1.
Michigan Wolverines football
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The Michigan Wolverines football program represents the University of Michigan in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level. Michigan has the most all-time wins and the highest winning percentage in college football history, Michigan began competing in intercollegiate football in 1879. The Wolverines joined the Big Ten Conference at its inception in 1896, Michigan has won or shared 42 league titles, and, since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936, has finished in the top 10 a total of 37 times. The Wolverines claim 11 national championships, most recently that of the 1997 squad voted atop the final AP Poll. From 1900 to 1989, Michigan was led by a series of nine head coaches, Fielding H. Fritz Crisler brought his winged helmet from Princeton University in 1938 and led the 1947 Wolverines to a national title and Michigans second Rose Bowl win. Bo Schembechler coached the team for 21 seasons in which he won 13 Big Ten titles and 194 games, a program record. Following Schembechlers retirement, the program was coached by two of his assistants, Gary Moeller and then Lloyd Carr, who maintained the programs overall success over the next 18 years. However, the programs fortunes declined under the two coaches, Rich Rodriguez and Brady Hoke, who were both fired after relatively short tenures. Following Hokes dismissal, Michigan hired Jim Harbaugh on December 30,2014, Harbaugh is a former quarterback of the team, having played for Michigan between 1982 and 1986 under Schembechler. The Michigan Wolverines have featured 78 players that have garnered consensus selection to the College Football All-America Team, Three Wolverines have won the Heisman Trophy, Tom Harmon in 1940, Desmond Howard in 1991, and Charles Woodson in 1997. Gerald Ford, who would become the 38th President of the United States. On May 30,1879, Michigan played its first intercollegiate game against Racine College at White Stocking Park in Chicago. The Chicago Tribune called it the first rugby-football game to be played west of the Alleghenies, midway through the first inning, Irving Kane Pond scored the first touchdown for Michigan. According to Will Perrys history of Michigan football, the crowd responded to Ponds plays with cheers of Pond Forever, in 1881, Michigan played against Harvard in Boston. The game that marked the birth of inter-sectional football, on their way to a game in Chicago in 1887, Michigan players stopped in South Bend, Indiana and introduced football to students at the University of Notre Dame. A November 23 contest marked the inception of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football program, in 1894, Michigan defeated Cornell, which was the first time in collegiate football history that a western school defeated an established power from the east. By 1898 Amos Alonzo Stagg was fast at work at turning the University of Chicago football program into a powerhouse. Before the final game of the 1898 season, Chicago was 9–1–1 and Michigan was 9–0, Michigan won, 12–11, capturing the programs first conference championship in a game that inspired The Victors, which later became the schools fight song
2.
William McCauley
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William Lloyd Jerry McCauley was an American football player and coach. He was the head coach of the University of Michigan football team. McCauley was born in approximately 1871 and listed his home town as Stanley and he attended preparatory school at Geneva Prep. He later attended Princeton University where he played for the Princeton Tigers football teams in 1892 and 1893 as a tackle, left end and he was six feet tall and 175 pounds while playing football at Princeton. McCauley later enrolled at the University of Michigan as a medical student, while at Michigan, he served as the head coach of the 1894 and 1895 Michigan Wolverines football teams. He compiled a record of 17–2–1, and his.875 winning percentage remains the second highest in the programs history. McCauley was a student at Michigan while he served as the coach of the football team. In his two seasons as coach, the Wolverines lost only two games, once to Cornell and once to Harvard. In 1894, the Wolverines defeated Cornell, 12–4, the first time that a school had beaten one of the established eastern football powers. He also served as an assistant coach for the 1896 Michigan football team, after leaving Michigan, McCauely was a student in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania. In March 1898, he died of disease at his home in Rochester. William McCauley at the College Football Data Warehouse
3.
