1.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
2.
1884 in Sweden
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- The womens organization Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet is founded in Stockholm. It is followed by the womans organisation Göteborgs Kvinnoförening in Gothenburg, - May - Karolina Widerström becomes the first woman to graduate in medicine in Sweden. - First issue of ATL Lantbrukets Affärstidning - The toy company Brio is founded, - First issue of Svenska Dagbladet - The nursing college Sophiahemmet University College is founded in Stockholm by the queen. 9 March – Carl Holmberg, gymnast,31 March – Axel Ljung, gymnast. 25 May – Gösta Lilliehöök, modern pentathlete,22 November - Wilhelmina Gravallius, writer – Lovisa Charlotta Borgman, violinist
3.
Monarchy of Norway
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The Norwegian monarch is the monarchical head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The present monarch is King Harald V, who has reigned since 17 January 1991, succeeding his father, the heir apparent is his only son, Crown Prince Haakon. The crown prince undertakes various public functions, as does the kings wife. The crown prince also acts as regent in the kings absence, there are several other members of the Royal Family, including the kings daughter, grandchildren and siblings. Whilst the Constitution of Norway grants important executive powers to the King, formally the King appoints the government according to his own judgement, but parliamentary practice has been in place since 1884. Constitutional practice has replaced the meaning of the word King in most articles of the constitution from the king personally to the elected government. The powers vested in the monarch are significant, but are treated only as reserve powers, the King does not, by convention, have direct participation in government. He ratifies laws and royal resolutions, receives and sends envoys from and to foreign countries and he has a more tangible influence as the symbol of national unity. The annual New Years Eve speech is one occasion when the King traditionally raises negative issues, the King is also Supreme Commander of the Norwegian Armed Forces and Grand Master of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit. The King has no role in the Church of Norway. The position of King of Norway has been in existence since the unification of Norway in 872. In recent years members of the Socialist Left party have proposed the abolition of the monarchy during each new session of parliament and this gives the Norwegian monarchy the unique status of being a popularly elected royal family and receiving regular formal confirmations of support from the Storting. Prior to and in the phase of the Viking Age Norway was divided into several smaller kingdoms. Harald Fairhair was the first king of Norway, the boundaries of Fairhairs kingdom were not identical to those of present-day Norway, and upon his death the kingship was shared among his sons. Some historians emphasise the actual control over the country and assert that Olaf II, alias Saint Olaf. Olaf is generally held to have been the force behind Norways final conversion to Christianity. In the 12th and 13th centuries the Norwegian kingdom was at its geographical and cultural peak, the kingdom included Norway, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Shetland, Orkney and other smaller areas in the British Isles. The king had diplomatic relations with most of the European kingdoms and formed alliances with Scotland and Castile, large castles such as Haakons Hall and cathedrals, the foremost being Nidaros Cathedral, were built
4.
Oscar II of Sweden
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Oscar II was King of Sweden from 1872 until his death and King of Norway from 1872 until his dethronement in 1905. He was the third of four sons of King Oscar I, as his eldest brother Charles XV was without heirs and his brother Prince Gustaf died in 1852, it was he who succeeded his brother as king. Oscar II was king during a period when Sweden was undergoing a period of industrialization, the declining Union of Sweden and Norway was finally dissolved in 1905 and Oscar became the last Bernadotte king of Norway. He died in 1907 and was succeed as King of Sweden by his son, at his birth in Stockholm, Oscar Fredrik was created Duke of Östergötland. He entered the navy at the age of eleven, and was appointed lieutenant in July 1845. Later he studied at Uppsala University, where he distinguished himself in mathematics, on 13 December 1848, he was made an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. On 6 June 1857 he married in Wiesbaden-Biebrich, Germany, Princess Sophia Wilhelmina, from 1859, when his father died, he was first in line to the Swedish throne after his oldest brother King Charles, who then had no male heirs. His middle brother Gustaf had died in 1852 and he succeeded his brother Charles XV / IV on 18 September 1872. At the accession he adopted as his motto Brödrafolkens väl / Broderfolkenes Vel, the political events which led up to the peaceful dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 could hardly have been attained but for the tact and patience of the king himself. He was dethroned on 7 June 1905 by the Norwegian Parliament and he declined, indeed, to permit any prince of his house to become king of Norway, but better relations between the two countries were restored before his death. He died in Stockholm on 8 December 1907 at 9,10 AM and his acute intelligence and his aloofness from the dynastic considerations affecting most European sovereigns gave the king considerable weight as an arbitrator in international questions. At the request of Great Britain, Germany and the United States in 1889 he appointed the justice of Samoa. He was the 1, 027th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain, the office of prime minister was instituted in 1876. Louis De Geer became the first head of government in Sweden to use this title, the most known and powerful first minister of the Crown during the reign of Oscar was the conservative estate owner Erik Gustaf Boström. Boström served as Prime Minister in 1891-1900 and 1902-1905 and he was trusted and respected by the king, who had much difficulty approving someone else as prime minister. Over a period of time, the king gave Boström a free hand to select his own ministers without much royal involvement and it was an arrangement that furthered the road to parliamentarism. Himself a distinguished writer and musical amateur, King Oscar proved a friend of learning. In 1858 a collection of his lyrical and narrative poems, Memorials of the Swedish Fleet, published anonymously, obtained the second prize of the Swedish Academy
5.
