1.
William W. Skinner
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William Woolford Skinner was an American chemist, conservationist, and college football coach. He served as the coach at the Maryland Agricultural College. Skinner was born in Baltimore on March 28,1874, and raised in Cambridge and he enrolled at the Maryland Agricultural College in 1891. In 1892, he became the teams first quarterback and head coach. During that inaugural season, Maryland went scoreless to finish with a 0–3 record, in 1894, he was instrumental in the formation of the Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association, which was created to award the state football championship. In 1895, Skinner graduated from the MAC as the valedictorian and he earned a B. S. through its Agricultural-Scientific course. Upon graduation, Skinner took a job at his alma mater as an assistant chemist and he graduated with an M. S. from Columbian in 1898. In 1899, Skinner married Georgia née Mitchell, with whom he later had a daughter, from 1899 to 1901, he served in an assistant chemist post at the University of Arizona. While there, he studied geology and coached the football team in 1900 and 1901. He guided Arizona to 3–1 and 4–1 records, respectively, in 1904, Skinner studied botany and physical chemistry at the University of California. That summer, he worked as a chemist at the University of Arizona School of Mines, following that, he took a job as a food inspection chemist with the Bureau of Chemistry of the United States Department of Agriculture, where he worked until 1908. Skinner then became the chief of the bureaus Water Laboratory, in 1911, the Maryland Agriculture College awarded him an honorary M. S. degree. As of 1914, Skinner was living in Kensington, Maryland, Skinner served on the Board of Regents at the University of Maryland from 1916 to 1941, including as its chairman from 1935 onward. The Sheboygan Press noted that he was not called upon during the meeting and he then spoke up, I have been a student of dehydration for many years, but I dont suppose that counts. Old fellows like me dont get much attention, the accent is on youth in these times—so much so that I think it wouldnt be out of place to design another flag for the Capitol in addition to Old Glory. Yes, gentlemen, I recommend a background of bright green, Skinner was promoted to chief of the Bureau in November 1942. He died on March 10,1953, Skinner was posthumously inducted into the inaugural class of the University of Maryland Alumni Hall of Fame in 1995. The Skinner Building, constructed on the campus in 1915, is named in his honor
2.
1892 Harvard Crimson football team
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The 1892 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1892 college football season. The Crimson finished with a 10–1 record, the team won its first 10 games by a combined score of 365-36, but lost its final game against Yale by a 6-0 score. 10/1 Dartmouth W, 48-0 10/5 Exeter W, 62-0 10/8 Amherst W, 26-0 10/15 Williams W, 55-0 10/22 Boston A. A. W, 40-0 10/26 Chicago A. C. W, 32-0 10/29 MIT W, 34-0 11/2 vs. Cornell W, 20-14 11/5 Amherst W, W, 16-12 11/19 at Yale L, 0-6
3.
1892 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
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The 1892 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina in the 1892 college football season. They played six games with a record of 5–1. The team captain for the 1892 season was Mike Hoke, the team claims a southern title even though it was defeated by Virginia, for it beat the Cavaliers in a rematch. Those games with UVA mark the beginning of the Souths Oldest Rivalry, william Pinckney Notes Bibliography North Carolina Game by Game Results. Archived from the original on 2009-06-08, North Carolina Tar Heels 1892 Football Schedule. Archived from the original on 2009-06-08
4.
1892 Chicago Maroons football team
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The 1892 Chicago Maroons football team represented the University of Chicago during the 1892 college football season. In its first year of football, the Chicago team compiled an 8–4–1 record. The 1892 season included four victories over local high school teams, in intercollegiate play, the team compiled a 2–4–1 record. On October 1,1892, the University of Chicago opened its doors for its first semester. At 2,30 p. m. that day, at the university chapel, after an hour of experimenting with yells, Stagg selected a number of students to form the universitys first football team. Stagg took the students to Washington Park for preliminary football practice. Stagg later recalled that he began with about a dozen inexperienced players, because of the lack of student participation during the 1892 season, Stagg decided to participate as a player. He later recalled, I had to do one-half the playing and our boys are so very green. On Saturday, October 8,1892, Chicago played its first football game, the lineup for Chicago consisted of Rapp, Stagg, Dyas, Hanson, Chase, Wyant, Smith, Loeb, Olson, Knapp, and Lamay. On Monday, October 10,1892, Chicago played its football game. Nearly 1,000 spectators watch the game at Washington Park, in its account of the game, the Chicago Daily Tribune credited Knapp, Wyant, Olson, Chase and Stagg for their splendid work. On October 22,1892, Chicago played its first intercollegiate football game, the game was played starting at 3,30 p. m. before 300 students at the South Side Ball Park. In the second half, Stagg had a run for a touchdown, but the referee ruled that the ball had not touched the third man. Chicagos lineup in the game was Rulkoetter, Smith, Knapp, Brenneman, Wyant, Allen, Chase, Raycrof, McGillorey, Stagg, and Rapp. On November 2,1892, Chicago sustained its first loss, falling to Northwestern by a 6 to 4 score in a game played at Evanston, the game began at 3,50 p. m. and was played in the rain. In the first half, Kennicott scored a touchdown on a long run, in the second half, Chicago scored a touchdown, but Staggs kick for the goal after touchdown was wide to the left. On November 5,1892, Chicago secured its first victory in a football game. The game began at 3,30 p. m. and was played at the South Side grounds, the Chicago Daily Tribune reported that Chicagos captain, Stagg, played a game of strategy like the wizard he is
5.
1892 Stanford football team
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) The 1892 Stanford football team represented Stanford University in the 1892 college football season and was coached by Walter Camp. Stanford University opened in October 1891, the 1891 football team was hastily organized and played a four-game season beginning in January 1892 with no official head coach. Following the season, Stanford captain John Whittemore wrote to legendary Yale coach Walter Camp asking him to recommend a coach for Stanford, to Whittemores surprise, Camp agreed to coach the team himself, on the condition that he finish the season at Yale first. As a result of Camps late arrival, Stanford played just three games, against San Franciscos Olympic Club and rival California. The team also played games against two Los Angeles area teams that Stanford does not include in official results. Camp returned to the East Coast following the season, then returned to coach Stanford in 1894 and 1895
6.
1892 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
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The 1892 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1892 college football season. The teams head coach and team captain was Elliott H. Jones and this was the first year for Vandy and University of Tennessee to play football also the first year to play at Dudley Field. The 1892 team was the oldest in the memory of Grantland Rice and he claimed Phil Connell then would be a good player in any era
7.