Frederick W. Henninger
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Frederick William Pa Henninger was an American businessman and football player and coach. He played football for the University of Michigan from 1893 to 1896 and was the captain of the 1895 team that outscored their opponents by a score of 266 to 14. After receiving his degree, he was an assistant football coach at Michigan from 1897 to 1899 and 1902 and he worked as an engineer for the Detroit United Railway and later had a successful career as a manufacturer in Detroit, Michigan. Henninger was born in Cleveland, Ohio and educated in that public schools. He attended Ann Arbor High School for his preparatory studies. He enrolled at the University of Michigan where he played football from 1893 to 1896 and he was captain of the 1895 Michigan team that compiled an 8–1 record, won seven of their games by shutouts, and outscored their opponents by a combined score of 266 to 14. The sole loss of the 1895 season was a 4–0 setback against the Harvard Crimson, Michigan finished the season with a 12–0 win over Western rival, Amos Alonzo Staggs Chicago Maroons. A newspaper profile of Henninger in November 1895 said, The University of Michigan team, Henninger is a veteran of last years eleven, is 5 feet 10 inches tall and weighs 180 pounds. He is an excellent field general, plays right guard and is said to be the strongest man on the team, Henninger studied electrical engineering at Michigan and received his bachelors degree in 1897. After graduating, Henninger served as an assistant football coach at Michigan from 1897 to 1899 and he also returned in 1902 as an assistant coach under Fielding H. Yost. In November 1902, The Michigan Alumnus chose an All-Michigan Team consisting of the greatest football players ever to play for the Michigan Wolverines football team, Henninger was selected as the right tackle on the All-Michigan team. For years Pa Henninger was a mainstay of the Michigan team, a figure on every western gridiron. Henninger was also selected by the student magazine, The Inlander, after graduating from Michigan, Henninger worked for the Detroit United Railway for six years from 1897 to 1903. He was in charge of the Motor Testing Department from 1897 to 1898, was chief draftsman in 1898. He retired from the railway in 1903 to go into business for himself, at the time of his retirement from the railway, the 45 motor inspectors of the Detroit United Railway gave a trolley party in his honor. The party rode the trolley to Birmingham, Michigan where supper was partaken at the Colonial Hotel, the inspectors presented Henninger with a solid diamond ring in a heavy gold setting with the Masonic emblem enameled on one side and the Elks emblem on the other side. After leaving the Detroit Urban Railway, Henninger formed his own company which he called the Bellevue Manufacturing Company in 1903 with offices at 343 Bellevue Avenue in Detroit and he was also an inventor of a machine called a wire insulating machine. He also served as the treasurer and eventually president of the Sheet Steel Stamping Company, vice president of Riverbank Corporation, at the time of the 1910 United States Census, he was living in Detroit, and his occupation was listed as the manager of a machine factory
4.
Regents Field
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Ferry Field was the home field for the University of Michigan football team from 1893 to 1905. It was located along South State Street in Ann Arbor, Michigan, the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan authorized $3,000 in 1890 for the purchase of land to build a new football field. The following May, they added $4,500 more for the purpose of fitting up the athletic field, the facility was simply named the Athletic Field upon completion. The first home game at the Athletic Field was a 6–0 victory over the Detroit Athletic Club on October 7,1893, the following year in 1894, the Athletic Association change the name of the field to Regents Field, which it would be known as until 1902. In 1902, Detroit businessman Dexter M. Ferry donated the land north of Regents Field to the university. In June 1902, Regents Field was renamed Ferry Field, when it opened, Ferry Field had a single wooden bleacher section that seated 400 people. The bleachers burned down in 1895 and were replaced the year with a new covered grandstand seating 800. Because of the demand for tickets, additional open bleachers seating about 6,000 were built adjoining the covered grandstand, the Athletic Association also had one thousand circus seats and materials for sloping platforms which will permit 8,000 more people to view a football game. Bleachers were later constructed along the side of the field. The largest crowd ever at Ferry Field was for the second to last game at the old stadium, by one account,17,000 fans watched the Wolverines defeat Wisconsin in the 1905 homecoming game. In the 1890s a three dollar membership in the Athletic Association gained students admission to all athletic events, by 1904 a general admission ticket cost $3.00. Michigan compiled an record of 87–2–3 at Ferry Field from 1893 to 1905. Between 1901 and 1904, Fielding H. Yosts Point-a-Minute teams went 44–0 at Ferry Field, in 1904, the Wolverines beat the undefeated University of Chicago team at Ferry Field. Portions of the game and several shots of the field were filmed by the Edison Manufacturing Company in one of the earliest successful attempts to film a football game. Ferry Field Michigan Wolverines football Edison Film of 1904 Football Game at Regents Field, Part 1 Edison Film of 1904 Football Game at Regents Field, Part 2
5.