Prime Minister of Norway
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For a list, see List of heads of government of Norway. The Prime Minister of Norway is the leader of Norway. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to the Storting, to their political party, and ultimately the electorate. In practice, since it is impossible for a government to stay in office against the will of the Storting. Norway has a Constitution, which was adopted on 17 May 1814, the position of Prime Minister is the result of legislation. As of 2017, the Prime Minister of Norway is Erna Solberg, unlike their counterparts in the rest of Europe, Norwegian Prime Ministers do not have the option of advising the King to dissolve the Storting and call a snap election. The Constitution requires that the Storting serve out its full four-year term, if the Prime Minister loses the confidence of the Storting, he or she must resign. As of 2015 six former Prime Ministers are alive, Odvar Nordli born 3 November 1927, kåre Willoch born 3 October 1928, served 1981–1986. Gro Harlem Brundtland born 20 April 1939, served 1981, 1986–1989, kjell Magne Bondevik born 3 September 1947, served 1997–2000 and 2001–2005. Thorbjørn Jagland born 5 November 1950, served 1996–1997, jens Stoltenberg born 16 March 1959, served 2000–2001 and 2005–2013. List of Prime Ministers of Norway Regjeringskvartalet Government Official Homepage
6.
Christian August Selmer
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Christian August Selmer was a Norwegian Prime Minister. He was a magistrate who served as a member of the Norwegian parliament, minister of defense, Selmer was born at Fredrikshald in Østfold, Norway and grew up in Halden. He was the son of Johan Christian Selmer and Johanne Ditlevine Michea Vibe, in 1842, he was magistrate in Sør-Hedmark. He was a magistrate in Drammen, Selmer served as deputy to Parliament for Drammen and permanent representative. Following the surprising resignation of Frederik Stang as Prime Minister in September 1880, selmers record as Prime Minister was characterized by conflict over whether members of the cabinet were required to appear in parliament to answer questions. He influenced King Oscar II to reject efforts at a compromise, Selmer was subsequently convicted and resigned as Prime Minister on March 1,1884. Subsequently Selmer became acting general auditor for Army and Navy, an office he held until his death in September 1889, biography at the Norwegian National Government website
7.
