1.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
2.
Monarchy of Norway
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The Norwegian monarch is the monarchical head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The present monarch is King Harald V, who has reigned since 17 January 1991, succeeding his father, the heir apparent is his only son, Crown Prince Haakon. The crown prince undertakes various public functions, as does the kings wife. The crown prince also acts as regent in the kings absence, there are several other members of the Royal Family, including the kings daughter, grandchildren and siblings. Whilst the Constitution of Norway grants important executive powers to the King, formally the King appoints the government according to his own judgement, but parliamentary practice has been in place since 1884. Constitutional practice has replaced the meaning of the word King in most articles of the constitution from the king personally to the elected government. The powers vested in the monarch are significant, but are treated only as reserve powers, the King does not, by convention, have direct participation in government. He ratifies laws and royal resolutions, receives and sends envoys from and to foreign countries and he has a more tangible influence as the symbol of national unity. The annual New Years Eve speech is one occasion when the King traditionally raises negative issues, the King is also Supreme Commander of the Norwegian Armed Forces and Grand Master of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit. The King has no role in the Church of Norway. The position of King of Norway has been in existence since the unification of Norway in 872. In recent years members of the Socialist Left party have proposed the abolition of the monarchy during each new session of parliament and this gives the Norwegian monarchy the unique status of being a popularly elected royal family and receiving regular formal confirmations of support from the Storting. Prior to and in the phase of the Viking Age Norway was divided into several smaller kingdoms. Harald Fairhair was the first king of Norway, the boundaries of Fairhairs kingdom were not identical to those of present-day Norway, and upon his death the kingship was shared among his sons. Some historians emphasise the actual control over the country and assert that Olaf II, alias Saint Olaf. Olaf is generally held to have been the force behind Norways final conversion to Christianity. In the 12th and 13th centuries the Norwegian kingdom was at its geographical and cultural peak, the kingdom included Norway, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Shetland, Orkney and other smaller areas in the British Isles. The king had diplomatic relations with most of the European kingdoms and formed alliances with Scotland and Castile, large castles such as Haakons Hall and cathedrals, the foremost being Nidaros Cathedral, were built
3.
Oscar II of Sweden
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Oscar II was King of Sweden from 1872 until his death and King of Norway from 1872 until his dethronement in 1905. He was the third of four sons of King Oscar I, as his eldest brother Charles XV was without heirs and his brother Prince Gustaf died in 1852, it was he who succeeded his brother as king. Oscar II was king during a period when Sweden was undergoing a period of industrialization, the declining Union of Sweden and Norway was finally dissolved in 1905 and Oscar became the last Bernadotte king of Norway. He died in 1907 and was succeed as King of Sweden by his son, at his birth in Stockholm, Oscar Fredrik was created Duke of Östergötland. He entered the navy at the age of eleven, and was appointed lieutenant in July 1845. Later he studied at Uppsala University, where he distinguished himself in mathematics, on 13 December 1848, he was made an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. On 6 June 1857 he married in Wiesbaden-Biebrich, Germany, Princess Sophia Wilhelmina, from 1859, when his father died, he was first in line to the Swedish throne after his oldest brother King Charles, who then had no male heirs. His middle brother Gustaf had died in 1852 and he succeeded his brother Charles XV / IV on 18 September 1872. At the accession he adopted as his motto Brödrafolkens väl / Broderfolkenes Vel, the political events which led up to the peaceful dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 could hardly have been attained but for the tact and patience of the king himself. He was dethroned on 7 June 1905 by the Norwegian Parliament and he declined, indeed, to permit any prince of his house to become king of Norway, but better relations between the two countries were restored before his death. He died in Stockholm on 8 December 1907 at 9,10 AM and his acute intelligence and his aloofness from the dynastic considerations affecting most European sovereigns gave the king considerable weight as an arbitrator in international questions. At the request of Great Britain, Germany and the United States in 1889 he appointed the justice of Samoa. He was the 1, 027th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain, the office of prime minister was instituted in 1876. Louis De Geer became the first head of government in Sweden to use this title, the most known and powerful first minister of the Crown during the reign of Oscar was the conservative estate owner Erik Gustaf Boström. Boström served as Prime Minister in 1891-1900 and 1902-1905 and he was trusted and respected by the king, who had much difficulty approving someone else as prime minister. Over a period of time, the king gave Boström a free hand to select his own ministers without much royal involvement and it was an arrangement that furthered the road to parliamentarism. Himself a distinguished writer and musical amateur, King Oscar proved a friend of learning. In 1858 a collection of his lyrical and narrative poems, Memorials of the Swedish Fleet, published anonymously, obtained the second prize of the Swedish Academy
4.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
5.
