1.
Baseball
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Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
2.
1887
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As of the start of 1887, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 11 – Louis Pasteurs anti-rabies treatment is defended in the Académie Nationale de Médecine by Dr. Joseph Grancher, january 20 – The United States Senate allows the Navy to lease Pearl Harbor as a naval base. January 21 The Amateur Athletic Union is formed, Brisbane receives a one-day rainfall of 465 millimetres – a record for any Australian capital city. January 24 – Battle of Dogali, Abyssinian troops defeat the Italians, january 28 In a snowstorm at Fort Keogh, Montana, USA, the largest snowflakes on record are reported. They are 15 inches wide and 8 inches thick, construction of the foundations of the Eiffel Tower starts in Paris, France. February 2 – In Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, the first Groundhog Day is observed, february 4 – The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, as passed by the 49th United States Congress, is signed into law by President Grover Cleveland. February 5 – The Giuseppe Verdi opera Otello premieres at La Scala, february 8 – The Dawes Act, or the General Allotment Act, is enacted. February 23 – The French Riviera is hit by a large earthquake, february 26 – At the Sydney Cricket Ground, George Lohmann becomes the first bowler to take eight wickets in a Test innings. March 3 – Anne Sullivan begins teaching Helen Keller, march 4 – Gottlieb Daimler unveils his first automobile. March 7 – North Carolina State University is established as North Carolina College of Agriculture, march 13 – Chester Greenwood patents earmuffs. April 1 – Mumbai Fire Brigade is established, April 4 – Argonia, Kansas elects Susanna M. Salter as the first female mayor in the United States. April 9 – The Charter of Incorporation was approved for The Teutonia Maennerchor Hall in the East Allegheny neighborhood of Pittsburgh, April 10 – The Catholic University of America is founded on Easter Sunday. April 21 – Schnaebele incident – French/German border incident nearly leads to war between the two countries, April 20 – Occidental College is founded. May 3 – An earthquake hits Sonora, Mexico, may 9 – Buffalo Bills Wild West Show opens in London. May 14 – The cornerstone of the new Stanford University, in northern California, is laid, June 8 – Herman Hollerith receives a patent for his punched card calculator. June 18 – The Reinsurance Treaty is closed between Germany and Russia, June 21 The British Empire celebrates Queen Victorias Golden Jubilee, marking the 50th year of her reign. June 23 – The Rocky Mountains Park Act becomes law in Canada, creating that nations first national park, June 28 – Minot, North Dakota is incorporated as a city. June 29 – The United Retail Federation is established in Brisbane, july – James Blyth operates the first working wind turbine at Marykirk in Scotland
3.
1877 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1877 throughout the world. S. Newspapers poll, Boston Beaneaters and Lowell Ladies Men ranked #1, Boston 2 games to 1 Inter-league playoff, Syracuse def. Boston,1 game to 0 League Alliance Tournament winner, Syracuse Stars New York State Championship Tournament winner, Binghamton Crickets Interleague playoff, Boston,1 game to 0 Inter-league competition, National League teams defeated New England Assn, teams, in wins 24-22. Fisher will only appear in 1 more game in his career after his admission, february 20 – The International League, the first minor league, is formed in Pittsburgh. February 27 – Candy Cummings, player-manager of the Live Oaks of Lynn, march 5 – The Hartford Dark Blues agrees to play its home games in Brooklyn. The team will retain the Hartford name, although it will only play 2 league games in Hartford, march 22 – The National League publishes the 1877 schedule. It is the first time the league has handled scheduling and continues to this day, april 12 – Jim Tyng, a catcher for Harvard, becomes the first backstop to wear a face mask during a game. Harvard team manager, Fred Thayer, will receive a patent for the mask in 1878, may 2 – The Boston Red Caps, who will win the pennant with a 42–18 record in 1877, lose an exhibition game to the Allegheny club of the International League. Pud Galvin tosses a one-hit shutout and hits a home run to defeat the Red Caps 1–0, may 5 – Baseballs first minor league of sorts is formed as the National League recruits 12 teams to play in the League Alliance. Paul Red Caps and Winona Clippers, may 10 – The Lowell Ladies Men, members of the New England Association, affiliate themselves with the National League by joining the NLs farm system, i. e. the League Alliance East Division. Lowell competes in both circuits and wins the pennant in each, may 17 – The National League votes to change to a livelier ball to replace the one described as being dead enough to bury in a special league meeting. June 5 – Star pitcher Albert Spalding makes his last career start on the mound, June 10 – The St. Louis Brown Stockings and the Cincinnati Reds play a Sunday exhibition game. It will be the one and only Sunday game played in professional baseball until 1892, June 18 – The Cincinnati Reds club disbands after running out of money. The Buffalo Bisons of the New York Association also disband, the White Stockings will return Jones on June 29, but will retain Hallinan. June 30 – Cincinnati signs Candy Cummings to help bolster their pitching, Cummings will continue to hold his position as President of the International League while playing for the Reds. July 3 – Cincinnati loses to the Louisville Grays in their first game since re-organization, the Reds hope to avoid forfeiture of games played and expulsion by the National League by finishing out the season. July 11 – Pete Hotaling, of the Syracuse Stars in the International League, July 13 – George Bradley of the Chicago White Stockings ends his streak of pitching 88 consecutive games for Chicago after playing third base in the White Stockings victory. July 20 – Will White makes his major league debut, White is the first professional player to wear glasses
4.