1892 Alabama Cadets football team
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The 1892 Alabama Cadets football team represented the University of Alabama in the 1892 college football season. The team was led by their head coach E. B, Beaumont and played their home games at Lakeview Park in Birmingham, Alabama. In what was the season of Alabama football, the team finished with a record of two wins and two losses. William Little of Livingston, Alabama is credited with being responsible for the introduction of football at the university. After playing the game in 1891 while in attendance at a prep school. The first game in Alabama football history was played on November 11,1892 and they then split a pair of games with the Birmingham Athletic Club, and closed out the season with a 32–22 loss in the first Iron Bowl against Auburn on February 22,1893. After the season, Beaumont was fired as coach and replaced by Eli Abbott for the 1893 season. The first college game was played on November 6,1869. Although the sport continued to grow, it was not introduced for another 23 years at Alabama, the man credited with the introduction of football at Alabama was William G. Little of Livingston. Little attended the Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire for the 1891–92 school year and it was there that he first played and became an advocate for football. Originally he intended to attend Yale University, however, after his brother died, Little returned to Livingston in 1892 and enrolled at Alabama. He proposed the university field a team, which was introduced for the 1892 season. Alabama selected Little as the first team captain for the inaugural 1892 season, the team was called the Cadets, as the current Crimson Tide moniker was not used until 1907. Played on November 11, the served as a practice game for Alabamas contest against the Birmingham Athletic Club scheduled for the next day. Although details of the second half are unavailable, touchdowns in the first half were scored by David Grayson, G. H. Kyser, Dan Smith, William Little and T. S. Frazer. The play utilized most throughout the game was a rushing formation developed by Harvard earlier in the called the flying wedge. A day after their victory over Birmingham High School, Alabama suffered their first all-time loss against the Birmingham Athletic Club 5–4. In a game noted for numerous fumbles by both squads, Alabama scored first and took a 4–0 lead on a William G. Little touchdown run late in the first half
8.
1892 Auburn Tigers football team
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The 1892 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1892 college football season. It was the first college football team fielded by the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama, the squad was first coached by George Petrie. Auburn shut out Georgia Tech, 26–0, just two days after being shut out themselves by North Carolina, 64–0, the team finished the season with a record of 2–2
9.
Lafayette Leopards football
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The Lafayette Leopards football program represents Lafayette College in college football. One of the oldest college football programs in the United States, Fielding their first team in 1882, Lafayette has won three college football national championships, seven Patriot League championships, six undefeated seasons and four undefeated, untied seasons. For most of its history, Lafayette played an independent schedule until joining the Patriot League in 1986, between 1929 and 1975, the Leopards were a part of an unofficial conference, the “Middle Three Conference, ” which consisted of Rutgers University and Lehigh University. Today, Lafayette is most noted for its fierce arch-rivalry with Lehigh, which is the most played rivalry in college football and the most consecutive years played. ESPN considers The Rivalry to be among the top ten in college football, aside from Lehigh and Rutgers, Lafayette’s primary rivals are Bucknell University and the University of Pennsylvania. Lafayette has produced four consensus All-Americans,11 FCS All-Americans, four College Football Hall of Fame players, Lafayette is also credited with inventing the huddle during a game in which Pennsylvania was stealing hand signals. Lafayettes nickname is the Leopards, dating from October 21,1924, in its early history, the students, alumni, and press referred to the team as the Maroon. The Leopards are still referred to as the Maroon or the Maroon. Currently, Lafayette has 650 wins, 33rd all-time in Division I, rugby football was first introduced on College Hill in the fall of 1880 by Theodore H. Welles. A member of the class of 1884, Welles brought football to Easton after learning the new game at Wilkes Barre Academy and Princeton University, H. R. Craven, who played and learned the sport at the Lawrenceville School, served as the first team captain. Early football at Lafayette was not organized, in 1880 and 1881, students competed against each other on campus. However, in the fall of 1882, Lafayette traveled to Rutgers to partake in its first intercollegiate football contest, on November 7,1882, Lafayette fell to Rutgers 0-0/8-3. One week later, Lafayette lost its second game ever against the University of Pennsylvania 0-0/1-3, although official records reflect only two games being played in 1882, Welles mentions playing Swarthmore College and the Stevens Institute of Technology on College Hill, winning both contests. With one season of football experience, Lafayette won its first game ever in 1883. After dropping its first three games to Princeton, Pennsylvania, and Stevens, Lafayette broke through against Rutgers on November 10, with four inches of slushy snow covering the Quad, Lafayette avenged the previous years defeat 25–0 with four touchdowns despite a water-logged ball. The first game of the 1884 brought a new team to Lafayettes schedule, located in nearby Bethlehem, Lehigh would be playing its first football game. With experience and superior skill on its side, Lafayette annihilated Lehigh 56–0 in what would become known as The Rivalry. Due to the proximity of the schools, Lafayette played a Lehigh as their last opponent in 1884, true animosity soon developed between both teams
10.
Lehigh Mountain Hawks football
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The Lehigh Mountain Hawks football program represents Lehigh University in college football. Lehigh competes as the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision level as members of the Patriot League, the Mountain Hawks play their home games at Goodman Stadium in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Andy Coen has served as the head coach since 2006. The program ranks 40th all-time in terms of wins with 680 for a percentage of 56%. Since 1945, the era, Lehigh has won at a 60% pace. Their won loss record against Lafayette since this time is also 60%, the Lehigh football program officially began in 1883 when student J. S. Robeson organized a football team to play against the University of Pennsylvanias sophomore class team. Athlete and future journalist Richard Harding Davis was a part of that squad, J. S. Robeson is the father of football at Lehigh, Davis recalled for the Lehigh Quarterly of 1891. In 1884, Lehighs intercollegiate team was formed, and Lafayette team captain Theodore Welles immediately approached Robeson to challenge them, at the start of the 2011 season, Lehigh is ranked among the institutions that have played the most games, compiled the most victories. Since 1986, Lehigh has been a member of the Patriot League. Lehigh has won ten Patriot League titles and has played in 20 post season games, along the way, Lehigh has won a Division II National Championship and has been national runner up in the I-AA tournament in 1979. Following the founding of the team, Lehigh, then known as the Engineers, was guided for the first eight years by volunteer coaches, the teams won 123 of those first 276 games, playing an average about 9 games per season. Lehigh’s first really successful period came in 1912 when Tom Keady was hired as head coach, during this period, Lehigh’s program grew stronger and the team moved into its new home, Taylor Stadium. Taylor Stadium would serve as the home for Lehigh football for 73 seasons Along with the Yale Bowl and Harvard Stadium, keady’s teams would go 55–22–3 during his nine years as head coach and produce many fine players, including All American quarterback Pat Pazzetti. The years between the end of World War I and the end of World War II were somewhat poor ones for Lehigh, seven coaches came and went, managing a record of 73–124–17 during this time. Better days were coming though, in the form of a head coach named William Leckonby. Leckonby arrived in time for the 1946 season and within a year, had the fortunes reversed, Leckonby’s teams won 16 of their next 27 from 1947–1949. This set the table for Lehigh’s first undefeated season,1950 and that team went 9–0, defeating Delaware, Carnegie Tech and Lafayette by a combined 125 –0. Overall, the team outscored opponents by a score of 301 –77, the team was led by the backfield tandem of Dick Gabriel and Dick Doyne
11.
