1.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
2.
1892 in Norway
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Events in the year 1892 in Norway. 31 January - The Holmenkollen ski jump opens, mysteries by Knut Hamsun is published. Peace by Arne Garborg is published,5 January – John Johnsen, swimmer 1 February – Eugen Johansen, horse rider and Olympic silver medallist 5 February – Finn Bjørnseth, geodesist
3.
1893 in Norway
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Events in the year 1893 in Norway. 19 May - a quick clay slide in Verdalen destroyed 105 farms, the Norwegian Authors Union is established. Edvard Munch begins to paint The Scream,27 February - Norwegian Skating Association is founded
4.
1891 in Sweden
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Events from the year 1891 in Sweden Monarch – Oscar II Prime Minister – Gustaf Åkerhielm, Erik Gustaf Boström. 13 October – Helge Bäckander, gymnast,28 November – Gustaf Dyrssen, military officer. Sten Selander, botanist and fiction writer,11 January Carl Johan Thyselius politician
5.
Arne Garborg
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Arne Garborg, born Aadne Eivindsson Garborg was a Norwegian writer. Garborg championed the use of Landsmål, as a literary language and he founded the weekly Fedraheim in 1877, in which he urged reforms in many spheres including political, social, religious, agrarian, and linguistic. He was married to Hulda Garborg, Garborg grew up on a farm named Garborg, near Undheim, in Time municipality at Jæren in Rogaland county. He grew up together with eight siblings, although he was to become known as an author, it was as a newspaperman that he got his start. In 1872 he established the newspaper Tvedestrandsposten, and in 1877 the Fedraheimen, in the 1880s he was also a journalist for the Dagbladet. In 1894 he laid the ground, together with Rasmus Steinsvik, for the paper Den 17de Mai and his novels are profound and gripping while his essays are clear and insightful. He was never inclined to steer clear of controversy, in 2012 the Garborg Centre opened at Bryne, Time. It is dedicated to the literature and philosophy of Arne and his wife, several of their homes are now turned into museums, like Garborgheimen, Labråten, Kolbotn and Knudaheio. Ein Fritenkjar Bondestudentar Forteljingar og Sogar Mannfolk Uforsonlige Hjaa ho Mor Kolbotnbrev Trætte Mænd Fred Jonas Lie, link to all his works, at UiO. no Works by Arne Garborg at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Arne Garborg at Internet Archive Garborg Center
6.
Finnmark
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Finnmark is a county in the extreme northeastern part of Norway. By land, it borders Troms county to the west, Finland to the south, and Russia to the east, and by water, the Norwegian Sea to the northwest, the county was formerly known as Finmarkens amt or Vardøhus amt. Since 2002, it has had two names, Finnmark and Finnmárku. It is part of the Sápmi region, which spans four countries, as well as the Barents Region, Vardø, the easternmost municipality in Norway, is located farther east than the cities of St. Petersburg and Istanbul. The Old Norse form of the name was Finnmǫrk, the first element is finn, the Norse name for the Sámi people. The last element is mǫrk which means woodland or borderland, in Norse times the name referred to any places where Sámi people were living. The coat of arms are black with a castle tower, technically described as Sable. The design is from 1967 and shows the old Vardøhus Fortress on the border with Russia. Finnmark is the northernmost and easternmost county in Norway, by area, Finnmark is Norways largest county, even larger than the neighboring country of Denmark. However, with a population of about 75,000, it is also the least populated of all Norwegian counties, Finnmark has a total coastline of 6,844 kilometres, including 3,155 kilometres of coastline on the islands. Nearly 12,300 people or 16.6 percent of the population in 2000 was living in the 100-meter belt along the coastline. Honningsvåg in Finnmark claims to be the northernmost city of the world, the coast is indented by large fjords, many of which are false fjords, as they are not carved out by glaciers. The highest point is located on the top of the glacier Øksfjordjøkelen, which has an area of 45 square kilometres, both Øksfjordjøkelen and Seilandsjøkelen are located in the western part of Finnmark. The Øksfjord plateau glacier calved directly into the sea until 1900, the central and eastern part of Finnmark is generally less mountainous, and has no glaciers. The land east of Nordkapp is mostly below 300 m, the nature varies from barren coastal areas facing the Barents Sea, to more sheltered fjord areas and river valleys with gullies and tree vegetation. About half of the county is above the line. This valley has the highest density of Brown bears in Norway, lynx and moose are common in large parts of Finnmark, but rare on the coast. The interior parts of the county are part of the great Finnmarksvidda plateau, with an elevation of 300 to 400 m, with numerous lakes, the plateau is famous for its tens of thousands of reindeer owned by the Sami, and swarms of mosquitos in mid-summer
7.
