1.
1882 in art
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Events from the year 1882 in art. April 9 – English poet and artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti dies aged 53 of Brights disease at Birchington-on-Sea in the care of his brother, march 1 – Seventh Impressionist exhibition in Paris opens at 251 rue Saint-Honoré. August – Vincent van Gogh starts painting in oil on the sea coast at Scheveningen, walter Langley moves to Newlyn on the coast of Cornwall, becoming the first resident artist of the Newlyn School. The gallery of botanical illustrations made and donated by Marianne North is opened at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, the Royal Manchester Institution transfers its galleries and collections to Manchester Corporation as Manchester Art Gallery. Todor Švrakić, Serbian painter January 14 – Timothy H
2.
1883 in art
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20 April – Claude Monet moves to the house in Giverny which will be his main residence for the rest of his life. 28 October – Les XX established in Brussels by Octave Maus, L. Wyllie – Toil, Glitter, Grime and Wealth on a Flowing Tide 3 February – Camille Bombois, French naïve painter. 18 February – Jacques Ochs, French artist, épée and foil fencer,12 April Francis Cadell, Scottish Colourist painter Imogen Cunningham, American photographer. 24 June – Jean Metzinger, French painter and art theorist,16 July – Charles Sheeler, American modernist painter and photographer. 31 July – Erich Heckel, German painter and printmaker,19 August – Coco Chanel, French fashion designer. 14 September – Richard Gerstl, Austrian painter and draughtsman,9 November – Charles Demuth, American painter. 4 December – Felice Casorati, Italian painter,24 December – Stojan Aralica, famous Serbian Impressionist painter and academic. 26 December – Maurice Utrillo, French painter, date unknown – Charles Jourdan, French fashion designer
3.
1884 in art
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February 2 – First annual exhibition of Les XX opens at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. Artists invited to show in addition to members of the group include Auguste Rodin, James McNeill Whistler, march – Theo van Gogh starts buying and selling Impressionist works, beginning with a painting by Pissarro. April – Camille Pissarro moves to Éragny-sur-Epte, may 15–July 15 – Groupe des Artistes Indépendants stages the first officially sanctioned open exhibition of contemporary art in Paris. July 29 – Société des Artistes Indépendants established in Paris under the leadership of Albert Dubois-Pillet, august 30 – Austrian painter Marianne Preindlsberger marries English painter Adrian Scott Stokes
4.
1885 in art
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July 13 – New building for the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, designed by Pierre Cuypers, opens. August – First public display of works by Vincent van Gogh, Glasgow Boys first exhibit collectively, at the Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts. Aberdeen Art Gallery opens in Scotland, birmingham Museum and Art Gallery opens in England. The Guildhall Art Gallery opens in the City of London, crocker Art Gallery is presented to the people of Sacramento, California. John Everett Millais is granted a baronetcy in the United Kingdom, the first artist to be honoured with a hereditary title
5.
1886 in art
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April 28 – Paul Cézanne marries his model and former lover Marie-Hortense Fiquet, despite having publicly stated that he has no feelings for her. May–June – Eighth and last collective Impressionist exhibition in Paris at 1 rue Laffitte introduces Georges Seurats A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, august 21 – September 21 – Second exhibition by the Société des Artistes Indépendants in Paris. October 28 – Dedication of Frédéric Auguste Bartholdis Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor, P. H. Emerson publishes his first photographic book, Life and Landscape on the Norfolk Broads. Publication in French of Irish-born writer George Moores autobiographical novel Confessions of a Young Man describing bohemian life in 1870s Paris among the Impressionists, publication of Émile Zolas novel LŒuvre based on his friendship with Paul Cézanne
6.
1887 in art
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The year 1887 in art involved some significant events. February – Fourth annual exhibition of Les XX, at the Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique in Brussels, artists invited to show in addition to members of the group include Walter Sickert, Camille Pissarro, Berthe Morisot and Georges-Pierre Seurat. The major work shown is Seurats A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, march 26 – June 8 – Third exhibition by the Société des Artistes Indépendants in Paris. November 14 – Paul Gauguin and Charles Laval return to Paris from Martinique, december – Vincent van Gogh arranges an exhibition of paintings by himself, Émile Bernard, Louis Anquetin, and Toulouse-Lautrec in the Restaurant du Chalet,43 Avenue de Clichy, Montmartre, Paris. Bernard and Anquetin sell their first painting, van Gogh exchanges work with Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh begins his first Sunflowers series of paintings in Paris. Walter Crane illustrates The Architecture of Art, Charles Lang Freers first Asian art purchase is a painted Japanese fan. Sir John Everett Millais painting Bubbles is acquired for advertising purposes by Pears soap, february 5 – Albert Paris Gütersloh, Austrian painter and writer. March 23 – Juan Gris, Spanish painter and sculptor, march 25 – Josef Čapek, Czech painter. April 29 – Stanley Cursiter, Scottish painter and curator, may – Jacob Steinhardt, German-born Israeli painter and woodcut artist. May 12 – Leo Michelson, Latvian-American painter and sculptor, may 21 Barker Fairley, English-born Canadian painter, writer, and educator. May 30 – Alexander Archipenko, Ukrainian sculptor, June 20 – Kurt Schwitters, German Dadaist painter and writer. July 7 – Marc Chagall, Russian-Belarusian-French painter, july 28 – Marcel Duchamp, influential French artist. September 24 – Frank Newbould, English poster artist, october 6 – Le Corbusier, French architect and painter. October 9 – Manuel Ortiz de Zárate, Chilean painter, october 13 – Kate Lechmere, English painter associated with the Vorticists and milliner. November 1 – L. S. Lowry, English painter, november 15 – Georgia OKeeffe, American painter
7.
1888 in art
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February – Fifth annual exhibition of Les XX, at the Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique in Brussels. W. W. January 17 – Mohamed Nagy, Egyptian painter, february 22 – Horace Pippin, self-taught African-American painter. March 14 – Marc-Aurèle Fortin, Canadian painter, march 19 – Josef Albers, German artist, mathematician and educator. April 6 – Hans Richter, German painter, graphic artist, avant-gardist, june 12 – Tom Purvis, English poster artist. July 10 – Giorgio de Chirico, Greek-Italian painter, august 13 – Gleb W. Derujinsky, Russian-American sculptor. August 14 – Sydney Carline, English painter, war artist, august 30 – Siri Derkert, Swedish artist, sculptor and political campaigner. November 7 – Mariano Andreu, Spanish painter, enamelling master, sculptor, november 11 – Johannes Itten, Swiss colour theorist, painter and designer. Stanley Royle, English post-impressionist landscape painter
8.
1889 in art
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February 2 – Sixth annual exhibition of Les XX opens in Brussels, including the first important display of Paul Gauguins work. May 6 – October 31 – Exposition Universelle in Paris, with the Eiffel Tower as its entrance arch, may 8 – Van Gogh moves from Arles to the Saint-Paul asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. July 15 – The Scottish National Portrait Gallery opens in Edinburgh in premises designed by Rowand Anderson, july 23 – Marie Triepcke marries fellow-artist Peder Severin Krøyer in Augsburg. August 17 – The 9 by 5 Impression Exhibition opens in Melbourne, edvard Munch stages his first one-man exhibition and wins a state scholarship to study in Paris. The Skulpturensammlung moves into the Albertinum in Dresden, the Imperial Museum of Nara is established in Japan
9.
1890 in art
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January 18 – February 23 – Seventh annual exhibition of Les XX in Brussels includes a display of work by Vincent van Gogh. Henry de Groux criticises his paintings but Albert Aurier praises them, from the exhibition, van Gogh sells The Red Vineyard to Anna Boch, said to be the only sale of his work during his lifetime. March 20 – April 27 – The Société des Artistes Indépendants show in Paris includes a display of van Gogh paintings. May 20 – Van Gogh moves to Auvers-sur-Oise on the edge of Paris in the care of Dr Paul Gachet where he will produce around seventy paintings in as many days, more than a dozen are size 30 canvases. June–July – Van Gogh develops his double-square painting technique, e. g. in the July paintings Wheatfield with Crows, July 27 – Death of Vincent van Gogh, van Gogh perhaps paints Tree Roots, then apparently shoots himself, dying two days later. September 20 – Theo van Gogh, assisted by Émile Bernard, november – Lucien Pissarro settles permanently in London. Claude Monet begins painting his Haystacks series, wellington – Eventide William R. Coats – Ypsilanti Water Tower, winner of Most Phallic Building contest Grand Prix de Rome, painting. Grand Prix de Rome, sculpture, Paul-Jean-Baptiste Gasq, Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Emmanuel Pontremoli. Zeev Raban, Polish Jewish painter Jean Xceron, Greek-American painter Petar Dobrović, Serbian Expressionist painter
10.
