1.
1875 in music
–
This article is about music-related events in 1875. January 5 – Palais Garnier opera house in Paris, designed by Charles Garnier, march 3 – Georges Bizets opera Carmen debuts, at the Opéra-Comique in Paris. May 6 – Richard Wagner conducts portions of Götterdämmerung in concert in Vienna, october 25 – The first performance of Tchaikovskys Piano Concerto No.1 is given in Boston, Massachusetts, with Hans von Bülow as soloist. Robert Volkmann becomes professor of harmony and counterpoint at the National Academy of Music in Budapest, composer Zdeněk Fibich marries operatic contralto Betty Hanušová, sister of his first wife Růžena Hanušová. Angels, Meet Me At the Cross Road w. m, will Hays Carve Dat Possum by Sam Lucas & Herbert Hershy Dreaming Forever of Thee w. m. John Hill Hewitt Ill Take You Home Again, Kathleen w. m,3, ballet Swan Lake Camille Saint-Saëns – Piano Concerto No.4 Má vlast – Six symphonic poems by Bedřich Smetana Carmen first performed in Paris. Music by Georges Bizet and libretto by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy, die Königin von Saba, music by Karl Goldmark and libretto by Salomon Mosenthal
2.
1876 in music
–
This article is about music-related events in 1876. February – Baritone Lithgow James joins the English Opera Company, where he begins a partnership with his future wife Florence St. John, february 24 – Incidental music composed by Edvard Grieg for Henrik Ibsens Peer Gynt premieres. May 17 – Antonín Dvořák begins composing his Moravian Duets, august 16 – Richard Wagners Siegfried debuts in the new Bayreuth Festspielhaus. August 17 – Richard Wagners Götterdämmerung debuts in the new Bayreuth Festspielhaus, soprano Rosa Hasselbeck marries the conductor and composer Josef Sucher. Gabriel Faure - Violin Sonata No
3.
1877 in music
–
This article is about music-related events in 1877. December 30 The premiere of Brahms Symphony No.2 is given in Vienna by the Vienna Philharmonic under the direction of Hans Richter, peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky marries Antonina Milyukova. Ludwig Thuille and Richard Strauss meet as students at Innsbruck, G. W. Hunt Chopsticks m. Arthur de Lulli Dear Old Pals w. m. G. W. Hunt Early In De Mornin w. m, will Hays In The Gloaming w. Meta Orred m. Annie Fortescue Harrison Little Daisys Request by Arabella M. Root The Lost Chord w. Adelaide Anne Procter m, leon Minkus – La Bayadère Joachim Raff – Violin Concerto no.2 op.206 in A minor Josef Rheinberger – Violin Sonata no.2 op
4.
1886 in music
–
March 21 - Anton Bruckners Symphony No.7 is performed for the first time publicly in Vienna, conducted by Hans Richter. May 1 - The final version of Tchaikovskys Romeo and Juliet is performed for the first time, in Tbilisi, Georgia, under Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov. June 9 - The centennial of the Stoughton Musical Society is celebrated in the United States, june - Soprano Adelina Patti marries tenor Ernesto Nicolini in south Wales. July 19 - Franz Liszt plays his last concert, in Luxembourg, December - Anton Seidl conducts the first American staging of Tristan und Isolde at the Metropolitan Opera. The celesta is invented by Auguste Mustel, John Philip Sousa Johnny Get Your Gun w. m. Monroe H. Rosenfeld Semper Fidelis m. John Philip Sousa Somebodys Mother by James W. Wheeler Two Lovely Black Eyes, Oh, What a Surprise w. Charles Coborn m. 2, op.54 John Philip Sousa - The Gladiator March Richard Strauss - Aus Italien Alfredo Catalani - Edmea Adonis, London production opened at the Gaiety Theatre on May 31, dorothy, London production opened at the Gaiety Theatre on September 25. It transferred to the Prince of Wales Theatre on December 20 and to the Lyric Theatre on December 17,1888, erminie - the Broadway production of this British show opened at the Casino Theatre on May 10 and ran for a very successful 571 performances. The Queen of Hearts, music by John Philip Sousa, January 22 - John J. Becker, American composer and editor January 25 - Wilhelm Furtwängler, conductor March 3 - R. O
5.
1889 in music
–
Events in the year 1889 in music. January 4 - Anton Seidl conducts Das Rheingold at the Metropolitan Opera, november 20 - Gustav Mahler premieres his Symphony No. E. W. Rogers m. A. E. Duran Deau Down Went McGinty w. m, joseph Flynn Four Little Curly Headed Coons by James W. Wheeler Little Annie Rooney w. m. Michael Nolan Oh, Promise Me w. Clement Scott m, harry Dacre Slide Kelly Slide w. m. John W. Kelly Take A Pair Of Sparkling Eyes w. W. S. Gilbert m. Arthur Sullivan The Thunderer m, john Philip Sousa The Washington Post m. John Philip Sousa Edward Elgar - Queen Marys Song Enrique Granados - Danzas españolas Augusta Holmès - Ode triomphale Hubert Parry Ode on Saint Cecilias Day Symphony No,3, in C major, The English Symphony No
6.
1890 in music
–
Events in the year 1890 in music. June 21 - Richard Strauss conducts the premiere of his symphonic poem Death, September 9 - Edward Elgars concert overture Froissart is premiered at the Three Choirs Festival in Worcester George W. The New York Phonograph Company opens the first recording studio, the Commodore Song Little Pig Went To Market by J. Cheever Goodwin & Gustave Kerker Maggie Murphys Home w. Edward Harrigan m. David Braham Passing By w. Robert Herrick m. Edward C. Purcell Star of the East w. George Cooper m, amanda Kennedy Throw Him Down McCloskey w. m. John W. Kelly Youll Miss Lots of Fun When Youre Married by John Philip Sousa & Edward M. Taber Ferruccio Busoni - Violin Sonata No. 1, Opus 29 Ernest Chausson - Chansons de Shakespeare Antonín Dvořák - Requiem,3, Opus 33 Armas Järnefelt - Ouverture Lyrique Carl Nielsen - String Quartet No
7.
