1.
1880 in art
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Events from the year 1880 in art. October – Vincent van Gogh enrolls in an art course at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. Fifth Impressionist exhibition in Paris, at 10 rue des Pyramides, the realist painter Jean-François Raffaëlli is also invited by Degas to exhibit. Silver Studio founded by Arthur Silver in London for textile and wallpaper design, anton Mauve paints Changing Pasture, his palette and usage of colour influences Vincent van Gogh. Michael Ancher marries fellow painter Anna Brøndum, national Gallery of Canada established in Ottawa. Grand Prix de Rome, painting, Henri Lucien Doucet, Grand Prix de Rome, sculpture, Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Grand Prix de Rome, music, Lucien Joseph Edouard Hillemacher
2.
1881 in art
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Events from the year 1881 in art. April – Sixth Impressionist exhibition in Paris, at Nadars studio, august 31 – English painters Thomas Cooper Gotch and Caroline Burland Yates marry at Newlyn. The Société des Artistes Français is established, with William-Adolphe Bouguereau as its first president. Vincent van Gogh returns from study in Brussels to his parents home in Etten where he produces a number of works, including the start of his series of peasant character studies. Art Gallery of South Australia established in Adelaide, St. Louis School and Museum of Fine Arts established at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, under the direction of Halsey Ives. Dante Gabriel Rossettis Ballads and Sonnets published
3.
1882 in art
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Events from the year 1882 in art. April 9 – English poet and artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti dies aged 53 of Brights disease at Birchington-on-Sea in the care of his brother, march 1 – Seventh Impressionist exhibition in Paris opens at 251 rue Saint-Honoré. August – Vincent van Gogh starts painting in oil on the sea coast at Scheveningen, walter Langley moves to Newlyn on the coast of Cornwall, becoming the first resident artist of the Newlyn School. The gallery of botanical illustrations made and donated by Marianne North is opened at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, the Royal Manchester Institution transfers its galleries and collections to Manchester Corporation as Manchester Art Gallery. Todor Švrakić, Serbian painter January 14 – Timothy H
4.
1883 in art
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20 April – Claude Monet moves to the house in Giverny which will be his main residence for the rest of his life. 28 October – Les XX established in Brussels by Octave Maus, L. Wyllie – Toil, Glitter, Grime and Wealth on a Flowing Tide 3 February – Camille Bombois, French naïve painter. 18 February – Jacques Ochs, French artist, épée and foil fencer,12 April Francis Cadell, Scottish Colourist painter Imogen Cunningham, American photographer. 24 June – Jean Metzinger, French painter and art theorist,16 July – Charles Sheeler, American modernist painter and photographer. 31 July – Erich Heckel, German painter and printmaker,19 August – Coco Chanel, French fashion designer. 14 September – Richard Gerstl, Austrian painter and draughtsman,9 November – Charles Demuth, American painter. 4 December – Felice Casorati, Italian painter,24 December – Stojan Aralica, famous Serbian Impressionist painter and academic. 26 December – Maurice Utrillo, French painter, date unknown – Charles Jourdan, French fashion designer
5.
1884 in art
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February 2 – First annual exhibition of Les XX opens at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. Artists invited to show in addition to members of the group include Auguste Rodin, James McNeill Whistler, march – Theo van Gogh starts buying and selling Impressionist works, beginning with a painting by Pissarro. April – Camille Pissarro moves to Éragny-sur-Epte, may 15–July 15 – Groupe des Artistes Indépendants stages the first officially sanctioned open exhibition of contemporary art in Paris. July 29 – Société des Artistes Indépendants established in Paris under the leadership of Albert Dubois-Pillet, august 30 – Austrian painter Marianne Preindlsberger marries English painter Adrian Scott Stokes
6.
1885 in art
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July 13 – New building for the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, designed by Pierre Cuypers, opens. August – First public display of works by Vincent van Gogh, Glasgow Boys first exhibit collectively, at the Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts. Aberdeen Art Gallery opens in Scotland, birmingham Museum and Art Gallery opens in England. The Guildhall Art Gallery opens in the City of London, crocker Art Gallery is presented to the people of Sacramento, California. John Everett Millais is granted a baronetcy in the United Kingdom, the first artist to be honoured with a hereditary title
7.
1886 in art
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April 28 – Paul Cézanne marries his model and former lover Marie-Hortense Fiquet, despite having publicly stated that he has no feelings for her. May–June – Eighth and last collective Impressionist exhibition in Paris at 1 rue Laffitte introduces Georges Seurats A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, august 21 – September 21 – Second exhibition by the Société des Artistes Indépendants in Paris. October 28 – Dedication of Frédéric Auguste Bartholdis Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor, P. H. Emerson publishes his first photographic book, Life and Landscape on the Norfolk Broads. Publication in French of Irish-born writer George Moores autobiographical novel Confessions of a Young Man describing bohemian life in 1870s Paris among the Impressionists, publication of Émile Zolas novel LŒuvre based on his friendship with Paul Cézanne
8.