1891 in art
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May 10 – Danish sculptor Anne Marie Brodersen marries her compatriot, the classical composer Carl Nielsen, in St Marks English Church, Florence, the couple having first met on March 2 in Paris. June – Sidney Paget produces his first illustrations for Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories in The Strand Magazine, henri Matisse begins his studies at the Académie Julian. Correspondence of Marie Bashkirtseff and Gustave Flaubert is published, paul Gauguin sails to French Polynesia. Impressionist Armand Guillaumin wins 100,000 francs in the French state lottery and is able to devote himself to painting full-time, félix Vallotton makes his first woodcuts. William-Adolphe Bouguereau The Goose Girl Work Interrupted Frank Bramley – For Of Such Is The Kingdom Of Heaven Edward Burne-Jones – Sponsa de Libano Philip Hermogenes Calderon – St. W. W
11.
1893 in art
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May 1 – The 1893 Worlds Fair, also known as the Worlds Columbian Exposition, opens to the public in Chicago, USA, with a Romanesque statue of Columbia overlooking the man-made lake. The first United States commemorative postage stamps are issued for the Exposition, among other art exhibits are two bronze calves by Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen. June 14 – Opening of Shelley Memorial at University College, Oxford, june 29 – Unveiling of the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain at Piccadilly Circus in London, with a gilded aluminium statue of Anteros, designed by Alfred Gilbert. Ford Madox Brown completes painting the The Manchester Murals in Manchester Town Hall, the National Sculpture Society is founded in the United States. Alois Riegls Stilfragen, Grundlegungen zu einer Geschichte der Ornamentik is published in Berlin, henri Rousseau gives up his job as a Paris toll collector and moves to a studio in Montparnasse where he lives and paints full-time. December – Unter den Linden in Berlin holds an exhibition of Edvard Munchs work, including six paintings entitled Study for a Series, Love, W. January 30 – Prince Grigory Gagarin, soldier and painter February 21 – John Pettie, painter March 16 – William H
12.
1894 in art
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February – Oscar Wildes play Salome is first published in English, with illustrations by Aubrey Beardsley. April – The Yellow Book begins publication by John Lane and Elkin Mathews – The Bodley Head in London, june 5 – Opening of Racławice Panorama in Lwów. August 23 – Jack Butler Yeats marries fellow artist Mary Cottenham White, the Della Robbia Pottery is established as part of the Arts and Crafts movement by Harold Rathbone and Conrad Dressler in Birkenhead, England. Lucien Pissarro sets up the Eragny Press in England, bernard Berenson publishes The Venetian Painters of the Renaissance, with an Index to their Works
13.
1895 in art
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January 1 – Alphonse Muchas lithographed poster for the play Gismonda starring Sarah Bernhardt is posted in Paris. Bernhardt is so satisfied with its success that she gives Mucha a six-year contract, april 13 – The Russian Museum is established in Saint Petersburg by Nicholas II. April 30 – First Venice Biennale opens, july 3 – Paul Gauguin leaves France to settle permanently in Polynesia. October – Edvard Munch exhibits a series of his Love paintings in Christiania. November – Paul Cézanne has his first solo exhibition, at the Paris gallery of Ambroise Vollard, bernard Berenson publishes Lorenzo Lotto, An Essay in Constructive Art Criticism. P. H. Emerson publishes his last photographic book, Marsh Leaves, M. H. de Young Memorial Museum opened in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. W. Godward Mischief And Repose The Muse Erato At Her Lyre Winslow Homer – Cannon Rock George W. L
14.
1896 in art
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January 24 – Painter Sir Frederic Leighton is created 1st Baron Leighton in the peerage of the United Kingdom one day before his death in London of angina pectoris. February – Edvard Munch moves to Paris and concentrates on printmaking, december – Walter Crane publishes Of The Decorative Illustration of Books, Old and New. A bout of typhoid fever puts an end to Maurice de Vlamincks career as a cyclist, william Merritt Chase founds Parsons The New School for Design as the Chase School of Art in Greenwich Village, New York. At Giverny Claude Monet begins painting his Mornings on the Seine series, interior design gallery Maison de lArt Nouveau opens in Paris. Max Beerbohm publishes Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen in London, his first collection of drawings, bernard Berenson publishes Florentine Painters of the Renaissance. The Royal Society of Miniature Painters, Sculptors and Gravers is founded, hubert von Herkomer is made a knight in the United Kingdom
15.
1897 in art
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April 3 – Vienna Secession founded by artists including Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil. May 1 – Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek art museum opened in Copenhagen, may 27 – A Separate Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture is staged at Sukiennice Museum in Main Square, Kraków. August 4 – The Lady of Elche Iberian sculpture is found at LAlcúdia near Elche in Spain, september – Edvard Munch stages a major retrospective in Christiania. October 27 – First meeting of the Society of Polish Artists Sztuka in Kraków, at Giverny, Claude Monet begins painting his Water Lilies series, which will continue until the end of his life. Elbridge Ayer Burbank begins painting portraits of Native Americans in the United States from life, women photographers Zaida Ben-Yusuf and Gertrude Käsebier open portrait studios in New York City. A Book of Fifty Drawings by Aubrey Beardsley is published, bernard Berenson publishes Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance. Ogata Gekkō – Ryu sho ten J. W. and Mrs. I
16.
1900 in art
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Exposition Universelle in Paris helps popularize Art Nouveau style. Alphonse Mucha decorates the Bosnia and Herzegovina Pavilion and collaborates on the Austria-Hungary one, F. Holland Day organizes an exhibition of the New School of American Photography at the Royal Photographic Society in London. The Wallace Collection in London opens to the public, the Zachęta art gallery in Warsaw is completed. Claude Monet stays in London and begins his Houses of Parliament series of paintings, wilhelm von Debschitz and Hermann Obrist found the Lehr- und Versuchsatelier für angewandte und freikunst, an influential art school in Munich. Kenton Florence Fuller – Inseparables J. W. J. W. Waterhouse Destiny The Siren January 5 – Yves Tanguy, painter
17.
1901 in art
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March 12 – Whitechapel Gallery, designed by Charles Harrison Townsend, opens in London as one of the first publicly funded galleries for temporary exhibitions in the city. May 11 – The Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts inaugurates its Palace of Art, julien-Auguste Hervé exhibits his paintings in Paris under the title Expressionismes. Swedish-born painter Carl Oscar Borg enters the United States as a stowaway,28 January – James Richmond Barthé, sculptor. 22 March – Greta Kempton, Austrian-American artist,24 March – Ub Iwerks, American animator, cartoonist and special effects technician. 27 March – Carl Barks, American illustrator and comic book creator,9 June – John Skeaping, English sculptor and equine painter. July 5 – Len Lye, New Zealand-born kinetic sculptor and filmmaker, july 15 – Pyke Koch, Dutch painter. July 31 – Jean Dubuffet, French painter and sculptor, august 29 – Anna Zinkeisen, Scottish-born artist September 14 – Lucien Aigner, Hungcvx arian photographer. October 2 – Alice Prin, French artists model and painter, october 10 – Alberto Giacometti, sculptor
18.
1902 in art
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June – The group Boadicea and Her Daughters by Thomas Thornycroft is cast in bronze and erected on the Victoria Embankment in London. July – Cecil and Wilfred Phillips open the Leicester Galleries in Leicester Square, London, for exhibitions of modern British, september – Paul Cézannes final studio, at Les Lauves, commanding a view of Montagne Sainte-Victoire, is completed. Early October – Beatrix Potters first childrens book The Tale of Peter Rabbit, by the end of the year it sells 28,000 copies. Georges Braque begins his studies at the Academie Humbert, where he meets Marie Laurencin, the studio La Ruche is established in the 15th arrondissement of Paris by the sculptor Alfred Boucher to provide accommodation for impoverished young artists. Claude Monet begins his Water Lilies series of paintings in his garden at Giverny, helen Allingham – View of Blackdown Frank Weston Benson – Eleanor Holding a Shell Pierre Bonnard – The Terrasse Children with Black Dog Thomas Eakins – Self-portrait J. W
19.