1891 in music
–
February 23 - Fourteen-year-old cellist Pablo Casals gives a solo recital in Barcelona. May 5 - The Music Hall in New York City has its opening and first public performance. October 16 - The Chicago Symphony Orchestra gives its inaugural concert, the Peabody Mason Concerts are inaugurated with a performance by Ferruccio Busoni. The ensemble attached to the Glasgow Choral Union is formally recognised as the Scottish Orchestra, actions Speak Louder Than Words w. George Horncastle m. Felix McGlennon Dont mind, my Darling, paul Steinmark Hey, Rube. w. J. Sherrie Matthews m. Harry Bulger High School Cadets March m. John Philip Sousa Little Boy Blue w. Eugene Field m, ethelbert Nevin The Man Who Broke The Bank At Monte Carlo w. m. Fred Gilbert The Miners Dream Of Home w. m, will Godwin & Leo Dryden Molly O. w. m. Ethelbert Nevin The Pardon Came Too Late w. m, paul Dresser The Picture Thats Turned To The Wall w. m. Charles Graham Reuben And Cynthia w. m, dodworth, bandmaster and conductor Fanny Salvini-Donatelli, operatic soprano
8.
1892 in music
–
April 28 - Jean Sibeliuss symphonic suite Kullervo is premiered. May 26 - A statue of Felix Mendelssohn, by Werner Stein, is dedicated at St. Thomas Church, removed by the Nazis in the 1930s, it was re-dedicated in 2008. September 24 - Opening of the Theater Unter den Linden, Berlin with Adolf Ferrons operetta Daphne and Gaul, september 26 - Antonín Dvořák arrives in the United States to take up his post as artistic director of the National Conservatory of Music. December 18 Anton Bruckners Symphony No.8 in C minor is premiered by the Vienna Philharmonic with Hans Richter conducting at the Stadttheater, - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovskys ballet The Nutcracker and opera Iolanta are premiered in a double bill at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, Russia. After the Ball becomes the first sheet music to sell over 1 million copies, erik Satie composes his first pieces in his own compositional system. Sergei Diaghilev graduates from the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, ferdinand Praegers controversial biography Wagner As I Knew Him is published posthumously in London. Charles K. Harris The Bowery w. Charles H. Hoyt m, percy Gaunt Daddy Wouldnt Buy Me a Bow Wow w. m. C. W. Murphy & William Letters Future Mrs. Awkins by Albert Chevalier The Holy City w. Frederick Edward Weatherly m. Stephen Adams La Sultana Turkish March m, Virginia Field Molly And I And The Baby w. m. Harry Kennedy My Old Dutch w. Albert Chevalier m. Charles Ingle My Sweethearts The Man In The Moon w. m, james Thornton The Sweetest Story Ever Told w. m. R. M. Stults The Virginia Skedaddle w. m. Monroe H. Rosenfeld Daddy Wouldnt Buy Me a Bow-wow - Dan W. Quinn The Bowery - Dan W.1 in F-sharp minor, Op.1 Max Reger Cello Sonata No. 1, Op.5 Twelve Waltz-Caprices, Op.9, four-hand piano 20 German Dances, Op.10, four-hand piano Alexander Scriabin - Piano Sonata No
9.
1893 in music
–
Events in the year 1893 in music. February 9 - Première of Giuseppe Verdis final opera Falstaff in La Scala in Milan, August 14-15 - Americas oldest music organization, the Stoughton Musical Society performs at the Worlds Columbian Exposition. October 28 - In Saint Petersburg, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky conducts the first performance of his Symphony No.6 in B minor, Op.74, Pathétique, the second performance takes place 21 days later at a memorial concert conducted by Eduard Nápravník, incorporating minor revisions. Tchaikovsky wrote it between February and the end of August at Klin, December 16 - Antonín Dvořáks Symphony No.9 From the New World receives its première at Carnegie Hall in New York City. December 29 - Claude Debussys String Quartet is premièred in Paris, american sisters Patty and Mildred J. Hill publish Song Stories for the Kindergarten including Good Morning to All, which later becomes known as Happy Birthday to You. Selected compositions, Cant Lose Me, Charlie w. m, Harry S. Miller The Cat Came Back w. m. Henry S. Miller December And May w. Edward Marks m. William Lorraine Do Do My Huckleberry Do w. Harry Dillon m, John Dillon The Fatal Wedding w. W. H. Windom m. Gussie L. Davis Good Morning to All w. Patty Smith Hill m, Mildred J. Hill I Long to See The Girl I Left Behind w. m. John T. Kelly The Liberty Bell by John Philip Sousa Mamie, may Irwin Marguerite by Charles A. White Oh. Charles Graham The Volunteer Organist w. William G. Gray m. Henry Lamb When The Roll Is Called Up Yonder w. m
10.
1894 in music
–
March 14 - Johan Svendsen conducts the world premiere of Carl Nielsens Symphony No.1 in Copenhagen. March 16 - Jules Massenets opera Thaïs is premiered in Paris, april 19 - Jules Massenets opera Werther is premiered in New York City. September 22 - Opening of the Teatro Lirico Internazionale in Milan, december 22 - Claude Debussys Prélude à laprès-midi dun faune is premiered in Paris Enrico Caruso makes his operatic debut. George W. Johnson is said to have recorded over 25,000 phonograph records The National College of Music, the college still exists today as an examination board for music and drama. George H. Thomas develops the first illustrated song to promote The Little Lost Child, airy, Fairy Lillian w. Tony Raymond m. Maurice Levi And Her Golden Hair Was Hanging Down Her Back w. Monroe H. Rosenfeld m. Felix McGlennon At Trinity Church I Met My Doom w. m, Fred Gilbert Dont Be Cross by Karl Zeller from the operetta Der Obersteiger Forgotten w. Flora Wulschner m. Eugene Cowles Hes Got To Keep A-Movin w. m. T. W. Connor His Last Thoughts Were Of You w. Edward B, George Evans Ive Been Working on the Railroad w. m. trad I Cant Change It. M. Tobias The Little Lost Child w. Edward B, marks m. Joseph W. Stern Long Ago In Alcala w. Frederick Edward Weatherley & Adrian Ross m. André Messager My Friend The Major w. m, E. W. Rogers My Pearl Is A Bowery Girl w. William Jerome m. Andrew Mack Oh. That Gorgonzola Cheese w. Fred W. Leigh m. Harry Champion The Owls Serenade w. Arthur J. Lamb, H. W. Petrie She Is More To Be Pitied Than Censured w. m. Gray She May Have Seen Better Days w. m, James Thornton The Sidewalks of New York w. m. Lawlor & James W. Blake Why Did Nellie Leave Home, by George M. Cohan Yale Society Two-Step by C
11.