1887 in art
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The year 1887 in art involved some significant events. February – Fourth annual exhibition of Les XX, at the Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique in Brussels, artists invited to show in addition to members of the group include Walter Sickert, Camille Pissarro, Berthe Morisot and Georges-Pierre Seurat. The major work shown is Seurats A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, march 26 – June 8 – Third exhibition by the Société des Artistes Indépendants in Paris. November 14 – Paul Gauguin and Charles Laval return to Paris from Martinique, december – Vincent van Gogh arranges an exhibition of paintings by himself, Émile Bernard, Louis Anquetin, and Toulouse-Lautrec in the Restaurant du Chalet,43 Avenue de Clichy, Montmartre, Paris. Bernard and Anquetin sell their first painting, van Gogh exchanges work with Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh begins his first Sunflowers series of paintings in Paris. Walter Crane illustrates The Architecture of Art, Charles Lang Freers first Asian art purchase is a painted Japanese fan. Sir John Everett Millais painting Bubbles is acquired for advertising purposes by Pears soap, february 5 – Albert Paris Gütersloh, Austrian painter and writer. March 23 – Juan Gris, Spanish painter and sculptor, march 25 – Josef Čapek, Czech painter. April 29 – Stanley Cursiter, Scottish painter and curator, may – Jacob Steinhardt, German-born Israeli painter and woodcut artist. May 12 – Leo Michelson, Latvian-American painter and sculptor, may 21 Barker Fairley, English-born Canadian painter, writer, and educator. May 30 – Alexander Archipenko, Ukrainian sculptor, June 20 – Kurt Schwitters, German Dadaist painter and writer. July 7 – Marc Chagall, Russian-Belarusian-French painter, july 28 – Marcel Duchamp, influential French artist. September 24 – Frank Newbould, English poster artist, october 6 – Le Corbusier, French architect and painter. October 9 – Manuel Ortiz de Zárate, Chilean painter, october 13 – Kate Lechmere, English painter associated with the Vorticists and milliner. November 1 – L. S. Lowry, English painter, november 15 – Georgia OKeeffe, American painter
9.
1888 in art
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February – Fifth annual exhibition of Les XX, at the Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique in Brussels. W. W. January 17 – Mohamed Nagy, Egyptian painter, february 22 – Horace Pippin, self-taught African-American painter. March 14 – Marc-Aurèle Fortin, Canadian painter, march 19 – Josef Albers, German artist, mathematician and educator. April 6 – Hans Richter, German painter, graphic artist, avant-gardist, june 12 – Tom Purvis, English poster artist. July 10 – Giorgio de Chirico, Greek-Italian painter, august 13 – Gleb W. Derujinsky, Russian-American sculptor. August 14 – Sydney Carline, English painter, war artist, august 30 – Siri Derkert, Swedish artist, sculptor and political campaigner. November 7 – Mariano Andreu, Spanish painter, enamelling master, sculptor, november 11 – Johannes Itten, Swiss colour theorist, painter and designer. Stanley Royle, English post-impressionist landscape painter
10.
1889 in art
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February 2 – Sixth annual exhibition of Les XX opens in Brussels, including the first important display of Paul Gauguins work. May 6 – October 31 – Exposition Universelle in Paris, with the Eiffel Tower as its entrance arch, may 8 – Van Gogh moves from Arles to the Saint-Paul asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. July 15 – The Scottish National Portrait Gallery opens in Edinburgh in premises designed by Rowand Anderson, july 23 – Marie Triepcke marries fellow-artist Peder Severin Krøyer in Augsburg. August 17 – The 9 by 5 Impression Exhibition opens in Melbourne, edvard Munch stages his first one-man exhibition and wins a state scholarship to study in Paris. The Skulpturensammlung moves into the Albertinum in Dresden, the Imperial Museum of Nara is established in Japan
11.
1891 in art
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May 10 – Danish sculptor Anne Marie Brodersen marries her compatriot, the classical composer Carl Nielsen, in St Marks English Church, Florence, the couple having first met on March 2 in Paris. June – Sidney Paget produces his first illustrations for Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories in The Strand Magazine, henri Matisse begins his studies at the Académie Julian. Correspondence of Marie Bashkirtseff and Gustave Flaubert is published, paul Gauguin sails to French Polynesia. Impressionist Armand Guillaumin wins 100,000 francs in the French state lottery and is able to devote himself to painting full-time, félix Vallotton makes his first woodcuts. William-Adolphe Bouguereau The Goose Girl Work Interrupted Frank Bramley – For Of Such Is The Kingdom Of Heaven Edward Burne-Jones – Sponsa de Libano Philip Hermogenes Calderon – St. W. W
12.
1892 in art
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However, his paintings evoke bitter controversy and after one week the exhibition is closed, Munchs paintings are moved to the Equitable Palast. James McNeill Whistler stages his major retrospective exhibition, Nocturnes, Marines and Chevalet pieces at Goupil & Cies London gallery, fatata te Miti Spirit of the Dead Watching When Will You Marry. 14 May – Marjorie Watson-Williams, English painter,30 May – Fernando Amorsolo, Filipino painter. 31 May – Michel Kikoine, painter,15 July – Walter Benjamin, German philosopher, comparatists and art critic. July 19 – Suzanne Malherbe, French illustrator and designer, July 24 – Marcel Gromaire, French painter. 7 August – Einar Forseth, Swedish artist,16 August – Otto Messmer, American animator. 11 October – Anton Räderscheidt, German painter,16 October – Adolf Ziegler, German painter and politician. 23 November – Romain de Tirtoff, Russian-born French artist and designer,7 December – Stuart Davis, painter
13.
