1.
Mormonism and polygamy
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The Latter-day Saints practice of polygamy has been controversial, both within Western society and the LDS Church itself. America was both fascinated and horrified by the practice of polygamy, with the Republican platform at one time referencing the twin relics of barbarism—polygamy, the private practice of polygamy was instituted in the 1830s by founder Joseph Smith. In 1862, the United States Congress passed the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act, in spite of the law, Mormons continued to practice polygamy, believing that it was protected by the First Amendment. In 1890, church president Wilford Woodruff issued a Manifesto that officially terminated the practice of polygamy. Although this Manifesto did not dissolve existing plural marriages, relations with the United States markedly improved after 1890, on its web site, the church states that the standard doctrine of the church is monogamy and that polygamy was a temporary exception to the rule. Many early converts, including Brigham Young, Orson Pratt, and Lyman Johnson, Pratt reported that Smith told some early members in 1831 and 1832 that plural marriage was a true principle, but that the time to practise it had not yet come. Johnson also claimed to have heard the doctrine from Smith in 1831, mosiah Hancock reported that his father was taught about plural marriage in the spring of 1832. William Clayton, Smiths scribe, recorded polygamous marriages in 1843. Clayton relates, On the 1st day of May,1843, I officiated in the office of an Elder by marrying Lucy Walker to the Prophet Joseph Smith, during this period the Prophet Joseph took several other wives. Amongst the number I well remember Eliza Partridge, Emily Partridge, Sarah Ann Whitney, Helen Kimball and these all, he acknowledged to me, were his lawful, wedded wives, according to the celestial order. His wife Emma was cognizant of the fact of some, if not all, of these being his wives, the majority of what became the Quorum of the Twelve in 1835 attended Mormon conferences held in the center of the Cochranites in 1834 and 1835. Joseph Smith publicly condemned polygamy, denied his involvement in it, but church leaders nevertheless began practicing polygamy in the 1840s, particularly members of the Quorum of the Twelve. At the time, the practice was kept secret from non-members, throughout his life, Smith publicly denied having multiple wives. However, John C. Bennett was called to account by Joseph and Hyrum Smith, in April 1844, Joseph Smith referred to polygamy as John C. The practice was publicly announced in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, in 1852, some five years after the Mormons arrived in Utah, the doctrine authorizing plural marriage was published in the 1876 version of the LDS Churchs Doctrine and Covenants. The 1843 polygamy revelation, published posthumously, counseled Smiths wife Emma to accept all of Smiths plural wives, Emma Smith was publicly and privately opposed to the practice and Joseph may have married some women without Emma knowing beforehand. Emma Smith remained affiliated with the RLDS Church until her death at the age of 74, Emma Smith claimed that the very first time she ever became aware of the 1843 polygamy revelation was when she read about it in Orson Pratts publication The Seer in 1853. There is a difference between sealing, and marriage
2.
Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy
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Polygamy, or plural marriage, in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints probably originated with the founder of Mormonism, Joseph Smith, who taught that polygamy was a divine commandment. Smith practiced it personally, by some accounts marrying more than 30 women some of whom had existing marriages to other men. Smiths son Joseph Smith III, his widow Emma Smith, and they instead claimed that Brigham Young, the head of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, introduced plural marriage after Smiths death. In 1852, leaders of the Utah-based LDS Church acknowledged that Smith taught, when polygamy was introduced into the Latter Day Saint movement is uncertain. Some scholars believe that Smith transcribed a revelation recommending polygamy on July 17,1831 and this alleged revelation is described in a letter to Brigham Young written in 1861 by an early Mormon convert, William W. Phelps, thirty years after the supposed revelation. This was during a period when LDS Church leaders were justifying the practice and origins of plural marriage, unlike the 1831 revelation, the 1830 version of the Book of Mormon does not specify that the Native Americans would become white and delightsome through plural marriage. Three authors assert that a record of the revelation exists, believed to be in the LDS Churchs historical department. The LDS Church never published Phelpss note or letter, nor has it been canonized as part of Mormon scripture, the church also never adopted a policy requiring or recommending that its members marry Native Americans. Though the 1831 revelation is cited by Mormon historians, non-Mormon historians, and critics, there are dissenting opinions, and no consensus has been reached. After Smiths death, many converts, including apostles Brigham Young, Orson Pratt. Mary Elizabeth Rollins Lightner, Smiths ninth wife claimed that Smith had a conversation with her in 1831 when she was twelve. Pratt reported that Smith told some early members in 1831 and 1832 that plural marriage was a true principle, Johnson also claimed to have heard the doctrine from Smith in 1831. Mosiah Hancock reported that his father Levi W. Hancock was taught about plural marriage in the spring of 1832. William Clayton, Smiths scribe, recorded polygamous marriages in 1843, including unions between Smith and Eliza Partridge, Emily Partridge, Sarah Ann Whitney, Helen Kimball, and Flora Woodworth. Mormons held two conferences at Saco, Maine, the center of Cochranism, on June 13,1834, at the latter conference, at least seven of the twelve newly-ordained Mormon apostles were in attendance, including Brigham Young. Others who spent time among the Cochranites were Orson Hyde and Smiths younger brother, among Cochrans marital innovations was spiritual wifery. Ridlon wrote in 1895, tradition assumes that received frequent consignments of spiritual consorts, some new Cochranites remained polygamists, and moved from the east coast to the Mormon community of Kirtland, Ohio. The revelation was dictated by Smith to his scribe William Clayton
3.
Latter Day Saint polygamy in the late-19th century
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Possibly as early as the 1830s, followers of the Latter Day Saint movement, were practicing the doctrine of polygamy or plural marriage. In the years after the LDS Church began practicing polygamy, it drew intense scrutiny and this criticism led to the Utah Mormon War, and eventually the abandonment of the practice under the leadership of Wilford Woodruff, who issued the 1890 Manifesto. The announcement came nine years after the purported original revelation by Joseph Smith, Young was unable to produce the original document and declared that Smiths widow Emma Smith had burned it. Polygamy was roundly condemned by all sections of the American public. During the presidential election of 1856 a key plank of the newly formed Republican Partys platform was a pledge to prohibit in the territories those twin relics of barbarism, polygamy, further tension grew due to the relationship between Gentile federal appointees and the Utah territorial leadership. This already tense situation was exacerbated by a period of intense religious revival starting in late 1856 dubbed the Mormon Reformation. In the midst of the American Civil War, Republican majorities in Congress were able to pass legislation meant to curb the Mormon practice of polygamy, one such act was the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act, which was signed into law on July 8,1862 by President Abraham Lincoln. The act banned plural marriage and limited church and non-profit ownership in any territory of the United States to $50,000, the act targeted the LDS Churchs control of Utah Territory. The measure had no funds allocated for enforcement, and thus it was not rigorously enforced, the Mormons, believing that the law unconstitutionally deprived them of their First Amendment right to freely practice their religion, chose to ignore the law. In the following years, several bills aimed at strengthening the anti-bigamy laws failed to pass the United States Congress. These included the Wade, Cragin, and Cullom bills which had their origin in the territory of Utah and were initiated by men who were opposed to the Mormon establishment. The Wade Bill initiated in 1866 would have destroyed local government if it had passed, three years later, the Cragin Bill was proposed, but within a few days it was substituted by the Cullom Bill, which was more radical than the Wade or Cragin bills. Members of the church worked for the defeat of the bill, including women of the church, poland of Vermont, the Act redefined the jurisdiction of Utah courts by giving the United States district courts exclusive jurisdiction in Utah Territory over all civil and criminal cases. The Act also eliminated the territorial marshal and attorney, giving their duties to a U. S, the Act also altered petit and grand jury empaneling rules to keep polygamists off juries. By removing Latter-day Saints from positions of authority in the Utah justice system, immediately, under the act, the United States Attorney tried to bring leading church officials to trial. These efforts culminated in the sentencing of George Reynolds to two years hard labor in prison and a fine of five hundred dollars for his practice of polygamy, in 1876, the Utah Territorial Supreme Court upheld the sentence. Reynolds was released from prison in January 1881, having served eighteen months of his original sentence, cannon, a prominent leader in the church, was denied a non-voting seat in the House of Representatives due to his multiple marriages. This revived the issue in national politics, electoral obstacles to prosecution were now removed, and the new territorial officials began criminal prosecutions in ernest
4.
Second Manifesto
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To be distinguished from the Second Manifesto of Surrealism The Second Manifesto was a 1904 declaration made by Joseph F. In 1890, church president Wilford Woodruff had issued the initial Manifesto, however, after the Manifesto, it became clear that a number of church members, including members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, were continuing to enter into or solemnize polygamous marriages. The Second Manifesto was announced at the conference of the church held on April 6,1904. At a public meeting, Smith announced that he would like to read a statement that he had prepared so that his words may not be misunderstood or misquoted. Joseph F. Smith, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, smiths official statement was later published in the Improvement Era, an official magazine of the church. A number of leaders were opposed to the enforcement of the Second Manifesto, including apostles John W. Taylor. As a result of their opposition, both resigned from the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1906, and in 1911 Taylor was excommunicated for continued opposition. In 1909, Francis M. Lyman chaired a committee to investigate plural marriages since the Second Manifesto that excommunicated people who had been involved in such practices. As the church began to excommunicate those who continued to enter into plural marriages, John Wickersham Woolley Short Creek raid Gospel Topics, The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage, lds. org, LDS Church, retrieved 2014-10-22
5.
Council of Friends (Woolley)
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The Council of Friends was one of the original expressions of Mormon fundamentalism, having its origins in the teachings of Lorin C. Woolley, a dairy farmer excommunicated from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1924, Woolley, to ensure that the practice of polygamy would continue into perpetuity even if abandoned by the church. To that end, Woolley extended the same authority to a seven-man Council of Friends between 1929 and 1933. Following the death of Woolley in September 1934 and of his Second Elder J. Leslie Broadbent six months later, the leadership of the Group fell to John Y. Barlow believed that the isolated Creek could provide a place of refuge for those engaging in the practice of polygamy, a felony, within a month. The UEP was incorporated on November 9,1942, the group was notorious for the practice of polygamy due to media coverage during the Short Creek raids of 1945 and 1953. Additions were made to Woolleys Council of Friends as time went on, leroy S. Johnson and Rulon Jeffs, future leaders of the FLDS Church, were ordained by John Y. Barlow in the 1940s, while Joseph Mussers ordination of Rulon C, allred in 1952 caused a division in the community and led to the creation of the Apostolic United Brethren. Today, the AUB continues to be led by a Priesthood Council, indeed, Woolley claimed to have been ordained to the Council for precisely that purpose by President John Taylor in 1886, along with his father John W. Woolley and four others. Barlow, Joseph White Musser, Charles Zitting, LeGrande Woolley, the following are the leaders of the Council of Friends prior to the 1954 split, John W. Woolley Lorin C. Woolley J. Leslie Broadbent John Y, barlow Joseph W. Musser Charles Zitting
6.