1892 in architecture
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The year 1892 in architecture involved some significant events. July 8 - Great Fire of 1892 destroys many buildings in St. Johns, october 21 - The World Columbian Exposition is dedicated in Chicago. Many of the worlds best and brightest architects design what will be known as the White City, françois Hennebique patents his system of reinforced concrete. Heinävesi Church, the largest wooden church in Finland, designed by Josef Stenbäck, cathedral of St Michael and St George, Aldershot, England, designed by military engineers. West front of All Saints, Ennismore Gardens, south London, masonic Temple, designed by Burnham and Root. Regional parliament of Alsace-Lorraine, Strasbourg, designed by August Hartel, buenos Aires City Hall, designed by Juan Cagnoni. Palace of Justice Building, Rosario, Argentina, designed by Herbert Boyd Walker, courthouse and Jail, Esbjerg, Denmark, designed by Hans Christian Amberg. Government House, Bermuda, designed by William Cardy Hallet, soldiers and Sailors Arch, Brooklyn, New York, designed by John H. Duncan. Toronto Board of Trade Building, designed by James & James, natural History Building, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, designed by Nathan Clifford Ricker. Theater Unter den Linden, Berlin, designed by Fellner & Helmer, provincial Theatre, Ljubljana, Slovenia, designed by Jan Vladimír Hráský and Anton Hruby. Teatro de Cristóbal Colón, Bogotá, Colombia, designed by Pietro Cantini, madrid Atocha railway station, Spain, designed by Alberto Palacio with Gustave Eiffel. Mills Building, designed by D. H. Burnham & Company, general Post Office, Leeds, England, designed by Henry Tanner. Youths Companion Building, Boston, Massachusetts, designed by Henry W. Hartwell, page Belting Company Mills, Concord, New Hampshire. Templetons Carpet Factory, Glasgow, Scotland, designed by William Leiper, royal Gold Medal - César Daly. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Guillaume Tronchet, april 8 - Richard Neutra, Austrian American modernist architect June 19 - Ejnar Mindedal Rasmussen, Danish Neoclassical architect January 27 - Philip Charles Hardwick, English architect
20.
1892 in music
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April 28 - Jean Sibeliuss symphonic suite Kullervo is premiered. May 26 - A statue of Felix Mendelssohn, by Werner Stein, is dedicated at St. Thomas Church, removed by the Nazis in the 1930s, it was re-dedicated in 2008. September 24 - Opening of the Theater Unter den Linden, Berlin with Adolf Ferrons operetta Daphne and Gaul, september 26 - Antonín Dvořák arrives in the United States to take up his post as artistic director of the National Conservatory of Music. December 18 Anton Bruckners Symphony No.8 in C minor is premiered by the Vienna Philharmonic with Hans Richter conducting at the Stadttheater, - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovskys ballet The Nutcracker and opera Iolanta are premiered in a double bill at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, Russia. After the Ball becomes the first sheet music to sell over 1 million copies, erik Satie composes his first pieces in his own compositional system. Sergei Diaghilev graduates from the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, ferdinand Praegers controversial biography Wagner As I Knew Him is published posthumously in London. Charles K. Harris The Bowery w. Charles H. Hoyt m, percy Gaunt Daddy Wouldnt Buy Me a Bow Wow w. m. C. W. Murphy & William Letters Future Mrs. Awkins by Albert Chevalier The Holy City w. Frederick Edward Weatherly m. Stephen Adams La Sultana Turkish March m, Virginia Field Molly And I And The Baby w. m. Harry Kennedy My Old Dutch w. Albert Chevalier m. Charles Ingle My Sweethearts The Man In The Moon w. m, james Thornton The Sweetest Story Ever Told w. m. R. M. Stults The Virginia Skedaddle w. m. Monroe H. Rosenfeld Daddy Wouldnt Buy Me a Bow-wow - Dan W. Quinn The Bowery - Dan W.1 in F-sharp minor, Op.1 Max Reger Cello Sonata No. 1, Op.5 Twelve Waltz-Caprices, Op.9, four-hand piano 20 German Dances, Op.10, four-hand piano Alexander Scriabin - Piano Sonata No
21.
The Linked Ring
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Photography was interpreted in two ways, art photography and science photography. These differences created a tension in the craft that the Linked Ring sought to change, the group was founded in May,1892, by Henry Peach Robinson, former Photographic Society member George Davison, and Henry Van der Weyde. The Brotherhood was a means of bringing together those who are interested in the development of the highest form of Art of which Photography is capable. Wellington, Richard Keene, James Craig Annan, Alfred Horsley Hinton, Lydell Sawyer, Alfred Maskell and, later, Americans Alfred Stieglitz, Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr. and Clarence H. White. In 1896 they began publishing The Linked Ring Papers, which were circulated annually to members until 1909 to promote and discuss the aesthetics, the Photo-Secession was founded by photographer Alfred Stieglitz in 1902. Stieglitz wanted to show that photography had artistic expression similar to that of painting and sculpture, Photo-Secession members were also called American Links, and displayed works in the Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession at Fifth Avenue, New York City. Members include Mary Devens, Frank Eugene, Gertrude Käsebier, William B, dyer, Eva Watson-Schütze, Edward Steichen, Edmund Stirling, and Clarence H. White. Pictorialist James Craig Annan, born into a household at the forefront of photography technology, in 1866 his father created a four-foot print of an eleven-foot painting with the new process of carbon printing. This became Annan’s primary influence to become a photographer himself. At a young age, learned the process of photogravure in Vienna on a trip with his father. This process allowed Annan to work like an etcher, sharpening, shading, or blurring areas of the picture, describing this process as “a long drawn out pleasure. ”Frederick H. Evans was responsible for leading the Linked Rings photography magazines, writing publications for the newspaper, and installations at Photo Salon. Regarded as being one of the most gifted and sensitive of the Links Evans is known for his images of architecture and he is known to have spent weeks living in the cathedrals he photographed waiting for ideal lighting conditions to reveal the poetry in his subjects. Frank S. Sutcliffe was most well known for his image “Water Rats”, the Brotherhood represented themselves with a logo of three interlinked rings, which were meant in part to represent the Masonic beliefs of Good, True, and Beautiful. Margaret F. Harker, The Linked Ring, The Secession in Photography in Britain 1892-1910, london, Heinemann,1979 The Linked Ring exhibition catalogs
22.
Henry Peach Robinson
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He joined vigorously in contemporary debates in the photographic press and associations about the legitimacy of art photography and in particular the combining of separate images into one. Robinson was the oldest of four children of John Robinson, a Ludlow schoolmaster, while continuing to study art, his initial career was in bookselling, in 1850 working for the Bromsgrove bookseller Benjamin Maund, then in 1851 for the London-based Whittaker & Co. In 1852 he exhibited an oil painting, On the Teme Near Ludlow, in 1856, with Rejlander, he was a founding member of the Birmingham Photographic Society. In 1859 he married Selina Grieves, daughter of a Ludlow chemist, in 1864, at the age of thirty-four, Robinson was forced to give up his studio due to ill-health from exposure to toxic photographic chemicals. Gernsheim has shown that thereafter he preferred the easier scissors and paste-pot method of making his combination prints, around this time his health had improved sufficiently to open a new studio in Tunbridge Wells with Nelson King Cherrill, and in 1870 he became vice-president of the Royal Photographic Society. He advocated strongly for photography to be regarded as an art form, the partnership with Cherrill dissolved in 1875, Robinson continuing the business until his retirement in 1888. Robinson was a supporter of the Photographic Convention of the United Kingdom. He was subsequently persuaded to serve as President in 1896, when his speeches were read out by a colleague. He died and was buried in Tunbridge Wells in early 1901 and he was one of the most prominent art photographers of his day. His third and the most famous picture, Fading Away was both popular and fashionably morbid. He was a follower of the pre-Raphaelites and was influenced by the views of John Ruskin. In his Pre-Raphaelite phase he attempted to realize moments of significance in a mediaeval setting, anticipating the work of Julia Margaret Cameron, Burne-Jones. According to his letters, he was influenced by the paintings of J. M. W and he defended composite photography, asserting that the creation of combination photographs were as demanding of the photographer as paintings were of the artist. Robinson compared the making of Fading Away with Zeuxis legendary combining of the best features of five young ladies from Crotona to produce his picture of Helena. Robinson was author of a number of texts in which he promoted the photography as an art form, pictorial Effect in Photography, Being Hints On Composition And Chiaroscuro For Photographers. Robinson, H. P. and William de Wiveleslie Abney, the Art And Practice of Silver Printing. London, Hazell, Watson, & Viney,1889, Art photography in short chapters London, Hazell Watson & Viney. The Studio And What To Do in It, the elements of a pictorial photograph
23.
