throughout the state advocating Hancocks election. ONeal served as the Democratic Governor of Alabama from 1882 to 1886 and his son, Emmet ONeal, followed in his footsteps and served two terms as Governor of Alabama from 1911 to 1915. The ONeal Bridge, spanning the Tennessee River between Florence and Sheffield, Alabama, is named in his honor, list of American Civil War Generals Brown, William Garrott, and Albert James Pickett. A History of Alabama, for Use in Schools, Based as to Its Earlier Parts on the Work of Albert J. Pickett, new York, University Publishing Co.1900. Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands, walk Through the Past - People and Places of Florence and Lauderdale County, Alabama. Killen, AL, Heart of Dixie Publishing,2003, who Was Who in the Civil War. New York, Facts On File,1988, warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray, Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press,1959, new York, J. T. White,1900
27.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
28.
Thomas James Churchill
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Thomas James Churchill was a Confederate major general during the American Civil War and the 13th Governor of Arkansas. Churchill was born near Louisville, Kentucky and he graduated from St. Marys College in Bardstown, Kentucky in 1844. He studied law at Transylvania University in Lexington, Churchill served during the Mexican-American War and rose to the rank of first lieutenant in the 1st Kentucky Mounted Rifles. He was captured by the Mexican Army and remained a prisoner of war until near the end of the conflict, in 1848, he moved to Little Rock, Arkansas, married the daughter of Senator Ambrose Sevier, and became a planter. Appointed by President James Buchanan, he was postmaster of Little Rock from 1857 to 1861, at the start of the Civil War, Churchill offered his services to the state and was elected colonel of the 1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles. His first combat took place at the Battle of Wilsons Creek near Springfield, on March 4,1862, he was promoted to Brigadier General and soon thereafter took part in Maj. Gen. Kirby Smiths Kentucky Campaign. Churchill played an important role in the victory at Richmond, Kentucky, leading his division along a ravine that became known as Churchills Draw he delivered a successful and surprising flanking attack. On February 17,1864, Churchill was cited as one of three officers to receive recognition in a Thanks of Confederate Congress resolution for his actions at Richmond. In the latter part of 1862, Churchill was transferred back to Arkansas, in January 1863, the Post was attacked and seized in the Battle of Fort Hindman by an overwhelming Union force under Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand. After his exchange Churchill continued his service in the Trans-Mississippi Department and he played a major role in the Battle of Jenkins Ferry and was promoted to Major General on March 17,1865. In the Brooks-Baxter War in 1874, Churchill supported Baxter and helped enroll volunteers in Baxters militia, Churchill was elected Arkansas State Treasurer in 1874, and was reelected in 1876 and 1878. Churchill was elected Governor of Arkansas in 1881, and served until his resignation in 1883, while governor, Churchill was plagued by allegations of discrepancies in the treasurers account from when he served as state treasurer. A special committee found a shortage in the funds. Churchill was ordered to repay the missing funds, Churchill died in Little Rock, Arkansas, and was buried in historic Mount Holly Cemetery with military honors. Churchill set the standard for the pronunciation of Arkansas, brooks–Baxter War List of American Civil War Generals List of Governors of Arkansas The Family Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Who Was Who in the Civil War, new York, Facts On File,1988. Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray, Lives of the Confederate Commanders, baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press,1959. Thomas James Churchill at Find a Grave The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture Montgomery, Don, Thomas James Churchill, Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture, national Governors Association Old State House Museum
29.