Mormon fundamentalism
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Mormon fundamentalists seek to uphold tenets and practices no longer held by mainstream Mormons. The principle most often associated with Mormon fundamentalism is plural marriage, a form of polygyny first taught in the Latter Day Saint movement by Joseph Smith, a second and closely associated principle is that of the United Order, a form of egalitarian communalism. Mormon fundamentalists believe that these and other principles were abandoned or changed by the LDS Church in its efforts to become reconciled with mainstream American society. Today, the LDS Church excommunicates any of its members who practice plural marriage or who otherwise closely associate themselves with Mormon fundamentalist practices, There is no single authority accepted by all Mormon fundamentalists, viewpoints and practices of individual groups vary. Fundamentalists have formed numerous small sects, often within cohesive and isolated communities in the Western United States, Western Canada, and northern Mexico. At times, sources have claimed there are as many as 60,000 Mormon fundamentalists in the United States, however, others have suggested that there may be as few as 20,000 Mormon fundamentalists with only 8,000 to 15,000 practicing polygamy. The largest Mormon fundamentalist groups are the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, the LDS Church began prohibiting the contracting of plural marriages within the United States in 1890 after a decree by the president of the church, Wilford Woodruff. However, the practice continued underground in the U. S. and openly in Mormon colonies in northern Mexico and southern Alberta. According to some sources, many men in the United States continued to live with their plural wives with the approval of church presidents Woodruff, Lorenzo Snow. They make their argument based upon evidence and the fact that the Manifesto is not worded in accordance with similar revelations in the LDS scriptures. The LDS Church prevents any of its members who sympathize with Mormon fundamentalist teachings from entering its temples, during the 1920s, a church dissenter named Lorin C. Woolley claimed a line of priesthood authority from the LDS Churchs hierarchy. Most of the Mormon polygamous groups can trace their roots to Woolleys legacy, for the most part, the Utah state government has left the Mormon fundamentalists to themselves unless their practices violate laws other than those prohibiting bigamy. For example, there have been recent prosecutions of men who belong to fundamentalist groups for marrying underage girls, in one highly publicized case, a man and one of his polygamist wives lost custody of all but one of their children until the wife separated herself from her husband. The largest government effort to crack down on the practices of fundamentalist Mormons was carried out in 1953 in what is today Colorado City, Arizona, most Mormon fundamentalists embrace the term Fundamentalist. Mormon fundamentalists share certain commonalities with other fundamentalist movements, but also possess some clear distinctions of their own, in this view, ordination lineage becomes all-important and an external organization such as a church may lose its theological authority while the priesthood may continue via an alternative lineage. Mormon fundamentalists frequently assert that priesthood is prior to the Church, Mormon fundamentalists dislike the term polygamy and view polygyny as a term used only by outsiders. They also refer to plural marriage generically as the Principle, celestial marriage, the practice of plural marriage usually differs little from the manner in which it was practiced in the nineteenth century
7.
Joseph Smith
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Joseph Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, Smith published the Book of Mormon, by the time of his death fourteen years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religious culture that continues to the present. In 1830, Smith published what he said was an English translation of these plates, the same year he organized the Church of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christian church. Members of the church were later called Latter Day Saints, or Mormons, in 1831, Smith and his followers moved west, planning to build a communalistic American Zion. They first gathered in Kirtland, Ohio, and established an outpost in Independence, Missouri, during the 1830s, Smith sent out missionaries, published revelations, and supervised construction of the expensive Kirtland Temple. In 1844, Smith and the Nauvoo city council angered non-Mormons by destroying a newspaper that had criticized Smiths power, after Smith was imprisoned in Carthage, Illinois, he was killed when a mob stormed the jailhouse. Smith published many revelations and other texts that his followers regard as scripture and his teachings include unique views about the nature of God, cosmology, family structures, political organization, and religious collectivism. Joseph Smith Jr. was born on December 23,1805, in Sharon, Vermont, to Lucy Mack Smith and her husband Joseph Sr. a merchant, after suffering a crippling bone infection when he was seven, the younger Smith used crutches for three years. During the Second Great Awakening, the region was a hotbed of religious enthusiasm, although Smiths parents disagreed about religion, the family was caught up in this excitement. Smith later said he became interested in religion at about the age of twelve, he participated in church classes, as a teenager, he may have been sympathetic to Methodism. With other family members, Smith also engaged in folk magic. Both his parents and his grandfather reportedly had visions or dreams that they believed communicated messages from God. Smith said that although he had become concerned about the welfare of his soul, years later Smith said that in 1820 he had received a vision that resolved his religious confusion. While praying in an area near his home, he said that God, in a vision, had told him his sins were forgiven. Smith said he told the experience to a preacher, who dismissed the story with contempt, but the experience was largely unknown, even to most Mormons, until the 1840s. Although Smith may have understood the event as a conversion, this First Vision later grew in importance among Mormons. Smith said he attempted to remove the plates the next morning but was unsuccessful because the angel prevented him, Smith reported that during the next four years, he made annual visits to the hill but each time returned without the plates. Meanwhile, the Smith family faced financial hardship due in part to the November 1823 death of Smiths oldest brother Alvin, Family members supplemented their meager farm income by hiring out for odd jobs and working as treasure seekers, a type of magical supernaturalism common during the period
8.
Brigham Young
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Brigham Young was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States. He was the second President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1847 until his death in 1877 and he founded Salt Lake City and he served as the first governor of the Utah Territory. Young also led the foundings of the precursors to the University of Utah, Young was dubbed by his followers the Lion of the Lord for his bold personality and was also commonly called Brother Brigham by Latter-day Saints. Young was a polygamist and was involved in controversies regarding black people and the Priesthood, the Utah War, and the Mountain Meadows massacre. Young was born to John Young and Abigail Nabby Howe, a family in Whitingham, Vermont. Young was first married in 1824 to Miriam Angeline Works, though he had converted to the Methodist faith in 1823, Young was drawn to Mormonism after reading the Book of Mormon shortly after its publication in 1830. He officially joined the new church in 1832 and traveled to Upper Canada as a missionary, after his wife died in 1832, Young joined many Mormons in establishing a community in Kirtland, Ohio. In 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith, several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Young opposed this reasoning and motion, the majority in attendance were persuaded that the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was to lead the church with Young as the Quorums president. Many of Youngs followers would later reminisce that while Young spoke to the congregation, he looked or sounded exactly like Smith, Young was ordained President of the Church in December 1847, three and a half years after Smiths death. Rigdon became the president of a church organization based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Repeated conflict led Young to relocate his group of Latter-day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley, Young organized the journey that would take the Mormon pioneers to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, then to the Salt Lake Valley. By the time Young arrived at the destination, it had come under American control as a result of war with Mexico. Young arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on July 24,1847, Youngs expedition was one of the largest and one of the best organized westward treks. On August 22,29 days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, after three years of leading the church as the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Young reorganized a new First Presidency and was declared president of the church on December 27,1847. As colonizer and founder of Salt Lake City, Young was appointed the territorys first governor, during his time as prophet, Young directed the establishment of settlements throughout present-day Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Nevada, California and parts of southern Colorado and northern Mexico. Young was also one of the first to subscribe to Union Pacific stock, Young organized the first legislature and established Fillmore as the territorys first capital. Young organized a Board of Regents to establish a university in the Salt Lake Valley and it was established on February 28,1850, as the University of Deseret, its name was eventually changed to the University of Utah
9.
Apostolic United Brethren
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The Apostolic United Brethren is a fundamentalist group that promotes polygamy. The title Apostolic United Brethren is not generally used by members and those outside the faith sometimes refer to it as the Allred Group because two of its presidents shared that surname. The AUB is unrelated to other similarly named groups such as Churches of the Brethren and this fundamentalist group recently came into the Hollywood spotlight with the release of the hit Reality TV Series Sister Wives aired in 2010. The AUB furnished a description of their beliefs and practices in August 2009 to the Utah Attorney Generals Polygamy Primer. This booklet is used to educate the law enforcement and social relief agencies involved with similar groups, as of 1998, there were approximately 10,000 members of the AUB, most of whom reside in Utah and Mexico. The headquarters of the AUB is in Bluffdale, Utah, where it has a chapel, a school, archives, and it operates at least three private schools, many families also home-school or send their children to public or public charter schools. This can largely be attributed to the AUBs former prophet, Owen A. Allred believed that transparency was key in helping the community see that the AUB, the AUB is headed by a President of the Priesthood. Next in authority is a Priesthood Council, on a local level there are Bishops, Priesthood Council representatives, and patriarchs. General Sacrament Meeting and Sunday School meetings take place on Sundays, relief Society, Young Womens, Primary, and Scouting take place throughout the week. Dances, firesides, musical events, plays, and classes are held at meetinghouses. The AUB regards the Book of Mormon as sacred scripture in addition to the Bible, the AUB teaches that the LDS Church is still fulfilling a divine role in spreading the Book of Mormon and other basic doctrines of Mormonism, and in facilitating genealogy. Members of the AUB are known for their belief in plural marriage, other key beliefs include the United Order, the Adam–God doctrine, and what is commonly called the 1886 Meeting. While not all take part in plural marriage, it is considered a crucial step in the quest for obtaining the highest glory of heaven. Allred, told a fundamentalist congregation in 1966, We are specifically instructed through John Taylor by Joseph Smith and Jesus Christ, with the function of the Church. God’s Church is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and he further explained in 1975, We are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, no matter who may decry it or who may deny it. We are functioning within the confines of the Church, he commented. Under his leadership, the Allred group did no work or temple work. He predicted in 1975 that the time is at hand when God is going to intervene in the matter, and the temples will be opened to us, the following day, the Woolleys, as well as Taylors counselor, George Q
10.
Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act
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The Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act was a federal enactment of the United States Congress that was signed into law on July 8,1862 by President Abraham Lincoln. Sponsored by Justin Smith Morrill of Vermont, the act banned bigamy in federal territories such as Utah and limited church, the act targeted the Mormon practice of plural marriage and the property dominance of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Utah Territory. The Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act was amended in 1882 by the Edmunds Act, enforcement of these acts start in July 1887. The issue went to the Supreme Court in the case Late Corp. of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States that upheld the Edmunds–Tucker Act on May 19,1890. Among other things, the act disincorporated The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, within five months, the LDS Church officially discontinued the practice of plural marriage with the 1890 Manifesto. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation, U. S, congressional Documents and Debates,1774 -1875. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation, U. S, congressional Documents and Debates,1774 -1875. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation, U. S, congressional Documents and Debates,1774 -1875
11.
Poland Act
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Poland of Vermont, the Act redefined the jurisdiction of Utah courts by giving the United States district courts exclusive jurisdiction in Utah Territory over all civil and criminal cases. The Act also eliminated the territorial marshal and attorney, giving their duties to a U. S, the Act also altered petit and grand jury empaneling rules to keep polygamists off juries. By removing Latter-day Saints from positions of authority in the Utah justice system, the Act was intended to allow for successful prosecutions of Mormon polygamists. In 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed into law the bill known as the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act. In the following years, several bills aimed at strengthening the anti-bigamy laws failed to pass the United States Congress. These included the Wade, Cragin, and Cullom bills which had their origin in the Utah Territory and were initiated by men who were opposed to the Mormon curia. The Wade Bill initiated in 1866 would have destroyed local government if it had passed, three years later the Cragin Bill was proposed, but within a few days it was substituted by the Cullom Bill, which was more radical than the Wade or Cragin bills. Members of the church worked for the defeat of the bill, frank J. Cannon has this to say, Brigham had no trouble in organizing at home a resistance to the Cullom bill, in which Gentiles, Godbeites, and orthodox Mormons stood side by side. The women of Utah made a special and particular protest, the influence of railroad and telegraph friends was also called upon to resist the bill. At any rate, the Cullom bill died of neglect. Under the Poland Act, jury lists were to be drawn by the court clerk. Immediately the United States attorney tried to bring leading church officials to trial, many of the leaders of the church had married before the law was passed in 1862 and could not be tried ex post facto. Furthermore, the wives could not be required to testify against their husbands, and the records of plural marriages were kept privately in the Endowment House. After U. S. Reynolds agreed to serve, then provided the attorney numerous witnesses who could testify of his being married to two wives, and was indicted for bigamy by a jury on October 23,1874. When Carey did not keep his promise and arrested George Q, Cannon, church leaders decided that they would no longer cooperate with him. In 1875, Reynolds was convicted and sentenced to two years hard labor in prison and a fine of five hundred dollars, in 1876 the Utah Territorial Supreme Court upheld the sentence. Reynolds was released from prison in January 1881, having served eighteen months of his original sentence, professor Berrett first wrote this article Stephen Eliot Smith, “The ‘Mormon Question’ Revisited, Anti-polygamy Laws and the Free Exercise Clause”. Poland Act of 1874 Relating to the Courts of Utah 43rd U. S. Congress, 1st Session, Volume 18, Part 3, a Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation, U. S
12.
Edmunds Act
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The Edmunds Act, also known as the Edmunds Anti-Polygamy Act of 1882, is a United States federal statute, signed into law on March 23,1882 by president Chester A. Arthur, declaring polygamy a felony. The act is named for U. S, senator George F. Edmunds of Vermont. The Edmunds Act also prohibited bigamous or unlawful cohabitation, thus removing the need to prove that actual marriages had occurred. A claim was made that the law violated the prohibition on ex post facto laws. A challenge to the statute was framed on these and other grounds. The Supreme Court ruled, in Murphy v. Ramsey,114 U. S.15, some modern scholars suggest the law may be unconstitutional for being in violation of the Free Exercise Clause. It also provided for a five-man Utah Commission appointed by the president to all aspects of the electoral process in Utah Territory. All elected offices throughout the territory were vacated, the board issued certificates to those who both denied a belief in polygamy and did not practice it, and new elections were held. Enforcement of the start in July 1887. The issue went to the Supreme Court in the case Late Corp. of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States that upheld the Edmunds–Tucker Act on May 19,1890. Among other things, the act disincorporated The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, within five months, the LDS Church officially discontinued the practice of plural marriage with the 1890 Manifesto. More than 1,300 men were imprisoned under the terms of the Edmunds Act, rudger Clawson — August 1882 — a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles who was the first person convicted. He was pardoned by President Grover Cleveland mere months before his sentence was going to expire, william J. Flake —1883 — one of the founders of Snowflake, Arizona, who married his second wife in 1868. Was imprisoned in the Yuma Territorial Prison in 1883, after his release, when asked which of his wives he was going to give up, he replied, Neither. I married both in faith and intended to support both of them. As he had served his sentence, he could not be retried on the same charges. Angus M. Cannon —1885 — a Stake President, member of the Council of Fifty, Cannon was sentenced to six months imprisonment and a $900 fine. Cannon was the appellant in the case of Cannon v. United States, cannons appeal was on the grounds that he had immediately ceased having sexual relations with the two wives he was accused of cohabiting with after polygamy was criminalized
13.
Reed Smoot hearings
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The Reed Smoot hearings were a series of Congressional hearings on whether the United States Senate should seat U. S. Senator Reed Smoot, who was elected by the Utah legislature in 1903, Smoot was an apostle in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, one of the top 15 leaders of the church. The hearings began in 1904 and continued until 1907, when the Senate voted, the vote fell short of a two-thirds majority needed to expel a member so he retained his seat. For example, the President of the LDS Church Joseph F. Smith cohabited with his many wives, new plural marriages did end by 1909, but the practice continued until the polygamists died off. Smoot himself only had one wife, earlier, when it was well known that Brigham Young was a polygamist, the U. S. President appointed him twice as territorial governor and the Senate ratified the appointment. Much of the American Protestant establishment viewed the LDS Church with distrust, prior to being called as an apostle of the LDS Church, Smoot had run for a Senate position, but withdrew before the election. After becoming an apostle in 1900, he received the approval of church president Joseph F. Smith to run again in 1902 as a Republican, in January 1903, the Utah legislature elected Smoot with 46 votes, compared to his Democratic competitor, who won 16. When Senator Smoot arrived in Washington, D. C. in late February 1903, he was met with protests and charges that he was a polygamist, charges he could easily disprove. Unlike B. H. Roberts, who upon election to the House of Representatives was not allowed to sit while hearings took place, among the public, old charges of Danites, the Mountain Meadows massacre, and Brigham Youngs plural wives were discussed. In January 1904, Senator Smoot prepared a rebuttal to these criticisms with the help of several non-Mormon lawyers, the actual hearings began in March. LDS Church President Joseph F. Smith took the stand and was interrogated for three days. Apostles Matthias F. Cowley and John W. Taylor did not show up after being subpoenaed, apostle Marriner W. Merrill ignored one subpoena and died soon after being subpoenaed a second time. The public participated actively in the proceedings, in the Capitol, spectators lined the halls, waiting for limited seats in the committee room, and filled the galleries to hear floor debates. For those who could not see for themselves, journalists and cartoonists depicted each days admission, at the height of the hearing, some senators were receiving a thousand letters a day from angry constituents. What remains of public petitions fills 11 feet of shelf space. After years of hearings, the charges of the opposition included. Apostles John W. Taylor and Matthias F. Cowley were still performing plural marriages in Mexico and Canada and that the church was exerting too much influence on Utah politics. That members were required to take oaths in the temples to seek revenge on the United States and that members believed revelation was higher than the laws of the land
14.
Reynolds v. United States
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Reynolds v. United States,98 U. S.145, was a Supreme Court of the United States case that held that religious duty was not a defense to a criminal indictment. Reynolds was the first Supreme Court opinion to address the Impartial Jury and he was secretary to Brigham Young and presented himself as a test of the federal governments attempt to outlaw polygamy. An earlier conviction was overturned on technical grounds, on the other hand, in subsequent years, efforts had been underway to strengthen the anti-bigamy laws. In 1875, Reynolds was convicted and sentenced to two years hard labor in prison and a fine of five hundred dollars, in 1876 the Utah Territorial Supreme Court upheld the sentence. Previously, U. S. Attorney William Carey promised to stop his attempts to indict general authorities during the test case, however when Carey failed to keep his promise and arrested George Q. Cannon, LDS Church leaders decided that they would no longer cooperate with him, Reynolds was indicted in the District Court for the 3rd Judicial District of the Territory of Utah under sect. Reynolds tried to have the jury instructed that if they found he committed bigamy with the intention of following his religion. After being found guilty by the court, Reynolds appealed to the Utah Territorial Supreme Court. The Court affirmed Reynoldss conviction unanimously, chief Justice Morrison Waite wrote on behalf of himself and seven colleagues. Justice Field wrote a concurrence that dissented on one minor point, the Court considered whether Reynolds could use religious belief or duty as a defense. Reynolds had argued that as a Mormon, it was his religious duty as a member of the church to practice polygamy if possible. The Court recognized that under the First Amendment, the Congress cannot pass a law prohibits the free exercise of religion. However it held that the law prohibiting bigamy did not meet that standard, the principle that a person could only be married singly, not plurally, existed since the times of King James I of England in English law, upon which United States law was based. The former lies solely between man and his God, therefore the legislative powers of the government reach actions only, the Court believed the First Amendment forbade Congress from legislating against opinion, but allowed it to legislate against action. Reynolds argued that the jury that had indicted him was not legal. United States law at that time required that a grand jury consist of no fewer than 16 persons, the grand jury that indicted Reynolds had only 15 persons. The court rejected this argument because the Utah Territory had passed a law in 1870 under which a jury had to consist of only 15 persons. During his original trial, Reynolds had challenged two jurors, both of whom stated that they had formed an opinion on the guilt or innocence of Reynolds before the trial
15.