Adelsteen Normann
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Adelsteen Normann was a Norwegian painter who worked in Berlin. He was a painter of landscapes of Norway. Normann was the artist who invited Edvard Munch to Berlin, where he painted The Scream, Normanns fjord paintings are credited with making the Norwegian fjords a more popular tourist destination. Eilert Adelsteen Normann was born in 1848 in Bodin in Norway and he studied at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf from 1869 to 1872 and his paintings belong to the Düsseldorf school of painting. He studied with the Estonian painter Eugen Dücker, Normann based himself in Berlin from 1883. His paintings were nearly always landscapes and invariably of the fjords of Norway where he would show the water combined with small houses and boats, Normann lived at the same time as Edvard Munch who was a fellow countryman. In the early 1890s, Normann was based in Berlin where he was doing business selling his paintings to hotel owners. Normann had seen Munchs work when he had been exhibiting at Kristiania, Normann wrote to Munch asking if he would exhibit his work in Berlin. Munch was so overcome that he packed up his exhibition on 20 October 1892, Munchs work was placed in an exhibition which caused such a stir that the painters in Berlin split into two societies. Normann exhibited in Oslo, Berlin, London, Vienna, Düsseldorf, Munich, although based in Germany from 1883, he would return to Norway each summer. Normann and Hans Dahl both had large ornamented wooden villas near Balestrand where they would entertain and his dragon style house was bought in 1891 and built from a pre-fabricated kit from the city of Trondheim. The house stayed with his heirs until 1934, Normann notably exhibited at the prestigious Salon de Paris from as early as 1882. His paintings earned a Mention Honorable in 1884 and he was awarded a medal in 1889. It is assumed that his fjord paintings contributed to make the Norwegian fjords a popular tourist destination and he died at Kristiania on 26 December 1918, during the worldwide Spanish Flu pandemic. Normanns paintings are included in galleries in Bergen, Cincinnati, Cologne, Dresden, Leeds, Liverpool, in Normanns birthplace in 2010 is a dedicated gallery which has thirty of his paintings
24.
Edvard Munch
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One of his best known works is The Scream of 1893. Edvard Munch was born in a farmhouse in the village of Ådalsbruk in Løten, United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, to Laura Catherine Bjølstad and Christian Munch, Christian was a doctor and medical officer who married Laura, a woman half his age, in 1861. Edvard had a sister, Johanne Sophie, and three younger siblings, Peter Andreas, Laura Catherine, and Inger Marie. Both Sophie and Edvard appear to have inherited their artistic talent from their mother, Edvard Munch was related to painter Jacob Munch and historian Peter Andreas Munch. The family moved to Christiania in 1864 when Christian Munch was appointed medical officer at Akershus Fortress, Edvards mother died of tuberculosis in 1868, as did Munchs favorite sister Johanne Sophie in 1877. After their mothers death, the Munch siblings were raised by their father, often ill for much of the winters and kept out of school, Edvard would draw to keep himself occupied. He was tutored by his mates and his aunt. Christian Munch also instructed his son in history and literature, and entertained the children with vivid ghost-stories, as Edvard remembered it, Christians positive behavior toward his children was overshadowed by his morbid pietism. Munch wrote, My father was temperamentally nervous and obsessively religious—to the point of psychoneurosis, from him I inherited the seeds of madness. The angels of fear, sorrow, and death stood by my side since the day I was born, Christian reprimanded his children by telling them that their mother was looking down from heaven and grieving over their misbehavior. The oppressive religious milieu, plus Edvards poor health and the vivid ghost stories, helped inspire his macabre visions and nightmares, one of Munchs younger sisters, Laura, was diagnosed with mental illness at an early age. Of the five siblings, only Andreas married, but he died a few months after the wedding, Munch would later write, I inherited two of mankinds most frightful enemies—the heritage of consumption and insanity. Christian Munchs military pay was low, and his attempts to develop a private side practice failed, keeping his family in genteel. They moved frequently from one flat to another. Munchs early drawings and watercolors depicted these interiors, and the objects, such as medicine bottles and drawing implements. By his teens, art dominated Munchs interests, at thirteen, Munch had his first exposure to other artists at the newly formed Art Association, where he admired the work of the Norwegian landscape school. He returned to copy the paintings, and soon he began to paint in oils, in 1879, Munch enrolled in a technical college to study engineering, where he excelled in physics, chemistry and math. He learned scaled and perspective drawing, but frequent illnesses interrupted his studies, the following year, much to his fathers disappointment, Munch left the college determined to become a painter
25.
James Abbott McNeill Whistler
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James Abbott McNeill Whistler was an American artist, active during the American Gilded Age and based primarily in the United Kingdom. He was averse to sentimentality and moral allusion in painting, and was a proponent of the credo art for arts sake. His famous signature for his paintings was in the shape of a stylized butterfly possessing a long stinger for a tail, the symbol was apt, for it combined both aspects of his personality—his art was characterized by a subtle delicacy, while his public persona was combative. Finding a parallel between painting and music, Whistler entitled many of his paintings arrangements, harmonies, and nocturnes and his most famous painting is Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1, commonly known as Whistlers Mother, the revered and oft-parodied portrait of motherhood, Whistler influenced the art world and the broader culture of his time with his artistic theories and his friendships with leading artists and writers. James Abbott Whistler was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, on July 10,1834 and his father was a railroad engineer, and Anna was his second wife. James lived the first three years of his life in a modest house at 243 Worthen Street in Lowell, today, the house is a museum dedicated to Whistler. During the Ruskin trial, Whistler claimed St. Petersburg, Russia, as his birthplace, declaring, I shall be born when and where I want, in 1837, the Whistlers moved from Lowell to Stonington, Connecticut, where George Whistler worked for the Stonington Railroad. Sadly, during this period, three of George and Anna Whistlers children died in infancy, in 1839, the Whistlers fortunes improved considerably when George Whistler received the appointment that would make his fortune and fame - that of chief engineer for the Boston & Albany Railroad. Thus, the moved to Springfield, Massachusetts, then one of the United States most prosperous cities. The Whistlers lived in Springfield until they left the United States in late 1842, Nicholas I of Russia learned of George Whistlers ingenuity in engineering the Boston & Albany Railroad, and offered Whistler a position in 1842 engineering a railroad from St. Petersburg to Moscow. In the winter of 1842, the Whistlers moved from Springfield to St. Petersburg, in later years, James Whistler played up his mothers connection to the American South and its roots, and presented himself as an impoverished Southern aristocrat. After her death, he adopted her name, using it as an additional middle name. Young Whistler was a moody child prone to fits of temper and insolence and his parents discovered in his early youth that drawing often settled him down and helped focus his attention. Beginning in 1842, his father was employed to work on a railroad in Russia, after moving to St. Petersburg to join his father a year later, the young Whistler took private art lessons, then enrolled in the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts at age eleven. In 1844, he met the noted artist Sir William Allan, Whistlers mother noted in her diary, the great artist remarked to me Your little boy has uncommon genius, but do not urge him beyond his inclination. In 1847-48, his family spent some time in London with relatives, Whistlers brother-in-law Francis Haden, a physician who was also an artist, spurred his interest in art and photography. Haden took Whistler to visit collectors and to lectures, and gave him a set with instruction
26.