University of Maryland, College Park
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Founded in 1856, the university is the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland. It is a member of the Association of American Universities and competes in athletics as a member of the Big Ten Conference, the University of Marylands proximity to the nations capital has resulted in research partnerships with the Federal government. The operating budget of the University of Maryland during the 2009 fiscal year was projected to be approximately $1.531 billion, for the same fiscal year, the University of Maryland received a total of $518 million in research funding, surpassing its 2008 mark by $118 million. As of December 12,2012, the universitys Great Expectations campaign had exceeded $1 billion in private donations, on March 6,1856, the forerunner of todays University of Maryland was chartered as the Maryland Agricultural College. Two years later, Charles Benedict Calvert, a future U. S. Congressman, Calvert founded the school later that year. On October 5,1859, the first 34 students entered the Maryland Agricultural College, the school became a land grant college in February 1864. During the Civil War, Confederate soldiers under Brigadier General Bradley Tyler Johnson moved past the college on July 12,1864 as part of Jubal Earlys raid on Washington, D. C. By the end of the war, financial problems forced the administrators to sell off 200 acres of land, for the next two years the campus was used as a boys preparatory school. Following the Civil War, in February 1866 the Maryland legislature assumed half ownership of the school, the college thus became in part a state institution. By October 1867, the school reopened with 11 students, in the next six years, enrollment grew and the schools debt was paid off. In 1873, Samuel Jones, a former Confederate Major General, twenty years later, the federally funded Agricultural Experiment Station was established there. Morrill Hall was built the following year, on November 29,1912, a fire destroyed the barracks where the students were housed, all the schools records, and most of the academic buildings, leaving only Morrill Hall untouched. There were no injuries or fatalities, and all but two returned to the university and insisted on classes continuing. Students were housed by families in neighboring towns until housing could be rebuilt, a large brick and concrete compass inlaid in the ground designates the former center of campus as it existed in 1912. The state took control of the school in 1916, and the institution was renamed Maryland State College and that year, the first female students enrolled at the school. On April 9,1920, the became part of the existing University of Maryland, replacing St. Johns College. In the same year, the school on the College Park campus awarded its first PhD degrees. In 1925 the university was accredited by the Association of American Universities, by the time the first black students enrolled at the university in 1951, enrollment had grown to nearly 10,000 students—4,000 of whom were women
12.
Halfback (American football)
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A halfback is an offensive position in American football, whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays, i. e. a running back. The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field, sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver. Occasionally, they line up as wide receivers. When not running or catching the ball, the responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking. Before the emergence of the T-formation in the 1940s, all members of the backfield were legitimate threats to run or pass the ball. Most teams used four offensive backs on every play, a quarterback, the quarterback began each play a quarter of the way back, the halfbacks began each play side by side and halfway back, and the fullback began each play the farthest back. Historically, from the 1870s through the 1950s, the position was both an offensive and defensive position. There has also been a shift in most offense’s dependence on halfbacks, however, the average output of the halfback has not changed. Older systems require the halfback be proficient at throwing the ball downfield as well, many of the “scat backs” in the modern era produce more total yards and touchdowns than their ancestor “power backs” by breaking off big plays on outside runs and receptions. The spread offense and the hurry-up offense change the halfback’s role, the spread, the hurry-up, and the pro-style offenses dominate American football but the “smash-mouth” style of play is far from extinct. A power-running scheme is often utilized to counter an effective Spread attack, as it allows a team to control the clock and this strategy is utilized in NFL, college, and all other forms of American football. The need for “power backs is very prevalent, alongside the need for “scat backs”, in the past few decades the role of the halfback has gone through a great shift as most offensive game plans are now fueled by creativity and finesse instead of raw force. Stamina and durability is more important than ever in the hurry-up offense, on the other hand, speed is often valued over strength, and pass-catching ability is sometimes valued over blocking proficiency. Power was once the most desired trait in a halfback, but has been taken by the need for a diverse skill set. In the last few decades the running back’s individual share of output has declined as quarterbacks are generally treated as the cornerstone of the offense. The demands of an up-tempo offense also favor a multiple running back system, from the dawn of American football through the 1880s most offensive schemes focused on the running game. In a running based game plan the halfback was typically the cornerstone of the offense and this system focused on a physical run attack concentrated in the inside of the field, and therefore depended on a skilled “power back”. There were no forward passes, and pure speed took a backseat to tackle-breaking and bucking ability, there was a focus on physicality over finesse, as this type of playing style earned the moniker of “smash mouth” football
13.