Angus M. Cannon
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Angus Munn Cannon was an early Latter Day Saint leader and Mormon pioneer. Cannon was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, England and his Manx parents joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1840, being baptized by his uncle John Taylor. In 1842, the Cannon family went to Nauvoo, Illinois, by 1849, they were in Utah Territory. Cannon was the brother of George Q. Cannon and their lives followed very similar paths up until their arrival in Utah, in 1854, Cannon went on a mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to the Eastern United States, where he assisted John Taylor in publishing a periodical entitled The Mormon. He also preached and baptized in Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Cannon returned to Utah Territory due to the troubles connected with the Utah War. In 1864, Cannon helped establish Calls Landing on the Colorado River, later known as Callville, Callville was submerged when Lake Mead was filled. In 1869 and 1870, Cannon served a mission in the Eastern United States. In April 1876, Cannon became president of the Salt Lake Stake of the LDS Church and he served in this position until April 1,1904. After his time as president, Cannon served as a patriarch in the church. Cannon was the mayor of St. George, Utah Territory in 1861 and 1862, in 1896, after Utah had become a U. S. state, he stood for election as the Republican Party candidate for a state senate seat in Salt Lake County. He was defeated by one of his wives, Martha Hughes Cannon, like many early members of the LDS Church, Cannon practiced plural marriage. Cannon was the appellant in the case of Cannon v. United States, Cannon had been convicted under the Edmunds Act of unlawful cohabitation with more than one wife and sentenced to six months imprisonment and a $900 fine. Cannon appealed his conviction on the grounds that he had ceased having sexual relations with the two wives he was accused of cohabiting with after polygamy was criminalized. Cannon was pardoned in 1894 by U. S. President Grover Cleveland, Cannon died of apoplexy in Salt Lake City, Utah. Clara C. M. Cannon Cannon, Donald Q, angus M. Cannon, Pioneer, President, Patriarch. Supporting Saints, Life Stories of Nineteenth-Century Mormons, Religious Studies Center Specialized Monograph Series. Provo, Utah, Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University
16.
Clawson v. United States
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Clawson v. United States,113 U. S. The appeal was perfected and the certificate was filed in the proper office, the defendant thereupon applied to the court in which he was sentenced to be let to bail pending his appeal. The accused then sued out a writ of habeas corpus from the supreme court of the territory. In his petition therefor, he stated that he was then imprisoned, the supreme court of the territory overruled the application for bail, and remanded the petitioner to the custody of the marshal. From that order the present appeal was prosecuted, list of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 113113143 Justia. com 114 U. S.477,5 S. Ct. 949, The RJ&L Religious Liberty Archive, The Religious Institutions Group
17.
Davis v. Beason
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Davis v. Beason,133 U. S. Congress had passed the Edmunds Act in 1882, which made polygamy a felony, over 1,300 Mormons were imprisoned. The Act also required test oaths requiring voters to swear they were not bigamists or polygamists, a statute of the Idaho Territory required a similar oath, in order to limit or eliminate Mormons participation in government and their control of local schools. Mormons initiated a challenge to Idahos oath test, davis, a resident of Idaho, was convicted in the territorial district court of swearing falsely after taking the voters oath. Davis appealed his conviction via a habeas corpus writ, claiming that the Idaho law requiring the oath violated his right to the exercise of his religion as a member of the LDS Church. Justice Field, writing for the Court, condemned polygamy, writing that Few crimes are more pernicious to the best interests of society and he went on to echo Reynolds v. those who have been convicted of certain offenses. Has the Court concluded that the social harm of polygamy is a legitimate concern of government
18.
Cleveland v. United States (1946)
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Cleveland v. United States,329 U. S. Individuals were members of a fundamentalist Mormon sect that practiced polygamy, the individuals were indicted for transporting women across state lines to enter into plural marriages. Following a bench trial, all of the individuals were convicted for violations of the Mann Act and they then appealed their convictions to the U. S. Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals, which affirmed the convictions, the U. S. Supreme Court then granted certiorari to hear the case. Justice William O. Douglas delivered the opinion of the court, in noting the historical unlawfulness of polygamy in the United States, the Court found polygamy to be an immoral act of the type contemplated by the Mann Acts prohibitions. Finally, the Court found that there is no defense to the Mann Act by virtue of the religious beliefs that motivate the practice of polygamy. Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge delivered a concurring opinion, cleveland v. United States,329 U. S.14. Caminetti v. United States,242 U. S.470
19.
Brown v. Buhman
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Brown v. Buhman is a legal case in the United States federal courts challenging the State of Utahs criminal polygamy law. The action was filed in 2011 by polygamous patriarch Kody Brown along with his wives Meri Brown, Janelle Brown, Christine Brown, the Brown family belongs to the Apostolic United Brethren faith, they are best known in connection with a reality television series featuring them, Sister Wives. The Tenth Circuit concluded that because local Utah prosecutors had a policy of not pursuing most polygamy cases, video footage of a marriage ceremony between Kody Brown and Robyn Sullivan was potential evidence against them. Kody Brown has claimed the family is breaking no laws because only the first marriage is a legal marriage, while the others are simply commitments. However, experts claim that the history as a unit for 16 years. In anticipation of legal scrutiny, the producers of the show contacted the Utah Attorney Generals office months before the series was broadcast, prior to the Sister Wives premiere, it had been nine years since anyone in Utah had been prosecuted for practicing polygamy. Once the investigation concluded, the police turned their evidence over to the Utah County Attorneys office for review, despite Brown being only legally married to one woman, Lehi police have noted that state code identifies bigamy through cohabitation, not just legal marriage contracts. In response to the investigation, the Browns released a statement, We are disappointed in the announcement of an investigation, but for the sake of our family, and most importantly, our kids, we felt it was a risk worth taking. Additionally, Kody said the show negatively affected some of his advertising sales and we are one of those families. We only wish to live our lives according to our beliefs. We are indebted to Professor Turley and his team for their work, together we hope to secure equal treatment with other families in the United States. On June 1,2012, the case against the Browns was dropped. However, the suit filed by the Browns remained active after U. S. The hearing on the case occurred in January 2013, unlawful cohabitation, where prosecutors did not need to prove that a marriage ceremony had taken place, had been a major tool used to prosecute polygamy in Utah since the 1882 Edmunds Act. The State of Utah appealed the ruling to the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, oral argument was held on January 21,2016. The State of Utah was represented by Parker Douglas, the plaintiffs were represented by George Washington University Law School professor Jonathan Turley, acting pro bono. On April 11,2016, a panel of the Tenth Circuit unanimously ordered the district court to dismiss the case on standing grounds. Judge Scott Matheson Jr. wrote for the court, and was joined by Judge Bobby Ray Baldock and Judge Nancy Moritz
20.
Celestial marriage
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Celestial marriage is a doctrine of Mormonism, particularly The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and branches of Mormon fundamentalism. Within the LDS Church, celestial marriage is an associated with a covenant that usually takes place inside temples by those authorized to hold the sealing power. The only people allowed to enter the temple, be married there, obtaining a temple recommend requires one to abide by LDS Church doctrine and be interviewed and considered worthy by their bishop and stake president. A prerequisite to contracting a marriage, in addition to obtaining a temple recommend, involves undergoing the temple endowment. In the marriage ceremony a man and a woman make covenants to God and to other and are said to be sealed as husband and wife for time. In the 19th century, the celestial marriage usually referred to the practice of plural marriage. The term is used in this sense by Mormon fundamentalists not affiliated with the LDS Church. In the LDS Church today, both men and women may enter a marriage with only one living partner at a time. A man may be sealed to more than one woman, if his wife dies, he may enter another celestial marriage, and be sealed to both his living wife and deceased wife or wives. Many Mormons believe that all these marriages will be valid in the eternities, in 1998, the LDS Church changed the policy and now also allows women to be sealed to more than one man. A woman, however, may not be sealed to more than one man at a time while she is alive and she may only be sealed to subsequent partners after she has died. Proxy sealings, like proxy baptisms, are offered to the person in the afterlife. According to church teachings, the marriage covenant, as with other covenants. If only one remains righteous that person is promised a righteous eternal companion in eternity, Mormons do not interpret Jesus statement as meaning that marriages will not exist after the Resurrection, but that marriages will not be performed after the Resurrection. Thus, Mormons believe that only mortals can be the subject of an eternal marriage ordinance, celestial marriage is an instance of the LDS Church doctrine of sealing. Following a celestial marriage, not only are the couple sealed as husband and wife, Mormons believe that through this sealing, man, wife and children will live together forever, if obedient to Gods commandments. There is substantial doctrinal dispute between the LDS Church and its offshoots as to whether celestial marriage is plural or monogamous, sealings for time and eternity were being performed for monogamous couples long before 1890. Throughout all time periods of the LDS Churchs history, the majority of temple sealings were between one man and one wife
21.
Polygamy in North America
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Polygamy is the practice of taking more than one spouse. Polygyny is the practice of one man taking more than one wife. In North America polygamy has not been a culturally normative or legally recognized institution since the colonization by Europeans. It is now approved in Michigan, however, breakaway Mormon fundamentalist groups living mostly in the western United States, Canada, and Mexico still practice plural marriage. Some other Americans practice polygamy including some American Muslims, Polygamy is the act or condition of a person marrying another person while still being lawfully married to another spouse. It is illegal in the United States, the crime is punishable by a fine, imprisonment, or both, according to the law of the individual state and the circumstances of the offense. As of 2008, there were no longer any federal laws against polygamy, but there are laws against the practice in all 50 states, as well as the District of Columbia, Guam, known bigamists are inadmissible to the United States. Many US courts treat bigamy as a strict liability crime, in jurisdictions a person can be convicted of a felony even if he reasonably believed he had only one legal spouse. For example, if a person has the belief that their previous spouse is dead or that their divorce is final. In Canada the federal Criminal Code applies throughout the country and it extends the normal definition of polygamy to having any kind of conjugal union with more than one person at the same time. Also anyone who assists, celebrates, or is a part to a rite, ceremony, Polygamy is an offence punishable by up to five years in prison. Polygamy in the United States has a long history, many Native American tribes practiced polygamy and European mountain men often took native wives and adopted the practice. Some tribes seem to have continued the practice into the 20th century, scots-Irish settlers, and some Welsh emigrants, carried long-standing multiple partner traditions to the Americas from Europe. Utopian and communal groups established during the century had varying marriage systems, including group marriage. There is also evidence in the American South for multiple marriage partners. Polygamy has also practiced, discreetly, by some Muslims living in America. However, these marriages are not recognized by American law. Because polygamy has been throughout the United States since the mid-19th century
22.