Christian Homann Schweigaard
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Christian Homann Schweigaard was a Norwegian Prime Minister. He was the Prime Minister of Norway for three months in 1884, a period after the impeachment of Prime Minister Christian August Selmer called Schweigaards Ministerium. Schweigaard held a number of key positions, including Chairman of the Conservative Party from 1889–1891 and 1893–1896, as well as Parliamentary Leader from 1889-1891 and he was Emil Stangs indispensable partner, leading the Conservative Partys policy and organizational development in the 1880s and 1890s. He was the son of Anton Martin Schweigaard and Caroline Magnine Homan and he took his final exams in 1855 and then studied law. He studied law for a year in London and Paris becoming a lawyer in 1863, in 1864, he appeared as a lawyer before the Supreme Court of Norway. He served as a Member of Norwegian Parliament from 1886 to 1897, Schweigaard was a member of the Royal Commission on the enlargement of Christiania in 1873 and a Member of the Parliamentary Tax Commission in 1877. Schweigaard served as Minister of the Audit from 1880 until 1882 and he also served as a member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm from September 1882 to August 1883. He was the Finance Minister from September 1883 to April 1884, the government, in which Schweigaard served as Prime Minister and as head of the Audit Department, took office on 3 April 1884. Schweigaard was elected as the Member of Parliament from Holmestrand 1886–1897 and he was Odelsting presidential and parliamentary leader from 1889-1891 and 1894–1895. Schweigaard was elected to the Christiania City Council 1873–1880 and 1885–1894 and was Mayor of Christiania from 1879–1880 and he was the Chairman of the Conservative Party from 1889–1891 and 1893–1896. Schweigaard was married in 1867 to Thea Meyer and he was appointed Knight of the 1st Class Order of St. Olav in 1880 and commander of the 1st class 1890, he was commander of the Swedish Nordstjärneorden. Schweigaard died during 1899 and was buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund in Oslo
8.
Johan Sverdrup
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Johan Sverdrup was a Norwegian politician from the Liberal Party. He was the first Prime Minister of Norway after the introduction of parliamentarism, Sverdrup was Prime Minister from 1884 to 1889. He was born in Sem, close to Norways oldest city and his father was a pioneer in scientific agriculture in Norway. He finished his law studies in 1841 and his remarkable feat was his sole first climb. He worked as a lawyer in Larvik, a town on the west coast of the Oslofjord. In 1851 he was for the first time elected to the Storting, in Norway, political parties were considered inappropriate and unwanted. Sverdrup tried from his earliest days in the Storting to form a party consisting of the large group of peasants. His first attempt was named the party after the profession of the leaders of the group. It soon became evident that the times were not ripe for such a radical novelty and it is ironic that if it hadnt been for Sverdrups fervent opposition, the reform that would transform Norwegian political life from 1884 on, would have been introduced two decades earlier. The Government wanted the Ministers to meet in parliamentary sessions to further the communications between the Kings Council and those elected by the people, Sverdrup managed to prevent this reform with the support of a great number of the peasants. Such a negative policy-making will never produce great results, which Sverdrup clearly foresaw, but in parliament Jaabæk would often bow to Sverdrups more advanced political strategies, when they were not too expensive. In 1869 a political reform of the greatest importance was introduced and this definitely tipped the scale of political influence in favor of the Storting, and it is not easy to see the reasons for the Kings acceptance of this reform. The major reason was probably the growing necessity to get updated budgets, during the 60s, the views towards the ministers participation in the parliamentary sessions had changed totally. The peasants and the radicals on the hand, had drawn the obviously correct conclusion that this reform would further the influence of the elected towards the appointed ministers. The changed constitution was not sanctioned this time either, the same happened in 1876 and 1879, and now a major problem had occurred, which made Norwegian politics extremely difficult for several years. The Constitution explicitly stated that the king had a three times in law and budget matters, but there was no mention of any kind of veto concerning constitutional matters. This had definitely become Sverdrups goal, all power must be gathered in the halls of the Storting became his political program. In 1879 his party in the made a coup by promulgating the new change in the constitution
9.