Episcopal High School (Alexandria, Virginia)
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Episcopal High School, founded in 1839, is a private boarding school located in Alexandria, Virginia. The Holy Hill 130-acre campus houses 440 students from 30 states, the school is 100-percent boarding and is the only all-boarding school of its caliber located in a major metropolitan area. Episcopal High School was founded in 1839 as the first high school in Virginia, the Rev. William N. Pendleton and three assistant heads initially taught 35 boys at the boarding facility which occupied 80 acres of land. It was originally known as The Howard School, from its location at the site of an earlier school and it became known affectionately as The High School. The central administration building, Hoxton House, dates to around 1805, built by Martha Washingtons eldest granddaughter, in 1840, Episcopals student body tripled in size to accommodate more than 100 boys. It continued to grow until the Civil War, when it closed immediately after Federal forces occupied Alexandria in 1861, some 500 students served as soldiers in the war, many like Rev. Pendleton for the Confederacy. For the next five years, school buildings served as part of a hospital for Federal troops. Poet Walt Whitman served as a nurse in the hospital, EHS competes against Woodberry Forest in the longest-running consecutive high-school football rivalry in the South and one of the oldest in the United States. Beginning in 1900, every fall the Maroon and the Woodberry Forest Tigers have competed on the football field, the location of the game alternates each year, it is either in Orange or Alexandria. Recognizing the need to improve its facilities, the School also undertook a building program that formed the foundation for the present-day campus. During this era, Episcopal also instituted its Honor Code, one of the oldest among secondary schools, a committee of students and faculty members promotes understanding of the code and handles violations. The Honor Code has served as a foundation of the EHS community since its inception, in 1991, Episcopal began a transition to coeducation by enrolling its first 48 girls, a group commonly referred to as “The First 48. ”. The first coeducational class graduated in 1993, today, the School has an enrollment of 425 students,45 percent of whom are girls. Non-interscholastic sports, such as kayaking, dance, cross training, the boys’ teams compete in the Interstate Athletic Conference. The school has won 32 IAC Championships since 1979 and seven Virginia Independent School State Championships since 1996, episcopal’s girls’ teams compete in the Independent School League. They have won 21 ISL Championships since 1993, in the fall of 2008 the boys varsity soccer team completed a perfect IAC season with a 23-0-0 record. It went on to become the one team in the state of Virginia by defeating NSCAA-nationally-ranked #3 Norfolk Academy 4-0 in the VISAA Championship final. The team finished the season ranked as the #13 team in the country, in the 2009 fall season the boys varsity soccer team finished the year with a double overtime win over Collegiate School which brought two consecutive state championship trophies back to Alexandria
14.
Bob Ward (American football)
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Robert Bob Richard Ward was an American football coach and player. He played college football for the Terrapins at the University of Maryland and he is considered, alongside Randy White, as one of the greatest linemen to have ever played for Maryland. Ward is the player to have been named an Associated Press first-team All-American for both an offensive and defensive position. In 1950, Ward was named a first-team All-American, and the following year and he served as the Maryland head football coach from 1967 to 1968, but without success. He coached football for a total of 22 years, including assistant coaching positions at Oklahoma, Iowa State, and Army, Ward was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1980. Bob Ward was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey on September 16,1927, during the Second World War, Ward enlisted in the United States Army. He completed Airborne School to become a paratrooper and was stationed at Fort Benning and he later served as a first lieutenant in the United States Air Force. In 1948, Ward enrolled at the University of Maryland and played varsity all four years as both an offensive guard and defensive lineman. At 5 feet 9 inches and 187 pounds, Ward was undersized for a lineman by the standards of the day and his relatively small stature earned him the nickname of the watch-charm guard. Ward was known for his aggressiveness and tenacity, traits he used to compensate for being out-sized by opposing linemen, then he went right under the center to make another tackle. A little later, he went around the center to the left, then he went around him to the right. Ive never seen anybody who could dominate a game like Bobby, during Wards four years at Maryland, the Terrapins achieved a 32–7–1 record, won two bowl games, and secured a national championship. In the 1950 Gator Bowl, Ward was named the games Most Valuable Player and that performance capped a perfect 10–0 season for the Terrapins. During that final game of his career, Ward tackled Tennessee offensive back Hank Lauricella and forced a fumble, Ward graduated from the University of Maryland in 1951 with a bachelors degree in business. In the 1952 College All-Star Game, Ward captained the team against the reigning National Football League champions, the Los Angeles Rams. Ward declined a professional playing career himself, and turned down offers from the Baltimore Colts. Ward was named an Associated Press first-team All-American as a middle guard in 1950. He is the player to have ever achieved the honor for both an offensive and defensive position
15.
St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)
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St. Johns College is a private liberal arts college known for its distinctive curriculum centered on reading and discussing the Great Books of Western Civilization. It has two U. S. campuses, one in Annapolis, Maryland, and one in Santa Fe, New Mexico, St. Johns College is one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the United States. It traces its origins to King Williams School, a school founded in 1696. The school grants only one degree, in Liberal Arts. The Master of Arts in Eastern Classics is only available at the Santa Fe campus, the College has no religious affiliation. According to U. S. News & World Report, the Fall 2015 undergraduate acceptance rate was 78% in Annapolis, St. Johns College traces its origins to King Williams School, founded in 1696. In 1784, Maryland granted it a charter under a new name, St. Johns College, the college took up residence in a building known as Bladens Folly, which was originally built to be the Maryland governors mansion, but was not completed. There was some association with the Freemasons early in the colleges history, the College always maintained a small size, generally enrolling fewer than 500 men at a time. After years of inconsistent funding and litigation, the College accepted an annual grant in lieu of being funded through the states annual appropriations process. During the civil war, the closed and its campus was used as a military hospital. In 1907 it became the college of a loosely organized University of Maryland that included the professional schools located in Baltimore. By 1920, when Maryland State College became the University of Maryland at College Park, the College curriculum has taken various forms throughout its history. It began with a program of study in the liberal arts. It ended compulsory military training with Major Enoch Gareys accession as president in 1923, garey and the Navy instituted a Naval Reserve unit in September 1924, creating the first-ever collegiate Department of Naval Science in the United States. In 1936, the College lost its accreditation and they introduced a new program of study, which remains in effect today. Buchanan became dean of the College, while Barr assumed its presidency, thus this great institution was reborn as a survival measure. In 1940, national attention was attracted to St. Johns by a story in Life entitled The Classics, classic works unavailable in English translation were translated by faculty members, typed, mimeographed, and bound. The wartime years were difficult for the all-male St. Johns, enlistment and the draft all but emptied the college,15 seniors graduated in 1943, eight in 1945, and three in 1946
16.