1895 in music
–
May 18 - Australian contralto Ada Crossley makes her London début at the Queens Hall. The first concert opens with the overture to Wagners Rienzi, the orchestra tunes to the French A or diapason normal concert pitch. December 13 – The first complete performance of Gustav Mahlers Symphony No,2, in Berlin with the composer conducting the Berlin Philharmonic orchestra. Composer Sidney Homer marries contralto Louise Dilworth Beatty, composer Zdeněk Fibich separates from his wife, the contralto Betty Fibichová, and goes to live with his former student and lover Anežka Schulzová. Venezuelan pianist, singer and composer Teresa Carreño divorces her husband and it marks the end of her third marriage and his second. America the Beautiful w. Katherine Lee Bates m. Samuel A. Ward The Band Played On w. John F. Palmer m. Charles B. Ward The Belle Of Avenoo A w. m. Safford Waters Down In Poverty Row w. Gussie L. Davis m. Arthur Trevelyan A Dream w. Charles B. Cory m. J. C. Bartlett The Hand That Rocks The Cradle w. Charles W. Berkeley m. William H. Holmes Hes Not Dead Yet. W. T. W. Connor Its A Great Big Shame w. Edgar Bateman m. George Le Brunn Just Tell Them That You Saw Me w. m, paul Dresser King Cotton March m. John Philip Sousa My Angeline w. Harry B. Smith m, victor Herbert My Best Girls A New Yorker w. m. John Stromberg Put Me Off at Buffalo w. Harry Dillon m, John Dillon Rastus On Parade w. George Marion m. Kerry Mills She Was One Of The Early Birds w. m, T. W. Connor Sleep Little Rosebud w. Alfred Bryant, m. Louis Campbell Tipton The Soldiers Of The Queen w. m. Leslie Stuart The Streets Of Cairo w. m, james Thornton The Sunshine Of Paradise Alley w. Walter H. Ford m. 2, Resurrection in – the first three movement only, on March 4, and the symphony on December 13
12.
1885 in art
–
July 13 – New building for the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, designed by Pierre Cuypers, opens. August – First public display of works by Vincent van Gogh, Glasgow Boys first exhibit collectively, at the Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts. Aberdeen Art Gallery opens in Scotland, birmingham Museum and Art Gallery opens in England. The Guildhall Art Gallery opens in the City of London, crocker Art Gallery is presented to the people of Sacramento, California. John Everett Millais is granted a baronetcy in the United Kingdom, the first artist to be honoured with a hereditary title
13.
1885 in architecture
–
The year 1885 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. May - The original wooden structures of Hobson Block, West Union, Iowa, USA, are destroyed by fire, W. D. Caröe is appointed architect to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners for England. Construction of the Altare della Patria in Rome, designed by Giuseppe Sacconi, begins, july 13 - New building for the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, designed by Pierre Cuypers. November 30 - London Pavilion variety theatre, designed by Robert Worley, december 27 - Church of St. Peter, Leipzig, designed by August Hartel and Constantin Lipsius. Church of Saint Anthony of Padua, Busovača, Bosnia-Herzegovina, metropole Hotel, London, designed by Francis Fowler and James Ebenezer Saunders. Autumn - The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois, designed by William Le Baron Jenney, with ten floors and a fireproof weight-bearing metal frame, it is regarded as the first skyscraper. Holloway Sanatorium near Virginia Water in England, designed by William Henry Crossland, sway Tower in Hampshire, England, designed by Andrew Peterson using concrete made with Portland cement. It remains the worlds tallest non-reinforced concrete structure, house for Kate Greenaway, Frognal, London, designed by Richard Norman Shaw. Rebuilt Framingham Railroad Station in Framingham, Massachusetts, designed by H. H. Richardson, royal Gold Medal - Heinrich Schliemann. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, François Paul André
14.
The Gypsy Baron
–
The Gypsy Baron is an operetta in three acts by Johann Strauss II which premiered at the Theater an der Wien on 24 October 1885. Its libretto was by the author Ignaz Schnitzer and in turn was based on Sáffi by Mór Jókai, during the composers lifetime, the operetta enjoyed great success, second only to the popularity of Die Fledermaus. The scoring and the nature of Strausss music have led many music critics to consider this work a comic opera or a lyric opera. Its genesis was rather swift and smooth, as Strauss was no stranger to the Hungarian influences apparent in the music score, many of his earlier works also bore many similar themes, such as the polka Éljen a Magyar. Originally, Strauss and Schnitzer intended the operetta as an opera but further revisions were made, Strauss work on the operetta was interrupted in autumn 1883 due to nicotine poisoning and fainting fits and he was to recuperate in Franzensbad. Strauss work on the act 3 of the work was interrupted when his third wife, Adele Strauss, was taken ill. Strauss music for The Gypsy Baron is regularly performed today, the orchestral pieces that he furnished from the work were also well-recognised, among them, the sparkling Schatz-Walzer, op. 418, as well as the polkas Brautschau, op, place, Hungary Time, Late 18th century A swampy riverside region near the town of Temeşvar in the Temeşvar Province The distant scene is dominated by a derelict castle. In the foreground is a deserted village with only one reasonably prosperous-looking house. In a particularly disreputable hut there lives an old woman named Czipra. The boatmen can be heard singing at their work, Ottokár, son of Mirabella who is governess to Arsena is digging for treasure which he fondly believes to be buried somewhere around. This is his daily routine, and the more he looks without success, Czipra looks out of her window and makes fun of his efforts. She has been watching him for weeks and has a low opinion of his time on this activity while the other Gypsies are out doing an honest days work. She tells him if he continues with this fruitless quest, he will end up penniless and never marry, as he hopes. Sándor Barinkay, son of the owner of the castle, arrives accompanied by Conte Carnero, Commissioner for Oaths. The Commissioner suggests they get on with the job and call on Czipra as a witness, in the meantime he tells Barinkay of the beautiful Arsena. To pass time Czipra tells their fortunes and reveals to Sándor Barinkay that there is happiness and he will marry a faithful wife who will, in a dream, discover where the treasure is hidden. Carnero is also told that he will recover a treasure that he has lost, Zsupán arrives and tells everyone that he is a highly successful pig-breeder adding that he lives for sausages and wine and has little time for art
15.