Tryggve Gran
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Jens Tryggve Herman Gran DSC, MC was a Norwegian aviator, explorer and author. He was the expert on the 1910–13 Scott Antarctic Expedition and was the first person to fly across the North Sea in a heavier than air aircraft. The first to cross the North Sea by air were two German balloonists, Distler and Joerdens, who took off from Munich and they were blown across the North Sea by strong winds, landing in Kirkwall, Orkney on 4th December 1910. Tryggve Gran was born in Bergen, Norway, growing up in an affluent family dominant in the shipbuilding industry and his great-grandfather Jens Gran Berle, had founded a shipyard in the Laksevåg borough of the city of Bergen. His father, the owner, died when Tryggve was only five years old. In 1900, after school in Bergen and Lillehammer, Gran was sent to a school in Lausanne, Switzerland for a year, three years later, he met the German emperor, Wilhelm II, a common guest with the families of Tryggves friends. Meeting the emperor made an impact on the then 14-year-old boy, at this time, he had several years behind him as a member of the Nygaards Battalion, one of Bergens buekorps. He entered naval college in 1907 and graduated in the spring of 1910, Scott was impressed with Gran, who was an expert skier, and Nansen convinced Scott to take Gran as ski instructor to Scott’s men for the Terra Nova Expedition. Arriving in Antarctica in early January 1911, Gran was one of the 13 expedition members involved in the laying of the supply depots needed for the attempt to reach the South Pole later that year. In November 1912, Gran was part of the 11-man search party found the tent containing the dead bodies of the past South Pole party. After collecting the personal belongings the tent was lowered over the bodies of Scott. A pair of skis were used to form a cross over their grave, Gran travelled back to the base at Cape Evans wearing Scotts skis, reasoning that at least Scotts skis would complete the journey. On 24 July 1913 Gran was awarded the Polar Medal by King George V, on his return voyage, Gran met the Irish aviator Robert Loraine, and immediately took an interest in aviation. Gran became a pilot at Louis Blériots aviation school in Paris. Taking off in his Blériot XI-2 monoplane, Ca Flotte, from Cruden Bay, Scotland, Gran landed 4 hours 10 minutes later at Jæren, near Stavanger, Norway, only five days later, the United Kingdom entered the First World War. Gran, now a first lieutenant in the Norwegian Army Air Service and he was rejected because of Norways neutrality. However, the rejection did not stop Gran, under the identity of Captain Teddy Grant of Canada, he was admitted to the RFC, serving in 1916 with No.39 Squadron on Home Defence. 70 Squadron, flying the Sopwith Camel on the Western Front and he was appointed a flight commander on 1 January 1918 with the rank of acting-captain, and in March his seniority as second lieutenant was backdated to 1 January 1917
6.
1950 in Norway
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Events in the year 1950 in Norway. Monarch - Haakon VII Prime Minister - Einar Gerhardsen 2 January - Postbanken starts its operations,15 November -14 people killed in the Hjuksebø train disaster. 1 December - Population Census,3,278,546 inhabitants in Norway, the official inauguration of the Oslo City Hall. 5 January – Halvdan Sivertsen, singer 9 January – Maryon Eilertsen, actress,8 August – Synne Skouen, composer 19 August – Kari Bøge, Swedish-born Norwegian poet, novelist, short story writer, childrens writer and illustrator. 5 September – Bjørn Skagestad, actor 7 September – Anne Grosvold,10 September – Tom Lund, football player 1 October – Sigbjørn Johnsen, politician 12 October – Knut Knudsen, racing cyclist 28 October – Beate Ellingsen, designer. 6 April - Signe Lund, composer,14 September - Marius Eriksen, Olympic gymnast. 3 October - Betzy Kjelsberg, politician and feminist 22 December - Bernhoff Hansen, wrestler and Olympic gold medallist
7.
1979 in Norway
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Events in the year 1979 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Odvar Nordli Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country, bryggen and the Urnes stave church are designated by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. March - the planet Hoth scenes from the Hollywood film The Empire Strikes Back were filmed in the Hardangerjøkulen glacier, december 1 - During an episode of Jul i Skomakergata on NRK, Sandmännchen premieres on Norwegian television for the first time. Åge Rønning, writer and journalist, is awarded the Riksmål Society Literature Prize, nils Johan Rud, novelist, short story writer and magazine editor, is awarded the Dobloug Prize for Swedish and Norwegian fiction. Bjørg Vik, writer, playwright and journalist, is awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature for the short stories En håndfull lengsel. 24 April – Tor Henning Hamre, footballer 25 April – Nils-Torolv Simonsen, rower 25 April – Martin Sjølie, pianist, songwriter and record producer 1 May – Lars Berger,13 June – Nila Håkedal, beach volleyball player. 31 August – Camilla Huse, footballer 3 September – Stian Eckhoff, biathlete
8.