1894 Michigan Wolverines football team
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The 1894 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1894 college football season. The team, with William McCauley as head coach, compiled a 9–1–1 record, the Wolverines played a home-and-away series with Cornell, losing at Ithaca and winning the second game in Detroit. The win over Cornell marked the first time in football history that a western school defeated an established power from the east. The Wolverines closed the season with a victory over Amos Alonzo Staggs University of Chicago Maroons, prior to the 1894 season, three individuals took charge of the Michigan football program—each of whom would play an important role in its development. The first was Charles A. Baird, manager of the team who later became Michigans first athletic director and was the person who hired Fielding H. Yost in 1901. In 1894, Baird hired William McCauley, who had played at the position on Princetons championship team in 1893. In two years as Michigans head coach, McCauley led the Wolverines to a 17-2-1 record, the third member of Michigans football triumvirate in 1894 was Keene Fitzpatrick, a nationally known track coach, who Baird hired as the football teams trainer. Bairds hiring of McCauley and Fitzpatrick led to a level of interest in the football team. The Michigan Alumnus described the impact of the new coaching staff, at a mass meeting held last month great enthusiasm was shown by students, and several hundred dollars was raised for the team. Thus, for the first time in the history of Michigan football, lack of money has been the cry hitherto. The Michigan football team opened the 1894 season on October 6,1894, the game was played at Regents Field and ended in a 12–12 tie. After the tie with the Michigan Military Academy, the Wolverines rolled to five consecutive by a score of 178 to 24. The first win of the season came against Albion College by a score of 26 to 10, the game was the 11th meeting between the Michigan and Adrian football teams with Michigan winning ten games and Albion winning one. As of 1894, Michigan had played games against Albion than any other team. On October 17,1894, Michigan defeated the team from Olivet College by a score of 48 to 0, the game was the second and final meeting between Michigan and Olivet. Michigan won the first game in 1891 by a score of 18 to 6, after lackluster performances in the first two games of the 1894 season, Michigan won convincingly over Olivet. The Detroit Free Press wrote that, following the lopsided win, Olivet gained positive yardage on only 10 plays in the entire game and gained the required five yards for a first down only three times. Michigan scored five touchdowns in the first half and four in the second half, Michigans touchdowns were scored by Henninger Ferbert, Villa, Richards, Leonard, and Yont
6.