Johann Strauss II
–
Johann Strauss II, also known as Johann Strauss Jr. the Younger, the Son, Johann Baptist Strauss, was an Austrian composer of light music, particularly dance music and operettas. He composed over 500 waltzes, polkas, quadrilles, and other types of music, as well as several operettas. In his lifetime, he was known as The Waltz King, Strauss had two younger brothers, Josef and Eduard Strauss, who became composers of light music as well, although they were never as well known as their elder brother. Some of Johann Strauss most famous works include The Blue Danube, Kaiser-Walzer, Tales from the Vienna Woods, among his operettas, Die Fledermaus and Der Zigeunerbaron are the best known. In other words, it is properly Strauss, not Strauß and his family called him Schani, derived from the Italian Gianni, a nickname. Strauss was born in St Ulrich near Vienna, Austria, on October 25,1825 and his paternal great-grandfather was a Hungarian Jew – a fact which the Nazis, who lionised Strausss music as so German, later tried to conceal. His father did not want him to become a musician but rather a banker, nevertheless, Strauss Junior studied the violin secretly as a child with the first violinist of his fathers orchestra, Franz Amon. When his father discovered his son secretly practising on a one day. It seems that rather than trying to avoid a Strauss rivalry and it was only when the father abandoned his family for a mistress, Emilie Trampusch, that the son was able to concentrate fully on a career as a composer with the support of his mother. Strauss studied counterpoint and harmony with theorist Professor Joachim Hoffmann, who owned a music school. His talents were recognized by composer Joseph Drechsler, who taught him exercises in harmony. It was during that time that he composed his only sacred work and his other violin teacher, Anton Kollmann, who was the ballet répétiteur of the Vienna Court Opera, also wrote excellent testimonials for him. Armed with these, he approached the Viennese authorities to apply for a license to perform and he initially formed his small orchestra where he recruited his members at the Zur Stadt Belgrad tavern, where musicians seeking work could be hired easily. Johann Strauss Is influence over the local entertainment establishments meant that many of them were wary of offering the younger Strauss a contract for fear of angering the father. Strauss Jr. was able to persuade the Dommayers Casino in Hietzing, a suburb of Vienna, to allow him to perform. The elder Strauss, in anger at his sons disobedience, and at that of the proprietor, refused to play at the Dommayers Casino again. Strauss made his debut at Dommayers in October 1844, where he performed some of his first works, such as the waltzes Sinngedichte, Op.1 and Gunstwerber, Op.4, critics and the press were unanimous in their praise for Strausss music. Despite the initial fanfare, Strauss found his years as a composer difficult
16.
Theater an der Wien
–
The Theater an der Wien is a historic theatre in Vienna located on the Left Wienzeile in the Mariahilf district. Completed in 1801, the theatre has hosted the premieres of many celebrated works of theatre, opera, since 2006, it has served primarily as an opera house, hosting its own company. Although Wien is German for Vienna, the Wien in the name of the theatre is actually the name of the Wien River, which flowed by the theatre site. In modern times, the river has been covered over in this location and the riverbed now houses the Naschmarkt. The theatre is operated in cooperation with Vereinigte Bühnen Wien which also operates the Raimund Theater, the theatre was the brainchild of the Viennese theatrical impresario Emanuel Schikaneder, who is best known as Mozarts librettist and collaborator on the opera The Magic Flute. Schikaneders troupe had already been performing for several years in Vienna in the smaller Theater auf der Wieden. As the troupes performances often emphasized spectacle and scenery, the librettist felt ready to move to a larger and better equipped venue. He had already granted an imperial licence to build a new theatre in 1786. The building was designed by the architect Franz Jäger in Empire style, the theatre has been described as the most lavishly equipped and one of the largest theatres of its age. The theatre opened on 13 June 1801 with a written by Schikaneder followed by a performance of the opera Alexander by Franz Teyber. The new theatre proved to be a sensation, adolf Bäurle, a local critic, wrote if Schikaneder and Zitterbarth had had the idea. To charge admission simply for looking at the glories of their Theater an der Wien, the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung called it the most comfortable and satisfactory in the whole of Germany. In 1807 the theatre was acquired by a group of nobles that included Count Ferdinand Palffy von Erdöd. He is accompanied by the Three Boys, characters in the same opera, in the late 19th to early 20th centuries, the theatre experienced a golden age during the flourishing of Viennese operetta, as referenced in the list below. From 1945 to 1955, it was one of the homes of the Vienna State Opera. However, in 1955, the theatre was closed for safety reasons and it languished unused for several years, and by the early 1960s, the threat had emerged that it would be converted to a parking garage. Fortunately, in 1962 the theatre found a new and successful role for itself as a venue for musical theatre. Many English-language musicals had their German premieres there, the musical Cats directed and choreographed by Gillian Lynne played successfully for seven years
17.
Johannes Brahms
–
Johannes Brahms was a German composer and pianist of the Romantic period. Born in Hamburg into a Lutheran family, Brahms spent much of his life in Vienna. Brahms composed for orchestra, chamber ensembles, piano, organ. A virtuoso pianist, he premiered many of his own works and he worked with some of the leading performers of his time, including the pianist Clara Schumann and the violinist Joseph Joachim. Many of his works have become staples of the concert repertoire. An uncompromising perfectionist, Brahms destroyed some of his works and left others unpublished, Brahms has been considered, by his contemporaries and by later writers, as both a traditionalist and an innovator. His music is rooted in the structures and compositional techniques of the Classical masters. While many contemporaries found his music too academic, his contribution and craftsmanship have been admired by subsequent figures as diverse as Arnold Schoenberg, the diligent, highly constructed nature of Brahmss works was a starting point and an inspiration for a generation of composers. Embedded within his meticulous structures, however, are deeply romantic motifs, Brahmss father, Johann Jakob Brahms, was from the town of Heide in Holstein. The family name was sometimes spelt Brahmst or Brams, and derives from Bram. Against the familys will, Johann Jakob pursued a career in music, arriving in Hamburg in 1826, where he work as a jobbing musician. In 1830, he married Johanna Henrika Christiane Nissen, a seamstress 17 years older than he was, in the same year he was appointed as a horn player in the Hamburg militia. Eventually he became a player in the Hamburg Stadttheater and the Hamburg Philharmonic Society. As Johann Jakob prospered, the family moved over the years to better accommodation in Hamburg. Johannes Brahms was born in 1833, his sister Elisabeth had been born in 1831, Fritz also became a pianist, overshadowed by his brother he emigrated to Caracas in 1867, and later returned to Hamburg as a teacher. Johann Jakob gave his son his first musical training, Johannes also learnt to play the violin, from 1840 he studied piano with Otto Friedrich Willibald Cossel. Cossel complained in 1842 that Brahms could be such a good player, at the age of 10, Brahms made his debut as a performer in a private concert including Beethovens quintet for piano and winds Op.16 and a piano quartet by Mozart. He also played as a solo work an étude of Henri Herz, by 1845 he had written a piano sonata in G minor
18.