1893 in art
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May 1 – The 1893 Worlds Fair, also known as the Worlds Columbian Exposition, opens to the public in Chicago, USA, with a Romanesque statue of Columbia overlooking the man-made lake. The first United States commemorative postage stamps are issued for the Exposition, among other art exhibits are two bronze calves by Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen. June 14 – Opening of Shelley Memorial at University College, Oxford, june 29 – Unveiling of the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain at Piccadilly Circus in London, with a gilded aluminium statue of Anteros, designed by Alfred Gilbert. Ford Madox Brown completes painting the The Manchester Murals in Manchester Town Hall, the National Sculpture Society is founded in the United States. Alois Riegls Stilfragen, Grundlegungen zu einer Geschichte der Ornamentik is published in Berlin, henri Rousseau gives up his job as a Paris toll collector and moves to a studio in Montparnasse where he lives and paints full-time. December – Unter den Linden in Berlin holds an exhibition of Edvard Munchs work, including six paintings entitled Study for a Series, Love, W. January 30 – Prince Grigory Gagarin, soldier and painter February 21 – John Pettie, painter March 16 – William H
14.
1894 in art
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February – Oscar Wildes play Salome is first published in English, with illustrations by Aubrey Beardsley. April – The Yellow Book begins publication by John Lane and Elkin Mathews – The Bodley Head in London, june 5 – Opening of Racławice Panorama in Lwów. August 23 – Jack Butler Yeats marries fellow artist Mary Cottenham White, the Della Robbia Pottery is established as part of the Arts and Crafts movement by Harold Rathbone and Conrad Dressler in Birkenhead, England. Lucien Pissarro sets up the Eragny Press in England, bernard Berenson publishes The Venetian Painters of the Renaissance, with an Index to their Works
15.
1895 in art
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January 1 – Alphonse Muchas lithographed poster for the play Gismonda starring Sarah Bernhardt is posted in Paris. Bernhardt is so satisfied with its success that she gives Mucha a six-year contract, april 13 – The Russian Museum is established in Saint Petersburg by Nicholas II. April 30 – First Venice Biennale opens, july 3 – Paul Gauguin leaves France to settle permanently in Polynesia. October – Edvard Munch exhibits a series of his Love paintings in Christiania. November – Paul Cézanne has his first solo exhibition, at the Paris gallery of Ambroise Vollard, bernard Berenson publishes Lorenzo Lotto, An Essay in Constructive Art Criticism. P. H. Emerson publishes his last photographic book, Marsh Leaves, M. H. de Young Memorial Museum opened in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. W. Godward Mischief And Repose The Muse Erato At Her Lyre Winslow Homer – Cannon Rock George W. L
16.
1896 in art
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January 24 – Painter Sir Frederic Leighton is created 1st Baron Leighton in the peerage of the United Kingdom one day before his death in London of angina pectoris. February – Edvard Munch moves to Paris and concentrates on printmaking, december – Walter Crane publishes Of The Decorative Illustration of Books, Old and New. A bout of typhoid fever puts an end to Maurice de Vlamincks career as a cyclist, william Merritt Chase founds Parsons The New School for Design as the Chase School of Art in Greenwich Village, New York. At Giverny Claude Monet begins painting his Mornings on the Seine series, interior design gallery Maison de lArt Nouveau opens in Paris. Max Beerbohm publishes Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen in London, his first collection of drawings, bernard Berenson publishes Florentine Painters of the Renaissance. The Royal Society of Miniature Painters, Sculptors and Gravers is founded, hubert von Herkomer is made a knight in the United Kingdom
17.
1897 in art
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April 3 – Vienna Secession founded by artists including Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil. May 1 – Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek art museum opened in Copenhagen, may 27 – A Separate Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture is staged at Sukiennice Museum in Main Square, Kraków. August 4 – The Lady of Elche Iberian sculpture is found at LAlcúdia near Elche in Spain, september – Edvard Munch stages a major retrospective in Christiania. October 27 – First meeting of the Society of Polish Artists Sztuka in Kraków, at Giverny, Claude Monet begins painting his Water Lilies series, which will continue until the end of his life. Elbridge Ayer Burbank begins painting portraits of Native Americans in the United States from life, women photographers Zaida Ben-Yusuf and Gertrude Käsebier open portrait studios in New York City. A Book of Fifty Drawings by Aubrey Beardsley is published, bernard Berenson publishes Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance. Ogata Gekkō – Ryu sho ten J. W. and Mrs. I
18.