1880 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1880 throughout the world. National League, Chicago White Stockings National Association, Washington Nationals Inter-league playoff, Chicago,4 games to 3 February 5 – The Worcester Ruby Legs are admitted to the National League. March 31 – The Worcester Ruby Legs offer the Providence Grays $1,000 for negotiating rights with Providence player-manager George Wright, the Grays refuse the offer and Wright remains the reserved property of Providence. April 21 – George Wright turns down the Providence Grays final contract offer, as a reserved player obligated to Providence, Wright has no other option but to sit out the season. April 28 – Lew Brown, catcher for the Boston Red Caps, may 1 – Roger Connor and Mickey Welch make their debuts for the Troy Trojans. Troy loses 13–1 to the Worcester Ruby Legs, who win their first National League game, may 1 – Ned Hanlon makes his debut for the Cleveland Blues in a losing effort. Hanlon will be elected to the Hall-of-Fame in 1996, may 5 – Charley Old Hoss Radbourn debuts for the Providence Grays. May 20 – Chicago White Stockings manager Cap Anson begins alternating Larry Corcoran, may 29 – The Chicago White Stockings set a National League record by winning their 13th consecutive game, a record they will shatter in 4 weeks. June 10 –1879 home run champ Charley Jones of the Boston Red Caps becomes the first player to hit 2 homers in one inning in a Boston victory over the Buffalo Bisons. June 12 – Lee Richmond of the Worcester Ruby Legs pitches the first perfect game in history in a 1–0 victory over the Cleveland Blues. June 17 – John Montgomery Ward of the Providence Grays pitches the 2nd perfect game in 6 days as the Grays defeat Pud Galvin, the National League would not see another perfect game until 1964. July 8 – The Chicago White Stockings win their 21st consecutive game and this record will stand until 1916 when it is broken by the New York Giants. It still stands as the 2nd longest winning streak in league history. July 11 – The Chicago Tribune publishes runs batted in for the first time, july 17 – Harry Stovey of the Worcester Ruby Legs hits his first big league home run. Stovey will become the first player in history to reach 100 career home runs, august 6 – Tim Keefe makes his major league debut with the Troy Trojans, pitching a 4-hitter in defeating the Cincinnati Reds. Keefe will end up with 342 career wins and be elected to the Hall-of-Fame in 1964, august 19 – Larry Corcoran of the Chicago White Stockings pitches a no-hitter against the Boston Red Caps. August 20 – Pud Galvin pitches a no-hitter for the Buffalo Bisons against the Worcester Ruby Legs and it is the 2nd day in a row that the National League has seen a no-hitter. August 27 – Bill Crowley of the Buffalo Bisons records 4 assists from the outfield for the time this season
5.
1893 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1893 throughout the world. National League, Boston Beaneaters June 19 – Baltimore Orioles outfielder Piggy Ward reached base a record 17 times in 17 consecutive plate appearances, the record would be matched 69 years later, when catcher Earl Averill, Jr. tied that mark in 1962. August 16 – Bill Hawke of the Baltimore Orioles pitches a no-hitter against the Washington Senators in a 5–0 win and it is the first no-hitter thrown from the modern-day pitching distance of 606. August 18 – The Boston Beaneaters set a Major League record which stands for the most batters hit by a pitch in an inning. Four batters are hit in the 2nd inning in the game with the Pittsburgh Pirates, november 21 – Ban Johnson is named president, secretary, and treasurer of the recently reorganized Western League. Under Johnsons leadership the WL will prosper, catcher for two teams in 1881. April 18 – Fred Siefke,23, third baseman for the 1890 Brooklyn Gladiators
6.