Symphony No. 4 (Brahms)
–
The Symphony No.4 in E minor, Op.98 by Johannes Brahms is the last of his symphonies. Brahms began working on the piece in Mürzzuschlag, then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in 1884 and it was premiered on October 25,1885 in Meiningen, Germany. The symphony is scored for two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, contrabassoon, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, timpani, triangle, and strings, a typical performance lasts about 40 minutes. This movement is in form, although it features some unique approaches to development. The opening theme is initially serene in character, although its composition in a chain of descending thirds adds a fateful air and its left-vs. -right fragmented melodic form also introduces a feeling of conflict which Brahms uses as a fundamental motivation throughout the movement. This movement is the only true scherzo found in Brahms symphonies and it is in sonata form with foreshortened recapitulation and with the secondary theme nearly absent in the development and coda. This last movement is notable as a example of a symphonic passacaglia. For the repeating theme, Brahms adapted the theme in the closing movement of Johann Sebastian Bachs cantata, Nach dir, Herr, verlanget mich. An analysis of this last movement by Walter Frisch provides yet further interpretation to Brahms structure of this work, the symphony is rich in allusions, most notably to various Beethoven compositions. The symphony may well have inspired by the play Antony and Cleopatra. Arnold Schoenberg, in his essay Brahms the Progressive, pointed out several thematic relationships in the score, the work was given its premiere in Meiningen on October 25,1885 with Brahms himself conducting. The piece had earlier given to a small private audience in a version for two pianos, played by Brahms and Ignaz Brüll. Hanslick later spoke more approvingly of it, however, Progressive rock group Yes keyboardist Rick Wakeman used part of the symphony on the instrumental Cans and Brahms from the 1971 album Fragile. Brahms, The Four Symphonies, pp. 115–140 Symphony No,4, Scores at the International Music Score Library Project Downloadable score of the piece in. pdf format Allusive Irony in Brahmss Fourth Symphony. By Kenneth Hull Detailed Listening Guide using the recording by Claudio Abbado Andrew Clements, Brahms, Online Audio-Video of the first two minutes of the final movement Online audio-video of Vera Hsu and Chiming Shui performing the first movement as scored by Brahms for two pianos
19.
Meiningen
–
Meiningen is a town in the southern part of the state of Thuringia, Germany. It has a population of around 21,000 and is the capital of the Schmalkalden-Meiningen district, from 1680 to 1920, Meiningen was the capital of the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen. Meiningen is considered the cultural, judicial and financial centre of southern Thuringia and is reliant on mechanical engineering, high-tech industry. The city lies in the linguistic and cultural area of Franconia, Meiningen originated during the formation of the Frankish Empire in the 6th or 7th century, which established trade routes, river crossings and boundary markers. An intersection of two routes and a ford was located at the present-day southern end of the old town near the Werra river. Meiningen was first mentioned in 982, the village was first a crown land in the Duchy of Franconia and later a possession of the king. Around the year 1000, construction of the Stadtkirche began and it was several times expanded and rebuilt over the centuries. German Emperor Henry II donated Meiningen in 1008 to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Würzburg, to protect their property, the Bishops of Würzburg built a moated castle in the 11th century. In 1153, the plague raged in Meiningen, which was also granted rights that year by the rulers. In 1222, Würzburg and the House of Henneberg fought for possession of Meiningen, Meiningen was first mentioned in 1230 as a Stadt and was granted wide-ranging autonomy in 1344. During this time the citizens built a fortification with a double wall. From 1239 to 1242 the Friars Minor of the Franciscan Order built a monastery between the castle and the Lower Gate, in 1380, a fire destroyed around a quarter of the city, including the archives of the town council. The city joined together with ten other cities of the Bishopric of Würzburg, Würzburg troops besieged Meiningen, until it capitulated in 1399. In an uprising on 10 August 1432, the destroyed the castle. In the years 1443-1455, the city church was enlarged in the Gothic style, Meiningen had about 2,000 inhabitants in 1450. A t the end of the 15th century two devastating fires destroyed almost the whole city, the city church was spared from the fire. Bishop Lorenz von Bibra built a new castle from 1509 to 1511, in the city textiles, metal working and trade became more important. In 1542, Meiningen came to the Henneberg family in exchange for the district of Mainberg from the Prince-Bishop of Würzburg
20.
Tin Pan Alley
–
The start of Tin Pan Alley is usually dated to about 1885, when a number of music publishers set up shop in the same district of Manhattan. The end of Tin Pan Alley is less clear cut, the origins of the name Tin Pan Alley are unclear. One account claims that it was a reference to the sound of many pianos. Others claim it arose from songwriters modifying their pianos to produce a percussive sound. After many years, the term came to refer to the U. S. music industry in general, various explanations have been advanced to account for the origins of the term Tin Pan Alley. This article has not been found, simon Napier-Bell quotes an account of the origin of the name which was published in a 1930 book about the music business. In this version, popular songwriter Harry von Tilzer was being interviewed about the area around 28th Street and Fifth Avenue, von Tilzer had modified his expensive Kindler & Collins piano by placing strips of paper down the strings to give the instrument a more percussive sound. The journalist told von Tilzer, Your Kindler & Collins sounds exactly like a tin can, ill call the article Tin Pan Alley. With time, this nickname was popularly embraced and came to describe the American music publishing industry in general, the term then spread to the United Kingdom, where Tin Pan Alley is also used to describe Denmark Street in Londons West End. In the 1920s the street known as Britains Tin Pan Alley because of its large number of music shops. In the mid-19th century, copyright control of melodies was not as strict, with stronger copyright protection laws late in the century, songwriters, composers, lyricists, and publishers started working together for their mutual financial benefit. Songwriters would literally bang on doors of Tin Pan Alley to get new material, the two most enterprising New York publishers were Willis Woodard and T. B. Harms, the first companies to specialize in popular songs rather than hymns or classical music. Naturally, these firms were located in the entertainment district, which, Witmark was the first publishing house to move to West 28th Street as the entertainment district gradually shifted uptown, and by the late 1890s most publishers had followed their lead. When a tune became a significant local hit, rights to it were purchased from the local publisher by one of the big New York firms. The song publishers who created Tin Pan Alley frequently had backgrounds as salesmen, the background of Isadore Witmark was selling water filters. Leo Feist had sold corsets, and Joe Stern and Edward B, marks had sold neckties and buttons respectively. The music houses in lower Manhattan were lively places, with a stream of songwriters, vaudeville and Broadway performers, musicians. Aspiring songwriters came to demonstrate tunes they hoped to sell, when tunes were purchased from unknowns with no previous hits, the name of someone with the firm was often added as co-composer, or all rights to the song were purchased outright for a flat fee
21.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
22.