Freedom of religion in the United States
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In the United States, freedom of religion is a constitutionally protected right provided in the religion clauses of the First Amendment. The United States Constitution addresses the issue of religion in two places, in the First Amendment, and the Article VI prohibition on religious tests as a condition for holding public office. The First Amendment prohibits the Congress from making a law respecting an establishment of religion and this provision was later expanded to state and local governments, through the Incorporation of the Fourteenth Amendment. However, New Amsterdam Director-General Peter Stuyvesant issued an edict prohibiting the harboring of Quakers, on December 27,1657, the inhabitants of Flushing approved a protest known as The Flushing Remonstrance. This contained religious arguments even mentioning freedom for Jews, Turks, and Egyptians, Freedom of religion was first applied as a principle in the founding of the colony of Maryland, also founded by the Catholic Lord Baltimore, in 1634. The Maryland Toleration Act was repealed with the assistance of Protestant assemblymen, in 1657, Lord Baltimore regained control after making a deal with the colonys Protestants, and in 1658 the Act was again passed by the colonial assembly. This time, it would last more than thirty years, until 1692, in addition in 1704, an Act was passed to prevent the growth of Popery in this Province, preventing Catholics from holding political office. Full religious toleration would not be restored in Maryland until the American Revolution, as well as banning Quakers and Anabaptists. These colonies became safe havens for persecuted religious minorities, Catholics and Jews also had full citizenship and free exercise of their faiths. Williams, Hooker, Penn, and their friends were firmly convinced that democracy, williams gave the most profound theological reason, As faith is the free gift of the Holy Spirit, it cannot be forced upon a person. Therefore, strict separation of church and state has to be kept, Pennsylvania was the only colony that retained unlimited religious freedom until the foundation of the United States. The inseparable connection of democracy, freedom of religion, and the forms of freedom became the political and legal basis of the new nation. The Free Exercise Clause states that Congress cannot prohibit the exercise of religious practices. The Supreme Court of the United States has consistently held, however, the Court reasoned that to do otherwise would set precedent for a full range of religious beliefs including those as extreme as human sacrifice. The Court stated that Laws are made for the government of actions, for example, if one were part of a religion that believed in vampirism, the First Amendment would protect ones belief in vampirism, but not the practice. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the religious civil rights, Constitution also provides that No religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification of any Office or public Trust under the United States. Several states have included in their constitutions that requires state office-holders to have particular religious beliefs. These include Arkansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, some of these beliefs were historically required of jurors and witnesses in court
23.
Mormon colonies in Mexico
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Many of the original colonists came to Mexico due to federal attempts to curb and prosecute polygamy in the United States. The towns making up the colonies were situated in the states of Chihuahua and Sonora. By the early 20th century, many of these were relatively prosperous, however, in the summer of 1912, the colonies were evacuated due to anti-American sentiment during the Mexican Revolution and many of their citizens left for the United States and never returned. Some colonists did eventually return to their settlements, but today only Colonia Juárez, the Colonia Juárez Chihuahua México Temple, built in 1999, is located in Colonia Juárez, and is currently the smallest temple the LDS Church operates. As early as 1874, Brigham Young, President of the LDS Church, in 1875, settlers set out with the dual purpose of proselytizing and finding prospective locations for Mormon settlements. The missionaries returned with positive reports the next year and another group was sent in October 1876, in 1877, Young discussed the idea of colonizing parts of northern Mexico, but it was considered unwise due to the considerable danger from Apache raiders in the area. Young died later that year and leadership of the fell to John Taylor as the president of the Quorum of the 12 Apostles. John Taylor was ordained as prophet in 1880, Taylor continued Youngs policy of missionary work in Mexico, and through the early 1880s colonization was considered on several occasions without effort to begin the process. However, in 1882 the Edmunds Act was passed by the United States Congress and this was part of the by then 20-year struggle by the US government to curb the LDS practice of plural marriage in Utah Territory and other locations in the American West. Among other things, the law felonized the practice of polygamy, as a result, over a thousand Latter-day Saint men and women were eventually fined and jailed. Some were sent as far away as Michigan to fulfill their terms, in 1885 President John Taylor purchased 100,000 acres of land in Mexico. This act allowed over 350 Latter-day Saint families who practiced polygamy from Utah and this was a very strenuous task, but it allowed the men the opportunity to keep their multiple wives without being fined and jailed. These people started their own farming colonies and established their settlements in Chihuahua and Sonora, where they focused their labors on sheep, cattle, wheat, row crops, and fruit orchards. The anti-foreign sentiment of The Mexican Revolution in 1910 made life there for the Latter-day Saint colonists difficult with many threats, the colonists returned to the United States. When it was decided it was safe, less than one-quarter of the previous population re-settled to Mexico, most of the returned to their Utah. The Mexican Latter-day Saints colonies did not return to their previous success due to the living conditions. Only two colonies remain, Colonia Dublán and Colonia Juárez, members of the Romney family have roots in these colonies, including Marion G. Romney and George W. Romney having been born there. Many Mormon settlements in the United States are in areas that at one time belonged to Mexico, Mormon Colonies in Mexico is also the title of a 1938 book by Thomas Cottam Romney
24.
Short Creek raid
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The Short Creek raid was the largest mass arrest of polygamists in American history. At the time, it was described as the largest mass arrest of men and women in modern American history, just before dawn on July 26,1953,102 Arizona officers of public safety and soldiers from the Arizona National Guard entered Short Creek. The entire community was taken into custody, with the exception of six individuals who were not to be fundamentalist Mormons. Among those taken into custody were 263 children, one hundred and fifty of the children who were taken into custody were not permitted to return to their parents for more than two years, and some parents never regained custody of their children. More than 100 reporters had been invited by Pyle to accompany the police to observe the raid, were those teenagers playing volleyball in a school yard inspiring a rebellion. Well, if so, an insurrection with diapers and volleyballs, one commentator has suggested that commentary on the raid was probably the first time in history that American polygamists had received media coverage that was largely sympathetic. Another has suggested that the raids only American parallel is the actions against Native Americans in the nineteenth century. When Pyle lost his bid for re-election in 1954 to Democratic candidate Ernest McFarland, one of the few media outlets to applaud the raid was the Salt Lake City-based Deseret News, which was owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The News applauded the action as a response to prevent the fundamentalists from becoming a cancer of a sort that is beyond hope of human repair. The Short Creek raid was the last action against polygamous Mormon fundamentalists that has been supported by the LDS Church. After the Short Creek raid, the fundamentalist Mormon polygamist colony at Short Creek eventually rejuvenated, Short Creek was renamed Colorado City in 1960. In 1991, the Mormon fundamentalists at Colorado City formally established the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, the members of the sect did not face any prosecutions for its polygamous behavior until the late 1990s, when isolated individuals began to be prosecuted. In 2006, FLDS Church leader Warren Jeffs was placed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted List, he was arrested in 2007, as of 8 April, a total of 416 children had been removed from the compound by authorities. A former member of the FLDS Church, Carolyn Jessop, arrived on-site 6 April, others, however, have drawn direct connections between the two events. Photos From a Notorious 1953 Raid on a Polygamist Arizona Town - LIFE Magazine archive
25.
Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)
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They are alleged to be pressured to leave by adult men to reduce competition for wives within such sects, usually when they are between the ages of 13 and 21. Since birth rates for boys and girls are equal, and women do not enter the community in large numbers. While some boys leave by their own choice, many are ostensibly banished for conduct such as watching a movie, watching television, playing football, some boys are told not to return unless they can return with a wife. One estimate is that between 400 and 1,000 boys and young men have been pressured to leave for such reasons, there are also young women who have left or been pressured to leave because they did not want to be part of polygamous marriages. Boys in these sects are commonly raised not to trust the outside world, the families of banished boys are told that the boys are now dead to them. In the 2006-2011 HBO television series Big Love, the main protagonist is a former lost boy, the series portrays machinations of some senior men within a fundamentalist congregation to reserve young unmarried women for themselves. The 2010 documentary film Sons of Perdition depicts the struggles of three real-life lost boys, the 2013 Off-Broadway play Exit 27 dramatized the story of 4 lost boys struggling to survive in the desert out side Colorado city. Playwright Aleks Merilo based the script on interviews conducted with lost boys living in Hurricane, operational sex ratio Population dynamics YFZ Ranch Ex-Mormon Krakauer, Jon. Under the Banner of Heaven, A Story of Violent Faith, gods Brothel, The Extortion of Sex for Salvation in Contemporary Mormon and Christian Fundamentalist Polygamy and the Stories of 18 Women Who Escaped. Bistline, Benjamin G. Colorado City Polygamists, An Inside Look for the Outsider, a Colorado City historian presents the beginnings of the group and its original religious doctrine. The Polygamists, A History of Colorado City, Arizona Tracy, centered on the trial of John Daniel Kingston, who was tried for assault on his 16-year-old daughter. Llewellyn, John R. Polygamy Under Attack, From Tom Green to Brian David Mitchell Dan Simon & Amanda Townsend, warren Jeffs lost boys find themselves in strange world. A documentary film on the history and modern-day expressions of Mormon polygamy, including numerous testimonials. smilesfordiversity. org/cod. php
26.