Annapolis, Maryland
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Annapolis is the capital of the U. S. state of Maryland, as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County. Its population was measured at 38,394 by the 2010 census, the city served as the seat of the Continental Congress in 1783–84 and was the site of the 1786 Annapolis Convention and the Annapolis Peace Conference, held in 2007. Annapolis is the home of St. Johns College as well as the United States Naval Academy, a settlement in the Province of Maryland named Providence was founded on the north shore of the Severn River in 1649 by Puritan exiles from Virginia led by Governor William Stone. The settlers later moved to a harbor on the south shore. The settlement on the shore was initially named Town at Proctors, then Town at the Severn. In 1654, after the Third English Civil War, Parliamentary forces assumed control of Maryland, per orders from Charles Calvert, fifth Lord Baltimore, Stone returned the following spring at the head of a Cavalier force. On March 25,1655, in what is known as the Battle of the Severn, Stone was defeated, taken prisoner, Fendall governed Maryland during the latter half of the Commonwealth. In 1660, he was replaced by Phillip Calvert as fifth/sixth Governor of Maryland), Annapolis was incorporated as a city in 1708. Water trades such as oyster-packing, boatbuilding and sailmaking became the chief industries. Annapolis is home to a number of recreational boats that have largely replaced the seafood industry in the city. Dr. Alexander Hamilton was a Scottish-born doctor and writer who lived and worked in Annapolis, Annapolis became the temporary capital of the United States after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. For the 1783 Congress, the Governor of Maryland commissioned John Shaw, the flag is slightly different from other designs of the time. The blue field extends over the height of the hoist. Shaw created two versions of the flag, one started with a red stripe and another that started with a white one. In 1786, delegates from all states of the Union were invited to meet in Annapolis to consider measures for the regulation of commerce. Delegates from only five states—New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, New Jersey, the Philadelphia convention drafted and approved the Constitution of the United States, which is still in force. During this period, a prisoner of war camp, Camp Parole, was set up in Annapolis. As the war continued, the camp expanded to a location just west of the city
17.
Johns Hopkins Blue Jays football
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The Johns Hopkins Blue Jays football team represents Johns Hopkins University in the sport of American football. The Blue Jays compete in Division III of the National Collegiate Athletic Association as members of the Centennial Conference, Johns Hopkins has fielded a team since 1882. Hopkins first team was assembled in 1881, and spent a year training and learning a version of the game. Their sport, which was closer to rugby, was played in Druid Hill Park, after the training, the team planned a two-game 1882 season. The squad had to play the season under the title of the Clifton Athletic Club, the first was a practice game with the Baltimore Athletic Club, played on October 7. The Hopkins team lost the contest 4–0, the following game was their first true game, to be played against the Naval Academy. Bill Stromberg earned a B. A. from Hopkins in 1982 and became one of the most decorated athletes in the history of Johns Hopkins, making him arguably the best football player in Johns Hopkins history. He is considered as one of the best wide receivers in NCAA Division III history as the holder of six national and 13 school records. Stromberg was inducted into the Johns Hopkins Hall of Fame and then elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2004, and was, as of 2017, Hopkins constructed a new baseball field and athletic facilities which was named Stromberg Stadium in 2014 in his honor. After graduation, Stromberg signed as an agent with the Philadelphia Eagles, played a few preseason games before pulling a hamstring. He became the CEO of Baltimore-based asset management firm T. Rowe Price in 2016
18.
Clifton Park, Baltimore
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It is roughly bordered by Erdman Avenue to the northeast, Sinclair Lane to the south, Harford Road to the northwest and Belair Road to the southeast. The eighteen-hole Clifton Park Golf Course, which is the site of the annual Clifton Park Golf Tournament, the land on which Clifton Park sits was once farmland. Built around 1803, the home was originally the residence of Capt. Henry Thompson. Born in Sheffield, England, he came to Baltimore around 1794, became a well-known merchant, financier and company director, he also was a very public-spirited citizen and used his knowledge of horses in military matters. Serving as a officer in the Maryland Militia, of which a part was the Baltimore Light Dragoons which he joined in 1809. Later he and his unit served as the personal bodyguard of Maj. Gen. Thompson maintained ownership of the estate until about 1835, however dying two years later in 1837, in 1838, it was bought by local merchant, financier and philanthropist Johns Hopkins, for his estate, and was later developed with a nearby lake and a large sculpture collection. Later, in 1858, it was converted into an Italianate villa by the locally-famous architects John Rudolph Niernsee and it was originally planned by Mr. There the J. H. U. remained for the first three decades of its existence, the statue is reported to have been generally overlooked by those visiting the park, though it has been subjected to periodic vandalism. The old Clifton mansion from when it was a farmland was used as the pro shop at the golf course and offices for the Baltimore City Department of Recreation. Now, the headquarters of a service based nonprofit, Civic Works. Civic Works is currently doing a $7 million renovation to the Clifton Mansion, the Clifton Mansion address is 2701 Saint Lo Drive, Baltimore, Maryland,21213. It supplied water for the village and water for cropping. Nearby on the edge of Clifton Park was its water system reservoir Lake Clifton. St. Heavily hit by vandalism during the 1960s, it was closed in the early 1980s and has since fallen into disrepair. Cleanup and maintenance of the cemetery began again in mid-2010 under a newly established supporters and watchdog group and it was there that the troops camped out during their mission. They guarded the streets against looting during the day and slept at the Park during the night hours, dallas Arthur, a Maryland National Guard soldier, describes the situation as intense when he relates to roadblocks posted near Clifton Park. Clifton Park once had a lake as part of the Baltimore City Department of Public Works metropolitan water system, named Lake Clifton Reservoir, the others were Walbrook High School and Southwestern High School
19.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
20.
Alexandria, Virginia
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Arlington County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is coterminous with the U. S. Census Bureau-census-designated place of Arlington, as a result, the county is often referred to in the region simply as Arlington or Arlington, Virginia. In 2015, the population was estimated at 229,164. The land that became Arlington was originally donated by Virginia to the United States government to form part of the new federal district of Columbia. In 1846, Congress returned the land southwest of the Potomac River donated by Virginia due to issues involving Congressional representation, the General Assembly of Virginia changed the countys name to Arlington in 1920 to avoid confusion with the adjacent City of Alexandria. The county is situated in Northern Virginia on the bank of the Potomac River directly across from Washington. Arlington is also bordered by Fairfax County and City of Falls Church to the northwest, west and southwest, as of the 2010 census, the population was 207,627. Due to the proximity to downtown Washington, D. C. It is also home to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, the many federal agencies, government contractors, and service industries contribute to Arlingtons stable economy. It is the county in the United States by median family income. According to a 2016 study by Bankrate. com, Arlington is the best place to retire, the area that now constitutes Arlington County was originally part of Fairfax County in the Colony of Virginia. Land grants from the British monarch were awarded to prominent Englishmen in exchange for political favors, one of the grantees was Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, who lends his name to both Fairfax County and the City of Fairfax. George Washington Parke Custis, grandson of First Lady Martha Washington, the estate was eventually passed down to Mary Anna Custis Lee, wife of General Robert E. Lee. The property later became Arlington National Cemetery during the American Civil War, the area that now contains Arlington County was ceded to the new United States federal government by the Commonwealth of Virginia. With the passage of the Residence Act in 1790, Congress approved a new permanent capital to be located on the Potomac River, the Residence Act originally only allowed the President to select a location within Maryland as far east as what is now the Anacostia River. However, President Washington shifted the federal territorys borders to the southeast in order to include the city of Alexandria at the Districts southern tip. In 1791, Congress amended the Residence Act to approve the new site, however, this amendment to the Residence Act specifically prohibited the erection of the public buildings otherwise than on the Maryland side of the River Potomac. As permitted by the U. S. Constitution, the shape of the federal district was a square, measuring 10 miles on each side
21.