Gilbert and Sullivan
–
Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian-era theatrical partnership of the librettist W. S. Gilbert and the composer Arthur Sullivan and to the works they jointly created. The two men collaborated on fourteen comic operas between 1871 and 1896, of which H. M. S, Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado are among the best known. Sullivan, six years Gilberts junior, composed the music, contributing memorable melodies that could convey both humour and pathos and their operas have enjoyed broad and enduring international success and are still performed frequently throughout the English-speaking world. Gilbert and Sullivan introduced innovations in content and form that influenced the development of musical theatre through the 20th century. The operas have influenced political discourse, literature, film. Producer Richard DOyly Carte brought Gilbert and Sullivan together and nurtured their collaboration and he built the Savoy Theatre in 1881 to present their joint works and founded the DOyly Carte Opera Company, which performed and promoted Gilbert and Sullivans works for over a century. Gilbert was born in London on 18 November 1836 and his father, William, was a naval surgeon who later wrote novels and short stories, some of which included illustrations by his son. Director and playwright Mike Leigh described the Gilbertian style as follows, With great fluidity and freedom, First, within the framework of the story, he makes bizarre things happen, and turns the world on its head. Thus the Learned Judge marries the Plaintiff, the soldiers metamorphose into aesthetes, and so on and his genius is to fuse opposites with an imperceptible sleight of hand, to blend the surreal with the real, and the caricature with the natural. In other words, to tell a perfectly outrageous story in a deadpan way. Gilbert developed his theories on the art of stage direction. At the time Gilbert began writing, theatre in Britain was in disrepute, Gilbert helped to reform and elevate the respectability of the theatre, especially beginning with his six short family-friendly comic operas, or entertainments, for Thomas German Reed. At a rehearsal for one of these entertainments, Ages Ago, the composer Frederic Clay introduced Gilbert to his friend, two years later, Gilbert and Sullivan would write their first work together. Those two intervening years continued to shape Gilberts theatrical style, Sullivan was born in London on 13 May 1842. His father was a bandmaster, and by the time Arthur had reached the age of eight. In school he began to compose anthems and songs, in 1856, he received the first Mendelssohn Scholarship and studied at the Royal Academy of Music and then at Leipzig, where he also took up conducting. His graduation piece, completed in 1861, was a suite of music to Shakespeares The Tempest. Revised and expanded, it was performed at the Crystal Palace in 1862 and was an immediate sensation and he began building a reputation as Englands most promising young composer, composing a symphony, a concerto, and several overtures, among them the Overture di Ballo, in 1870
23.
The Mikado
–
The Mikado, or, The Town of Titipu is a comic opera in two acts, with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W. S. Gilbert, their ninth of fourteen operatic collaborations. Before the end of 1885, it was estimated that, in Europe and America, the Mikado remains the most frequently performed Savoy Opera, and it is especially popular with amateur and school productions. The work has translated into numerous languages and is one of the most frequently played musical theatre pieces in history. Setting the opera in Japan, a locale far away from Britain, allowed Gilbert to satirise British politics. Gilbert and Sullivans opera immediately preceding The Mikado was Princess Ida, which ran for nine months, on 22 March 1884, Carte gave Gilbert and Sullivan contractual notice that a new opera would be required within six months. Sullivans close friend, the conductor Frederic Clay, had suffered a stroke in December 1883 that effectively ended his career. Gilbert, who had started work on a new libretto in which people fall in love against their wills after taking a magic lozenge, was surprised to hear of Sullivans hesitation. Gilbert was much hurt, but Sullivan insisted that he could not set the lozenge plot, in addition to the improbability of it, it was too similar to the plot of their 1877 opera, The Sorcerer. Sullivan returned to London, and, as April wore on, Gilbert tried to rewrite his plot, but he could not satisfy Sullivan. However, by 8 May 1884, Gilbert was ready to back down, writing, am I to understand that if I construct another plot in which no element occurs. A consistent plot, free from anachronisms, constructed in perfect good faith & to the best of my ability, the stalemate was broken, and on 20 May, Gilbert sent Sullivan a sketch of the plot to The Mikado. It would take ten months for The Mikado to reach the stage. A revised version of their 1877 work, The Sorcerer, coupled with their one-act piece Trial by Jury, played at the Savoy while Carte, Gilbert eventually found a place for his lozenge plot in The Mountebanks, written with Alfred Cellier in 1892. A trifling accident inspired him with an idea, One day an old Japanese sword that, for years, had been hanging on the wall of his study, fell from its place. This incident directed his attention to Japan, Just at that time a company of Japanese had arrived in England and set up a little village of their own in Knightsbridge. The story is an one, but it is largely fictional. Gilbert was interviewed twice about his inspiration for The Mikado, in both interviews the sword was mentioned, and in one of them he said it was the inspiration for the opera, although he never said that the sword had fallen. Gilbert scholar Brian Jones, in his article The Sword that Never Fell, notes that the further removed in time the writer is from the incident and it suggested the broad idea, as he said later
24.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
25.