Goupil & Cie
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Goupil & Cie was a leading art dealership in 19th-century France, with headquarters in Paris. Instrumental for this expansion were the Ateliers Photographiques, a plant north of Paris, in Asnières, the leading figure was Adolphe Goupil. His daughter Marie married the French artist Jean-Léon Gérôme, after several partnerships from 1827 onwards, Adolphe Goupil formed Goupil & Cie in 1850. Until 1861 the firm concentrated on buying, selling and editing prints, Goupils reproductions made Jean-Léon Gérôme, in particular, a well known artist. Vincent van Gogh fell ill and retired in 1872, but left his money in the firm until 1878 and his duties were taken over by Albert Goupil, son of Adolphe. When, in 1878, the van Gogh shares were finally withdrawn, from then on the firm was completely in the hands of the Goupil family and their sons-in-law Léon Boussod and René Valadon. In 1884 the Goupil family retired and the firm was transformed and renamed Boussod, Valadon & Cie. No.19 became a sales room when the administration was moved to Rue Chaptal. From 1881 this branch was run by Theo van Gogh, Paris 2 Place de lOpéra Goupils main sales room displaying Old Masters as well as the contemporary Salon New York 289 Broadway Established in 1846 by Léon Goupil. W. van Gogh, after his retirement this branch was run by V. Schmidt, moved to 25 Bedford Street, Strand in 1875 when Goupil & Cie took over Holloway & Sons and their salerooms. Goupils manager in London was at this time Charles Obach, Uncle Cent, as he was called by his nephews, moved to Paris in 1858 and took residence at 9 Rue Chaptal, which housed Goupils headquarters, too. In 1861, he became partner of Goupil & Cie, but retired in 1872, due to his health, to settle in Princenhage for the summers. Six years later, he withdrew his shares, as Uncle Cent had no children, his nephews were evidently supposed to follow him up in the firm, Vincent entered in 1869, Theo in 1873. When Vincent was sacked by Léon Boussod in 1876, the balance between the shareholders suffered - and so Theo got his chance, called to the Paris office for the time of the World Fair 1878, he was offered to stay in Paris. In these years, Vincent took up his vocation and began to study art, based on the Cours de dessin, Gérôme and edited by Goupil & Cie, 1868–1873. In 1880, he asked his former director Herman Gijsbert Tersteeg, at Goupils in The Hague, to him a copy. ISBN 90-400-9359-8 Gérôme & Goupil, Art and Enterprise, Réunion de musées nationaux, Paris 2000 ISBN 2-7118-4152-9 Musée Goupil, Bordeaux Goupil & Cie and Boussod, Research Library at the Getty Research Institute. Goupil & Cie/Boussod, Valadon & Cie Stock Books, Getty Provenance Index at the Getty Research Institute
27.
Claude Monet
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Monets ambition of documenting the French countryside led him to adopt a method of painting the same scene many times in order to capture the changing of light and the passing of the seasons. From 1883 Monet lived in Giverny, where he purchased a house and property, Claude Monet was born on 14 November 1840 on the fifth floor of 45 rue Laffitte, in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. He was the son of Claude Adolphe Monet and Louise Justine Aubrée Monet. On 20 May 1841, he was baptized in the parish church, Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, as Oscar-Claude. Despite being baptized Catholic, Monet later became an atheist, in 1845, his family moved to Le Havre in Normandy. His father wanted him to go into the familys ship-chandling and grocery business and his mother was a singer, and supported Monets desire for a career in art. On 1 April 1851, Monet entered Le Havre secondary school of the arts, locals knew him well for his charcoal caricatures, which he would sell for ten to twenty francs. Monet also undertook his first drawing lessons from Jacques-François Ochard, a student of Jacques-Louis David. On the beaches of Normandy around 1856 he met fellow artist Eugène Boudin, Boudin taught Monet en plein air techniques for painting. Both received the influence of Johan Barthold Jongkind, on 28 January 1857, his mother died. At the age of sixteen, he left school and went to live with his widowed, childless aunt, when Monet traveled to Paris to visit the Louvre, he witnessed painters copying from the old masters. Having brought his paints and other tools with him, he would go and sit by a window. Monet was in Paris for several years and met other painters, including Édouard Manet and others who would become friends. After drawing a low number in March 1861, Monet was drafted into the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year period of military service. His prosperous father could have purchased Monets exemption from conscription but declined to do so when his son refused to give up painting. While in Algeria Monet did only a few sketches of scenes, a single landscape. In a Le Temps interview of 1900 however he commented that the light, after about a year of garrison duty in Algiers, Monet contracted typhoid fever and briefly went absent without leave. Following convalescence, Monets aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete a course at an art school and it is possible that the Dutch painter Johan Barthold Jongkind, whom Monet knew, may have prompted his aunt on this matter
28.
Rouen Cathedral (Monet series)
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The Rouen Cathedral series was painted in the 1890s by French impressionist Claude Monet. The paintings in the series each capture the façade of the Rouen Cathedral at different times of the day and year, the Rouen Cathedral paintings, more than thirty in all, were made in 1892 and 1893, then reworked in Monet’s studio in 1894. Monet rented spaces across the street from the cathedral, where he set up temporary studios for the purpose. In 1895, he selected what he considered to be the twenty best paintings from the series for display at his Paris dealer’s gallery, pissarro and Cézanne visited the exhibition and praised the series highly. In the early 1890s, France was seeing a revival of interest in Catholicism, for Monet, the effects of light on a subject became as important as the subject itself. Robert Pelfrey, in Art and Mass Media, says, By focusing on the subject through a whole series of paintings. The subjects did not change, but the visual sensations – due to changing conditions of light – changed constantly, the cathedral series was not Monets first series of paintings of a single subject, but it was his most exhaustive. The subject matter was a change, however, for prior to this series, the cathedral allowed him to highlight the paradox between a seemingly permanent, solid structure and the ever-changing light which constantly plays with our perception of it. There were calls for the state to buy the series and exhibit them as a whole, but these calls were not heeded. Painting the cathedral was a task, even for Monet. Michael Howard, in his Encyclopedia of Impressionism, writes, As always, the pictures gave him intense difficulties, Monet found that the thing he had set out to paint–light–was, because of its ever-changing nature and its extreme subtlety, an almost impossible thing to capture. He was assisted, however, by his ability to capture the essence of a scene quickly, for these paintings, he used thick layers of richly textured paint, expressive of the intricate nature of the subject. For the surfaces of these canvases are literally encrusted with paint that Monet built up layer upon layer like the masonry of the façade itself
29.
Munich
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Munich is the capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, the Munich Metropolitan Region is home to 5.8 million people. According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city, the name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen, meaning by the monks. It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich, Munich was first mentioned in 1158. From 1255 the city was seat of the Bavarian Dukes, black and gold—the colours of the Holy Roman Empire—have been the citys official colours since the time of Ludwig the Bavarian, when it was an imperial residence. Following a final reunification of the Wittelsbachian Duchy of Bavaria, previously divided and sub-divided for more than 200 years, like wide parts of the Holy Roman Empire, the area recovered slowly economically. In 1918, during the German Revolution, the house of Wittelsbach, which governed Bavaria since 1180, was forced to abdicate in Munich. In the 1920s, Munich became home to political factions, among them the NSDAP. During World War II, Munich was heavily bombed and more than 50% of the entire city, the postwar period was characterised by American occupation until 1949 and a strong increase of population and economic power during the years of the Wirtschaftswunder after 1949. The city is home to corporations like BMW, Siemens, MAN, Linde, Allianz and MunichRE as well as many small. Munich is home to national and international authorities, major universities, major museums. Its numerous architectural attractions, international events, exhibitions and conferences. Munich is one of the most prosperous and fastest growing cities in Germany and it is a top-ranked destination for migration and expatriate location, despite being the municipality with the highest density of population in Germany. Munich nowadays hosts more than 530,000 people of foreign background, the year 1158 is assumed to be the foundation date, which is the earliest date the city is mentioned in a document. The document was signed in Augsburg, by that time the Guelph Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, had built a bridge over the river Isar next to a settlement of Benedictine monks—this was on the Old Salt Route and a toll bridge. In 1175, Munich was officially granted city status and received fortification, in 1180, with the trial of Henry the Lion, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria and Munich was handed over to the Bishop of Freising. In 1240, Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, Duke Louis IV, a native of Munich, was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. He strengthened the position by granting it the salt monopoly
30.