1896 Michigan Wolverines football team
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The 1896 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1896 Western Conference football season. They played their games at Regents Field in Ann Arbor, Michigan and competed in the newly established Western Conference. The team, with William Ward as head coach, started the season with nine wins in which the Wolverines outscored their opponents by a combined score of 256 to 4. In the final game of the season, played on Thanksgiving Day at the Chicago Coliseum, the 1896 Michigan–Chicago game was the first college football game played indoors, and the last portion of the game was also played under electric lights. Henry M. Senter was the team captain, before the 1896 football season took the field, two developments occurred. First, Michigan joined the Western Inter-collegiate Athletic Conference, the 1896 season was the first for Michigan in conference play. Michigans three conference games in 1896 were against Purdue, Minnesota and Chicago, second, William McCauley, who had led Michigan to a 17–2–1 record in two seasons as coach, resigned as Michigans football coach. Princeton graduate, William Ward, was hired to replace McCauley, before leaving Ann Arbor in November 1896, McCauley assisted Ward in coaching the 1896 team. Michigan conducted tryouts for the 1896 football team at Sand Beach, the Michiganensian for 1897 reported on the group appearing for try-outs as follows, Never before had the Athletic field been so teeming with aspirants for foot-ball honors. Michigan opened its 1896 season with a game against Michigan State Normal. The Wolverines won, 18–0, scoring two touchdowns in the first half and a goal and a safety in the second half. The World of New York reported on the game as follows, only four members of last years Varsity eleven were in the game, although four of them were on the ground ready to play. Michigan played its game of the season at home against the team from Grand Rapids High School. The game was played in halves of 20 and 10 minutes, a newspaper account of the game described Michigans performance as follows, Michigan is now rapidly rounding into form and the team played a much stronger game today than a week ago. Several of the new men did some work, and the interference at all times was excellent. Hazen Pingree, at half, made several brilliant runs, and Hannan, at full, Bennett, Wombacher, Palmer and Farnham also showed up well in the line. Grand Rapids was never able to gain and the varsity scored as she pleased, Michigans lineup in the game was Palmer, Giovanni Count Villa, Fred Baker, John David Wombacher, John W. F. Bennett, Frederick Henninger, Thaddeus Farnham, Richards, Hazen Pingree, Thomas Jesse Drumheller and Steel, Michigans third game of the season was a mid-week match against the team from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Chicago
7.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
8.
University of Michigan
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The University of Michigan, frequently referred to simply as Michigan, is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1817 in Detroit as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania,20 years before the Michigan Territory became a state, in 1821, the university was officially renamed the University of Michigan. It moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres of what is now known as Central Campus, the University was a founding member of the Association of American Universities. Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States, Michigans body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people, one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world. Besides academic life, Michigans athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Wolverines. They are members of the Big Ten Conference, the University of Michigan was established in Detroit on August 26,1817 as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, by the governor and judges of Michigan Territory. Judge Augustus B. Woodward specifically invited The Rev. John Monteith and Father Gabriel Richard, Monteith became its first President and held seven of the professorships, and Richard was Vice President and held the other six professorships. Concurrently, Ann Arbor had set aside 40 acres in the hopes of being selected as the state capital, but when Lansing was chosen as the state capital, the city offered the land for a university. What would become the university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 thanks to Governor Stevens T. Mason, the original 40 acres was the basis of the present Central Campus. The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen, eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845. By 1866, enrollment increased to 1,205 students, many of whom were Civil War veterans, Women were first admitted in 1870. U-M also became the first American university to use the method of study. Among the early students in the School of Medicine was Jose Celso Barbosa, who in 1880 graduated as valedictorian and he returned to Puerto Rico to practice medicine and also served in high-ranking posts in the government. In 1920 the university reorganized the College of Engineering and formed a committee of 100 industrialists to guide academic research initiatives. The university became a choice for bright Jewish students from New York in the 1920s and 1930s. Because of its standards, U-M gained the nickname Harvard of the West. During World War II, U-Ms research supported military efforts, such as U. S. Navy projects in proximity fuzes, PT boats, and radar jamming. After the war, enrollment expanded rapidly and by 1950, it reached 21,000, as the Cold War and the Space Race took hold, U-M received numerous government grants for strategic research and helped to develop peacetime uses for nuclear energy
9.