American Patrol
–
American Patrol is a popular march written by Frank White Meacham in 1885. It incorporates both original musical themes by Meacham and melodies from American patriotic songs of the era such as Columbia, Composed for piano, it was then arranged for wind band and published by Carl Fischer in 1891. Copyright was assigned to Meachams widow, Cora, in 1912, Jerry Gray arranged a swing version of the march for Glenn Millers orchestra in 1941, and Morton Gould later composed his own unusual and often dissonant American Patrol for 3 Bands. The patrol format was popular in the half of the 19th century. The format was intended to represent a military band approaching, passing, the original piano version of American Patrol follows this scheme. It was performed by the Marine Band on July 2,1892 in Portland, the 1893 Annual Meeting of the American Street-Railway Association included a performance of American Patrol by Clauders Exposition Band. Also, in 1893, Conternos Band and Orchestra performed it as part of their concert at Paradise Park in New York, in 1896, Halles Concert Band performed it as part of Fourth of July celebrations at Winthrop Park in New York. Glenn Miller recorded the song in 1942 in an arrangement by Jerry Gray. The song was released as a Victor 78 single, 27873A, backed with Soldier, the recording was reissued as RCA Victor 20-1564-A backed with Song of the Volga Boatmen as part of a 78 album. The record reached no.15 on Billboard in 1942, the professor performed this on a flute on the television series Gilligans Island in episode 26 Music Hath Charm. Music of the Fourth of July, A Year-by-Year Chronicle of Performances and Works Composed for the Occasion, jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland & Company. New York, W. B. Gray & Co, American Patrol, New York Military Band —Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project
26.
Sam Lucas
–
Sam Lucas was an African American actor, comedian, singer, and songwriter. Sam Lucass exact date of birth is disputed, Lucass year of birth, to freed former slaves, has also been cited as 1839,1840,1841, and 1850. He was the first black man to portray the role of Uncle Tom on both stage and screen, James Weldon Johnson described him as the Grand Old Man of the Negro Stage. Lucas was born Samuel Mildmay Lucas in Washington Court House, Ohio to free black parents and he showed a talent for guitar and singing as a teenager, and while working as a barber, his local performances gained him a positive reputation. In 1858 he began his career as a performer with the traveling African-American minstrel companies, over the next five years, he sang and acted on stage and on riverboats, and composed music for his shows. Meanwhile, he found ways to integrate his African-American roots into the white form, for instance. As black minstrelsy grew popular with the public, Lucas became one of its first celebrities, particularly known for his portrayals of pitiable. His fame allowed him to choose his engagements, and over the span of his career and he never led a troupe of his own, however. Throughout his life, Lucas performed with minstrel groups including Lew Johnsons Plantation Minstrels, Callender’s Georgia Minstrels. After his time as a performer, Lucas began to perform in vaudeville. Meanwhile, Lucas attempted to branch out into non-minstrel material, in 1875, for instance, he performed alongside Emma and Anna Hyer in Out of Bondage, a musical drama about a freed slave who is made over to fit into upper-class, white society. He followed this by another stint in black minstrelsy, and in 1876, he was playing with Spragues Georgia Minstrels, in 1878, Charles and Gustave Frohman needed an advertising gimmick to help rescue a poorly performing comedy troupe. Their answer was to stage a production of Uncle Toms Cabin with a black man in the lead role. Lucass reputation as an actor was known, as was his wealth, Gustave wired Charles, Get me an Eva. Be sure to tell Sam to bring his diamonds, Lucas became the first African American to play Uncle Tom in a serious production. Nevertheless, the show fared poorly in Richmond, Virginia, the problems seem to have been many. One critic remarked that little Eva was so large that she nearly flattened St. Clair when she sat in his lap, Lucas had to hawk his stash of diamonds to pay the troupes transport back to Cincinnati. Lucas rejoined the Hyer sisters for The Underground Railroad, only to go back to blackface acts after its run and he also continued to write, and much of his output shows a more African American perspective when compared to work of other black composers, such as James Bland
27.
Bessie Bellwood
–
Bessie Bellwood was a popular music hall performer of the Victorian era noted for her singing of Coster songs, including What Cheer Ria. Her on stage persona was that of an abrasive but loveable character with an ability to argue down even the toughest of hecklers, born in London, she made her music hall debut in Bermondsey, London. Off-stage, she became a figure in London for her many charitable donations to the poor. In later life, Bellwood suffered from alcoholism as a result of her financial troubles, with her health in decline, she died at her home in London aged 40. Bellwood was born in London to Patrick Mahoney and his wife Catherine, the couple had four daughters, Mary, Ellen, Catherine and Ann Mahoney, as well as a son, James Mahoney. On September 24,1884 she married John Nicholson, a Commission Agent in the Register Office in Leeds, little is known of Nicholson after the wedding and he does not seem to have played a major part in his wifes life. In the midst of it, according to H. G. Hibbert’s account and his stock on a japanned tea-tray slung round his neck was promptly commandeered. She had a magnificent gift of repartee, she could dominate a lively audience and this was not limited to giving money to those out of luck. Other songs in her repertoire included Hes Going To Marry Mary Ann, Woa Emma. on March 25,1889 she appeared on the same bill as Jenny Hill at the Canterbury Theatre of Varieties. In 1890, Bellwood was briefly declared bankrupt as a result of lending a substantial amount of money to the Duke of Manchester which was never repaid, Bellwood later sued the Duke unsuccessfully. On August Bank Holiday in 1893 she stood in for Vesta Tilley at Gattis Charing Cross Music Hall in London, in the 1944 film Champagne Charlie starring Tommy Trinder as George Leybourne and Stanley Holloway as Alfred Vance, the part of Bessie Bellwoood was played by Betty Warren. In the 1975 film The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes Smarter Brother she was used as an alias by the character played by Madeline Kahn, Bellwood died of Cardiac Disease Exhaustion aged 40 on 24 September 1896 at her home in West Kensington, London. Her early death was attributed to her alcohol-fueled Bohemian life-style. Her funeral cortege passed along Fulham Road and onto Whitechapel Road and was witnessed by thousands of her fans and she was buried in St Patricks Catholic Cemetery in Leytonstone. Bellwood died in intestacy but her estate, worth UK£125, was given to Nicholson, Portrait of Bellwood on the National Portrait Gallery website
28.