James Henderson Berry
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James Henderson Berry was a United States Senator and served as the 14th Governor of the State of Arkansas. Berry was born in Jackson County, Alabama to Isabella Jane, the family moved to Arkansas in 1848. Berry attended Berryville Academy in Berryville, Arkansas for one year, the Academy was named after his family. Berry studied law and in 1866 was admitted to the Arkansas bar and they had six children, daughters Nellie Frank, Berl, Jennie, and Bessie, and sons Elliott and Frederick Hugh. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Berry joined the Confederate Army and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant with the 16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Berry lost his right leg during the Second Battle of Corinth in northern Mississippi. After recuperating from his wound he worked as a school teacher, Berry was elected to the Arkansas House of Representatives in 1866. He was reelected in 1872 and in 1874, in his last term he was selected to be Speaker of the House. Berry was the chairman of the Democratic State Convention in 1876, in 1878 he became a judge for the Fourth Circuit Court and served in that post until 1882 when he was elected Governor of Arkansas. The Berry administration focused on reducing the debt and creating a State Mental Hospital. Berry did not run for reelection, in March 1885, Berry was selected by the legislature to fill the unexpired term of Senator Augustus Hill Garland. Berry remained in the U. S. Senate for the next 22 years, in 1910, he accepted a position with the Arkansas History Commission to mark the graves of all Arkansas Confederate soldiers who had died in northern prisons. James H. Berry died in Bentonville, Arkansas, Berry is buried at the Knights of Pythias Cemetery, Bentonville, Arkansas. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, works by or about James Henderson Berry at Internet Archive Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry, James Henderson Berry 1905 Full Portrait National Governors Association
30.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
31.
George Clement Perkins
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George Clement Perkins was a U. S. Republican politician, who was the 14th governor of California from January 8,1880, to January 10,1883, and he also served in the California State Senate. He was the third longest-serving senator in California history, after Hiram Johnson and Alan Cranston and he was criticized by some for supporting business too much during his time in the Senate. During Perkins term as governor, former Civil War general John Mansfield served as his lieutenant governor, Perkins was born in Kennebunkport, Maine, and is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California. Perkins was married to Ruth Parker, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
32.
George Stoneman
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George Stoneman, Jr. was a United States Army cavalry officer, trained at West Point, where his roommate was Stonewall Jackson. In the Civil War, he became Adjutant to George B, McClellan, who did not appreciate the use of centralized cavalry, and was therefore outperformed by the Confederates, who did. At Chancellorsville, under Joseph Hooker, Stoneman failed in an attempt to penetrate behind enemy lines. Hookers sharp criticism of Stoneman may have been aimed at deflecting the heavy blame being directed at himself for the loss of this major battle that most generals believed to be winnable. While commanding cavalry under William Tecumseh Sherman in Georgia, Stoneman was captured, in the last weeks of the war, he led raids into North Carolina and Virginia that inspired the song The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down. During the early years after the American Civil War, Stoneman commanded occupying troops at Memphis, Tennessee and he had turned over control of law enforcement to the civilian government by May 1866, when the [Memphis riots broke out and the major black neighborhoods were destroyed. When the city asked for help, he suppressed the white rioting with use of federal troops and he was subsequently posted to Yuma, Arizona Territory, where he played a role in the Camp Grant massacre, which occurred in 1871. According to historian Abraham Ruddell Byrd, M. D and they attacked without warning and murdered 106 people, almost all women and children. Officials in Washington were outraged and demanded that the ringleaders be tried for murder, only the Anglo ‘ringleader’ – William Oury - was tried and he was acquitted by a jury in Tucson. One more of the sad story of centuries of oppression and near genocide by the Europeans. The real story is more complex, In 1868,9,70, and 71, the whole fledgling population of Tucson. The Apaches lived mostly by raiding, but some had been persuaded by a policy of placating them to stop raiding in exchange for food and supplies. One group, headed by Eskiminzin, had made a truce and was located close to the Army post at Camp Grant. The people looked to the Army for protection, and were outraged when local trackers traced some of the back to Camp Grant. Essentially, the way they saw it, the Army was protecting –, – the Indians that were killing them. Florence then was a journey away. The delegation looked at other and realized they were on their own. They went back to Tucson and decided that – rather than wait until they were all killed – they would take the fight to the enemy, so 8 Anglo’s, about 80 Mexicans and 100 Papago Indians gathered and went on their own warpath
33.