Navy Midshipmen football
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The Navy Midshipmen football team represents the United States Naval Academy in NCAA Division I FBS college football. The Naval Academy completed its season as an FBS independent school in 2014. The team has coached by Ken Niumatalolo since December 2007. Navy has 19 players and three coaches in the College Football Hall of Fame and won the football national championship in 1926 according to the Boand. The 1910 team also was undefeated and unscored upon, the mascot is Bill the Goat. The Naval Academys football program is one of the nations oldest, there were two separate efforts to establish a Naval Academy football team in 1879. The first was guided by first-classman J. H. Robinson, the team played the sport under rules that made it much closer to soccer, where the players were permitted only to kick the ball in order to advance it. The second effort, headed by first-classman William John Maxwell was more successful in its efforts, Maxwell met with two of his friends, Tunstall Smith and Henry Woods, who played for the Baltimore Athletic Club and officially challenged their team to a game with the Naval Academy. A team was formed from academy first-classmen, which Maxwell led as a manager, trainer, the team would wake up and practice before reveille and following drill and meals. The squad received encouragement from some of the faculty, who allowed them to eat a late dinner and this was against the direct orders of the school superintendent, who had banned football and similar activities. The years sole contest was played on December 11 against the Baltimore Athletic Club, the oppositions team was reportedly composed of players from Princeton, Yale, Pennsylvania, and Johns Hopkins. The Naval Academy hosted the Baltimore team on a temporary field drawn on part of the cow pasture. Rules decided upon between the teams established that the game was to be played under rugby rules. The Baltimore American and Chronicle, which covered the contest, described it as such, The game, played rugby rules, was a battle from beginning to end—a regular knock down. Both sides became immediately excited and the audience was aroused to the highest pitch of enthusiasm by the spirited contest, the ball oscillated backward and forward over the ground without any material result. The scrimmages were something awful to witness—living, kicking, scrambling masses of humanity surging to and fro, each individual after the leather oval. If a Baltimorean got the ball and started for a run, he was caught by one of the brawny Cadets. The game was fought and was finally declared a scoreless tie by the referee about an hour after it began
22.
Princeton Tigers football
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Princeton’s football program—along with the football program at nearby Rutgers University—is the oldest in the world. The schools competed in American footballs first intercollegiate contest in 1869, students from The College of New Jersey traveled to New Brunswick, New Jersey on November 6,1869 to play Rutgers College in a new variant of rugby called football. Rutgers won the inaugural game 6 runs to 4 runs, a week later, Rutgers students traveled to Princeton, New Jersey for a rematch, which Princeton won. Due in part to their invention of the sport, the Tigers were one of the dominant forces in the days of intercollegiate football. The Tigers won their last national championship in 1950 when Dick Kazmaier, the policy further insulated Princeton and the Ivy League from the national spotlight. Despite an undefeated season in 1964, Princeton was not among the top 10 teams in the season-ending AP Poll, the NCAA split Division I collegiate football into two subdivisions in 1978, then called I-A for larger schools, and I-AA for the smaller ones. The NCAA had devised the split, in part, with the Ivy League in mind, unable to play competitively against long-time rival Rutgers anymore, Princeton stopped scheduling them as a football opponent after 1980. Then in 1982 the NCAA created a rule that stated an average attendance must be at least 15,000 to qualify for I-A membership. This forced the hand, as only some of the member schools met the attendance qualification. Choosing to stay rather than stand their ground separately in the increasingly competitive I-A subdivision. Despite often finishing its seasons ranked in the subdivision, Princeton cannot play in the NCAA Division I Football Championship per Ivy League rules. Most recently, Princeton instituted a coaching change as ten-year coach Roger Hughes was replaced by Cincinnati Bengals assistant offensive line coach Bob Surace. Surace was an All-Ivy league center at Princeton and graduated in 1990, beginning in 2018 Princeton will play Penn in their final game, intensifying the already heated rivalry between these two neighboring Ivy League schools. Conference championships,1957,1963,1964,1966,1969,1989,1992,1995,2006,2013, and 2016. In 1914, Princeton built Palmer Stadium, the college football stadium ever built. Palmer Stadium was modeled after the Greek Olympic stadium and seated 45,750 spectators, in the 1990s the university decided to demolish it for a new stadium rather than undertake a long and expensive renovation process, as Harvard had with its stadium in 1984. During the construction of the new stadium, the Tigers played a season of nine away games, Princeton University Stadium opened on September 19,1998 and seats 27,773. After eight years of grass fields, FieldTurf artificial playing surface was installed for the 2006 football season
23.
B&O Railroad
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The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is one of the oldest railroads in the United States and the first common carrier railroad. At first this railroad was located entirely in the state of Maryland with a line from the port of Baltimore west to Sandy Hook. At this point to continue westward, it had to cross into Virginia over the Potomac River, adjacent to the confluence of the Potomac, from there it was extended to the Ohio River at Wheeling and a few years later also to Parkersburg, West Virginia. It is now part of the CSX Transportation network, and includes the oldest operational railroad bridge in the USA, the B&O also included the Leiper Railroad, the first permanent horse-drawn railroad in the U. S. In later years, B&O advertising carried the motto, Linking 13 Great States with the Nation, the B&O Warehouse at the Camden Yards rail junction in Baltimore now dominates the view over the right-field wall at the Baltimore Orioles current home, Oriole Park at Camden Yards. At the end of 1970 B&O operated 5552 miles of road and 10449 miles of track, not including the Staten Island Rapid Transit or the Reading and its subsidiaries. The fast-growing port city of Baltimore, Maryland faced economic stagnation unless it opened routes to the western states, as New York had done with the Erie Canal in 1820. In 1827, twenty-five merchants and bankers studied the best means of restoring that portion of the Western trade which has recently been diverted from it by the introduction of steam navigation and their answer was to build a railroad—one of the first commercial lines in the world. Two men — Philip E. Thomas and George Brown — were the pioneers of the railroad and they spent the year 1826 investigating railway enterprises in England, which were at that time being tested in a comprehensive fashion as commercial ventures. Their investigation completed, they held a meeting on February 12,1827, including about twenty-five citizens. Thomas was elected as the first president and Brown the treasurer, the capital of the proposed company was fixed at five million dollars, but the B&O was initially capitalized in 1827 with a three million dollar issue of stock. Virtually every citizen of Baltimore owned a share, as the offering was oversubscribed, construction began on July 4,1828, when Charles Carroll of Carrollton did the groundbreaking. The initial tracks were built with granite stringers topped by iron rails. The first section, from Baltimore west to Ellicotts Mills, opened on May 24,1830. Developers decided to follow the Patapsco River to a point near Parrs Ridge, a later compromise allowed the two companies to share the right of way. The State of Maryland granted the B&O a charter to build a line from Baltimore to Washington, D. C. in 1831, and the Washington Branch was opened in 1835. This line joined to the mainline at Relay, Maryland, crossing the Patapsco on the Thomas Viaduct. This line was funded by the state, and was operated separately until the 1870s
24.