Anton Bruckner
–
Josef Anton Bruckner was an Austrian composer known for his symphonies, masses, and motets. The first are considered emblematic of the stage of Austro-German Romanticism because of their rich harmonic language, strongly polyphonic character. Bruckners compositions helped to define contemporary musical radicalism, owing to their dissonances, unprepared modulations, unlike other musical radicals such as Richard Wagner and Hugo Wolf who fit the enfant terrible mould, Bruckner showed extreme humility before other musicians, Wagner in particular. This apparent dichotomy between Bruckner the man and Bruckner the composer hampers efforts to describe his life in a way that gives a straightforward context for his music. On the other hand, Bruckner was greatly admired by subsequent composers including his friend Gustav Mahler, Anton Bruckner was born in Ansfelden on 4 September 1824. The ancestors of Bruckners family were farmers and craftsmen, their history can be traced to as far back as the 16th century and they lived near a bridge south of Sindelburg, which led to their being called Pruckhner an der Pruckhen. Bruckners grandfather was appointed schoolmaster in Ansfelden in 1776, this position was inherited by Bruckners father, Anton Bruckner senior and it was a poorly paid but well-respected position in the rural environment. Music was a part of the curriculum, and Bruckners father was his first music teacher. Bruckner learned to play the organ early as a child and he entered school when he was six, proved to be a hard-working student, and was promoted to upper class early. While studying, Bruckner also helped his father in teaching the other children, after Bruckner received his confirmation in 1833, Bruckners father sent him to another school in Hörsching. The schoolmaster, Johann Baptist Weiß, was a music enthusiast, here, Bruckner completed his school education and learned to play the organ excellently. Around 1835 Bruckner wrote his first composition, a Pange lingua – one of the compositions which he revised at the end of his life, when his father became ill, Anton returned to Ansfelden to help him in his work. Bruckners father died in 1837, when Bruckner was 13 years old, the teachers position and house were given to a successor, and Bruckner was sent to the Augustinian monastery in Sankt Florian to become a choirboy. In addition to practice, his education included violin and organ lessons. Bruckner was in awe of the great organ, which was built during the late baroque era and rebuilt in 1837. Later, the organ was to be called the Bruckner Organ, despite his musical abilities, Bruckners mother sent her son to a teaching seminar in Linz in 1841. After completing the seminar with an excellent grade, Bruckner was sent as an assistant to a school in Windhaag. The living standards and pay were horrible, and Bruckner was constantly humiliated by his superior, despite the difficult situation, Bruckner never complained or rebelled, a belief of inferiority was to remain one of Bruckners main personal characteristics during his whole life
29.
Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)
–
Anton Bruckners Symphony No.7 in E major is one of his best-known symphonies. It was written between 1881 and 1883 and was revised in 1885 and it is dedicated to Ludwig II of Bavaria. The premiere, given under Arthur Nikisch and the Gewandhaus Orchestra in the house at Leipzig on 30 December 1884. The symphony is sometimes referred to as the Lyric, though the appellation is not the composers own, the symphony has four movements, Allegro moderato. Starts with tremolo strings and the cellos presenting a complete, divinely given melodic whole. Bruckner declared he heard it in a dream, played on a viola, and wrote it down on awakening and this movement was composed between January and April 1883. Bruckner began writing it in anticipation of Wagners death and funeral, the movement features four Wagner tubas, which was their first appearance in a symphony. It also features a contrabass tuba, legend has it that Bruckner wrote the cymbal clash at the climax of this movement upon hearing the news that Wagner had died. A scherzo in A minor, with a trio in F major, in the recapitulation, the subject groups are reversed in order. This was the performed at the works premiere. Unfortunately it survives only in one copy which includes later changes by Bruckner and others. Some changes were made after the 1884 premiere but before the first publication by Gutmann in 1885 and these changes mostly affect tempo and orchestration. Robert Haas attempted to remove the influence of Nikisch, Schalk, Haas used some material from the 1883 autograph but because this autograph also includes later changes much of his work was the product of conjecture. Leopold Nowak kept most of the changes in the 1885 Gutmann edition and he reprinted the tempo modifications from Gutmann but placed them in brackets. Some performances of this edition omit the cymbal clash at the climax of the slow movement, the Society folded before the arrangement could be performed, and it was not premiered until more than 60 years later. If Wagner tubas are not available, they are substituted with euphoniums. 2Except the third movement where the use of timpani figures prominently, a timpani roll enters at the coda of the first movement. In some performance editions, the timpani re-enters along with cymbals, in the last movement, the timpani rolls in brief climaxes before crescendoing with orchestral tutti in the final bars
30.
George Whitefield Chadwick
–
George Whitefield Chadwick was an American composer. Chadwicks works are influenced by the Realist movement in the arts, many consider his music to portray a distinctively American style. His works included several operas, three symphonies, five string quartets, tone poems, incidental music, songs and choral anthems. Along with a group of composers collectively known as the Boston Six. The other five were Amy Beach, Arthur Foote, Edward MacDowell, John Knowles Paine, born in a rural part of Lowell, Massachusetts, Chadwick received some early musical training from organ lessons given by his older brother, Fitz Henry. He developed an independent, self-reliant character early in his life, dropping out of high school in 1871, Chadwick assisted briefly in his fathers insurance business. The experience enabled him to travel to Boston and other cities, Chadwick entered New England Conservatory as a special student in 1872, so that he could study with the faculty without satisfying the rigorous entrance or degree requirements. However, he approached his studies seriously and took advantage of what NEC offered, Chadwick studied organ with George E. Whiting, piano with Carlyle Petersilea, and theory with Stephen A. Emery, each of whom was well respected in the Boston music scene. In America, he pursued studies with Eugene Thayer. In 1876, Chadwick accepted a faculty position in the program at Olivet College and was a valued instructor as well as administrator. While at Olivet, Chadwick founded the Music Teachers National Association, the first evidence of his interest in composing appeared during this time, from a performance of his Canon in E-flat dated 6 November 1876. Realizing that his career in the U. S. would be limited without further studies in Europe. He studied in Leipzig at the Royal Conservatory of Music under Carl Reinecke, chadwicks most significant compositions as a student there include two string quartets and the concert overture Rip Van Winkle. They helped confirm his position as a promising young American composer among his German contemporaries, after his two-year stay in Leipzig, Chadwick traveled around Europe with a group of artists who called themselves the Duveneck Boys. They were led by the young and charismatic Frank Duveneck, who was known for his portrait works in the style of Velázquez. The group was based in Munich, then major culture center second to Paris, Chadwick also stayed in France with the group, where he was taken with the French lifestyle and influenced by the emerging Impressionist movement. Chadwick resumed his studies with Josef Rheinberger at the Hochschule für Musik in Munich. Rheinberger was known as a musical craftsman who incorporated polyphony with creativity and clarity