Governor of Colorado
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The Governor of the State of Colorado is the head of the executive branch of Colorados state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Seven people served as governor of Colorado Territory over eight terms, since statehood, there have been 36 governors, serving 41 distinct terms. The longest-serving governors were Richard Dick Lamm and Roy Romer, who served twelve years over three terms. Thus, Peabody served only a few minutes as governor, the current governor is John Hickenlooper, who took office on January 11,2011. The self-proclaimed Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on November 7,1859, Jefferson Territory included all of present-day Colorado, but extended about 3 miles farther east,138 miles farther north, and about 50 miles farther west. The territory was never recognized by the government in the tumultuous days before the American Civil War. The Jefferson Territory had only one governor, Robert Williamson Steele and he proclaimed the territory dissolved on June 6,1861, several months after the official formation of the Colorado Territory, but only days after the arrival of its first governor. For the period before Colorado Territory was formed, see the lists of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Utah Territory, Kansas Territory, the State of Colorado was admitted to the Union on August 1,1876. To serve as governor, one must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen of the United States, and have been a resident of the state for at least two years prior to election. The state constitution of 1876 originally called for election of the governor two years, with their term beginning on the second Tuesday of the January following the election. An amendment passed in 1956, taking effect in 1959, increased terms to four years, originally, there was no term limit applied to the governor, a 1990 amendment allowed governors to succeed themselves only once. There is however no limit on the number of terms one may serve as long as one who has served the two term limit is out of office for four years. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, the lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor until a 1968 amendment to the constitution made it so that they are elected on the same ticket. There are four living former governors of Colorado, the oldest being Roy Romer, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John David Vanderhoof, who died on September 19,2013
34.
Frederick Walker Pitkin
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Republican Party politician, served as the second Governor of Colorado from 1879 to 1883. Frederick Pitkin was born in Manchester, Connecticut and he graduated cum laude from Wesleyan University in 1858, and earned a law degree from Albany Law School in 1859. Following graduation, he moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin to establish the law firm of Palmer, Hooker, in 1872, he resigned from the firm due to illness, and set sail for Europe in search of a cure. Returning to the United States in 1874, he settled in southwestern Colorado, where his health stabilized, in addition, he invested in the mining industry. Utilizing his contacts in the industry, he announced his candidacy for Governor of Colorado in 1878. During his two terms as governor, he dealt with a number of crises including the railway feud involving the Atchison, Topeka-Santa Fe, and he ordered the suppression of the Ute Indian uprising at the Milk Creek Battle or Meeker Massacre in 1879. In 1880, he declared martial law during the strike at Leadville. He was a candidate for U. S. Senate in 1882. Following his retirement from office, he settled in Pueblo, Colorado. He died in Pueblo and was buried in Riverside Cemetery in Denver, later, his remains were moved to Fairmount Cemetery in Denver, Colorado. He and his wife, Fidelia James of Lockport, New York, had three children, robert James Pitkin, Florence Pitkin, and George Orrin Pitkin. Pitkin County, Colorado Pitkin, Colorado Pitkin Avenue, Saguache, Colorado Pitkin Street, Fort Collins, Colorado
35.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
36.
Hobart B. Bigelow
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Hobart Baldwin Bigelow was an American politician and the 50th Governor of Connecticut. Bigelow was born in North Haven, New Haven County, Connecticut on May 16,1834 and he was educated in the South Egremont Academy in Massachusetts. On May 6,1857, he married Eleanor Lewis and they had four children, Frank Lewis, Eleanor Mary, Walter Pierpont, and Philo Lewis, in 1851 Bigelow left there and afterward learned the machinists trade at Guilford, Connecticut with local companies. He became a manufacturer of boilers and heavy machinery. He purchased the Bigelow Manufacturing Company in 1861, which conducted business under the name of the H. B. He served as the president for life. Bigelow served as councilman of New Haven from 1863 to 1876 and he then served as mayor of New Haven from 1879 to 1881. He also served as a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1875, Bigelow was the Republican nominee and was elected the Governor of Connecticut on November 2,1880. He was sworn into office on January 5,1881, the Storrs Agricultural School was founded and assessments were cut back on mutual life insurance companies. Bigelow left office on January 3,1883 and retired from public service. He was a delegate to Republican National Convention from Connecticut,1880, on October 12,1891, Bigelow died at the New Haven House hotel on October 12,1891. He is interred at Evergreen Cemetery, New Haven, Connecticut, biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978. Bigelow at Find a Grave The Political Graveyard Bigelow Society, Inc
37.