YFZ Ranch
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As of April 2014, the State of Texas took physical and legal possession of the property. Under Texas law, authorities can seize property that was used to commit or facilitate certain criminal conduct, the YFZ Ranch was about 45 miles southwest of San Angelo and 4 miles northeast of Eldorado. The Ranch was settled by members of the FLDS Church who left Hildale, Utah and Colorado City, Arizona under increasing scrutiny from the media, anti-polygamy activists and law enforcement officials. Speaking in Sunday church services on August 10,2003, Warren Jeffs declared that the blessings of the priesthood had been removed from the community of Short Creek. Following the sermon, Jeffs suspended all further meetings but continued to allow his followers to pay their tithes. He then turned his focus to what he called lands of refuge, Jeffs referred to Yearning for Zion Ranch, one of the lands of refuge, by the code name R17. The YFZ Land LLC, through its president, David S. Allred, purchased the ranch in 2003 for $700,000, when he purchased the property, he declared that the buildings would be a corporate hunting retreat. Later, ranch officials disclosed that the hunting retreat description was inaccurate, the ranch was home to approximately 500 people who relocated from Arizona and Utah communities. It housed a temple, a treatment facility, a 29, 000-square-foot house for FLDS Church president Warren Jeffs, a meeting house. There were generators, gardens, a silo, and a large stone quarry that was cut for the temple. According to preliminary tax assessments, about $3 million worth of buildings had been built, the sect was fined over $34,000 for environmental violations in connection with buildings on the ranch, mainly due to its failure to obtain the required permits for its cement-mixing operations. The temple foundation was dedicated January 1,2005, by Warren Jeffs, on March 29,2008, a local domestic violence shelter hotline took a call from a female claiming to be a 16-year-old victim of physical and sexual abuse at the churchs YFZ Ranch. The call triggered a large-scale operation at YFZ Ranch by Texas law enforcement and child welfare officials, authorities believed the children had been abused or were at immediate risk of future abuse, a state spokesman said. Troopers and child welfare officials searched the ranch, including the temples safes, vaults, locked desk drawers and they found evidence leading them to believe that the beds were in a part of the temple where males over the age of 17 engage in sexual activity with underage girls. Interviews with the revealed that several underage girls were forced into spiritual marriage with much older men as soon as they reached puberty and were then made pregnant. The children were held by the Child Protective Services at Fort Concho, over a hundred adult women chose to leave the ranch to accompany the children. A former member of the FLDS Church, Carolyn Jessop, arrived on-site April 6 in hopes of reuniting two of her daughters with their half siblings and she stated that the actions in Texas were unlike the 1953 Short Creek raid in Arizona. Jessop had been in Texas the prior month at an engagement, where she said, n Eldorado
27.
Polygamy czar
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Polygamy czar is an informal title given to the Investigator of Crimes within Closed Societies for the Utah Attorney Generals Office. The position was established by the Utah State Legislature in 2000, a fictionalized czar was introduced in the HBO series Big Love in the episode Affair. Ron Barton Jim Hill Winslow, Ben, polygamy czar quits to take crime lab helm. Archived from the original on 2014-10-22
28.
Legal status of polygamy
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Polygamy is legal in 58 out of nearly 200 sovereign states, the vast majority of them being Muslim-majority countries situated in Africa and Asia. In most of states, polygyny is allowed and legally sanctioned. Polyandry is illegal in every state in the world. The rest of the states do not recognize polygamous marriages. Algeria Cameroon Chad Central African Republic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Gabon, in practice, the right to multiple spouses is reserved for men only. The Gambia Guinea Libya Kenya, Polygyny legal under legislation passed in 2014, india Malaysia Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Benin Côte dIvoire, Polygamy may be punishable by six months to three years imprisonment, or a fine of CFA50,000 to CFA500,000. Eritrea, Illegal since 1977, after 2015 polygamy is punishable with a term of imprisonment of not less than 6 months and not more than 12 months. However, pre-existing Muslim marriages are still valid. Mozambique Rwanda All countries in the American continent forbid polygamy, antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada, All forms of polygamy, and some informal multiple sexual relationships, are illegal under section 293 of the Criminal Code. Bigamy is banned by section 290, however, for a long time, the law banning polygamy has not been efficient. As of January 2009, no person had been prosecuted, i. e. convicted. He wrote, I have concluded that case is essentially about harm. More specifically, Parliaments reasoned apprehension of harm arising out of the practice of polygamy and this includes harm to women, to children, to society and to the institution of monogamous marriage. Bauman argued that there are cases where the wives are abducted and abused and he reasons that these offences sometimes may be stopped by applying anti-polygamy legislation. The decision was welcomed by the Attorney General of British Columbia, womens rights were central to decision. From about 1847 to 1857, in what is now the state of Utah, many Mormons practiced polygamy, the US federal government threatened The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and made polygamy illegal through the enforcement of Acts of Congress such as the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act. The LDS Church formally outlawed the practice in 1890, in a document labeled The Manifesto, among American Muslims, a small minority of around 50,000 to 100,000 people are estimated to live in families with a husband maintaining an informal polygamous relationship. Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Armenia Azerbaijan China and this replaced a similar 1950 prohibition
29.
John Taylor (Mormon)
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John Taylor was an English religious leader who served as the third president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1880 to 1887. He is the president of the LDS Church to have been born outside of the United States. Taylor was born in Milnthorpe, Westmorland, England, the son of James and Agnes Taylor and he had formal schooling up to age fourteen, and then he served an initial apprenticeship to a cooper and later received training as a woodturner and cabinetmaker. He claimed that as a man, he had a vision of “an angel in the heavens, holding a trumpet to his mouth. He was christened in the Church of England, but joined the Methodist church at sixteen and he was appointed a lay preacher a year later, and felt a calling to preach in America. Taylors parents and siblings emigrated to Upper Canada in 1830, Taylor stayed in England to dispose of the family property and joined his family in Toronto in 1832. He met Leonora Cannon from the Isle of Man while attending a Toronto Methodist Church and, although she rejected his proposal. Between 1834 and 1836, John and Leonora Taylor participated in a study group in Toronto. The group discussed problems and concerns with their Methodist faith, other members included Joseph Fielding and his sisters Mary and Mercy, who later also became prominent in the Latter Day Saint movement. While in Toronto Taylor continued to work in his trade as a woodturner, Taylor and his wife first came in contact with the Church of the Latter Day Saints in 1836 after meeting Parley P. Pratt, an apostle in the church, in Toronto. Leonora was the first to join the church and she persuaded Taylor to continue his studies with Pratt, after the couples baptism into the church, they were active in preaching and the organization of the church in Upper Canada. They then moved to Far West, Missouri, where Taylor was ordained an apostle on December 19,1838 and he assisted other church members as they fled frequent conflicts to Commerce, Illinois. In 1839, Taylor and some of his fellow apostles served missions in Britain, while there, Taylor preached in Liverpool and was responsible for Mormon preaching in Ireland and the Isle of Man. Taylor returned to Nauvoo, Illinois to serve as a city councilman, a chaplain, a colonel, an editor. Taylor edited two newspapers in Nauvoo, Times and Seasons and the Nauvoo Neighbor, Taylor also edited the more politically concerned Nauvoo Neighbor and the Wasp, the predecessor of the Nauvoo Neighbor, for about a year. Taylor was thus the editor of Nauvoos two main papers from 1842 to 1846, in 1844, Taylor was with church founder Joseph Smith, his brother Hyrum Smith, and fellow apostle Willard Richards in the Carthage, Illinois jail when the Smiths were killed by a mob. Taylor was severely wounded in the conflict and his life may have been spared when a musket ball directed towards his chest was stopped by a pocket watch which he was carrying at the time. However, recent analysis shows the watch may instead have been damaged when Taylor fell against the windowsill, in 1845 Taylor became the president of the Nauvoo Tradesmen Association
30.
Revelation (Latter Day Saints)
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Latter Day Saints teach that the Latter Day Saint movement began with a revelation from God. They also teach that revelation is the foundation of the established by Jesus Christ. Continuous revelation provides individual Latter Day Saints with a testimony, described by Richard Bushman as one of the most potent words in the Mormon lexicon. In response to an inquiry on the beliefs of the church, Joseph Smith wrote what came to be called the Wentworth Letter, the fifth, sixth, seventh and ninth articles state the essence of Latter Day Saint belief concerning revelation. 5 We believe that a man must be called of God, by prophecy,6 We believe in the same organization that existed in the Primitive Church, namely, apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangelists, and so forth. 7 We believe in the gift of tongues, prophecy, revelation, visions, healing, interpretation of tongues, and so forth. 9 We believe all that God has revealed, all that He does now reveal, the Latter Day Saint concept of revelation includes the belief that revelation from God is available to all those who earnestly seek it with the intent of doing good. It also teaches that everyone is entitled to personal revelation with respect to his or her stewardship, in the LDS Church, personal revelation is expected and encouraged, and many converts believe that personal revelation from God was instrumental in their conversion. Joseph F. Smith, the president and Prophet of LDS Church, summarized the churchs belief concerning revelation by saying. In the principle of revelation from God to man. Christ is the head of his Church and not man, it… is a living, vital principle to be enjoyed on certain conditions only, namely – through absolute faith in God and obedience to his laws and commandments. The moment this principle is cut off, that moment the Church is adrift, james E. to live as best it may according to the laws of a bygone age. Latter Day Saints believe that God answers prayers, surely the Lord GOD will do nothing, but he revealeth his secret unto his servants the prophets. Some of it has operational and tactical. Much of it is not spectacular and these all had revelations for themselves. In our time God has revealed how to administer the Church with a membership of six million differently than when there were just six members of the Church. Hinckley further explained, A growing church, a church that is spreading across the earth in these times, needs constant revelation from the throne of heaven to guide it. With prayer and anxious seeking of the will of the Lord, we testify that direction is received, that comes
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President of the Church (LDS Church)
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In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the President of the Church is the highest office of the church. It was the held by Joseph Smith, founder of the church. The President of the LDS Church is the leader and the head of the First Presidency. Latter-day Saints consider the president of the church to be a prophet, seer, and revelator, and refer to him as the Prophet, when the name of the president is used by adherents, it is usually prefaced by the title President. The President of the Church serves as the head of both the Council on the Disposition of the Tithes and the Council of the Church, the President of the Church also serves as the ex officio chairman of the Church Boards of Trustees/Education. The concept that the Church of Christ would have a single presiding officer arose in late 1831, initially, after the churchs formation on April 6,1830, Joseph Smith referred to himself as an apostle of Jesus Christ, and elder of the church. However, there was another apostle—Oliver Cowdery—and several other elders of the church, for he receiveth them even as Moses. This established Smiths exclusive right to lead the church, in early June 1831, Smith was ordained to the high priesthood, along with twenty-two other men, including prominent figures in the church such as Hyrum Smith, Parley P. Pratt, and Martin Harris. As high priests, these men were higher in the hierarchy than the elders of the church. However, it was unclear whether Smiths and Cowderys callings as apostles gave them superior authority to that of other high priests. And again the duty of the President of the priesthood is to preside over the whole church. Smith was ordained to this position and sustained by the church on January 25,1832, at a conference in Amherst, in 1835, the Articles and Covenants of the Church of Christ were revised, changing the phrase an. Elder of the church to the first elder of this Church, thus, subsequent to 1835, Smith was sometimes referred to as the First Elder of the church. The 1835 revision also added a verse referring to the office of president of the high priesthood, in 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith was killed by an armed mob. Hyrum Smith, his successor, was killed in the same incident. Smith had not indisputably established who was next in line as successor to President of the Church, several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Young would not be ordained President of the Church until December 1847, thomas S. Monson is the 16th and current President of the LDS Church. As president, Monson is considered by adherents of the religion to be a prophet, seer, a printer by trade, Monson has spent most of his life engaged in various church leadership positions and in public service
