1.
1888 in art
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February – Fifth annual exhibition of Les XX, at the Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique in Brussels. W. W. January 17 – Mohamed Nagy, Egyptian painter, february 22 – Horace Pippin, self-taught African-American painter. March 14 – Marc-Aurèle Fortin, Canadian painter, march 19 – Josef Albers, German artist, mathematician and educator. April 6 – Hans Richter, German painter, graphic artist, avant-gardist, june 12 – Tom Purvis, English poster artist. July 10 – Giorgio de Chirico, Greek-Italian painter, august 13 – Gleb W. Derujinsky, Russian-American sculptor. August 14 – Sydney Carline, English painter, war artist, august 30 – Siri Derkert, Swedish artist, sculptor and political campaigner. November 7 – Mariano Andreu, Spanish painter, enamelling master, sculptor, november 11 – Johannes Itten, Swiss colour theorist, painter and designer. Stanley Royle, English post-impressionist landscape painter
2.
Seville Cathedral
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The Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See, better known as Seville Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Seville. It is the largest Gothic cathedral and the third-largest church in the world. It is also the largest cathedral in the world, as the two churches, the Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida and St. Peters Basilica, are not the seats of bishops. It was registered in 1987 by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, along with the Alcázar palace complex, See refers to the episcopal see, i. e. the bishops ecclesiastical jurisdiction. After its completion in the early 16th century, the Seville Cathedral supplanted Hagia Sophia as the largest cathedral in the world, the cathedral is also the burial site of Christopher Columbus. The Archbishops Palace is located on the side of the cathedral. Seville Cathedral was built to demonstrate the wealth, as it had become a major trading center in the years after the Reconquista in 1248. In July 1401 it was decided to build a new cathedral, according to local oral tradition, the members of the cathedral chapter said, Hagamos una Iglesia tan hermosa y tan grandiosa que los que la vieren labrada nos tengan por locos. Construction began in 1402 and continued until 1506, the clergy of the parish gave half their stipends to pay for architects, artists, stained glass artisans, masons, carvers, craftsman and labourers and other expenses. Five years after construction ended, in 1511, the dome collapsed, the dome again collapsed in 1888, and work was still being performed on the dome until at least 1903. The 1888 collapse occurred due to an earthquake and resulted in the destruction of every precious object below the dome at that time, the interior has the longest nave of any cathedral in Spain. The central nave rises to a height of 42 meters and is decorated with a large quantity of gilding. This altarpiece was the work of a single craftsman, Pierre Dancart. The builders used some columns and other elements from the ancient mosque, including its minaret, the Giralda is the bell tower of the Cathedral of Seville. Its height is 343 feet, and its base is 23 feet above sea level and 44 feet long per side. The Giralda is the minaret of the mosque that stood on the site under Muslim rule. It was converted into a tower for the cathedral after the Reconquista. It was registered in 1987 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, the tower is 104.5 m in height and was one of the most important symbols in the medieval city
3.
Fellner & Helmer
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Fellner & Helmer was an architecture studio founded in 1873 by Austrian architects Ferdinand Fellner and Hermann Helmer. They designed over 200 buildings, mainly theatres and apartment buildings, across Europe in the late 19th century, most of the work stood in the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, but can be found from Switzerland to present-day Ukraine. Frequent collaborators for integrated exterior and interior work include Gustav Klimt, Hans Makart, Theodor Friedl, Ferdinand Fellner was born in Vienna in 1847. He studied at the Vienna University of Technology, but abandoned in the first year to help his sick father, after the death of his father in 1871 he overtook his office. He died in Vienna in 1916, Hermann Gottlieb Helmer was born in Harburg upon Elbe and died in Vienna. Media related to Büro Fellner & Helmer at Wikimedia Commons
4.