Thomas M. Waller
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Thomas MacDonald Waller was an American politician and the 51st Governor of Connecticut. Waller was born in New York City on February 15,1839 and his fathers name was Thomas Armstrong, and his parents died before he turned eight. Waller accepted his offer, was adopted by the elder Waller, and received an education in the New London schools, in 1859 he married Charlotte Bishop and they had six children. After his graduation from Bartlett High School, he studied law and he was admitted to the bar in 1861 and he enlisted in the Second Connecticut Volunteers in April, due to an eye disease he was discharged two months later. Using his oratory talents to recruit volunteers for the Union, and his work in arguing cases in court, becoming a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives, he served in 1867,1872, and 1876. He also served as Secretary of the State of Connecticut from 1870 to 1871 and he served as mayor of New London, Connecticut from 1873 to 1879. In 1882 Waller ran for governor on the Democratic ticket and defeated William Bulkeley by more than 4,000 votes and he served from January 3,1883 to January 8,1885. In 1884 Waller sought reelection and received more votes than his Republican opponent, Republican Legislature chose his opponent as the new governor. Waller gained some attention when he made a speech at the 1884 Democratic National Convention where Grover Cleveland was nominated for President, the following year Cleveland appointed him to the post of Consul-General to London, England, where he served from 1885 to 1889. When Waller returned to New London in 1889 he opened law offices there, I work five days a week in New York, he once said in jest, that I may live two in Connecticut. In 1893 he served on the commission for the Chicago Columbian Exposition and he also served on Connecticuts 1902 Constitutional Convention. Waller died on January 25,1924, at his Ocean Beach home in New London and he is interred at Cedar Grove Cemetery in New London, Connecticut. There is a Waller Street in New London that is named after him, biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978. ISBN 0-313-28093-2 Thomas M. Waller at Find a Grave Office of the House Clerk Connecticut State Library National Governors Association The Political Graveyard
38.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
39.
John W. Hall
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John Wood Hall was an American merchant and politician from Frederica, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, Hall was born in Frederica, Delaware, son of John and Henrietta Bowman Hall. He married Caroline Warren in 1842 and had four children, John Wood, Jr. Samuel Warren, Sarah Henrietta and they lived at 8 David Street in Frederica and were members of the Methodist Church. Orphaned as a child, Hall worked in a candy store, not stopping with candy, he expanded into general merchandising and lumber, and then started building his own ships. In time, he had one of the largest fleets of sailing ships on the east coast, with his earnings he began buying land and ended up with over 6,000 acres on 20 farms, becoming one of the largest landowners in the state. Hall served in the Delaware Senate during the 1867/68 session and the 1869/70 session, in 1874 he was nearly nominated for Governor, but it was New Castle County’s turn in the informal rotation. Finally, in 1878 he was elected Governor of Delaware, overwhelmingly defeating Kensey J. Steward, leftover bitterness from the Civil War caused the Democratic Party to be so completely in control that the Republican Party did not even hold a convention or field a candidate. Hall served from January 21,1879 until January 16,1883, the Democratic Party was the conservative party of the day, and accordingly Hall supported conservative positions. He was a supporter of states rights in opposition to the increasing reach of the federal government. Then that reach was generally in support of equality, a concept strongly opposed by Democrats in Delaware. Hall did support the setting up of a separate state Board of Education, all the while he was Governor he was also a Director of the Farmers Bank of Delaware, having served from 1861 until he left office in 1883. After several years out of office he returned to the Delaware Senate for the 1891/92 and 1893/94 sessions, Hall died at Frederica and is buried near there at Barratts Chapel Cemetery. His home at Frederica is a property in the Frederica Historic District. Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1, members of the Delaware General Assembly took office the first Tuesday of January. State Senators have a four-year term, the Governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and has a four-year term. History of the State of Delaware, a History of Delaware Through its Governors. Philadelphia, L. J. Richards & Co, portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Dover Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States Delaware’s Governors John W
40.