Oppland
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Oppland is a county in Norway, bordering Sør-Trøndelag, Møre og Romsdal, Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Akershus, Oslo and Hedmark. The county administration is in Lillehammer, Oppland is, together with Hedmark, one of the only two landlocked counties of Norway. Innlandet is one of several names proposed for an administrative region consisting of Hedmark. The two counties are slated to be re-merged after having split in 1781. Historically, the region was known as Opplandene. Oppland extends from the lakes Mjøsa and Randsfjorden to the mountains Dovrefjell, Jotunheimen, the county is conventionally divided into traditional districts. These are the Gudbrandsdalen, Valdres, Toten, Hadeland and Land, Oppland includes the towns Lillehammer, Gjøvik, Otta, and Fagernes, and Norways two highest mountains, Glittertind and Galdhøpiggen, Valdres and the Gudbrand Valley being popular attractions. The Gudbrand Valley surrounds the river Gudbrandsdalslågen, and includes the udes the area extending from Jotunheimen down to Bagn at Begna River and it is a well known place for skiing and winter sports. The main population centres in this area are Beitostølen and Fagernes, eight of the ten highest mountains in Norway are located in the western part of Oppland. In Norse times the inner parts of Norway were called Upplǫnd the upper countries, the first element is upp upper. The last element is lǫnd, the form of land. In 1757 the inner parts of the great Akershus amt were separated and this was divided in 1781 into Christians Amt and Hedemarkens Amt. The name/form was changed to Kristians Amt in 1877, in 1919 the name Kristians Amt was changed to Opland fylke, and the form Oppland was settled in 1950. The coat of arms were granted in 1989, and it shows two Pulsatilla vernalis, Oppland County has a total of 26 municipalities, Media related to Oppland at Wikimedia Commons Oppland travel guide from Wikivoyage
8.
Sig Haugdahl
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Sigurd Olson “Sig” Haugdahl was an IMCA champion 1927 -1932 and an early promoter of stock car racing in the United States. Sig Haugdahl was born on the Tiller farm in Verdal, Nord-Trøndelag, Norway and migrated to the United States in 1910 making his home with an uncle in Albert Lea, Minnesota. He started his career in 1912 on an ice motorbike powered by an Indian engine that reached a speed of 70 M. P. H. He soon switched to racing motorcycles but gave those up to race automobiles in 1912, haugdahls U. S. racing career in 1912, when he drove a specially equipped Indian Motorcycle in ice races in Minnesota. He began dirt track racing in 1918 and he became the IMCA champion six years in a row, between 1927 and 1932. He built the Wisconsin Special to unseat USAC champion Tommy Milton, the car was named after its 836 cubic inch Wisconsin Airplane 6-cylinder motor, which was directly connected to the rear wheels. The car was 192 inches long,20 inches wide, and had 250 horsepower, the speed would first be exceeded after over ten years. Haugdahl is reported to have set a land speed record of 180 miles per hour in his Wisconsin Special car at the Daytona Beach Road Course on April 7,1922. A world record was not awarded, however, because the run was not timed by the American Automobile Association and it is considered by some that the record speed was claimed by IMCA for the promotional benefits that it would offer. World land speed record attempts moved from Daytona to the more consistent surface at the Bonneville Salt Flats with Campbells Blue Bird in 1935. Not wishing to lose the valuable trade, Daytona Beach officials asked local racer Haugdahl to organize. Haugdahl is credited for designing the track, the city posted at $5,000 purse. The ticket-takers arrived at the event to find thousands of fans already at the track, the sandy turns became virtually impassable, and the event was stopped after 75 of 78 laps. The city has not promoted an event since, Haugdahl talked with another local driver named William France Sr. and they talked the Daytona Beach Elks Club to host another event in 1937. The event was successful, but still lost money. Haugdahl didnt promote any more events, France used the experience to found NASCAR. Sig Haugdahl died at 79 years of age in Jacksonville, Florida, Haugdahl was inducted in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 1994. Fleischman, Bill and Al Pearce The Unauthorized NASCAR Fan Guide 1998-99 ISBN 1-57859-093-0, ISBN 978-1-57859-093-3 Historic Racing. com IMCA National Driving Champion
9.