1887 in art
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The year 1887 in art involved some significant events. February – Fourth annual exhibition of Les XX, at the Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique in Brussels, artists invited to show in addition to members of the group include Walter Sickert, Camille Pissarro, Berthe Morisot and Georges-Pierre Seurat. The major work shown is Seurats A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, march 26 – June 8 – Third exhibition by the Société des Artistes Indépendants in Paris. November 14 – Paul Gauguin and Charles Laval return to Paris from Martinique, december – Vincent van Gogh arranges an exhibition of paintings by himself, Émile Bernard, Louis Anquetin, and Toulouse-Lautrec in the Restaurant du Chalet,43 Avenue de Clichy, Montmartre, Paris. Bernard and Anquetin sell their first painting, van Gogh exchanges work with Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh begins his first Sunflowers series of paintings in Paris. Walter Crane illustrates The Architecture of Art, Charles Lang Freers first Asian art purchase is a painted Japanese fan. Sir John Everett Millais painting Bubbles is acquired for advertising purposes by Pears soap, february 5 – Albert Paris Gütersloh, Austrian painter and writer. March 23 – Juan Gris, Spanish painter and sculptor, march 25 – Josef Čapek, Czech painter. April 29 – Stanley Cursiter, Scottish painter and curator, may – Jacob Steinhardt, German-born Israeli painter and woodcut artist. May 12 – Leo Michelson, Latvian-American painter and sculptor, may 21 Barker Fairley, English-born Canadian painter, writer, and educator. May 30 – Alexander Archipenko, Ukrainian sculptor, June 20 – Kurt Schwitters, German Dadaist painter and writer. July 7 – Marc Chagall, Russian-Belarusian-French painter, july 28 – Marcel Duchamp, influential French artist. September 24 – Frank Newbould, English poster artist, october 6 – Le Corbusier, French architect and painter. October 9 – Manuel Ortiz de Zárate, Chilean painter, october 13 – Kate Lechmere, English painter associated with the Vorticists and milliner. November 1 – L. S. Lowry, English painter, november 15 – Georgia OKeeffe, American painter
7.
1887 in architecture
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The year 1887 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Construction work begins on Shrine of Our Lady of the Rosary, Rosario, provinciaal Hof, Bruges, Flanders, designed by Louis Delacenserie and René Buyck. Ponce de León Hotel, St. Augustine, Florida, designed by Carrère, march 29 - Peebles Old Parish Church, Scotland, designed by William Young. April 23 - Metropolitan Cathedral, Iași, Romania, completed by Alexandru Orăscu, june 20 - Victoria Terminus of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway in Bombay, designed by Frederick William Stevens. December 1 - Raffles Hotel, Singapore, cardiff Metropolitan Cathedral, designed by Pugin & Pugin. New façade of Florence Cathedral, designed by Emilio De Fabris, basilica of St. Nicholas, Amsterdam, designed by Adrianus Bleijs. St Pauls Church, Aarhus, designed by Vilhelm Theodor Walther, cluj-Napoca Neolog Synagogue, Romania, designed by engineer Izidor Hegner. Rebuilt Gare Saint-Lazare terminus of Chemins de fer de lOuest in Paris, RIBA Royal Gold Medal - Ewan Christian. MacGibbon and Ross begin publication of The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland, G. A. Wayss publishes Das System Monier-Eisengerippe mit Cementumhüllung-in seiner Anwendung auf das gesammte Bauwesen in Berlin, one of the first books on reinforced concrete
8.