Charles C. Stockley
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Charles Clark Stockley was an American farmer and politician from Georgetown, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, Stockley was born near Georgetown, Delaware, son of Jehu and Hannah Rodney Kollock Stockley. Returning from school in Philadelphia in 1839, he taught school for seven years and then opened a store in Millsboro. His primary occupation was farming the extensive real estate he owned, eventually he became one of the major peach growers in eastern Sussex County. Stockley married Ellen Anderson in 1859, and they had one child and they lived on Cedar Lane southeast of Georgetown, near the present-day airport, and were members of St. Pauls Episcopal Church. Stockley was Sussex County Treasurer and in 1856 became Sussex County Sheriff, elected to the State Senate, he served in the 1873/74 session and 1875/76 session. In the last session he was the Speaker, nearly eight years later the Democrats recruited him as their candidate for Governor. After defeating Albert Curry of Greenwood, the Republican candidate, he served as Governor from January 16,1883 until January 18,1887. ”Nevertheless, now twenty years after the Civil War, the first stirrings of tolerance were heard. Stockley, on his retirement, noted that colored citizens are improving their advantages by laudable efforts to acquire homes for themselves. The prejudice against their enfranchisement is fast disappearing, and I trust will soon pass away forever, Stockley died at his home and is buried in the St. Pauls Episcopal Churchyard at Georgetown. Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1, members of the Delaware General Assembly took office the first Tuesday of January. State Senators have a four-year term, the Governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and has a four-year term. History of the State of Delaware, a History of Delaware Through its Governors. Philadelphia, L. J. Richards & Co, hall of Governors Portrait Gallery Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Dover. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States Delaware’s Governors Charles C
41.
Governor of Florida
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The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
42.
William D. Bloxham
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William Dunnington Bloxham was an American politician. He served as the 13th and 17th Governor of Florida in two non-consecutive terms, prior to his first term as governor, he served in the Florida House of Representatives. In between his terms as governor, he served as state Comptroller under Governor Francis P. Fleming, Bloxham was only the second governor of Florida to be born in the state. Bloxham was born on a plantation in Leon County, Florida and his great-grandfather had migrated from England to manage George Washingtons plantation and his grandfather endured adversity due to the War of 1812. His father was from Alexandria, Virginia and moved to Leon County to run a plantation in 1825, the elder William served in the Seminole Wars. Martha Bloxham was born in Twiggs County, Georgia and moved to Florida as a child, the younger Bloxham went to county school in Florida before being sent to preparatory school in Virginia at age 13. For the next seven years, he attended Virginia schools including Rappahannock Academy where his teachers included eventual U. S, Bloxham graduated from The College of William & Mary in 1855 and acquired a law degree from the college. He was admitted to the Florida Bar but, when his health declined, he travelled to Europe, in November 1856, he and Mary C. Davis travelled to her home city of Lynchburg, Virginia to be married. Bloxham became interested in politics and actively campaigned for James Buchanan in the 1856 presidential election, in 1861, he was elected to the Florida House of Representatives without opposition. With the Civil War raging in 1862, Bloxham organized a company of infantry from Leon County which he commanded for the duration of the war, after the war, he staunchly opposed Reconstruction and, using his popularity as a speaker, was a leading voice among Florida Democrats. He served as a Presidential Elector for the Horatio Seymour/Francis Preston Blair, Democratic ticket in the 1868 election. In 1870, Bloxham was at the center of a political firestorm during one of Floridas most violent periods, the Republican carpetbaggers were being resisted in Florida, often violently, by groups like the Ku Klux Klan. On Election Day of 1870, the most violent counties were inundated with federal troops at the request of Governor Harrison Reed, when the voting finally ended, it appeared that Bloxham had won the Lieutenant Governor race. A circuit judge granted the injunction but a grand jury indicted the judge. With the circuit judge in jail, the Republican-led board of canvassers rejected enough ballots to overturn Bloxhams victory in favor of Republican Samuel T. Day. Bloxham pushed the election dispute to the Florida Supreme Court, filing for a writ of mandamus on January 10,1871 to force a recount, while the Florida Attorney General disagreed that a recount could be ordered, the Supreme Court Chief Justice sided with Bloxham. Bloxham applied to the court for a writ of quo warranto on February 20,1871 to challenge Days victory. On June 1,1872, the court ruled that Bloxham had won the 1870 election, by which time he had missed every state senate session in the term
43.