Concertgebouw
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The Royal Concertgebouw is a concert hall in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The Dutch term concertgebouw literally translates into English as concert building, on 11 April 2013, on occasion of the buildings 125th anniversary, Queen Beatrix bestowed the Royal Title Koninklijk upon the building, as she did previously to the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. Because of its highly regarded acoustics, the Concertgebouw is considered one of the finest concert halls in the world, along with such as Bostons Symphony Hall. The architect of the building was Adolf Leonard van Gendt, who was inspired by the Gewandhaus in Leipzig, construction began in 1883 in a pasture that was then outside the city, in Nieuwer-Amstel, a municipality that in 1964 became Amstelveen. A total of 2,186 piles of length twelve to thirteen metres were sunk into the soil. The hall opened on 11 April 1888 with a concert, in which an orchestra of 120 musicians and a chorus of 500 singers participated, performing works of Wagner, Handel, Bach. The resident orchestra of the Concertgebouw is the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, for many decades the Netherlands Philharmonic Orchestra and the Radio Filharmonisch Orkest have also been regular performers in the Concertgebouw. The Main Hall seats 1,974, and is 44 metres long,28 metres wide and its reverberation time is 2.8 seconds without audience,2.2 seconds with, making it ideal for the late Romantic repertoire such as Mahler. Though this characteristic makes it unsuited for amplified music, groups such as Led Zeppelin, The Who. It hosts not only orchestral and operatic performances, but also jazz, a smaller, oval-shaped venue, the Recital Hall, is located behind the Main Hall. The Recital Hall is 20 metres long and 15 metres wide and its more intimate space is well-suited for chamber music and Lieder. The Recital Hall has 437 seats, when the Concertgebouw was built, acoustics were something of a black art. As in shipbuilding, designers drew upon what had worked in the past without entirely understanding the underlying science, when the building was completed, the acoustics were not perfect, and a lot of effort went into fine-tuning the aural ambience. During later restorations, particular care has been not to alter the materials used for interior decoration with this in mind. In the 1980s, the hall embarked on extensive fund-raising for renovations after the hall was found to be sinking into the ground. Pi de Bruijn was the architect for the annex to the original hall. Today, some nine hundred concerts and other events per year take place in the Concertgebouw, for a public of over 700,000, as of February 2014, the managing director of the Concertgebouw is Simon Reinink and the artistic director is Anneke Hogenstijn. The organ was built in 1890 by the organ builder Michael Maarschalkerweerd from Utrecht and it has 60 registers on three divisions and pedal
5.
Amsterdam
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Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper,1,351,587 in the urban area, the city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The metropolitan area comprises much of the part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe. Amsterdams name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the citys origin around a dam in the river Amstel, during that time, the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned, the 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19–20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered a world city by the Globalization. The city is also the capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and seven of the worlds 500 largest companies, including Philips and ING, are based in the city. In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit and 12th globally on quality of living for environment, the city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009. The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country, famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank, artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. After the floods of 1170 and 1173, locals near the river Amstel built a bridge over the river, the earliest recorded use of that name is in a document dated October 27,1275, which exempted inhabitants of the village from paying bridge tolls to Count Floris V. This allowed the inhabitants of the village of Aemstelredamme to travel freely through the County of Holland, paying no tolls at bridges, locks, the certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme. By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam, Amsterdam is much younger than Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. In October 2008, historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as the late 10th century. This does not necessarily mean there was already a settlement then, since reclamation of land may not have been for farming—it may have been for peat. Amsterdam was granted city rights in either 1300 or 1306, from the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the Hanseatic League
6.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station
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Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, is a historic railway station and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India which serves as the headquarters of the Central Railways. The stations name was changed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in March 1996, Bori Bunder was one of the areas along the Eastern shore line of Mumbai, India which was used as a storehouse for goods imported and exported from Mumbai. In the areas name, Bori means sack and Bandar means port or haven, in the 1850s, the Great Indian Peninsular Railway built its railway terminus in this area and the station took its name as Bori Bunder. The train between Bori Bunder and Thane took 57 minutes at a distance of 35 km apart, the station was designed by the consulting British architect Frederick William Stevens. He received ₹1,614,000 as the payment for his services, Stevens earned the commission to construct the station after a masterpiece watercolour sketch by draughtsman Axel Haig. The final design bears resemblance to St Pancras railway station in London. GG Scotts plans for Berlins parliament building had been published four years before, crawford market is also located near CSTM. The station took ten years to complete, the longest for any building of that era in Bombay and this famous architectural landmark in a Gothic-revival style was built as the headquarters of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. Since then, the station came to be known as Bombay VT, the original platforms were from 1–9. The original building is still in use to handle traffic and is used by over three million commuters daily. It is also the headquarters of the Central Railway. In 1996, the Minister of Railways, Suresh Kalmadi, changed the name of the station to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in honour of Great King Chhatrapati Shivaji, on 26 November 2008, two terrorists entered the passenger hall of the CST, opened fire and threw grenades at people. The terrorists were armed with AK-47 rifles, One of the terrorists, Ajmal Kasab, was later caught alive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses. This despite the fact that Central Railway RPF Hq being located near Platform 13 overlooking the central passenger hall. The CCTV captured the attack but was not completely made public to hide Railway police inaction. The CCTV evidence was used to identify and indict Kasab, in 2010, Kasab was sentenced to death for his role in the attack, and in 2012 he was hanged. The station building is designed in the High Victorian Gothic style of architecture, the building exhibits a fusion of influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and classical Indian architecture. The skyline, turrets, pointed arches, and eccentric ground plan are close to classical Indian palace architecture, the station stands as an example of 19th century railway architectural marvels for its advanced structural and technical solutions. The CST was constructed using high level of engineering both in terms of engineering and civil engineering
7.