Secession (art)
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Secession refers to a number of modernist artist groups that separated from the support of official academic art and its administrations in the late 19th and early 20th century. The first secession from the official politics occurred in France, when, in 1890, the first secession outside France formed in Munich in 1892, followed by the Vienna Secession formed 5 years later in 1897. The best-known secession movement was the Vienna Secession formed in 1897, and included Gustav Klimt, the style of these artists, as practiced in Austria is known as Sezessionstil, or Secession style. Georg Hirth, the editor and publisher of Jugend from 1896 until his death in 1916, coined the term Secession to represent the spirit of the various modern, kunstgewerbe in literarischer und bildender Kunst, J. B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 1976 ISBN 3-476-00289-6
31.
Legion of Honour
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The Legion of Honour, full name National Order of the Legion of Honour, is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte. The order is divided into five degrees of increasing distinction, Chevalier, Officier, Commandeur, Grand Officier and Grand-Croix. The orders motto is Honneur et Patrie and its seat is the Palais de la Légion dHonneur next to the Musée dOrsay, in the French Revolution, all French orders of chivalry were abolished, and replaced with Weapons of Honour. The Légion however did use the organization of old French orders of chivalry, the badges of the legion also bear a resemblance to the Ordre de Saint-Louis, which also used a red ribbon. Napoleon originally created this to ensure political loyalty, the organization would be used as a facade to give political favours, gifts, and concessions. The Légion was loosely patterned after a Roman legion, with legionaries, officers, commanders, regional cohorts, the highest rank was not a grand cross but a Grand Aigle, a rank that wore all the insignia common to grand crosses. The members were paid, the highest of them extremely generously,5,000 francs to an officier,2,000 francs to a commandeur,1,000 francs to an officier,250 francs to a légionnaire. Napoleon famously declared, You call these baubles, well, it is with baubles that men are led, do you think that you would be able to make men fight by reasoning. That is good only for the scholar in his study, the soldier needs glory, distinctions, rewards. This has been quoted as It is with such baubles that men are led. The order was the first modern order of merit, under the monarchy, such orders were often limited to Roman Catholics, and all knights had to be noblemen. The military decorations were the perks of the officers, the Légion, however, was open to men of all ranks and professions—only merit or bravery counted. The new legionnaire had to be sworn in the Légion and it is noteworthy that all previous orders were crosses or shared a clear Christian background, whereas the Légion is a secular institution. The jewel of the Légion has five arms, in a decree issued on the 10 Pluviôse XIII, a grand decoration was instituted. This decoration, a cross on a sash and a silver star with an eagle, symbol of the Napoleonic Empire, became known as the Grand Aigle. After Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French in 1804 and established the Napoleonic nobility in 1808, the title was made hereditary after three generations of grantees. Napoleon had dispensed 15 golden collars of the legion among his family and this collar was abolished in 1815. The Légion dhonneur was prominent and visible in the French Empire, the Emperor always wore it and the fashion of the time allowed for decorations to be worn most of the time
32.
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
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Toulouse-Lautrec is among the best-known painters of the Post-Impressionist period, with Cézanne, Van Gogh and Gauguin. In a 2005 auction at Christies auction house, La Blanchisseuse, his painting of a young laundress, sold for US$22.4 million. The last part of his name means he was a member of an aristocratic family and his younger brother was born in 1867, but died the following year. After the death of his brother, Henris parents separated and a nanny ended up taking care of him, at the age of eight, Henri went to live with his mother in Paris where he drew sketches and caricatures in his exercise workbooks. The family quickly realised that Henris talents lay in drawing and painting, a friend of his father, René Princeteau, visited sometimes to give informal lessons. Some of Henris early paintings are of horses, a speciality of Princeteau, in 1875, Toulouse-Lautrec returned to Albi because his mother had concerns about his health. He took thermal baths at Amélie-les-Bains and his mother consulted doctors in the hope of finding a way to improve her sons growth, Toulouse-Lautrecs parents, the Comte and Comtesse, were first cousins, and he suffered from congenital health conditions sometimes attributed to a family history of inbreeding. At age 13, Toulouse-Lautrec fractured his right femur, at age 14, he fractured his left. The breaks did not heal properly, modern physicians attribute this to an unknown genetic disorder, possibly pycnodysostosis, or a variant disorder along the lines of osteopetrosis, achondroplasia, or osteogenesis imperfecta. Rickets aggravated by praecox virilism has also been suggested, afterwards, his legs ceased to grow, so that as an adult he was extremely short. He developed an adult-sized torso, while retaining his child-sized legs, additionally, he is reported to have had hypertrophied genitals. Physically unable to participate in many activities enjoyed by males his age and he became an important Post-Impressionist painter, art nouveau illustrator, and lithographer, and, through his works, recorded many details of the late-19th-century bohemian lifestyle in Paris. Toulouse-Lautrec contributed a number of illustrations to the magazine Le Rire during the mid-1890s, after initially failing college entrance exams, he passed his second attempt and completed his studies. Toulouse-Lautrecs mother had high ambitions and, with the aim of her son becoming a fashionable and respected painter and he was drawn to Montmartre, the area of Paris famous for its bohemian lifestyle and the haunt of artists, writers, and philosophers. Studying with Bonnat placed Toulouse-Lautrec in the heart of Montmartre, an area he rarely left over the next 20 years. After Bonnat took a new job, Toulouse-Lautrec moved to the studio of Fernand Cormon in 1882 and studied for a five years. At this time he met Émile Bernard and Vincent van Gogh, Cormon, whose instruction was more relaxed than Bonnats, allowed his pupils to roam Paris, looking for subjects to paint. During this period, Toulouse-Lautrec had his first encounter with a prostitute, which led him to paint his first painting of a prostitute in Montmartre, a woman rumoured to be Marie-Charlet
33.
Ivan Aivazovsky
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Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky was a Russian Romantic painter. He is considered one of the greatest marine artists in history, baptized as Hovhannes Aivazian, Aivazovsky was born into an Armenian family in the Black Sea port of Feodosia in Crimea and was mostly based there. Following his education at the Imperial Academy of Arts, Aivazovsky traveled to Europe and he then returned to Russia and was appointed the main painter of the Russian Navy. Aivazovsky had close ties with the military and political elite of the Russian Empire and he was sponsored by the state and was well-regarded during his lifetime. The saying worthy of Aivazovskys brush, popularized by Anton Chekhov, was used in Russia for describing something ineffably lovely, one of the most prominent Russian artists of his time, Aivazovsky was also popular outside Russia. He held numerous exhibitions in Europe and the United States. During his almost 60-year career, he created around 6,000 paintings, the vast majority of his works are seascapes, but he often depicted battle scenes, Armenian themes, and portraiture. Most of Aivazovskys works are kept in Russian, Ukrainian and Armenian museums as well as private collections, Ivan Aivazovsky was born on 17 July 1817 in the city of Feodosia, Crimea, Russian Empire. In the baptismal records of the local St. Sargis Armenian Church, Aivazovsky was listed as Hovhannes, during his study at the Imperial Academy of Arts, he was known in Russian as Ivan Gaivazovsky. He became known as Aivazovsky since c. He signed a 1844 letter with the version of his name. His father, Konstantin, was an Armenian merchant from the Polish region of Galicia and his family had migrated to Europe from Western Armenia in the 18th century. After numerous familial conflicts, Konstantin left Galicia for Moldavia, later moving to Bukovina and he was initially known as Gevorg Aivazian, but he changed his last name to Gaivazovsky by adding the Polish -sky. Aivazovskys mother, Ripsime, was a Feodosia Armenian, the couple had five children—three daughters and two sons. Aivazovskys elder brother, Gabriel, was a prominent historian and an Armenian Apostolic archbishop, the young Aivazovsky received parochial education at Feodosias St. Sargis Armenian Church. He was taught drawing by Jacob Koch, a local architect, Aivazovsky moved to Simferopol with Taurida Governor Alexander Kaznacheyevs family in 1830 and attended the citys Russian gymnasium. In 1833, Aivazovsky arrived in the Russian capital, Saint Petersburg, in 1835, he was awarded with a silver medal and appointed assistant to the French painter Philippe Tanneur. In September 1836, Aivazovsky met Russias national poet Alexander Pushkin during the visit to the Academy. In 1837, Aivazovsky joined the class of Alexander Sauerweid
34.