Alexander H. Stephens
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Alexander H. Stephens was an American politician from the state of Georgia, and the Confederate vice president throughout the American Civil War. His Cornerstone Speech of March 1861 defended slavery in the most uncompromising terms, in the course of the war, he became increasingly critical of Confederate President Jefferson Daviss policies, especially conscription and the suspension of habeas corpus. In February 1865, he was one of the commissioners who met with Lincoln at the abortive Hampton Roads Conference to discuss peace terms. After his arrest, and subsequent pardon, Stephens went on to serve in Congress. Stephens was born on February 11,1812 and his parents were Andrew Baskins Stephens and Margaret Grier. The Stephenses lived on a farm near present-day Crawfordville, Taliaferro County, at the time of Alexander Stephenss birth, the farm was part of Wilkes County. Taliaferro County was created in 1825 from land in Greene, Hancock, Oglethorpe, Warren and his father, a native of Pennsylvania, came to Georgia at 12 years of age, in 1795. His mother, a Georgia native and sister of Griers Almanac founder Robert Grier, died in 1812 at the age of 26, the introduction continues, In her sons character was a marked blending of parental traits. He was thrifty, generous, progressive, one of the best lawyers in the land, a reader and collector of books, an observer of the weather. In 1814, Andrew B. Stephens married Matilda Lindsay, daughter of Revolutionary War Colonel John Lindsay, in 1826, when Alexander Stephens was 14 years old, his father, Andrew, and stepmother, Matilda, died only days apart in May of that year. Their deaths caused him and several siblings to be scattered among relatives and he grew up poor and in difficult circumstances. Not long after the deaths of his father and his stepmother, Alexander Stephens was sent to live with his mothers brother, General Aaron W. Grier, near Raytown. General Grier had inherited his own library, said to be the largest library in all that part of the country. Alexander Stephens, who read voraciously even as a youth, mentions the library in his Recollections, frail but precocious, the young Stephens acquired his continued education through the generosity of several benefactors. One of them was the Presbyterian minister Alexander Hamilton Webster, who presided over a school in Washington, out of respect for his mentor, Stephens adopted Websters middle name, Hamilton, as his own. Stephens attended the Franklin College in Athens, where he was roommates with Crawford W. Long and he raised funds for Phi Kappa Hall, located on the university campus. Stephens graduated at the top of his class in 1832, after several unhappy years teaching school, he took up legal studies, passed the bar in 1834, and began a successful career as a lawyer in Crawfordville. During his 32 years of practice, he gained a reputation as a defender of the wrongfully accused
44.
James S. Boynton
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James Stoddard Boynton was an American politician and jurist. Boynton was born in Henry County, Georgia on May 7,1833 and he was a lawyer, having passed the bar in 1852. Boynton briefly served as the 51st Governor of Georgia from 1883 after the death of governor Alexander Stephens, at the time of Stephens death, Boynton was serving as the president of the Georgia Senate so he assumed the governorship. His additional political service included the office of Mayor of Griffin, Boynton also served as a judge in the Spalding County, Georgia Court and the Flint Circuit Superior Court. Boynton fought in the Civil War, serving as a private with the 30th Georgia Infantry and he was wounded in the Battle of Atlanta, and achieved the rank of colonel by the end of the war. After the war, Boynton moved to Griffin in 1865 and he died at his home in Griffin in 1902 and was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in that same city. A street in Chickamauga, Georgia is named for him, Georgia State Archives Roster of State Governors Georgia Governors Gravesites Field Guide
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