1887 in science
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The year 1887 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below. April – Carte du Ciel project initiated by Paris Observatory director Amédée Mouchez, theodor von Oppolzers Canon der Finsternisse, a compilation of the 8,000 solar and 5,200 lunar eclipses from 1200 BC until 2161 AD, is published posthumously. Jean Pierre Mégnin publishes Faune des Tombeaux, the work of modern forensic entomology. Sergei Winogradsky discovers the first known form of lithotrophy during his research with Beggiatoa, Guyou hemisphere-in-a-square projection developed by Émile Guyou. January 28 – In a snowstorm at Fort Keogh, Montana, in the United States and they are 15 inches wide and 8 inches thick. September 28 – Start of the Yellow River floods in China,900,000 dead, june 23 – The Rocky Mountains Park Act becomes law in Canada, creating that nations first national park, Banff National Park. February 23 – The French Riviera is hit by a large earthquake, in Hawaii, the Mauna Loa volcano eruptions subside, having begun in 1843. During the 1887 eruption, about 2½ million tons of lava per hour pours out, march 3 – Anne Sullivan begins to teach language to the deaf and blind Helen Keller. July 26 – L. L. Zamenhof publishes Lingvo internacia under the pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto, Joseph Louis François Bertrand rediscovers Bertrands ballot theorem. Henri Poincaré provides a solution to the three-body problem, january 11 – Louis Pasteurs anti-rabies treatment is defended in the French Academy of Medicine by Dr. Joseph Grancher. August – The U. S. National Institutes of Health is founded at the Marine Hospital, Staten Island, NY, october 1 – Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese founded by Patrick Manson. Franz König publishes Über freie Körper in den Gelenken in the journal Deutsche Zeitschrift für Chirurgie, the Hospitals Association establishes the first register of nurses in the United Kingdom. November – The Michelson-Morley experiment is performed, indicating that the speed of light is independent of motion, heinrich Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect on the production and reception of electromagnetic waves in radio, an important step towards the understanding of the quantum nature of light. November – G. Stanley Hall founds The American Journal of Psychology, richard Hodgson and S. J. Davey, in the course of investigations into popular belief in parapsychology, publish one of the first descriptions of eyewitness unreliability. March 8 – Everett Horton of Connecticut patents a fishing rod of telescoping steel tubes, march 13 – Chester Greenwood patents earmuffs. June 8 – Herman Hollerith receives a U. S. patent for his punched card calculator, july – James Blyth operates the first working wind turbine at Marykirk in Scotland. July 19 – Dorr Eugene Felt receives the first U. S. patent for his comptometer, august – Anna Connelly patents the fire escape. November 8 – Emile Berliner is granted a U. S. patent for his Gramophone, adolf Gaston Eugen Fick invents the contact lens, made of a type of brown glass
9.
National League
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Both leagues currently have 15 teams. The two league champions of 1903 arranged to compete against each other in the inaugural World Series, after the 1904 champions failed to reach a similar agreement, the two leagues formalized the World Series as an arrangement between the leagues. National League teams have won 48 of the 112 World Series contested from 1903 to 2016, the 2016 National League champions are the Chicago Cubs. By 1875, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players was dangerously weak, additionally, Hulbert had a problem—five of his star players were threatened with expulsion from the NAPBBP because Hulbert had signed them to his club using what were considered questionable means. Hulbert had a vested interest in creating his own league. After recruiting St. Louis privately, four western clubs met in Louisville, Kentucky, Boston Red Stockings, the dominant team in the N. A. Hartford Dark Blues from the N. A. Mutual of New York from the N. A. St. Louis Brown Stockings from the N. A, the only strong club from 1875 excluded in 1876 was a second one in Philadelphia, often called the White Stockings or Phillies. The first game in National League history was played on April 22,1876, at Philadelphias Jefferson Street Grounds, 25th & Jefferson, the new leagues authority was tested after the first season. The National League operated with six clubs during 1877 and 1878, over the next several years, various teams joined and left the struggling league. By 1880, six of the eight members had folded. The two remaining original NL franchises, Boston and Chicago, remain in operation today as the Atlanta Braves, in 1883 the New York Gothams and Philadelphia Phillies began National League play. Both teams remain in the NL today, the Phillies in their original city, the NL encountered its first strong rival organization when the American Association began play in 1882. The A. A. played in cities where the NL did not have teams, offered Sunday games and alcoholic beverages in locales where permitted, the National League and the American Association participated in a version of the World Series seven times during their ten-year coexistence. These contests were less organized than the modern Series, lasting as few as three games and as many as fifteen, with two Series ending in disputed ties, the NL won four times and the A. A. only once, in 1886. Starting with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1887, the National League began to raid the American Association for franchises to replace NL teams that folded and this undercut the stability of the A. A. Other new leagues that rose to compete with the National League were the Union Association, the Union Association was established in 1884 and folded after playing only one season, its league champion St. Louis Maroons joining the NL. The NL suffered many defections of star players to the Players League, the Brooklyn, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and New York franchises of the NL absorbed their Players League counterparts. The labor strife of 1890 hastened the downfall of the American Association, after the 1891 season, the A. A. disbanded and merged with the NL, which became known legally for the next decade as the National League and American Association
10.