Brig "Mercury" Attacked by Two Turkish Ships
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Brig Mercury Attacked by Two Turkish Ships is an 1892 oil on canvas painting by Russian painter Ivan Aivazovsky. Aivazovsky painted over 6,000 works, more than half of which are seascapes, the battle portrayed was part of the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29, a war sparked by the Greeks struggle for independence and ensuing events. The Mercury was a ship that was laid down in Sevastopol on January 28,1819. Built of Crimean oak, with a draught and equipped with oars. In this it differs from other Brigs of the Russian Navy at the time, oars were also seen as disadvantageous. This difference resulted from the fact that its task was considered unique among its designers. The Mercury fought in several significant naval battles during its existence, Turkish victory was at first foreseeable, but the tides of battle changed, and the Mercury was able to escape after a final, powerful assault by the three brigs, ending the conflict
35.
John Henry Frederick Bacon
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John Henry Frederick Bacon ARA was a British painter and illustrator of genre works, history and bible scenes, and portraits. Bacon was the son of the lithographer John Cardanall Bacon. He trained at the Westminster School of Art and the Royal Academy Schools in London, in his teens he acquired a reputation as an outstanding black-and-white illustrator, and at the age of 18 set off on a professional tour of India and Burma. On his return to England, in 1889, Bacon exhibited The Village Green and he was an Associate of the Royal Academy and was awarded the MVO for distinguished service to the King. Bacon illustrated books as well as magazines and periodicals, Bacon married in 1894 and took up residence at Pillar House in Harwell, Berkshire. He died of bronchitis on 24 January 1914, aged only 49. The Wedding Morning, John Henry Frederick Bacon Portrait of Michael Lewis Myers,1906 Ebbutt, hero-myths & legends of the British race. Celtic myth and legend, poetry & romance
36.
Gustave Caillebotte
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Gustave Caillebotte was a French painter, member and patron of the artists known as Impressionists, although he painted in a much more realistic manner than many others in the group. Caillebotte was noted for his early interest in photography as an art form, Gustave Caillebotte was born on 19 August 1848 to an upper-class Parisian family living in the rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis. His father, Martial Caillebotte, was the inheritor of the familys textile business and was also a judge at the Seine departments Tribunal de commerce. Caillebottes father was widowed before marrying Caillebottes mother, Céleste Daufresne. Caillebotte was born at home on rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis in Paris, and lived there until 1866 and it probably was around this time that Caillebotte began to draw and paint. Caillebotte earned a law degree in 1868 and a licence to practise law in 1870, shortly after his education, he was drafted to fight in the Franco-Prussian war, and served from July 1870 to March 1871 in the Garde Nationale Mobile de la Seine. After the war, Caillebotte began visiting the studio of painter Léon Bonnat and he developed an accomplished style in a relatively short time and had his first studio in his parents home. In 1873, Caillebotte entered the École des Beaux-Arts, but apparently did not spend time there. He inherited his fathers fortune in 1874 and the surviving sons divided the family fortune after their mothers death in 1878, the Impressionists – also called the Independents, Intransigents, and Intentionalists – had broken away from the academic painters showing in the annual Salons. Caillebotte made his debut in the second Impressionist exhibition in 1876, showing eight paintings, including, Les raboteurs de parquet, his earliest masterpiece. Its subject matter, the depiction of labourers preparing a wooden floor was considered vulgar by some critics, at the time, the art establishment deemed only rustic peasants or farmers acceptable subjects from the working class. The painting is now at the Musée dOrsay, a second version, in a more realistic style resembling that of Degas, also was exhibited, demonstrating Caillebottes range of technique and his adept restatement of the same subject matter. With regard to the composition and painting style of his works, the second period of Pointillism, whose main representative was Georges Seurat, announced its influence in the late works that Caillebotte painted at his country house in Petit Gennevilliers. Caillebottes style belongs to the School of Realism, but was influenced by his Impressionist associates. A large number of Caillebottes works also employ a very high point, including View of Rooftops, Boulevard Seen from Above. Caillebotte painted many domestic and familial scenes, interiors, and portraits, there are scenes of dining, card playing, piano playing, reading, and sewing, all executed in an intimate, unobtrusive manner that portrays the quiet ritual of upper-class indoor life. His country scenes at Yerres focus on pleasure boating on the stream as well as fishing and swimming. He often used a soft impressionistic technique reminiscent of Renoir to convey the nature of the countryside
37.
John Collier (painter)
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The Honourable John Maler Collier OBE RP ROI was a leading English artist, and an author. He painted in the Pre-Raphaelite style, and was one of the most prominent portrait painters of his generation, both his marriages were to daughters of Thomas Henry Huxley. He studied painting at the Munich Academy where he enrolled on 14 April 1875 at the age of 25, Collier was from a talented and successful family. His grandfather, John Collier, was a Quaker merchant who became a Member of Parliament and his father was created the first Lord Monkswell. He was also a member of the Royal Society of British Artists, John Colliers elder brother, the second Lord Monkswell, was Under-Secretary of State for War and Chairman of the London County Council. In due course, Collier became a part of the family of Thomas Henry Huxley PC. Collier married two of Huxleys daughters and was on terms of friendship with his son, the writer Leonard Huxley. Colliers first wife, in 1879, was Marian Huxley and she was a painter who studied, like her husband, at the Slade and exhibited at the Royal Academy and elsewhere. After the birth of their child, a daughter, she suffered severe post-natal depression and was taken to Paris for treatment where, however, she contracted pneumonia. Colliers daughter by his first marriage, Joyce, was a portrait miniaturist, in 1889 Collier married Madys younger sister Ethel Huxley. Until the Deceased Wifes Sisters Marriage Act 1907 such a marriage was not possible in England, by his second wife he had a daughter and a son, Sir Laurence Collier, who was the British Ambassador to Norway 1941–51. Colliers range of subjects was broad. In 1893, for example, his subjects included Lovelace Stamer, Bishop of Shrewsbury, Sir John Lubbock FRS, A N Hornby and his commissioned portrait of the Duke of York as Master of Trinity House in 1901, and the Prince of Wales were his major royal portraits. The latter work was hung in Durbar Hall, Jodhpur, Rajputana, thorley and the Provost of Eton. Clark reports a total of thirty-two Huxley family portraits during the half-century after his first marriage, a photocopy of John Colliers Sitters Book can be consulted in the Heinz Archive and Library, National Portrait Gallery. This is the artists own record of all his portraits, including name of subject, date, fee charged. His entry in the Dictionary of National Biography compares his work to that of Frank Holl because of its solemnity, the Dictionary of Portrait Painters in Britain up to 1920 describes his portraits as painterly works with a fresh use of light and colour. Sixteen of John Colliers paintings are now in the collections of the National Portrait Gallery in London, four of the National Portrait Gallery paintings were in December 1997 on display, John Burns, Sir William Huggins, Thomas Huxley and Charles Darwin
38.
Thomas Eakins
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Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins was an American realist painter, photographer, sculptor, and fine arts educator. He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important artists in American art history and he painted several hundred portraits, usually of friends, family members, or prominent people in the arts, sciences, medicine, and clergy. Taken en masse, the offer an overview of the intellectual life of Philadelphia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, individually. These active outdoor venues allowed him to paint the subject which most inspired him, in the process he could model the forms of the body in full sunlight, and create images of deep space utilizing his studies in perspective. Eakins also took a keen interest in the new technologies of motion photography, No less important in Eakins life was his work as a teacher. As an instructor he was an influential presence in American art. Eakins was a figure whose work received little by way of official recognition during his lifetime. Since his death, he has been celebrated by American art historians as the strongest, most profound realist in nineteenth-, Eakins was born and lived most of his life in Philadelphia. He was the first child of Caroline Cowperthwait Eakins, a woman of English and Dutch descent, and Benjamin Eakins, Benjamin Eakins grew up on a farm in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, the son of a weaver. He was successful in his profession, and moved to Philadelphia in the early 1840s to raise his family. Thomas Eakins observed his father at work and by twelve demonstrated skill in precise line drawing, perspective, and he was an athletic child who enjoyed rowing, ice skating, swimming, wrestling, sailing, and gymnastics—activities he later painted and encouraged in his students. Eakins attended Central High School, the public school for applied science and arts in the city. He studied drawing and anatomy at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts beginning in 1861, for a while, he followed his fathers profession and was listed in city directories as a writing teacher. His scientific interest in the body led him to consider becoming a surgeon. Eakins then studied art in Europe from 1866 to 1870, notably in Paris with Jean-Léon Gérôme, being only the second American pupil of the French realist painter, famous as a master of Orientalism. He also attended the atelier of Léon Bonnat, a realist painter who emphasized anatomical preciseness, a method adapted by Eakins. A letter home to his father in 1868 made his aesthetic clear, She is the most beautiful thing there is in the world except a naked man, already at age 24, nudity and verity were linked with an unusual closeness in his mind. Yet his desire for truthfulness was more expansive, and the home to Philadelphia reveal a passion for realism that included, but was not limited to
39.