1900 in art
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Exposition Universelle in Paris helps popularize Art Nouveau style. Alphonse Mucha decorates the Bosnia and Herzegovina Pavilion and collaborates on the Austria-Hungary one, F. Holland Day organizes an exhibition of the New School of American Photography at the Royal Photographic Society in London. The Wallace Collection in London opens to the public, the Zachęta art gallery in Warsaw is completed. Claude Monet stays in London and begins his Houses of Parliament series of paintings, wilhelm von Debschitz and Hermann Obrist found the Lehr- und Versuchsatelier für angewandte und freikunst, an influential art school in Munich. Kenton Florence Fuller – Inseparables J. W. J. W. Waterhouse Destiny The Siren January 5 – Yves Tanguy, painter
19.
1890 in architecture
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The year 1890 in architecture involved some significant events. February 3 - Ypsilanti Water Tower, Ypsilanti, Michigan, designed by William R. Coats, is completed, winner of Most Phallic Building contest. March 4 - The Forth Bridge across the Firth of Forth from South Queensferry to North Queensferry in Scotland, designed by Sir John Fowler, september 29 - St Jamess Roman Catholic Church, Spanish Place, Westminster, designed by Edward Goldie, is opened. Memorial Day - The James A. Garfield Memorial at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio, parish church of Holy Trinity, Sloane Street, London, designed by J. D. Sedding, is completed. The Arcade in Cleveland, Ohio, designed by John Eisenmann, the Demarest Building, a commercial building on Fifth Avenue in New York City, designed by Renwick, Aspinwall & Russell, is completed as the first with an electric elevator. Edwin Lutyens first commission, Crooksbury, a house near Farnham. Construction of the village of Fortingall on Sir Donald Curries Glenlyon Estate in Perthshire, Scotland, royal Gold Medal - John Gibson. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Emmanuel Pontremoli, february 9 - J. J. P. Mullett, American architect
20.
1890 in music
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Events in the year 1890 in music. June 21 - Richard Strauss conducts the premiere of his symphonic poem Death, September 9 - Edward Elgars concert overture Froissart is premiered at the Three Choirs Festival in Worcester George W. The New York Phonograph Company opens the first recording studio, the Commodore Song Little Pig Went To Market by J. Cheever Goodwin & Gustave Kerker Maggie Murphys Home w. Edward Harrigan m. David Braham Passing By w. Robert Herrick m. Edward C. Purcell Star of the East w. George Cooper m, amanda Kennedy Throw Him Down McCloskey w. m. John W. Kelly Youll Miss Lots of Fun When Youre Married by John Philip Sousa & Edward M. Taber Ferruccio Busoni - Violin Sonata No. 1, Opus 29 Ernest Chausson - Chansons de Shakespeare Antonín Dvořák - Requiem,3, Opus 33 Armas Järnefelt - Ouverture Lyrique Carl Nielsen - String Quartet No
21.
Les XX
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Les XX was a group of twenty Belgian painters, designers and sculptors, formed in 1883 by the Brussels lawyer, publisher, and entrepreneur Octave Maus. For ten years Les Vingt, as they called themselves, held an exhibition of their art. Artists invited over the years included Camille Pissarro, Claude Monet, Georges Seurat, Paul Gauguin, Paul Cézanne, Les XX was in some ways a successor to the group LEssor. The rejection of Ensors The Oyster Eater in 1883 by LEssor Salon, in 1893, the society of Les XX was transformed into La Libre Esthétique. Les XX was founded on 28 October 1883 in Brussels and held shows there between 1884 and 1893, usually in January–March. Unlike LEssor, which had also set up in opposition to the Salon. Instead Octave Maus acted as the secretary of Les XX, while other duties, a further nine artists were invited to join to bring the group membership of Les XX to twenty. In addition to the exhibits of its Belgian members, foreign artists were invited to exhibit. There was a tie between art, music and literature among the Les XX artists. Concerts included recently composed music by Claude Debussy, Ernest Chausson, leading exponents of the Symbolist movement who gave lectures include Stéphane Mallarmé, Théodore de Wyzewa and Paul Verlaine. Together with Maus, the influential jurist Edmond Picard and the Belgian poet Emile Verhaeren provided the force behind an associated periodical, LArt Moderne. This publication aggressively defended Les XX from attacks by critics and members of the visiting public, Picard polemically fomented tensions both with the artistic establishment and within Les XX. By 1887, six of the more original members had left, sometimes under pressure from Picard and Maus. Altogether, Les XX had 32 members during the ten years of its existence, the later exhibitions were all held at the Museum of Modern Art of Brussels. The first of ten annual exhibitions was held on 2 February at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Brussels, apart from the members of Les XX, there were exhibitions by Adriaan Jozef Heymans, Jan Stobbaerts, Auguste Rodin, James Abbott McNeill Whistler and Max Liebermann. Exhibition of Xavier Mellery and Jan Toorop, exhibits of Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Odilon Redon and Claude Monet, including Le pont dArgenteuil and La Manneporte à Étretat. First performance of César Francks Violon Sonata, Walter Sickert, Camille Pissarro, Berthe Morisot and Georges-Pierre Seurat exhibit, with Seurat and Signac present at the opening. The major work shown is Seurats A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, in July, Les XX had an exhibition in Amsterdam, The Netherlands
22.