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
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Polygyny
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Polygyny is the most common and accepted form of polygamy, entailing the marriage of a man with several women. Most countries that permit polygamy are Muslim-majority countries in which polygyny is the only form permitted, polyandry is illegal in virtually every state of the world. In some countries where polygamy is illegal, and sometimes even when legal, at times it is known for men to have one or more mistresses, whom they do not marry. The status of a mistress is not that of a wife, throughout the polygyny belt stretching from Senegal in the west to Tanzania in the east, as many as a third to a half of married women are in polygynous unions. Historically, polygyny was partly accepted in ancient Hebrew society, in classical China, in India it was known to have been practiced during ancient times. It was accepted in ancient Greece, until the Roman Empire, Boserup was the first to propose that the high incidence of polygyny in sub-Saharan Africa is rooted in the sexual division of labor in hoe-farming and the large economic contribution of women. In the regions of shifting cultivation where polygyny is most frequently recorded, the task of felling trees in preparation of new plots is usually done by older boys and very young men. An elderly cultivator, with wives and likely several young male children. By the combined efforts of his sons and young wives, he may gradually expand his cultivation. A man with a wife has less help in cultivation and is likely to have little or no help for felling trees. According to Boserups historical data, women living in such a structure also welcome one or more co-wives to share them the burden of daily labor. However, the wife will usually do the most tiresome work, almost as if she were a servant to the first wife. Polygyny is considered an advantage in many rural areas. In some cases, the role of the additional wife enables the husband to enjoy more leisure. Drawing on the work of Ester Boserup, Goody notes that in some of the populated regions where shifting cultivation takes place in Africa. This favoured polygamous marriages in which men sought to monopolize the production of women who are valued both as workers and as child bearers, Goody, however, observes that the correlation is imperfect. Most research into the determinants of polygyny has focused on macro-level factors, widespread polygyny is linked to the kinship groups that share descent from a common ancestor. Scholars have argued that in farming systems where men do most of the agriculture work, in order to feed an additional wife, the husband must either work harder himself or he must hire laborers to do part of the work
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John W. Taylor (Mormon)
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John Whitaker Taylor was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and was the son of John Taylor, the third president of the church. While he was an apostle, Taylor was excommunicated from the LDS Church for opposing the abandonment of plural marriage. John W. Taylor was born in Provo, Utah Territory, while his parents John Taylor and Sophia Whitaker were taking shelter there, along with church members. He married May Leona Rich on October 19,1882, and moved to Cassia County, Idaho, as a practitioner of plural marriage, Taylor later married Nellie Todd, Janet Maria Wooley, Eliza Roxie Welling, Rhoda Welling, and Ellen Georgina Sandberg. He also worked as a county clerk and a newspaper editor, Taylors son Samuel W. Taylor became his biographer and a prolific writer of fiction and non-fiction. In the LDS Church, Taylor was ordained as a deacon around 1872 and he also served as missionary in the United States, Canada, and England. Taylor was asked to be an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the church by his father and he was ordained on May 15,1884, his 26th birthday. Taylor was a believer in the doctrine of plural marriage. Matthias F. Cowley also resigned from the Quorum at the time over the plural marriage dispute. The following February, Marriner W. Merrill died, in the April General Conference of 1906, the resignations of Cowley and Taylor were presented to and accepted by the general church membership. As a result, three new apostles were called to them and Merrill, George F. Richards, Orson F. Whitney. Taylor disputed with the Quorum of the Twelve often after his resignation and he was finally excommunicated on March 28,1911 for continued opposition to the Second Manifesto. However, he remained a believer in Mormonism up to his death and he died of stomach cancer at his home in Forest Dale, Salt Lake County, Utah, at age 58. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery, in August 1916, Taylor was posthumously baptized by proxy and reinstated into the church by two stake presidents. However, a later, the First Presidency officially stated that the reinstatement was null. The Taylor Stake of the LDS Church, which was headquartered in Raymond, as an apostle, Taylor had made considerable efforts to assist the Mormon settlers in Canada. The Taylor Stake was renamed the Raymond Alberta Stake in the 1970s, in the 2000s, the town of Raymond built a street named Taylor Street in his honor. An LDS Church chapel was built on the street, and it is named the Taylor Street Chapel, Second Manifesto The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Canada Reed Smoot hearings Terrence C. Smith and Reed Turner
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Apostle (Latter Day Saints)
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‹See Tfd› In the Latter Day Saint movement, an apostle is a special witness of the name of Jesus Christ who is sent to teach the principles of salvation to others. In many Latter Day Saint churches, an apostle is an office of high authority within the church hierarchy. In many churches, apostles may be members of the Quorum of the Twelve, in most Latter Day Saint churches, modern-day apostles are considered to have the same status and authority as the Biblical apostles. In the Latter Day Saint tradition, apostles and prophets are believed to be the foundation of the church, joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery were both designated apostles by 1830. Other church members with proselytizing responsibilities were also referred to as apostles, a June 1829 revelation appointed Cowdery and David Whitmer to designate twelve disciples. Subsequently, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was organized February 14,1835, in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, apostle is the highest priesthood office of the Melchizedek priesthood. The President of the Church is always an apostle, as are the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, in practice, counselors in the First Presidency are almost always apostles as well. There are usually at least twelve apostles in the LDS Church, some apostles have been ordained to that office without being included within the Quorum of the Twelve. Joseph Angell Young was ordained an apostle in 1864 but was never a member of either the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles or the First Presidency, joseph F. Smith, Brigham Young, Jr. and Sylvester Q. Cannon had each been ordained as apostles before eventually being called into the Quorum of the Twelve, the next most senior apostle becomes president of the Quorum of the Twelve. Following their calling to the apostleship, members of the Quorum are sustained in general conference as apostles and prophets, seers and this procedure also takes place at other meetings of church members such as ward and stake conferences. Each member of the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve is sustained by name, usually, the president of the church ordains a new apostle, although any other apostle may ordain a person to the priesthood office. The calling of an apostle is to be a witness of the name of Jesus Christ in all the world, particularly of his divinity. Twelve men with this high calling constitute an administrative council in the work of the ministry, when a vacancy occurred with the death of Judas Iscariot, Matthias was divinely appointed to that special office as a member of the council. Today twelve men with this same divine calling and ordination constitute the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The title was applied to others who, though not of the number of the original twelve. Paul repeatedly spoke of himself as an apostle and he applied the titles to James, the Lords brother, and also to Barnabas. Jesus is referred to as an apostle in Heb,3, 1-2, a designation meaning that he is the personal and select representative of the Father
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Lorin C. Woolley
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Lorin Calvin Woolley was an American proponent of plural marriage and one of the founders of the Mormon fundamentalist movement. Woolleys distinctive teachings on authority, morality, and doctrine are thought to provide the foundation for nearly ninety percent of Mormon fundamentalist groups. Woolley was the child of Mormon pioneer John W. Woolley and his first wife. His paternal grandfather was Bishop Edwin D. Woolley, a friend of Brigham Young. According to LDS Church records, Woolley was baptized a member of the church by his father on October 18,1868, aged eleven, nicknamed Noisy, the boisterous young Woolley frequently dominated Elders Quorum discussions. Late in life, he would claim to have received his endowment and been ordained an apostle by Young on March 20,1870, on January 5,1883, Woolley married Sarah Ann Roberts in the Endowment House on Temple Square. They had nine children together between 1883 and 1905, seven sons and two daughters, Woolley served as a Mormon missionary in the Southern United States from October 1887, to October 1889. Shortly thereafter, he was called to the Seventieth Quorum of the Seventy in Centerville, Utah, between October 1886 and February 1887, Woolley served as a mail carrier for LDS Church leaders hiding from state authorities during the crackdown on Mormon polygamy. During this time, church authorities frequently stayed at the Woolley home in Centerville, on October 6,1912, Woolley wrote the first known account of the reception of the 1886 Revelation, an enigmatic document in the handwriting of church president John Taylor. This revelation declared firmly that the Lord had not revoked the New and Everlasting Covenant, nor will I, according to Woolley, Taylor had written the document after being visited by the resurrected Joseph Smith, founder of the church, at Woolleys fathers home in September 1886. Woolley frequently reiterated this account over the remainder of his life, the version which has assumed canonical status among Mormon fundamentalists was compiled by Joseph W. According to Woolley, these five men, together with Taylor himself and later Joseph F. Smith and this doctrinal claim gave hierarchical structure to the nascent fundamentalist movement, previously an informal association of LDS Church dissidents. Woolleys father, the aged John W. Woolley, a Salt Lake Temple sealer, was considered head of the organization. The elder Woolley was excommunicated from the LDS Church for performing plural marriages in April 1914, Woolley was excommunicated from the LDS Church in January 1924 for alleging that church president Heber J. Grant and apostle James E. Talmage had taken plural wives in the recent past. Woolley claimed that he had learned of such behavior because he was employed by the United States Secret Service to spy on LDS Church leaders, the official reason for his excommunication was that he was found guilty of pernicious falsehood. Grant publicly denied Woolleys claims in a conference of the church in April 1931. Most Mormon fundamentalists believe that, upon his fathers death in December 1928, Woolley succeeded him as member of the Council of Friends. Between March 1929 and January 1933, Woolley ordained six new members to the council, designating them apostles and patriarchs, J. Leslie Broadbent, Barlow, Joseph White Musser, Charles Zitting, LeGrand Woolley, and Louis A. Kelsch
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George Q. Cannon