Johan Sverdrup
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Johan Sverdrup was a Norwegian politician from the Liberal Party. He was the first Prime Minister of Norway after the introduction of parliamentarism, Sverdrup was Prime Minister from 1884 to 1889. He was born in Sem, close to Norways oldest city and his father was a pioneer in scientific agriculture in Norway. He finished his law studies in 1841 and his remarkable feat was his sole first climb. He worked as a lawyer in Larvik, a town on the west coast of the Oslofjord. In 1851 he was for the first time elected to the Storting, in Norway, political parties were considered inappropriate and unwanted. Sverdrup tried from his earliest days in the Storting to form a party consisting of the large group of peasants. His first attempt was named the party after the profession of the leaders of the group. It soon became evident that the times were not ripe for such a radical novelty and it is ironic that if it hadnt been for Sverdrups fervent opposition, the reform that would transform Norwegian political life from 1884 on, would have been introduced two decades earlier. The Government wanted the Ministers to meet in parliamentary sessions to further the communications between the Kings Council and those elected by the people, Sverdrup managed to prevent this reform with the support of a great number of the peasants. Such a negative policy-making will never produce great results, which Sverdrup clearly foresaw, but in parliament Jaabæk would often bow to Sverdrups more advanced political strategies, when they were not too expensive. In 1869 a political reform of the greatest importance was introduced and this definitely tipped the scale of political influence in favor of the Storting, and it is not easy to see the reasons for the Kings acceptance of this reform. The major reason was probably the growing necessity to get updated budgets, during the 60s, the views towards the ministers participation in the parliamentary sessions had changed totally. The peasants and the radicals on the hand, had drawn the obviously correct conclusion that this reform would further the influence of the elected towards the appointed ministers. The changed constitution was not sanctioned this time either, the same happened in 1876 and 1879, and now a major problem had occurred, which made Norwegian politics extremely difficult for several years. The Constitution explicitly stated that the king had a three times in law and budget matters, but there was no mention of any kind of veto concerning constitutional matters. This had definitely become Sverdrups goal, all power must be gathered in the halls of the Storting became his political program. In 1879 his party in the made a coup by promulgating the new change in the constitution
9.
1958 in Norway
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Events in the year 1958 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Einar Gerhardsen 8 January - Fire breaks out in the coastal steamer MS Erling Jarl while it is docked in Bodø,22 June - Olav V is crowned as ruler of Norway in the Nidaros Cathedral. Harald Sverdrup, poet and childrens writer, is awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature for his poetry, astrid Tollefsen, poet, is awarded the Gyldendals Endowment literature prize. 4 February - Kjell Ola Dahl, writer 25 February - Eugene Ejike Obiora, died during police arrest 19 June - Siri Bjerke, politician 28 July - Peter M
10.
1963 in Norway
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Events in the year 1963 in Norway. 1 July - Work begins to build Tromsø Airport 28 August – Lyngs Cabinet was appointed,25 September – Gerhardsens Fourth Cabinet was appointed. Norsk Hydro in cooperation with Harvey Aluminum starts Alnor, a plant at Karmøy to produce aluminium Municipal, the Munch Museum was opened,100 years after Edvard Munchs birth. Stein Mehren, poet, novelist, essayist and playwright, is awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature and the Mads Wiel Nygaards Endowment for Mot en verden av lys
11.
1968 in Norway
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Events in the year 1968 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Per Borten 19 February - Avalanches occur in Bondalen which kill four people,19 March - The Palace announces that Crown Prince Harald has engaged to Sonja Haraldsen. 29 August – Crown Prince Harald married Sonja Haraldsen in the Oslo Cathedral,13 September - Norwegian whaling in the Southern Hemisphere ceases after the last whaling company officially announces it would not send any more whaling expeditions. 9 October – the first commercial discovery of petroleum deposit on the Norwegian continental shelf was confirmed, the Norwegian Sami Association was founded The Norwegian Writers Center is established. Finn Alnæs, novelist, is awarded the Norwegian Booksellers Prize, ebba Haslund, novelist, is awarded the Riksmål Society Literature Prize for Syndebukkens krets
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