The Concert Singer
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The Concert Singer is a painting by Thomas Eakins, depicting the singer Weda Cook. The work, commenced in 1890 and completed in 1892, was Eakinss first full-length portrait of a woman and it is now in the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The Concert Singer was one of a series of portraits Eakins painted of Philadelphia natives who were prominent in science and culture, the painting exemplifies Eakinss desire to truthfully record visual appearances with historical value. The work depicts Weda Cook, a respected Camden vocalist, recognized for her powerful contralto voice, unassuming manner, and thorough training. She stands center stage, wearing pink slippers and a low-necked sleeveless pink dress, Eakinss realism is notable in the painting of skin tones, with Cooks bare neck, chest, arms, and shoulders visibly paler than her head and hands. The figure is solidly and subtly modeled, its warm light pinks set against a cooler and darker yellow-green background, in the lower-left foreground, a conductors hand and baton are visible, although the rest of the figure is not pictured. Initially, as can be seen in the sketch, the hand grasped the baton as if it were a paint brush. For verisimilitude Eakins had Charles M. Schmitz, the conductor of the Germania Orchestra and Cooks teacher, inconsistencies in perspective add to the ambiguity. The lower part of the dress, shoes, and flowers are depicted as if seen from above, yet the visibility of the soles of the shoes and underside of the dress suggest a lower vantage point. The austerity of the marks a new and more abstract tendency in Eakinss work. In its design, cropping of details at the lower edges, in contrast, the Eakins painting reflects an American appreciation for singing as a manifestation of high culture. Unidealized, Weda Cooks figure is depicted as substantial and sensuous and it is revealed by a light that creates form, depth, and produces the paintings profoundly poetic mood. So, like many Eakins portraits, The Concert Singer had an element of daring in its composition, prior to painting The Concert Singer, Eakins made a small oil sketch, now also in the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Although the sketch lacks the palm and roses, essential compositional modes are already in place, with emphasis on Cooks neck, the color of the dress, direction of light and it took Eakins nearly two years to paint The Concert Singer. Cook posed for him numerous times, three or four times a week for the first year, the opening bars of the aria are carved in the wooden frame of the painting. Eakins later wrote, I once painted a concert singer and on the chestnut frame I carved the opening bars of Mendelssohns Rest in the Lord and it was ornamental unobtrusive and to musicians I think it emphasized the expression of the face and pose of the figure. The Concert Singer has been interpreted as a tribute to the poet Walt Whitman, Eakins had met the poet in 1887, and completed a portrait of him the following year. Weda Cook had set some of Whitmans poems to music, O rest in the Lord was a particular favorite of the poet, who asked Cook to sing it for him every time they met
40.
James Ensor
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James Sidney Edouard, Baron Ensor was a Belgian painter and printmaker, an important influence on expressionism and surrealism who lived in Ostend for almost his entire life. He was associated with the artistic group Les XX, Ensors father, James Frederic Ensor, born in Brussels of English parents, was a cultivated man who studied engineering in England and Germany. Ensors mother, Maria Catherina Haegheman, was Belgian, Ensor himself lacked interest in academic study and left school at the age of fifteen to begin his artistic training with two local painters. From 1877 to 1880, he attended the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels, Ensor first exhibited his work in 1881. From 1880 until 1917, he had his studio in the attic of his parents house and his travels were very few, three brief trips to France and two to the Netherlands in the 1880s, and a four-day trip to London in 1892. In 1895 his painting The Lamp Boy was acquired by the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels, against the advice of friends, he remained in Ostend during World War II despite the risk of bombardment. In his old age he was a figure among Belgians. He died there after an illness, on 19 November 1949. While Ensors early works, such as Russian Music and The Drunkards, depict scenes in a somber style, his palette subsequently brightened. Such paintings as The Scandalized Masks and Skeletons Fighting over a Hanged Man feature figures in grotesque masks inspired by the ones sold in his mothers gift shop for Ostends annual Carnival. Subjects such as carnivals, masks, puppetry, skeletons, Ensor dressed skeletons up in his studio and arranged them in colorful, enigmatic tableaux on the canvas, and used masks as a theatrical aspect in his still lifes. Attracted by masks plastic forms, bright colors, and potential for psychological impact, the four years between 1888 and 1892 mark a turning point in Ensors work. Ensor turned to themes, often the torments of Christ. Ensor interpreted religious themes as a personal disgust for the inhumanity of the world, in 1888 alone, he produced forty-five etchings as well as his most ambitious painting, the immense Christs Entry Into Brussels in 1889. Also known as Entry of Christ into Brussels, it is considered a forerunner of twentieth-century Expressionism, in this composition, which elaborates a theme treated by Ensor in his drawing Les Aureoles du Christ of 1885, a vast carnival mob in grotesque masks advances toward the viewer. Identifiable within the crowd are Belgian politicians, historical figures, nearly lost amid the teeming throng is Christ on his donkey, although Ensor was an atheist, he identified with Christ as a victim of mockery. The piece, which measures 99½ by 169½ inches, was rejected by Les XX and was not publicly displayed until 1929, after its controversial export in the 1960s, the painting is now at the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles. As Ensor achieved belated recognition in the years of the 19th century, his style softened
41.
Antwerp
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Antwerp is a city in Belgium, the capital of Antwerp province in the region of Flanders. With a population of 510,610, it is the most populous city proper in Belgium and its metropolitan area houses around 1,200,000 people, which is second behind Brussels. Antwerp is on the River Scheldt, linked to the North Sea by the Westerschelde estuary, the Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world, ranking second in Europe and within the top 20 globally. Antwerp has long been an important city in the Low Countries, the inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren, after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur, lord, referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century. The city hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics, according to folklore, notably celebrated by a statue in front of the town hall, the city got its name from a legend about a giant called Antigoon who lived near the Scheldt river. He exacted a toll from passing boatmen, and for those who refused, he severed one of their hands, eventually the giant was killed by a young hero named Silvius Brabo, who cut off the giants own hand and flung it into the river. Hence the name Antwerpen, from Dutch hand werpen, akin to Old English hand and wearpan, a longstanding theory is that the name originated in the Gallo-Roman period and comes from the Latin antverpia. Antverpia would come from Ante Verpia, indicating land that forms by deposition in the curve of a river. Note that the river Scheldt, before a period between 600 and 750, followed a different track. This must have coincided roughly with the current ringway south of the city, however, many historians think it unlikely that there was a large settlement which would be named Antverpia, but more something like an outpost with a river crossing. However, John Lothrop Motley argues, and so do a lot of Dutch etymologists and historians, aan t werp is also possible. This warp is a hill or a river deposit, high enough to remain dry at high tide. Another word for werp is pol hence polders, historical Antwerp allegedly had its origins in a Gallo-Roman vicus. Excavations carried out in the oldest section near the Scheldt, 1952–1961, produced pottery shards, the earliest mention of Antwerp dates from the 4th century. In the 4th century, Antwerp was first named, having been settled by the Germanic Franks, the name was reputed to have been derived from anda and werpum. The Merovingian Antwerp was evangelized by Saint Amand in the 7th century, at the end of the 10th century, the Scheldt became the boundary of the Holy Roman Empire. Antwerp became a margraviate in 980, by the German emperor Otto I, in the 11th century Godfrey of Bouillon was for some years known as the marquis of Antwerp. In the 12th century, Norbert of Xanten established a community of his Premonstratensian canons at St. Michaels Abbey at Caloes