1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition
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The 1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition was Spains first International Worlds Fair and ran from May 20 to December 9,1888. It was also the first of the two held in Barcelona, eugenio Serrano de Casanova tried to launch an exposition in 1886, and when that failed, the Mayor of Barcelona, Francesc Rius i Taulet, took over the planning of the project. The fair was hosted on the reconstructed 115-acre site of the main public park. More than 2 million people from Spain, the rest of Europe, and other points of embarkation visited the exhibition. The fair was opened by Alfonso XIII of Spain and Maria Christina of Austria, twenty-seven countries participated, including China, Japan and the United States. The piano manufacturer Erard sponsored a series of 20 concerts featuring Isaac Albéniz, another product of the World Fair is the Modernista or Neo-Mudéjar Arc de Triomf, the Fairs former gateway, presiding over Passeig de Lluís Companys. Other architectural details in the city bear witness to the passage of the World Fair as well, the Columbus Monument, a 60 m tall monument to Christopher Columbus, was built for the exposition on the site where Columbus returned to Europe after his first voyage to the Americas. It was erected at the end of Les Rambles and remains standing today
8.
Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof
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Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof, often abbreviated as Frankfurt Hbf and sometimes translated as Frankfurt central station, is the busiest railway station in Frankfurt, Germany. The name affix Main comes from the full name, Frankfurt am Main. In terms of traffic, Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof is the busiest railway station in Germany. With about 450,000 passengers per day, the station is the second busiest railway station in Germany and those three stations were placed beside each other on the then Gallustor. This situation was considered due to rising passenger figures in the 19th century. At first, a large station with up to 34 platforms was considered. Post and baggage handlings had their own facilities, and the city council demanded the station to be moved further away from the city. The new station was placed about 1 km to the west of the first three stations, the platforms were covered by three iron-and-glass halls. The station was built by the contractor Philipp Holzmann with construction starting in 1883, the Central-Bahnhof Frankfurt was finally opened on 18 August 1888. Right on the evening of the day, a train ran over the buffer stop. Over the course of the few years, the area to the east of the new station. Until the completion of Leipzig Hauptbahnhof in 1915, Frankfurt station was the largest in Europe, as of today, the 24 platforms with 26 tracks on one level probably make it the worlds largest one-level railway hall. In 1924 two neoclassical halls were added on each side of the hall, increasing the number of platforms to 24. During World War II, the building was partly damaged, in 1956 the station was fully electrified. One year later, Europes then-largest signal box was commissioned, which, between 2002 and 2006, the roof construction, which is a listed building, was renovated. This involved the exchange of aged steel girders, reinstallation of windows that were replaced by panels after World War II, the operational part of the station is being remodeled as well, the old signal box has been recently replaced with an electronic signal box. This was vital to improve capacity of the station, the new signal box became operational in late 2005 and will allow faster speeds into the station after the remodelling of the tracks. The appearance of the station is divided into perron and vestibule, dominant in those parts built in 1888 are Neo-Renaissance features, the outer two halls, added in 1924 follow the style of neoclassicism
9.