Baltimore News-American
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The Baltimore News-American was a Baltimore broadsheet newspaper with a continuous lineage of more than 200 years of Baltimore newspapers. For much of the century, it had the largest circulation in the city. Its final edition was published on May 27,1986, the News American was formed by a final merger of two papers, the Baltimore News-Post and The Baltimore American, in 1964, after a long 191-year history and weaning process. Built opposite later in 1873, was The News office/printing establishment with its mansard roof, all this perished in smoke with the Great Baltimore Fire in February 1904, which burned out both buildings to a shell. Publication had to be shifted to other neighboring cities such as Washington. The South Street complex was torn down several years after the closing in 1986. Paul and East Fayette Streets consumed by the blaze although the new massive City Circuit Courthouse just to the east across the street, mencken described his early reporting years in the second volume of his autobiographical trilogy Newspaper Days published in 1941. The Baltimore American, claimed to be a descendent of the original Maryland Journal. Fulton during the middle 19th Century, after the American Civil War, Felix Agnus, returned from the war and settled in Baltimore and became manager of the American and eventually married the Fultons daughter. Within a decade, he became the editor and publisher following the death of Fulton and he was also very proud that his new skyscraper for the American was the first to be completed in early 1905 in the burnt district. He died in October 1925 at 86, several years after selling the paper to a very controversial, william Randolph Hearsts Hearst Company newspaper empire acquired the morning American from Agnus and the afternoon News from Grasty in 1923 from another newspaper mogul Frank A. Munsey. It became one of the city and states largest financial empires into the 1990s, now the newly revamped News American is published seven days a week with the usually thick special Sunday edition of many sections. Masthead is redesigned with new vignette with old Phoenix Shot Tower in center and city buildings behind. For the first time, paper is referred to without city name on masthead, entrances on Pratt and Lombard are closed. Paper uses postal new address on South Street, john L. Carey, was editor of the Baltimore American in 1845. He published a number of books and pamphlets on the question of prior to the American Civil War. Baltimore News American Photograph Collection, University of Maryland Libraries, College Park, Maryland
25.
J. G. Bannon
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Joseph George Bannon was an American college football coach. He served as the coach at the Maryland Agricultural College in 1894. Bannon was born in Maryland on May 1,1874 and his great-grandfather was an officer in the rebellious Irish army during the Rebellion of 1798. His father, Michael Bannon, was born in County Tyrone, Ireland in 1827 and emigrated to the United States and he worked as a teacher and eventually received an education in law and established a real estate business. Michael Bannon entered politics in Anne Arundel County and served as a Maryland State Senator and his brother, James P. Bannon, was a prominent Anne Arundel County politician and lawyer. Bannon attended the Maryland Agricultural College, where he played on the team as an end from 1892 to 1894. Bannon served as the coach during the 1894 season and amassed a 4–3 record. He graduated from Maryland with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1895, Bannon died in Jessup, Maryland on January 19,1937. J. G. Bannon at the College Football Data Warehouse
26.
Maryland Senate
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The Maryland Senate, sometimes referred to as the Maryland State Senate, is the upper house of the General Assembly, the state legislature of the U. S. state of Maryland. It evolved from the house of the colonial assembly created in 1650 when Maryland was a proprietary colony controlled by Cecilius Calvert. It consisted of the Governor and members of the Governors appointed council and this electoral college was abolished in 1838 and members began to be directly elected from each county and Baltimore City. In 1972, because of a Supreme Court decision, the number of districts was increased to 47, to serve in the Maryland Senate, a person must be a citizen of Maryland 25 years of age or older. Elections for the 47 Senate seats are held four years coincident with the federal election in which the President of the United States is not elected. Vacancies are filled through appointment by the Governor, the Senate meets for three months every year, the rest of the year the work of the Senate is light and most members hold another job during this time. It has been controlled by Democrats for a number of years, in the 2006 election, more than two-thirds of the Senate seats were won by Democrats. Senators elect a President to serve as presiding officer of the legislative body, the President appoints chairs and membership of six standing committees, four legislative committees as well as the Executive Nominations and Rules Committees. When compared to state legislatures in the United States, the Maryland Senate has one of the strongest presiding officers. Senators are also organized into caucuses, including party- and demographically-based caucuses and they are assisted in their work by paid staff of the non-partisan Department of Legislative Services and by partisan office staff. The origins of the Maryland Senate lie in the creation of an assembly during the days of the Maryland colony. This assembly first met in 1637, making it the longest continuously operating legislative body in the United States, originally, the assembly was unicameral, but in 1650, the Governor and his appointed council began serving as the upper house of a now bicameral legislature. These appointees had close political and economic ties to the proprietors of the Maryland colony, Cecilius Calvert and his descendants. Thus, the house in colonial times often disagreed with the lower house, which was elected, tended to be more populist. The upper house was abolished during the English Civil War, as Puritan governors attempted to consolidate control. It was again abolished by Governor Josias Fendall in 1660, who sought to create a government based on an elected unicameral legislature like that of the Virginia colony. The position of Governor was removed from the legislature in 1675, in 1776, following the signing of the Declaration of Independence and the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, Maryland threw off proprietary control and established a new constitution. Under this new constitution, the house of the General Assembly first became known as the Maryland Senate
27.