Johannes Stubberud
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Johannes Stubberud was a Norwegian newspaper editor who was imprisoned and killed during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany. He was born in Østre Toten as the son of Hans Petter Stubberud and his wife Klara and he married Solveig Karoline Treider in 1916, and had two children. Stubberud was a saddle maker by education, but worked in newspapers and he was acting editor of Østerdalens Arbeiderblad from early 1922 to early 1923. He was the editor-in-chief of Haldens Arbeiderblad at the outbreak of World War II, a few months into the German occupation of Norway, the newspaper was closed by the Nazi authorities. Stubberud, having also assisted people who fled the country across the Swedish border, was arrested in April 1941 due to his opposition to the Nazi press policy and he was imprisoned at Møllergata 19 and Grini before being sent to Germany in September 1941. He died at Sachsenhausen in March 1942
10.
Anders Jahre
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Anders August Jahre was a Norwegian shipping magnate. Jahre was educated in law, and worked as a lawyer in Sandefjord from 1916 until 1928, meanwhile he was also involved in the whaling industry, and he founded the whaling company A/S Kosmos in 1928, operating out of Sandefjord. He also established Jahres Kjemiske Fabrikker, a processor of whale blubber and he contributed significantly to the development of the city of Sandefjord. Among other things, he financed the building of the new town hall and he was a major philanthropist, and was honoured with The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1950 and 1962, as well as an honorary professorship at the University of Oslo in 1961. After his death, however, there was controversy surrounding alleged tax fraud. In 1984, the Norwegian government put forward a tax claim against the Jahre estate, a series of legal proceedings in the 2000s succeeded in returning part of the fortune to Norway from accounts on the Cayman Islands. In 1939 Pankos Operating Company SA was incorporated as a Panamanian corporation, throughout his lifetime, Anders Jahre steadfastly maintained that he had no ownership interest in Pankos and other foreign companies. Only after his death was it established that Jahre had controlled these entities from incorporation, during the 1950s the Norwegian authorities commenced an investigation of Jahre’s connections to Pankos et al. In response and in order to conceal his ownership interest, Jahre claimed that these companies were owned by Aristotle Onassis. The investigation was put on hold when Jahre suggested that it might be possible for Norwegian companies controlled by Jahre to purchase Pankos et als floating assets from Onassis at market price. Such ships would in that manner become Norwegian-flagged vessels, a goal that at the time was considered important by the Norwegian authorities and this solution was accepted and as a result large sums were transferred abroad to companies ostensibly owned by Onassis. To conceal his connection with Pankos, Jahre secretly changed the name of the company in 1958 to Continental Trust Company, in 1999 Britain’s highest court confirmed that Continental Foundation was not a validly established trust. Because documents relating to CTC surfaced during an audit of Jahre’s businesses in 1979, the tax claim was contested and eventually accepted in 1993. At the time of Jahres death in 1982 the value of the remaining in his foreign fortune totaled some 80 million U. S. dollars. There is no known instance in Norway of tax avoidance on such a large scale or over such an extended period. In 1998 Kosmos AS asserted that it was the owner of the foreign assets. Litigation ensued, but in 2003 Kosmos AS, by its owner Eikland AS/Morits Skaugen, two Norwegian judgements, from 2002 and 2003 respectively, reflect that Anders Jahre had ultimate control and effective ownership of the above-referenced foreign fortune during his lifetime. Through three separate settlements with, respectively, Jahre’s main banking connection and certain Cayman interests, the Jahre estate recovered approximately 720 million Norwegian kroner
11.