Brussels
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Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels which is the capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community, but is separate from the region of Flanders or Wallonia. The region has a population of 1.2 million and an area with a population of over 1.8 million. Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions, the secretariat of the Benelux and the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are also located in Brussels. Today, it is considered an Alpha global city, historically a Dutch-speaking city, Brussels has seen a language shift to French from the late 19th century onwards. Today, the majority language is French, and the Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. All road signs, street names, and many advertisements and services are shown in both languages, Brussels is increasingly becoming multilingual with increasing numbers of migrants, expatriates and minority groups speaking their own languages. The most common theory of the origin of Brussels name is that it derives from the Old Dutch Broekzele or Broeksel, meaning marsh, Saint Vindicianus, the bishop of Cambrai made the first recorded reference to the place Brosella in 695 when it was still a hamlet. The origin of the settlement that was to become Brussels lies in Saint Gaugericus construction of a chapel on an island in the river Senne around 580. The official founding of Brussels is usually situated around 979, when Duke Charles of Lower Lotharingia transferred the relics of Saint Gudula from Moorsel to the Saint Gaugericus chapel, Charles would construct the first permanent fortification in the city, doing so on that same island. Lambert I of Leuven, Count of Leuven gained the County of Brussels around 1000 by marrying Charles daughter, as it grew to a population of around 30,000, the surrounding marshes were drained to allow for further expansion. The Counts of Leuven became Dukes of Brabant at about this time, in the 13th century, the city got its first walls. After the construction of the city walls in the early 13th century, to let the city expand, a second set of walls was erected between 1356 and 1383. Today, traces of it can still be seen, mostly because the small ring, Brabant had lost its independence, but Brussels became the Princely Capital of the prosperous Low Countries, and flourished. In 1516 Charles V, who had been heir of the Low Countries since 1506, was declared King of Spain in St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral in Brussels. Upon the death of his grandfather, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 and it was in the Palace complex at Coudenberg that Charles V abdicated in 1555. This impressive palace, famous all over Europe, had expanded since it had first become the seat of the Dukes of Brabant. In 1695, during the Nine Years War, King Louis XIV of France sent troops to bombard Brussels with artillery, together with the resulting fire, it was the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels
23.
Vincent van Gogh's display at Les XX, 1890
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Vincent van Goghs display at Les XX,1890, in Brussels is an important testament to the recognition he received amongst avant-garde peers during his own lifetime. Participation in the exhibition of Les XX was for members. Evidently this notion remained neglected, and even more, it was washed away by the scandal his works provoked, in November 1889, Van Gogh selected six of his paintings, all size 30 canvases, to be displayed at Les XX, in 1890. On the back of the letter of invitation from Octave Maus, dated November 15,1889, there is a sketch that gives some hints for the display Van Gogh proposed. His reply to Maus, dated November 20,1889, supplied the later printed in the catalogue. Verger en fleurs - Flowering Orchard 5, champ de blé, soleil levant - Wheat Field, Sunrise 6. Van Gogh indicated his two Sunflowers were to be displayed either side of Ivy, to the left and right of this upright triptych, he wanted to place the Flowering Orchard and the Wheat Field at Sunrise. Finally, he indicated Red Vineyard was to be hung underneath this arrangement, in between the seasons were embedded the heraldic flowers of Provence — sunflowers, dear to the artistic and literary circles of the Félibres, the néo-provencal movement around Frédéric Mistral. These seasonal links are set not only in subject matter, but —, each of the six paintings is dominated by one of the six primary colours. He uses yellow and orange in the two Sunflowers-versions, red in the vineyard, green in the ivy, blue in the orchard, thus, the full colour spectrum is manifested in this selection, which can consequently be read as a single entity, a whole. Earlier this year, Van Gogh had already expressed his wish before returning to the North to summarise his impressions of Provence, the exhibition of Les XX opened January 18, running till February 23. Two days before the opening, Henry de Groux announced that his works would not be seen side by side with the abominable Pot of Sunflowers by Monsieur Vincent or any other agent provocateur. At the opening dinner, De Groux once again attacked Van Goghs paintings and called him an ignoramus, at the other end of the table Lautrec suddenly bounced up, with his arms in the air, and shouted that it was an outrage to criticize so great an artist. Signac announced coldly that if Lautrec were killed he would assume the quarrel himself and that same evening, Les XX expelled De Groux from their association, the next day he apologised and was allowed to resign. Thus the duel was averted, and Paul Signac was soon one of two members elected to Les XX. One work of Van Goghs exhibit was sold, The Red Vineyard, the buyer was Anna Boch, a painter and member of Les XX since its foundation and sister of Eugène Boch, who was also a painter and a friend of Vincent van Gogh. - Mountain landscape in Provence 834, - Mulberry tree in autumn 838
24.