Liberal Party (Norway)
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The Liberal Party is a liberal and social-liberal political party in Norway. The party is the oldest in Norway, and has enacted reforms such as parliamentarism, freedom of religion, universal suffrage and state schooling. For most of the late 19th and early 20th century, it was Norways largest and dominant political party, the party has nevertheless participated in several centrist and centre-right government coalitions in the postwar era. It currently holds nine seats in the Parliament, and has an agreement with the incumbent government parties. Since 2010, the leader of the party is Trine Skei Grande, the party is regarded as social-liberal and advocates personal freedom under the pre-condition of an active state. Since the 1970s, the party has maintained an environmentalist position, the Liberal Party was rated the second best party after the Green Party by the environmentalist organisation Framtiden i våre hender. The party is also a supporter of multiculturalism, increased labour immigration to Norway. Overall, it has had a centrist position in the Norwegian political landscape, since the 1880s, the party has seen many internal schisms. Venstre is a liberal, social-liberal and centrist party, through its history it has taken part in both centre-right and pure centrist coalition governments. From 2001 to 2005, it was in a coalition government with the Conservative Party and Christian Democratic Party, since the 2005 general election. More recently the party has been a proponent of a Blue–green alliance in Norwegian politics, in the last few election campaigns, Venstres main focus has been on environmental issues, education, small-business and social issues. Venstre advocates higher taxes on activities that damage the environment and it prefers continued membership in the European Economic Area. In 2007, Venstre became the first Norwegian party to advocate legal file sharing, the party Venstre was formed in 1884 in connection with the dispute about whether or not to introduce parliamentarism in Norway. Venstre was the party advocating parliamentarism, whereas the conservatives, who opposed parliamentarism, when the fight for parliamentarism was won, Venstres leader Johan Sverdrup became the first Norwegian prime minister to be appointed on the basis of having the support of a majority in the Storting. In the first decades after 1884, Venstre formed several governments, six different Prime Ministers of Norway have come from Venstre, all of them before 1935. With the growth of Labour Party, Venstre gradually lost ground, the election of 1915 was the last in which Venstre was the largest party and won an outright majority in the Storting. Venstre was further weakened with the formation of Bondepartiet in 1920, after World War II, Venstre has been part of four coalition governments, the most recent one being the second government of Kjell Magne Bondevik from 2001 to 2005. These included the party leader, Helge Seip, and 9 of the 13 members of parliament, since then, Venstre has been a fairly small party
10.
Jon Hol
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Jon Gundersen Hol was a Norwegian engineer and activist. He is known for his pamphlet Rifleringen, published in February 1884, in the pamphlet, he called for soldiers and civilians to arm themselves and encircle the Parliament of Norway Building, creating a Ring of Rifles, should the need arise. The political situation in Norway at the time was unstable, with an impeachment case against the conservative government started by political liberals. King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway supported the conservative politicians, the tensions between liberals and conservatives drew Hol into politics in the first place in 1880. Before this, he was an engineer by occupation and a writer and he increased his writing after 1880, and also involved himself in non-socialist trade unions, including the unsuccessful attempt of establishing a national trade union center in Kristiania. When the conservatives lost the Impeachment case, there was a change of government, two years later, he received an economic compensation from the Parliament. After some quiet years in which he concentrated on engineering work, Hol returned to politics as a member of the city council of Skien and he stood for parliamentary election twice, without success. Hol was born at the farm Ekornhol in Nord-Odal, the son of Gunder Johnsen and he began a military education in 1869, and later conducted self-studies as well as attending various schools, including the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry. In 1876, he married Karen Pedersdatter, a daughter from Sør-Odal and in 1878. While studying, Hol became interested in journalism and he began writing for the apolitical magazine Norsk Nationaltidende in 1877, but found his interest in politics growing as he observed the mounting political turmoil at the time. Liberal politicians in the Norwegian Parliament struggled to introduce the practice of calling government ministers in for questioning, initially, this was not meant to function as a lever against individual ministers, but rather to increase debate on important issues. The executive branch of government was not elected, and the intention was to enhance a co-governing with the elected legislature. Also, ministers were already criticized in parliamentary debates, if they were questioned in person they would have the chance to defend themselves and this required altering the Constitution, a move which the executive branch, led by King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway, continuously vetoed. The first royal veto came in 1872, after which the proposition was slightly altered, two identical propositions followed, and were defeated, in 1877 and 1880. After 1880, the question about ministers faded into the background, according to the Constitution, the King had the right to postpone a non-constitutional act three times. On the other hand, the Constitution did not mention any veto in constitutional cases, allegedly, an absolute veto was in the spirit of 1814 and the separation of powers principle. Those who held the first view cited the principle of popular sovereignty, although the veto question became central, the ministers were not out of the spotlight. If any ministers were to dissent, according to the Constitution, they had to state this explicitly in the protocol, lest they be considered in agreement
11.