Birger Bergersen
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Birger Martin Bergersen was a Norwegian anatomist and politician for the Labour Party. He was born in Kvæfjord as a son of teacher Hans Christian Bergersen and he finished his secondary education in 1909, and was hired as a journalist in Social-Demokraten in 1910. He took an education in 1915, and after working one year as a teacher. After two years he switched to zoology, and he graduated with the cand. real and his advisor for the masters degree was Kristine Bonnevie, and his thesis was translated, shortened and issues in the German journal Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und mikroskopische Anatomie in 1926. Bergersen was a member of the Norwegian Students Society, and worked part-time as a curator and assistant at the University. Shortly after graduating, he was hired as a docent at Norges tannlegehøgskole and he conducted further studies, mostly at the Swedish Veterinary College, and took the dr. philos. Degree in 1932 with the thesis Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Haut einiger Pinnipedien and this would be the pinnacle of his academic writings. He was appointed as a professor of anatomy at Norges tannlegehøgskole in the same year, in 1938 he was made rector of Norges tannlegehøgskole. In 1942 he had to flee to London because of World War II, in London he worked for the Norwegian Ministry of Provisioning and Reconstruction. Formally, he held the position of rector, but only until 1945. In 1947 he left as professor as well, as he had become the Norwegian ambassador to Sweden, Bergersen was also an activist, from the 1930s onwards, against the unsustainable hunting of whales in the Southern Ocean. This led to the creation of the International Whaling Commission, where Bergersen was the first chairman and he chaired Hvalrådet from 1936 to 1954. He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1936, the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters from 1955 and he was an honorary member of the Norwegian Dental Association from 1950 and the Swedish Dental Society from 1956. Bergersen had been a member of Oslo city council from 1934 to 1940, in December 1953, while still serving as ambassador, he joined the Cabinet of Oscar Torp as Minister of Education and Church Affairs. He served until April 1960, remaining in the post well into the Gerhardsens Third Cabinet, in 1960 he was replaced with Helge Sivertsen. Bergersen was also a member of the Norwegian Maritime Museum from 1928 to 1967, of the Oslo municipal cinema from 1935 to 1940. He was a deputy member of Norsk Film, and sat on the supervisory board of Oslo Sporveier. Since 1930 he was married to Benedicte Nicolaysen and he died in July 1977 in Oslo
12.
Ludvig G. Braathen
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Ludvig Gustav Braathen was a Norwegian entrepreneur that founded the shipping company Ludvig G. Braathens Rederi and the airline Braathens SAFE. He was CEO of both companies until his death, Braathen grew up as one of seven siblings in Åssiden in Drammen. He started studying commercial studies as a 15-year-old in Drammen, in his youth, Braathen wanted to become an entrepreneur, preferably within the lumber industry. He started working for a wood dealer. In 1909, he changed jobs, and started working for ship-owner E. B, in 1913, he moved to Cardiff in Wales, where he worked for Vivyan Kelly & Company as a head of department. He planned to travel to Argentina and China, each for two years, but the outbreak of World War I in 1914 forced Braathen to return home, after one year, he was hired as an administrator for ship-owner B. A. Sanne in Oslo. When Sanne died in 1922, Braathen was hired as CEO, in 1926, Braathen started his own shipping company, Braathens Rederi A/S. He invested all his savings,25,000 kr, along with capital from one of the captains. He bought several ships that were put into service on routes from Europe to China. The first tanker was bought in 1929 and by 1936, the company had ships totalling 56,000 tonnes, Braathen has stated that the idea of creating an airline occurred to him in 1936, when the ship Brajara had engine trouble while en route to Japan. The Japanese shipyards could not guarantee that they could repair the ship, the solution chosen was instead to have the necessary piece made in Amsterdam and flown to Japan by KLM. In 1937, Braathen travelled to the United States to study aviation, in 1938, Braathen sent an application to the Norwegian authorities to receive concession and subsidies to start a route from Oslo to New York City. This was rejected, since the authorities did not feel the time was right to give subsidies for such a route, the main intention was to supply his ships with supplies and crews, in addition to providing a service for other shipping companies and travelers. Braathen remained CEO of the company until his death, when the company was taken over by his son Bjørn G. Braathen, Braathens SAFE50 år, Mot alle odds
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