Henry de Groux
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Henry de Groux was a Belgian Symbolist painter, sculptor and lithographer. His 1889 painting Christ aux Outrages, widely described as his masterwork, later in life, he produced many works depicting the horrors of the First World War. De Groux was the son of the engraver Charles de Groux and, like his father, Henry was elected a member of les XX in 1886, but was expelled in 1890 when he refused to have his works displayed in the same gallery as Vincent van Gogh. He subsequently moved to Paris, where he befriended Émile Zola, during the social unrest resulting from the Dreyfus affair, de Groux acted as one of Zolas bodyguards. As well, de Groux was a fervent diarist, beginning in 1892, he produced 18 volumes detailing the life of a European artist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 2002, his descendants donated these volumes to the Institut national dhistoire de lart, Henry de Groux 1866-1930 - journal - Henry De Groux, Rodolphe Rapetti, Pierre Wat - Editions Kimé at www. dessinoriginal. com. Apollinaire writes of De Grouxs exhibition in Paris at the Salon dAutomne 1911, praising with. gives one the impression of an immense labor, media related to Henry de Groux at Wikimedia Commons
25.
Vincent van Gogh
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Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings and his suicide at 37 followed years of mental illness and poverty. Born into a family, Van Gogh drew as a child and was serious, quiet. As a young man he worked as an art dealer, often travelling and he turned to religion, and spent time as a Protestant missionary in southern Belgium. He drifted in ill health and solitude before taking up painting in 1881 and his younger brother Theo supported him financially, and the two kept up a long correspondence by letter. His early works, mostly still lifes and depictions of peasant labourers, in 1886 he moved to Paris, where he met members of the avant-garde, including Émile Bernard and Paul Gauguin, who were reacting against the Impressionist sensibility. As his work developed he created a new approach to still lifes and his paintings grew brighter in colour as he developed a style that became fully realised during his stay in Arles in the south of France in 1888. During this period he broadened his subject matter to include trees, cypresses, wheat fields. Van Gogh suffered from episodes and delusions and though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly. His friendship with Gauguin ended after a confrontation with a razor and he spent time in psychiatric hospitals, including a period at Saint-Rémy. After he discharged himself and moved to the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris and his depression continued and on 27 July 1890, Van Gogh shot himself in the chest with a revolver. He died from his injuries two days later, Van Gogh was unsuccessful during his lifetime, and was considered a madman and a failure. He became famous after his suicide, and exists in the imagination as the quintessential misunderstood genius. His reputation began to grow in the early 20th century as elements of his style came to be incorporated by the Fauves. The most comprehensive source on Van Gogh is the correspondence between him and his younger brother, Theo. Their lifelong friendship, and most of what is known of Vincents thoughts, Theo van Gogh was an art dealer and provided his brother with financial and emotional support, and access to influential people on the contemporary art scene. Theo kept all of Vincents letters to him, Vincent kept few of the letters he received, after both had died, Theos widow Johanna arranged for the publication of some of their letters. A few appeared in 1906 and 1913, the majority were published in 1914, Vincents letters are eloquent and expressive and have been described as having a diary-like intimacy, and read in parts like autobiography
26.
The Red Vineyard
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The Red Vineyards near Arles is an oil painting by the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh, executed on a privately primed Toile de 30 piece of burlap in early November 1888. It supposedly is the piece sold by the artist while he was alive. Van Gogh in Arles, Abrams, New York 1984, media related to The Red Vineyard at Wikimedia Commons
27.
Anna Boch
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Anna Rosalie Boch was a Belgian painter, born in Saint-Vaast, Hainaut. Anna Boch died in Ixelles in 1936 and is interred there in the Ixelles Cemetery, Brussels, Boch participated in the Neo-Impressionist movement. Her early works used a Pointillist technique, but she is best known for her Impressionist style which she adopted for most of her career, a pupil of Isidore Verheyden, she was influenced by Théo van Rysselberghe whom she met in the Groupe des XX. Besides her own paintings, Boch held one of the most important collections of impressionist paintings of her time and she promoted many young artists including Vincent van Gogh whom she admired for his talent and who was a friend of her brother Eugène Boch. The Vigne Rouge, purchased by Anna Boch, was believed to be the only painting Van Gogh sold during his lifetime. The Anna Boch collection was sold after her death, in her will, she donated the money to pay for the retirement of poor artist friends. 140 of her own paintings were left to her godchild Ida van Haelewijn, many of these paintings show Ida van Haelewijn as a little girl in the garden. In 1968 these 140 paintings were purchased by her great nephew Luitwin von Boch, the paintings remained in the house of Ida van Haelewijn until her death in 1992. The Anna & Eugène Boch Expo opened March 30,2011, some paintings were also donated by Anna Bochs will to various museums like the Musées royaux des beaux-arts de Belgique. Different exhibitions of her life and work were held at the Royal Museum of Mariemont at Morlanwelz and her name is associated with famous museums like the Pushkin Museum in Moscow, the Musée dOrsay in Paris or the Van Goghhuis in Zundert, the Netherlands. In 2005 the Belgian historian Dr Therèse Thomas published a catalogue raisonné, in 2010 a great great great nephew of Anna Boch and Dr Therèse Thomas created the Anna Boch. com website. Since 2011 the website is edited from the Cremerie de Paris, P. & V. Berko, Dictionary of Belgian painters born between 1750 &1875, Knokke 1981, p.51. Anna Boch. com - includes painting reproductions Newsletter on Anna Boch
28.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
29.