Norwegian Association for Women's Rights
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The Norwegian Association for Womens Rights is a Norwegian nonpartisan political advocacy organisation and Norways oldest and preeminent womens and girls rights organisation. It was founded in 1884 on the initiative of Gina Krog and Hagbart Berner by 171 prominent women and men, historically associated with the Liberal Party, NKF is today broadly representative of the political spectrum. In 1896 the association founded the Norwegian Womens Public Health Association. The current President is Marit Nybakk, who is also First Vice-President of the Norwegian Parliament, NKF is a member of the International Alliance of Women, which has general consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council and participatory status with the Council of Europe. NKF is also a member of the Norwegian Womens Lobby and of the Forum for Women, several of NKFs early leaders, among them the noted humanitarian Fredrikke Marie Qvam, were married to Norwegian prime ministers. Its postwar leaders include Liberal Party leader and cabinet minister Eva Kolstad, supreme court justice Karin M. Bruzelius and its honorary members include Camilla Collett and Norways first female Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland. NKFs offices are located at Majorstuen in Oslo, NKF has always been open to both women and men. Three of the first Presidents of the organisation, Anna Stang, Randi Blehr, membership has always been open to both men and women. Members of the organization, such as its long-time chairman Eva Kolstad, historically, the NKF was the most important association of the Norwegian bourgeois womens movement, in contrast to the labour womens movement. The NKF has co-operated with the National Association for Womens Suffrage and it addresses the United Nations Economic and Social Council through its IAW membership. The organisation had its offices in Sehesteds gate 1 in Oslo for many years, and now has its offices in Majorstuveien 39 at Majorstuen in central Oslo
12.
The Wild Duck
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The Wild Duck is an 1884 play by the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen. The first act opens with a party hosted by Håkon Werle. The gathering is attended by his son, Gregers Werle, who has just returned to his fathers home following a self-imposed exile, there, he learns the fate of a former classmate, Hjalmar Ekdal. Hjalmar married Gina, a servant in the Werle household. The elder Werle had arranged the match by providing Hjalmar with a home, Gregers, whose mother died believing that Gina and her husband had carried on an affair, becomes enraged at the thought that his old friend is living a life built on a lie. The remaining four acts take place in Hjalmar Ekdals apartments, the Ekdals initially appear to be living a life of cozy domesticity. Hjalmars father makes a living doing odd copying jobs for Werle, Hjalmar runs a portrait studio out of the apartment. Gina helps him run the business in addition to keeping house and they both dote on their daughter Hedvig. Gregers travels directly to their home from the party, while getting acquainted with the family, Hjalmar confesses that Hedvig is both his greatest joy and greatest sorrow, because she is slowly losing her eyesight. The family eagerly reveals a loft in the apartment where they keep various animals like rabbits, most prized is the wild duck they rescued. The duck was wounded by other than Werle, whose eyesight is also failing. His shot winged the duck, which dove to the bottom of the lake to drown itself by clinging to the seaweed, werles dog retrieved it though, and despite its wounds from the shot and the dogs teeth, the Ekdals had nursed the duck back to good health. Gregers decides to rent the room in the apartment. The next day, he begins to realize there are more lies hanging over the Ekdals than Ginas affair with his father. During their conversation, Gregers hears shots in the attic, and the family explains that Old Ekdal entertains himself by hunting rabbits and birds in the loft, the activity helps Old Ekdal cling to his former life as a great hunter. Hjalmar also speaks of his invention, which he never specifies. It is related to photography, and he is certain that it will enable him to pay off his debts to Werle and finally make himself, in order to work on his invention, he often needs to lie down on the couch and think about it. During a lunch with Gregers and Hjalmars friends Relling and Molvik, Gregers insists that he cannot return and that he will tell Hjalmar the truth
13.