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He was the churchs chief political strategist, and was dubbed the Mormon premier and the Mormon Richelieu by the press. He was also a five-time Territorial Delegate to the US Congress, Cannon was born in Liverpool, England, to George Cannon and Ann Quayle, the eldest of six children. His mother and father were from Peel on the Isle of Man and his fathers sister, Leonora Cannon, had married future Latter Day Saint apostle John Taylor and was baptized in 1836. News reached the elder George Cannon and four years later, when Taylor came to Liverpool, Cannon was 13 years old at the time. Cannons siblings were Mary Alice Cannon, Ann Cannon, Angus M. Cannon, David H. Cannon, in 1842, the Cannon family set sail for the United States to join with the church in Nauvoo, Illinois. On the voyage over the Atlantic Ocean, Cannons mother died, the motherless family arrived safely in Nauvoo in the spring of 1843. George Sr. married Mary Edwards in 1844 and had another daughter, in Nauvoo, Cannons father sent him to live with his uncle and aunt, John and Leonora Taylor. Cannon worked in the office of Times and Seasons and the Nauvoo Neighbor for Taylor. In June 1844, Taylor accompanied Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith, there, Joseph and Hyrum were killed, and Taylor sustained serious bullet wounds. Cannon tended the printing affairs while Taylor recovered and this training would serve him well in later life. In 1846, Taylor traveled to England to organize the affairs of the church after Smiths death, meanwhile, Cannon accompanied Taylors wife and family as they moved to Winter Quarters, Nebraska. When Taylor returned, Cannon traveled with the entire Taylor family to the Salt Lake Valley, in 1849, Cannon was asked by church president Brigham Young to serve as a missionary for the church in the Sandwich Islands, where he served for four years. While in the islands, Cannon converted many Native Hawaiians, one of the most notable was Jonatana Napela, who assisted Cannon in translating the Book of Mormon into Hawaiian. Joseph F. Smith, a church president, would follow Cannon. Returning to Utah Territory, Cannon married Elizabeth Hoagland He was almost immediately called to assist apostle Parley P. Pratt in publishing a newspaper in California. Meeting Pratt in California, Cannon was told that he would remain behind and became president of the churchs Oregon and California Mission, during this period of time, Cannon published the Hawaiian translation of the Book of Mormon. In February 1856, he started the Western Standard, a publication based in San Francisco. Returning to Utah in 1857 to assist in the Utah War, during this time, Cannon served as printer of the Deseret News while it was publishing in exile in Fillmore, Utah
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First Presidency (LDS Church)
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The First Presidency is the presiding or governing body of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is composed of the President of the Church and his counselors, the First Presidency currently consists of Thomas S. Monson and his two counselors, Henry B. The First Presidency is composed of the President of the Church, historically, and as mandated by church scripture, the First Presidency has been composed of the president and two counselors, but circumstances have occasionally required additional counselors. Any high priest of the church is eligible to be called as a counselor in the First Presidency, there have been other cases where counselors have been ordained to the office of apostle but not set apart as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. Other counselors in the First Presidency were never ordained to the office of apostle, whether or not a counselor is an apostle, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the church as prophets, seers, and revelators. Counselors are formally designated as First Counselor in the First Presidency, additional counselors have been designated in different ways, including Third Counselor in the First Presidency, Assistant Counselor to the President, and simply Counselor in the First Presidency. Counselors serve in the First Presidency until their own deaths, until the death of the president who called them. The death of a church president dissolves the First Presidency, the death or release of a counselor does not dissolve the First Presidency. On the death or release of a first counselor, the second counselor usually succeeds, although these are fairly common occurrences, there are no hard and fast rules about such practices and each president is free to choose the counselors he prefers. Like the church president and President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the First Presidency is the highest ranking priesthood quorum of the church. The counselors assist the president and work closely with him in guiding the entire church. In the case of a president, his counselors may be called upon to perform more of the duties of the First Presidency that would normally be performed by the president. If needed, any number of additional counselors may be called to assist them, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the membership of the church as prophets, seers, and revelators and given the keys of the kingdom when ordained as an apostle. All members of the First Presidency are also members of the churchs Council on the Disposition of the Tithes, there is no requirement that counselors in the First Presidency be apostles of the church. Brown, First Counselor to David O. McKay, not retained as a counselor by Joseph Fielding Smith Thorpe B, the position is paid employment position and the incumbent is not a member of the First Presidency or a general authority of the church. However, it is common for letters from the office of the First Presidency to private individuals to bear the signature of the secretary as opposed to members of the First Presidency, the First Presidency also employs assistant secretaries and press secretaries. When David O. D. Arthur Haycock also served as secretary to several church presidents in the 20th century. George W. Robinson George Reynolds George F. Gibbs Joseph Anderson Francis M. Gibbons F. Michael Watson Brook P. Hales Council of the Church
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Heber J. Grant
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Heber Jeddy Grant was an American religious leader who served as the seventh president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Grant worked as a bookkeeper and a cashier, then was called to be an LDS apostle on October 16,1882, after the death of Joseph F. Smith in late 1918, Grant served as LDS church president until his death. The first president born after the exodus to Utah, Grant was also the last LDS Church president to have practiced plural marriage and he had three wives, though by the time he became church president in 1918 only his second wife, Augusta Winters, was still living. In business, Grant helped develop the Avenues neighborhood of Salt Lake City, in 1884, he served a term as a representative to the Utah Territorial Legislature. Grant was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of Rachel Ridgeway Ivins and his father was a counselor in the First Presidency to Brigham Young. Rachel Grant was a native of New Jersey, where she had converted to the LDS Church at about age 20 and her cousin and later brother-in-law, Israel Ivins, was the first person baptized a Latter-day Saint in New Jersey. Jedediah Grant died when Heber J. Grant was nine days old, after Jedediahs death, Rachel married Jedediahs brother, George Grant, but he fell into alcoholism, so she divorced him. Rachel became the dominant influence in Hebers life and she served for many years as president of the 13th Ward Relief Society in downtown Salt Lake City. Heber J. Grant was known for his determination to achieve goals seemingly beyond his reach, as a child, he wanted to join the baseball team that would win the Utah territorial championship, but others believed him to be too physically awkward to be successful. In response, he purchased a baseball and practiced throwing the ball for hours against his barn to improve, the team he joined later won the championship. In similar fashion, Grant expressed a desire to be a successful bookkeeper and he practiced his writing to the point that he was invited to teach penmanship at one of the local academies. There were no public schools in Salt Lake City when Grant was a child. After working as a bookkeeper in the business in 1877, Grant became an assistant cashier with Zions Savings Bank. Later, Grant became a partner with D. W. Jennings and he later founded an additional insurance agency in Ogden and for a time owned the Ogden Vinegar Works. In the late 1890s, Grant served as the manager for the newly formed official LDS magazine. Grant continued to be involved in business activities after his call as an apostle and he founded many new businesses, including a bank. He was a founder of the Utah Sugar Company and also the founder of the Salt Lake Theatre. Grant lost an amount of money in the panic of 1893
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Anthony W. Ivins
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Anthony Woodward Ivins was an apostle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and was a member of the churchs First Presidency from 1921 until his death. Ivins was born in Toms River, New Jersey, when Ivins was still an infant, his parents migrated to Utah Territory. In 1861 they moved in St. George, Utah, as part of the settling party for that city. Ivins was a cousin of Heber J. Grant, Ivinss father, in 1878, Ivins married Elizabeth A. Snow, a daughter of Erastus Snow, an apostle, they had nine children. His son Antoine R. Ivins also served as an authority of the LDS Church. On his return to St. George from an 1877 mission and he later served on the St. George city council and as a prosecuting attorney for Washington County, Utah. Ivins was an member of the Democratic Party. In 1875, Ivins was part of a mission that found many sites in New Mexico. In 1877, he served a mission to New Mexico, where he focused much of his attention on the Native Americans, in the years immediately after his marriage, he served as a member of the stake high council in St. George. In 1882, Ivins was called on a mission to Mexico City and he served as the first stake president in Colonia Juárez, Chihuahua, the Juárez Stake was the first stake in Mexico. Ivins served in this position until his call to the Quorum of the Twelve in 1907, Ivins was ordained an apostle and joined the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on October 6,1907, after the death of George Teasdale. From 1918 to 1921, Ivins was the superintendent of the Young Mens Mutual Improvement Association, in 1921, Ivins was called as second counselor to Heber J. Grant in the First Presidency, and was replaced in the Quorum of the Twelve by Alonzo A. Hinckley. In 1925, Ivins became the first counselor to Grant in the First Presidency, Ivins died in Salt Lake City of a coronary occlusion. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery, the small city of Ivins, Utah, is named after him. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Young Womens Mutual Improvement Association General Board
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J. Reuben Clark
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Joshua Reuben Clark, Jr. was an American attorney, civil servant, and a prominent leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Born in Grantsville, Utah Territory, Clark was a prominent attorney in the Department of State, in 1930, Clark was appointed United States Ambassador to Mexico. Clark received a degree from the University of Utah, where he was valedictorian. Clark received a law degree from Columbia University, where he became a member of Phi Delta Phi. Clark later became a professor at George Washington University. Both the J. Reuben Clark Law Society and the J. Reuben Clark Law School at Brigham Young University are named in his honor, Clark was the first of ten children born to Joshua R. and Mary Louisa Woolley Clark. He was born and raised in Grantsville, Utah,33 miles southwest of Salt Lake City in Tooele Valley, at the time, it was a four-hour trip by buggy and train from Grantsville to Salt Lake City. The LDS Church members who settled the area were industrious and community-oriented, as a break from farmwork, Clark participated in dramatic productions from his youth. He displayed a talent for speaking, comedy, and humor at a young age. Clark also participated in the childhood diversions available on the frontier, sledding in the winter, Clarks grandfather had been a minister in the Dunker Faith. Clarks father, Joshua, had worked his way west through Utah as a trapper and freighter and felt drawn to the LDS Church after attending his first Sunday service, education and culture were important in the Mormon communities in Utah Territory. Clarks father, although accustomed to physical labor, was also reputed to be a knowledgeable. He was hired soon after his baptism to teach school in Grantsville, shortly after moving there from Salt Lake City, Clarks father married Mary Louisa Woolley, who was born on the plains as her parents made their way west with the Mormon pioneers. The small library in the Clark home was made up of books, classics, an encyclopedia. Although the younger Clarks education was spotty in his youth because of the demands of life and meager family resources, he was able to take music lessons. He played the piccolo and then the flute, when his father later taught at a local private school, Clark was able to be formally educated for the first time. He was ten years old and had been schooled by his mother, Clark was not at school every term, sometimes, financial difficulties and farm work kept him at home. His father once related that Clark would rather miss his meals than to miss a day from school, after completing the eighth grade, the highest grade offered at the Grantsville school, Clark repeated it two more times
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Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
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