Auvers-sur-Oise
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Auvers-sur-Oise is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 27.2 km from the centre of Paris and it is associated with several famous artists, the most prominent being Vincent van Gogh. Daubignys house is now a museum where one can see paintings by the artist, his family, if you walk along the river from Auvers toward Pontoise you can see a number of views which figured in the paintings of Pissarro. During the 20th century artists continued to frequent Auvers, including Henri Rousseau, Otto Freundlich, the COBRA artist Corneille spent his last years in the village and is buried a few meters from Vincent van Gogh. On 1 August 1948, 17% of the territory of Auvers-sur-Oise was detached, Dr. Paul Gachet lived in Auvers-sur-Oise. He was acquainted with the artists of the time. Through this connection, Vincent van Gogh moved to Auvers to be treated by him, Gachet befriended Van Gogh and was the subject of two portraits, one of which, Portrait of Dr. Gachet, was sold at auction for over $80m in 1990. Van Gogh died by a gunshot to the chest, the room on the upper floor of the Auberge Ravoux where he died has been preserved, although no furniture remains. Auvers-sur-Oise is the resting place of both Vincent and his brother Theo van Gogh, who died six months later. Auvers-sur-Oise in art Auvers-sur-Oise is served by two stations on the Transilien Paris – Nord suburban rail line, Chaponval and Auvers-sur-Oise. Communes of the Val-dOise department Auvers during the time of Vincent van Gogh INSEE Association of Mayors of the Val d’Oise Official website The Complete Works of Vincent van Gogh
30.
Paul Gachet
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Paul-Ferdinand Gachet was a French physician most famous for treating the painter Vincent van Gogh during his last weeks in Auvers-sur-Oise. Gachet was a supporter of artists and the Impressionist movement. He was a painter, signing his works Paul van Ryssel, referring to his birthplace. Born and raised in Lille, his family moved to Mechelen and he qualified for a B. A. at the University of Paris and then worked at the mental hospitals of Bicêtre and Salpêtrière. In 1858 he received a degree for his thesis Étude sur la Mélancolie. He returned to Paris and set up a private practice and he knew Gustave Courbet, Champfleury, Victor Hugo and later Paul Cézanne. He was a friend of the chemist Henri Nestlé and prescribed Nestlés new powdered milk supplement to some of his child patients and he spent much time with Charles Méryon after the etchers committal to Charenton. He oversaw Auguste Renoirs recovery from pneumonia in 1882 and he advised Édouard Manet against the amputation of his leg. However, Manet did not follow this advice, Gachets tomb is situated in section 52 of Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. Vincents brother, Theo van Gogh, thought that Gachets background, very soon after he began seeing Gachet, however, Vincent began to doubt the doctors usefulness. Vincent described Gachet as, sicker than I am, I think, Gachet has come in for much criticism over the years regarding Van Goghs suicide after ten weeks of consultation. However Van Gogh was either unable or unwilling to follow his doctors advice to cut back on alcohol, according to Arnold, there was not much else available to any physician of the day which could have reversed the course of Vincents illness. Gachet was friends with and treated Pissarro, Renoir, Manet, Cézanne and Goeneutte and he had amassed one of the largest impressionist art collections in Europe before he died in 1909. Paul Gachet at Find a Grave
31.
Double-square painting
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Double-square paintings is a painting made on uncommonly large canvases which have one dimension that is twice the size of the other. Vincent van Gogh used 50 cm ×100 cm double-squares almost exclusively during the weeks of his life in Auvers, in June. Prior to Van Gogh, artists such as Charles-François Daubigny and Puvis de Chavannes had used canvases of similar proportions, in a double-square painting, one dimension of the canvas is twice the size of the other, so that the canvas is the shape of two adjoining squares. The overall effect of this is stability, and the challenge is to avoid monotony. Prior to Van Gogh, artists such as Charles-François Daubigny and Puvis de Chavannes had used canvases of similar proportions, vincent van Gogh used double-squares almost exclusively during the final weeks of his life in Auvers, in June and July 1890. To arrive at this size, Van Gogh combined the legs of two sizes, the 50 cm leg from a size 12 and the 100 cm leg of a size 40 stretcher. The result was a double-square of 50 cm ×100 cm, ivon Hitchens worked primarily in double-squares at certain periods in his career
32.