Henrik Ibsen
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Henrik Johan Ibsen was a major 19th-century Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet. He is often referred to as the father of realism and is one of the founders of Modernism in theatre and he is the most frequently performed dramatist in the world after Shakespeare, and A Dolls House became the worlds most performed play by the early 20th century. Several of his dramas were considered scandalous to many of his era. Ibsens later work examined the realities that lay behind many façades and it utilized a critical eye and free inquiry into the conditions of life and issues of morality. The poetic and cinematic early play Peer Gynt, however, has strong surreal elements, Ibsen is often ranked as one of the most distinguished playwrights in the European tradition. Richard Hornby describes him as a profound poetic dramatist—the best since Shakespeare and he is widely regarded as the most important playwright since Shakespeare. He influenced other playwrights and novelists such as George Bernard Shaw, Oscar Wilde, Arthur Miller, James Joyce, Eugene ONeill, Ibsen was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1902,1903, and 1904. Ibsen wrote his plays in Danish and they were published by the Danish publisher Gyldendal, born into a merchant family connected to the patriciate of Skien, Ibsen shaped his dramas according to his family background. He was the father of Prime Minister Sigurd Ibsen, Ibsens dramas continue in their influence upon contemporary culture and film with notable film productions including A Dolls House featuring Jane Fonda and A Master Builder featuring Wallace Shawn. Ibsen was born to Knud Ibsen and Marichen Altenburg, in a merchant family, in the small port town of Skien in Telemark county. Ibsens grandfather, ship captain Henrich Ibsen, had died at sea in 1797, Knud Ibsens paternal ancestors were ship captains of Danish origin, but he decided to become a merchant, having initial success. His marriage to Marichen Altenburg, a daughter of ship-owner Johan Andreas Altenburg, theodore Jorgenson points out that Henriks ancestry reached back into the important Telemark family of Paus both on the fathers and on the mothers side. Hedvig Paus must have well known to the young dramatist. Henrik Ibsen was fascinated by his parents strange, almost incestuous marriage, Henriks sister Hedvig would write about their mother, She was a quiet, lovable woman, the soul of the house, everything to her husband and children. She sacrificed herself time and time again, There was no bitterness or reproach in her. The Ibsen family eventually moved to a city house, Snipetorp, owned by Knud Ibsens half-brother, Ibsen would both model and name characters in his plays after his own family. At fifteen, Ibsen was forced to leave school and he moved to the small town of Grimstad to become an apprentice pharmacist and began writing plays. In 1846, when Ibsen was age 18, a liaison with a servant produced a child, whose upbringing Ibsen had to pay for until the boy was in his teens
14.
1966 in Norway
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Events in the year 1966 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Per Borten 7 August - The Storskog border control between Norway and the Soviet Union is opened and it remains the only legal border crossing from Norway to Russia till this day. The first Bislett Games were held at Bislett Stadium in Oslo, ebba Haslund, novelist, is awarded the Norwegian Booksellers Prize for the novel Det trange hjerte. 26 May – Helga Eng, psychologist and educationalist,26 December – Christopher Dahl, sailor and Olympic gold medallist
15.
1974 in Norway
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Events in the year 1974 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Trygve Bratteli 2 January - drilling rig Transocean 3 sinks in the North Sea,1 February – Lillehammer affair, Five Israeli Mossad agents are sentenced to prison terms for the assassination of Ahmed Bouchiki. The prison terms ranged from two and a half to five years, although all the agents were released within 22 months. 15 September - The wreck of the Danish slave ship Fredensborg,31 October - Parliament rejects a bill on abortion. Inger Lise Rypdal and Benny Borg win the 1973 Spellemannprisen in the female and male vocalist categories respectively, christiania Jazzband, Saft, Torkil Bye/Brynjar Hoff, Lillebjørn Nilsen, Bjørn Sand/Totto Osvold and Oddvar Nygaards Kvartett also receive the award. Dizzie Tunes win in the category Music for children and Sigbjørn Bernhoft Osa win the Special Award
16.
1973 in Norway
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Events in the year 1973 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Lars Korvald until 16 October, Trygve Bratteli 21 July – Lillehammer affair, Israeli Mossad agents assassinate a Moroccan waiter in Lillehammer. He had been mistaken for Ali Hassan Salameh, one of the leaders of Black September, the Palestinian group responsible for the 1972s Munich Olympics Massacre, six Mossad agents were arrested by the Norwegian authorities and the incident became known as the Lillehammer affair. 10 September – The 1973 Parliamentary election takes place,16 October – Brattelis Second Cabinet was appointed. 22 November -1973 oil crisis, The government approves the weekend closure of all petrol stations,5 December -1973 oil crisis, Driving ban for vehicles on weekends. The popular chart show Norsktoppen debuts on NRK Radio, kirsti Sparboe and Erik Bye win the 1972 Spellemannprisen in the female and male vocalist categories respectively. Popol Vuh, Philharmonic Company Orchestra, Birgitte Grimstad, Einar Schanke, Egil Monn-Iversen, Bør Børson Jr. knutsen & Ludvigsen win in the category Music for children and Jens Book-Jenssen win the Special Award
17.