Road (sports)
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A road game or away game is a sports game where the specified team is not the host and must travel to another venue. Most professional teams represent cities or towns and amateur sports teams often represent academic institutions, each team has a location where it practices during the season and where it hosts games. When a team is not the host, it must travel to games. Thus, when a team is not hosting a game, the team is described as the team, the visiting team, or the away team. The venue in which the game is played is described as the stadium or the road. The host team is said to be the home team, major sporting events, if not held at a neutral venue, are often over several legs at each teams home ground, so that neither team has an advantage over the other. Occasionally, the team may not have to travel very far at all to a road game. These matches often become local derbies, a few times a year, a road team may even be lucky enough to have the road game played at their own home stadium or arena. This is prevalent in college athletics where many schools will play in regional leagues or groundshare. The related term true road game has seen increasing use in U. S. college sports in the 21st century, while regular-season tournaments and other special events have been part of college sports from their creation, the 21st century has seen a proliferation of such events. These are typically held at sites, with some of them taking place outside the contiguous U. S. or even outside the country entirely. In turn, this has led to the use of true road game to refer to contests played at one home venue. In some association football leagues, particularly in Europe, the teams fans sit in their own section. Depending on the stadium, they will either sit in a designated section or be separated from the home fans by a cordon of police officers. However, in the leagues in England, supporters may be free to mix. When games are played at a site, for instance the FA Cup final in England which is always played at Wembley Stadium. This results in each team occupying one half of the stadium and this is different from other sports, particularly in North America, where very few fans travel to games played away from their home stadium. Home and away fans are not separated at these games
11.
1887 Detroit Wolverines season
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The 1887 Detroit Wolverines season was a season in American baseball. The team won the 1887 National League pennant, then defeated the St. Louis Browns in the 1887 World Series, the season was the teams seventh since it entered the National League in 1881. It was the first World Series championship for the Detroit Wolverines, on March 13, after training in Macon, Georgia‚ the Wolverines began a six-week exhibition tour through the South and Midwest. Catching duties were divided between Charlie Ganzel and Charlie Bennett, both were good defensive catchers, though neither hit particularly well. Bennett had a fielding percentage than Ganzel, but Ganzel was stronger in range factor. Bennetts career in baseball ended when he lost both his legs in a train accident, when the Detroit Tigers opened their new ballpark in 1896, they named it Bennett Park in his honor. It remained Bennett Park until 1912, when the newly built stadium on the site was named Navin Field. First baseman Dan Brouthers was the first of four future Hall of Famers to play for the 1887 Wolverines, Brouthers won five batting titles and seven slugging titles, and his career batting average of.342 is the 9th highest in major league history. Brouthers was a key to the Wolverines offensive output in 1887 as he led the National League in runs, doubles, extra base hits, on-base percentage, times on base, and OPS. He was also among the leaders with a.338 batting average.562 slugging percentage,20 triples,12 home runs,101 RBIs,71 walks. The second baseman duties were split between Fred Dunlap and Hardy Richardson, Dunlap played 65 games at second base but missed two months due to an injury. As a result, Richardson played 64 games at second base in addition to 58 games as the left fielder. Richardson was a big contributor to the 1887 Wolverines, as he hit for a.327 average with 51 extra base hits,131 runs scored,178 hits and 94 RBIs, Richardson was also a good fielder both at second base and in left field. Jack Rowe played 124 games at shortstop for the 1887 Wolverines, Rowe was part of “The Big Four” that Detroit owner Fred Stearns purchased from the Buffalo Bisons for $7,000 before the 1886 season. The purchase of four of the best players in all at one time drew wide attention. Rowe had a big year for the Wolverines, with a.318 batting average,135 runs scored,171 hits,96 RBIs,30 extra base hits, Rowe hit for the cycle for the Wolverines on August 21,1886. Rowe later suffered a breakdown and died at age 54. Third baseman Deacon White was also part of The Big Four acquired from Buffalo before the 1886 season, White won two batting crowns earlier in his career but was 39 years old in 1887
12.
1887 Indianapolis Hoosiers season
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The 1887 Indianapolis Hoosiers finished with a 37–89 record in the National League, finishing in last place in their first season in Indianapolis. They had played the three seasons in St. Louis, Missouri as the Maroons. Following the 1886 season, the Maroons franchise was purchased by the National League, on March 8, the Hoosiers additionally purchased a number of players who were under league control. Technically, these players were purchased from the Maroons franchise, among these players were Henry Boyle, John Cahill, Jerry Denny, Jack Glasscock, Egyptian Healy, John Kirby, Jack McGeachey, George Myers, Otto Schomberg and Emmett Seery. March 9,1887, The Hoosiers obtained Mert Hackett and Charley Bassett, july 2,1887, John Kirby was sold by the Hoosiers to the Cleveland Blues for $800 to $1000. August 15,1887, Lev Shreve was purchased by the Hoosiers from the Baltimore Orioles, august 19,1887, Tom Brown was signed by the Hoosiers as a free agent. Note, Pos = Position, G = Games played, AB = At bats, H = Hits, = Batting average, HR = Home runs, RBI = Runs batted in Note, G = Games played, AB = At bats, H = Hits, Avg
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