Prince George's County, Maryland
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Prince George’s County, also known as P. G. County, is a county in the U. S. state of Maryland, bordering the eastern portion of Washington, D. C. As of the 2010 U. S. Census, the population was 863,420 and its county seat is Upper Marlboro. Prince George’s County is included in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area, the official name of the county, as specified in the countys charter, is Prince George’s County, Maryland. The county is named after Prince George of Denmark, the husband of Anne, Queen of Great Britain, the countys demonym is Prince Georgian and its motto is Semper Eadem, a phrase used by Queen Anne. Prince Georges County is frequently referred to as P. G. or P. G, County, an abbreviation viewed as pejorative by some residents. The Cretaceous Era brought dinosaurs to the area left a number of fossils. The site, which among other finds has yielded fossilized teeth from Astrodon and Priconodon species, has called the most prolific in the eastern United States. In the mid to late Holocene era, the area was occupied by Paleo-Native Americans and then later, when the first European settlers arrived, what is now Prince Georges County was inhabited by people of the Piscataway Indian Nation. Three branches of the tribe are living today, two of which are headquartered in Prince Georges County. Prince Georges County was created by the English Council of Maryland in the Province of Maryland in 1696 from portions of Charles, the county was divided into six districts referred to as Hundreds, Mattapany, Petuxant, Collington, Mount Calvert, Piscattoway and New Scotland. A portion was detached in 1748 to form Frederick County, during the War of 1812, the British marched through the county by way of Bladensburg to burn the White House. On their return, they kidnapped a prominent doctor, William Beanes, lawyer Francis Scott Key was asked to negotiate for his release, which resulted in his writing The Star-Spangled Banner. Since much of the part of the county was tobacco farms that were worked by enslaved Africans. After the Civil War, many African Americans attempted to become part of Maryland politics, in April 1865, John Wilkes Booth made his escape through Prince Georges County after shooting President Abraham Lincoln. He was on his way to Virginia, the population of African Americans declined during the first half of the 20th century, but was renewed to over 50% in the early 1990s when the county again became majority African American. The first African American County Executive was Wayne K. Curry and this was done after city residents voted to be under the sole jurisdiction of Montgomery County, and subsequent approval by both counties and the Maryland General Assembly. This was the first change in Prince Georges Countys boundaries since 1968, the county has a number of properties on the National Register of Historic Places
28.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
29.
George Washington University
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The George Washington University is a private research university in Washington, D. C. GW is the largest institution of education in Washington, D. C. In his will, Washington left his 50 shares in the Potomac Company to help endow the university, however, due to the companys financial difficulties, the funding did not materialize. The university was chartered by an act of Congress on February 9,1821 and its name was changed to Columbian University in 1873 and to the George Washington University in 1904, in honor of Washington. GWs Graduate School of Political Management is the school of applied politics in the nations capital. GWs professional schools and the Elliott School of International Affairs are consistently ranked highly in national and international college rankings lists, the Princeton Review consistently ranks GW as one of the Most Politically Active schools. Some of the graduates have gone on to high positions within both the U. S. government and foreign governments. Notable alumni include former Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid, former Secretary of State Colin Powell and he presented numerous letters to Congress and included the subject in his last will and testament. Baptist missionary and leading minister Luther Rice raised funds to purchase a site in Washington, the first commencement in 1824 was considered an important event for the young city of Washington, D. C. In attendance were President Monroe, John C, Calhoun, Henry Clay, Marquis de Lafayette and other dignitaries. During the Civil War, most students left to join the Confederacy, walt Whitman was among many of the volunteers to work on the campus. Following the war, in 1873, Columbian College became the Columbian University and moved to a downtown location centered on 15th and H streets. The university moved its operations to the D. C. neighborhood of Foggy Bottom in 1912. The George Washington University, like much of Washington, D. C. traces many of its origins back to the Freemasons, the Bible that the presidents of the university use to swear an oath on upon inauguration is the Bible of Freemason George Washington. Freemasonry symbols are displayed throughout the campus including the foundation stones of many of the university buildings. Many of the Colleges of the George Washington University stand out for their age, the Law School is the oldest law school in the District of Columbia. The School of Medicine and Health Sciences is the 11th oldest medical school in the nation, the Columbian College was founded in 1821, and is the oldest unit of the university. The Elliott School of International Affairs was formalized in 1898, the majority of the present infrastructure and financial stability at GW is due to the tenures of Presidents Cloyd Heck Marvin, Lloyd Hartman Elliott and Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
30.
Bachelor of Laws
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The Bachelor of Laws is an undergraduate degree in law originating in England and offered in most common law jurisdictions. The LL. of the abbreviation for the degree is from the genitive plural legum, creating an abbreviation for a plural, especially from Latin, is often done by doubling the first letter, thus LL. B. Stands for Legum Baccalaureus in Latin, today in Canada the predominant first degree in common law is the Juris Doctor degree having replaced the LL. B. Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the first degree in Scots law and South African law awarded by a number of universities in Scotland and South Africa, the first academic degrees were all law degrees in medieval universities, and the first law degrees were doctorates. The foundations of the first universities were the glossators of the 11th century, the first university, that of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 12th century who were students of the glossator school in that city. The University of Bologna served as the model for law schools of the medieval age. The bachelors degree originated at the University of Paris, whose system was implemented at Oxford, the arts designation of the degree traditionally signifies that the student has undertaken a certain amount of study of the classics. On continental Europe the bachelors degree was phased out in the 18th or early 19th century but it continued at Oxford, the teaching of law at Oxford University was for philosophical or scholarly purposes and not meant to prepare one to practise law. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, as well as court proceedings observation. By the seventeenth century, the Inns obtained a status as a kind of university akin to the University of Oxford, with the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the lawyer role grew tremendously, and the demand for lawyers grew. The apprenticeship programme for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programmes for the trades. The training of solicitors by apprenticeship was formally established by an act of parliament in 1729, therefore, formal schools of law were called for, but not finally established until later in the century, and even then the bar did not consider a university degree in admission decisions. When law degrees were required by the English bar and bar associations in other common law countries, historically, law students studied both canon law and civil law. Today, this is less common. In most common law countries, the Bachelor of Laws programme is generally entered directly after completion of secondary school, Masters courses are also offered to university graduates, those who graduate from such courses are entitled to use the initials LL. M. Additionally, of the thirty-six Law Schools thirteen of those universities have started offering the Juris Doctor as a Graduate entry degree. Bangladesh is a common law country, like other Common Law countries, Bachelor of Laws degree is a condition precedent to practise as an Advocate in the Courts of Law of Bangladesh. Both LL. B. and LL. B. degrees are offered in different Public, only seven Public Universities offer LL. B. degree