Wheatfield with Crows
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Wheatfield with Crows is a July 1890 painting by Vincent van Gogh. It is commonly stated that this was van Goghs last painting, however, art historians are uncertain as to which painting was van Goghs last, as no clear historical records exist. The evidence of his letters suggests that Wheatfield with Crows was completed around 10 July and predates such paintings as Auvers Town Hall on 14 July 1890 and Daubignys Garden. Moreover, Jan Hulsker points out that a painting of harvested wheat, Field with Stacks of Wheat, the Van Gogh Museums Wheatfield with Crows was painted in July 1890, in the last weeks of van Gogh’s life. Many have claimed it as his last painting, while it is also possible Tree Roots, Wheat Field with Crows, made on a double-square canvas, depicts a dramatic, cloudy sky filled with crows over a wheat field. A sense of isolation is heightened by a path leading nowhere. The windswept wheat field fills two-thirds of the canvas, jules Michelet, one of van Goghs favorite authors, wrote of crows, They interest themselves in everything, and observe everything. Kathleen Erickson finds the painting as expressing sorrow and a sense of his life coming to an end. The crows are used by van Gogh as a symbol of death and rebirth, about 10 July 1890 van Gogh wrote to his brother Theo and his wife Jo Bonger, saying that he had painted another three large canvases at Auvers since visiting them in Paris on 6 July. Two of these are described as immense stretches of wheatfields under turbulent skies, thought to be Wheatfield under Clouded Sky and Wheatfield with Crows, and the third is Daubignys Garden. He wrote that he had made a point of expressing sadness, later adding extreme loneliness and these painting are all examples of van Goghs elongated double-square canvases, used exclusively by him in the last few weeks of his life, in June and July 1890. The painting is held in the collection of the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, for other paintings of wheat fields by Van Gogh see Wheat Fields. For Joan Mitchells 1987 painting No Birds, a homage to Wheatfield with Crows, at Eternitys Gate, The Spiritual Vision of Vincent van Gogh,1998. ISBN 0-8028-4978-4 Walther, Ingo F. Metzger, Rainer
33.
Death of Vincent van Gogh
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Van Gogh was shot in the stomach, either by himself or by others, and died two days later. In 1889, Vincent van Gogh experienced a deterioration in his mental health, as a result of incidents in Arles leading to a public petition, he was committed to a hospital. His condition improved and he was ready to be discharged by March 1889, at Salles suggestion van Gogh chose an asylum in nearby Saint-Rémy. Theo originally resisted this choice, even suggesting that Vincent rejoin Paul Gauguin in Pont Aven, Vincent entered the asylum in early May 1889. His mental condition remained stable for a while and he was able to work en plein air, producing many of his most iconic paintings, such as Starry Night, at this time. However at the end of July, following a trip to Arles and he made a good recovery, only to suffer another relapse in late December 1889, and early the following January an acute relapse while delivering a portrait of Madame Ginoux to her in Arles. This last relapse, described by Jan Hulsker as his longest and saddest, lasted until March 1890. In May 1890 Vincent was discharged from the asylum, and after spending a few days with Theo and Jo in Paris, Vincent went to live in Auvers-sur-Oise, a commune north of Paris popular with artists. Shortly before leaving Saint-Rémy, Van Gogh told how he was suffering from his stay in the hospital, I need some air, I feel overwhelmed by boredom and grief. On arriving at Auvers, van Goghs health was not very good. Writing on 21 May to Theo he comments, I can do nothing about my illness, I am suffering a little just now — the thing is that after that long seclusion the days seem like weeks to me. But by 25 May, the artist was able to report to his parents that his health had improved and his letters to his sister Wilhelmina on 5 June and to Theo and his wife Jo on about 10 June indicate a continued improvement, his nightmares almost having disappeared. The other patients society had a bad influence on me, furthermore, an unsent letter to Paul Gauguin which van Gogh wrote around 17 June is quite positive about his plans for the future. After describing his recent colourful wheat studies, he explains, I would like to paint some portraits against a very vivid yet tranquil background. On 2 July, writing to his brother, van Gogh comments, I myself am also trying to do as well as I can, and if my disease returns, you would forgive me. I still love art and life very much, the first sign of new problems was revealed in a letter van Gogh wrote to Theo on 10 July. He first states, I am very well, I am working hard, have painted four studies, first of all, he is sicker than I am, I think, or shall we say just as much, so thats that. Certainly my last attack, which was terrible, was in a large measure due to the influence of the other patients, later in the letter he adds, For myself, I can only say at the moment that I think we all need rest — I feel exhausted
34.
Tree Roots
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Tree Roots is an oil painting by Vincent van Gogh that he painted in July 1890 when he lived in Auvers-sur-Oise, France. The painting is an example of the canvases that he employed in his last landscapes. Van Gogh spent the last few months of his life in Auvers-sur-Oise, the painting is considered by some to be his last painting before his death late July 1890. Jan Hulsker considers it the most original of his double-square canvases, the viewer thinks he can identify tree roots and trunks, but is hard put to identify the subject as a whole. As far back as 1882, while at The Hague, van Gogh had made a study of tree roots, Study of a Tree, in a letter to his brother Theo, van Gogh said that he wanted to express something of lifes struggle in these drawings. It is not known whether he had returned to the same thoughts with his 1890 Tree Roots, the letters give no hint and the colours are perhaps too bright for such sombre thoughts. The Works of Vincent van Gogh, His Paintings and Drawings, ISBN 0-7148-2028-8 Naifeh, Steven, Smith, Gregory White. ISBN 978-1-84668-010-6 van der Veen, Wouter, Knapp, Peter, van Gogh in Auvers, His Last Days
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