1970 in Norway
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Events in the year 1970 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Per Borten 27 April – The oil company Phillips Petroleum makes a new oil discovery in the North Sea, the Ekofisk oil field remains one of the most important oil fields in the North Sea. 7 May – Norways Resistance Museum is opened to the public,19 June – The Nature Conservation Act was adopted. 12 July – Ra II arrives in Barbados,20 September – A volcano eruption occurs on Jan Mayen. As a result, the island is evacuated,1 November – Population Census,3,874,133 inhabitants in Norway. Kristiansund Airport, Kvernberget is opened for traffic Finn Carling, novelist, playwright, poet, simen Skjønsberg, journalist and writer, is awarded the Mads Wiel Nygaards Endowment literary prize. Løvlien, politician Sverre Munck, businessperson Jakob Martin Pettersen, politician and Minister Henry Rudi, huntsman and polar bear hunter
18.
1953 in Norway
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Events in the year 1953 in Norway. Monarch - Haakon VII Prime Minister - Oscar Torp 1 June –The first Bergen International Festival opens,16 July – Parliament voted to move the main base for the Navy from Horten to Bergen. 11 September - The Norwegian Consumer Council established 12 October – The 1953 Parliamentary election takes place,15 November – Four men suspected of spying for the Soviet Union were arrested in Kirkenes. The Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature is founded
19.
Sigurd Mathisen
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Sigurd Mathisen was a Norwegian speed skater, world champion and world record holder over 500 m. He was a brother of Oscar Mathisen. Mathisen won a medal at the 1904 World Allround Championships. All distances were originally won by Peter Sinnerud, but he was disqualified for professionalism. In 1908 Sigurd Mathisen improved the record on 500 m to 44.4 seconds. The record was beaten in 1912 by Oscar Mathisen
20.
1958 in Norway
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Events in the year 1958 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Einar Gerhardsen 8 January - Fire breaks out in the coastal steamer MS Erling Jarl while it is docked in Bodø,22 June - Olav V is crowned as ruler of Norway in the Nidaros Cathedral. Harald Sverdrup, poet and childrens writer, is awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature for his poetry, astrid Tollefsen, poet, is awarded the Gyldendals Endowment literature prize. 4 February - Kjell Ola Dahl, writer 25 February - Eugene Ejike Obiora, died during police arrest 19 June - Siri Bjerke, politician 28 July - Peter M
21.
1967 in Norway
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Events in the year 1967 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Per Borten 1 January - The Norwegian National Insurance Act was introduced,22 October – The opening of the Tjeldsund Bridge. 24 November – The voting age in Norway was set to 20 years of age, municipal and county elections are held throughout the country. The Government Pension Fund of Norway was established by the Norwegian National Insurance Act Per Hansson, journalist, hallvard Rieber-Mohn, writer and Dominican priest, is awarded the Riksmål Society Literature Prize. Astrid Tollefsen, poet, is awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature for the poetry collection Hendelser,21 February – Marianne Aasen, politician 7 March – Helje Solberg, journalist
22.
1961 in Norway
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Events in the year 1961 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Einar Gerhardsen 12 January - Princess Astrid marries Johan Martin Ferner, march - Ingrid Bjerkås, ordained as first female minister in the Church of Norway 15 April - The Socialist Peoples Party was founded. 9 August - Holtaheia Accident, A British passenger plane crashes in Strand, all 39 passengers aboard, including 34 children, are killed. 11 September - The 1961 Parliamentary election takes place
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1963 in Norway
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Events in the year 1963 in Norway. 1 July - Work begins to build Tromsø Airport 28 August – Lyngs Cabinet was appointed,25 September – Gerhardsens Fourth Cabinet was appointed. Norsk Hydro in cooperation with Harvey Aluminum starts Alnor, a plant at Karmøy to produce aluminium Municipal, the Munch Museum was opened,100 years after Edvard Munchs birth. Stein Mehren, poet, novelist, essayist and playwright, is awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature and the Mads Wiel Nygaards Endowment for Mot en verden av lys