Johann Wilhelm Schwedler
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Johann Wilhelm Schwedler was a German civil engineer and civil servant who designed many bridges and public buildings and invented the Schwedler truss and the Schwedler cupola. One of his examinations was waived after he won the international competition to design a road. His Theorie der Brückenbalkensysteme, published in the first year of the Zeitschrift für Bauwesen, had a impact on the construction of steel bridges. But during his years he did not publish, concentrating instead on building. The City of Cologne employed him to build a bridge over the Sieg. He then supervised the first stage of construction of the railway between Cologne and Gießen, during that time he oversaw in some manner every major piece of construction in Prussia and subsequently the German Empire. In 1868 he was promoted to Geheimer Baurat and became the highest ranking construction employee in the Prussian Civil Service. Shortly after his return to Berlin, he became an instructor at the Academy of Construction and he was on the editorial board of the Zeitschrift für Bauwesen for many years. Schwedler had three daughters and a son, however, his youngest daughter and his son died in 1863 and 1864 and he remarried, but his second wife died in 1892. In 1891, he had had to retire because of health,3,500 fellow engineers signed a farewell testament praising his accomplishments. He died in 1894 after being housebound for several years, Schwedler invented the Schwedler truss, which was widely used worldwide in framed bridges and roofs until about 1900. Schwedler himself would have preferred it to be used less on aesthetic grounds and his first use of the innovation was for the railway bridge over the Weser at Corvey, on the edge of Höxter, for which he won a gold medal at the 1867 Paris International Exposition. One of the last remaining examples is the carrying the Nagold Valley Railway over the Nagold in Unterreichenbach. He designed the cupolas on Berlins New Synagogue and the Sedan Panorama at Alexanderplatz Station
10.
Ghazanchetsots Cathedral
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The Holy Savior Cathedral, commonly known as Ghazanchetsots Cathedral is a major cathedral in Shusha, Nagorno-Karabakh. It is the seat of the Diocese of Artsakh of the Armenian Apostolic Church and it was consecrated in 1888 and is considered a landmark of Karabakh. It was damaged during the March 1920 massacre of Armenians of the city by Azerbaijanis, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War Azerbaijan used the cathedral as an armory, where hundreds of missiles were stored. It was restored in the aftermath of the war and reconsecrated in 1998, according to historical records a small basilica church stood on its place as of 1722. The bell tower of the cathedral was founded in 1858—10 years earlier than the church proper, the three floored bell tower was financed by the Khandamiriants family. The churchs construction began in 1868 and was completed in 1887 and its name comes from Ghazanchi, a village in Nakhichevan, migrants from which financed the churchs construction. It was designed by Simon Ter-Hakobian, the church was consecrated on September 20,1888 according to an inscription on upper part of the southern portal. The inscription reads, The majority of the Armenian population of Shusha was massacred or expelled in a March 1920 massacre, the cathedral was damaged and gradually declined. In the 1940s it was used as a granary and its dome and part of the walls surrounding it were destroyed in 1950s. It was then looted and its stones were used to build several houses in the Azerbaijani part of the city. By the 1970s the cathedral looked like it survived heavy shelling, Soviet and Azerbaijani authorities granted a permission to launch a restoration project of the cathedral in the 1980s under public pressure. The restoration began in 1981 and continued to till 1988 and was supervised by Volodya Babayan, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict began in February 1988 and Shushas Armenian minority was expelled from the city. The cathedral was turned into an armory, according to Armenian political analyst Levon Melik-Shahnazaryan the cathedral was set to fire three times between 1988 and 1991 using car tires. He wrote that by the time of its capture practically, only a skeleton had remained of the magnificent structure. Azerbaijanis dismantled the stone statues of angels on the bell tower and they reportedly sold off its bronze bell, which was later found in a market in Donetsk, Ukraine and was bought by an Armenian officer for 3 million rubles and sent it back to Armenia. When Shusha was captured by Armenian forces on May 9,1992, prior to the fall of Shusha, Azerbaijani forces stored hundreds of boxes of Grad missiles as the cathedral was safe from potential Armenian bombardment. Shusha was used as a base for shelling of Stepanakert, the largest city of Karabakh, Armenian volunteers, including noted activist Igor Muradyan, carried the wooden boxes of artillery and rocket shells out of the church immediately after the capture of the city. The flag of Armenia was raised on top of the dome by Armenian troops
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