Harvard Crimson
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The Harvard Crimson are the athletic teams of Harvard University. The schools teams compete in NCAA Division I, as of 2013, there were 42 Division I intercollegiate varsity sports teams for women and men at Harvard, more than at any other NCAA Division I college in the country. Like the other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer athletic scholarships, the school has won national championships in mens football, golf, mens ice hockey, womens lacrosse, mens soccer, coed sailing, womens sailing, fencing, womens rowing, and mens individual wrestling. Harvards baseball program began competing in the 1865 season and it has appeared in four College World Series. It plays at Joseph J. ODonnell Field and is coached by Bill Decker. Harvard Crimson mens basketball program represents intercollegiate mens basketball at Harvard University, the team currently competes in the Ivy League in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and play home games at the Lavietes Pavilion in Boston, Massachusetts. The teams last appearance in the NCAA Division I Mens Basketball Tournament was in 2014, the Crimson are currently coached by Tommy Amaker. Harvard Crimson womens basketball program represents intercollegiate mens basketball at Harvard University, the team currently competes in the Ivy League in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and play home games at the Lavietes Pavilion in Boston, Massachusetts. The teams last appearance in the NCAA Division I Mens Basketball Tournament was in 2007, representing Harvard Crimson, Benjamin Ungar won Gold in the 2006 Individual Mens Épée event at the NCAA Fencing Championship, and was named Harvard Athlete of The Year. See, Harvard Crimson football and Harvard Stadium The football team has competed since 1873 and they have won ten national championships when the school competed in what is now known as the FBS. They are perhaps best known for their rivalry with Yale, known as The Game, sixteen former players have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Harvards athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in their annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875. While Harvards football team is no one of the countrys best as it often was a century ago during footballs early days. In 1903, Harvard Stadium introduced a new era into football with the first-ever permanent reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country, the stadiums structure actually played a role in the evolution of the college game. Seeking to reduce the number of deaths and serious injuries in the sport. But the state-of-the-art Harvard Stadium was too narrow to accommodate a playing surface. So, other steps had to be taken, Camp would instead support revolutionary new rules for the 1906 season. These included legalizing the forward pass, perhaps the most significant rule change in the sports history, in both 1919 and 1920, headed by All-American brothers Arnold Horween and Ralph Horween, Harvard was undefeated
10.
Amos Alonzo Stagg
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Amos Alonzo Stagg was an American athlete and pioneering college coach in multiple sports, primarily American football. His Chicago Maroons teams of 1905 and 1913 have been recognized as national champions and he was also the head basketball coach for one season at the University of Chicago, and the head baseball coach there for 19 seasons. At the University of Chicago, Stagg also instituted an annual basketball tournament. Both drew the top school teams and athletes from around the United States. Stagg played football as an end at Yale University and was selected to the first College Football All-America Team in 1889. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as both a player and a coach in the class of 1951 and was the only individual honored in both roles until the 1990s. Influential in other sports, Stagg developed basketball as a five-player sport and this 5 man concept allowed his 10 man football team the ability to compete with each other and to stay in shape over the winter. Stagg was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame in its first group of inductees in 1959, Stagg also forged a bond between sports and religious faith early on in his career that remained important to him for the rest of his life. Stagg was born in a poor Irish neighborhood of West Orange, New Jersey, Stagg attended Yale College, where he was a divinity student, and a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity and Skull and Bones society. He played as a pitcher on his baseball team, he declined an opportunity to play for six different professional baseball teams. He nonetheless influenced the game through his invention of the batting cage, Stagg played on the 1888 team. He was an end on the first All-America team, selected in 1889 and he went on to earn an MPE from the Young Mens Christian Training School, now known as Springfield College. On March 11,1892, Stagg, still an instructor at the YMCA School, a crowd of 200 watched as the student team beat the faculty, 5–1. Stagg scored the basket for the losing side. He popularized basketball teams having five players and he later abandoned the theology career and received a MPE from Young Mens Christian Training School in 1891. Stagg became the first paid coach at Williston Seminary, a secondary school. This was also Staggs first time receiving pay to coach football and he would coach there one day a week while also coaching full-time at Springfield College. Stagg then coached at the University of Chicago from 1892 to 1932, University president Robert Maynard Hutchins forced out the septuagenarian Stagg, who he felt was too old to continue coaching
11.
Chicago Maroons
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The Maroons are the intercollegiate sports teams of the University of Chicago. They are named after the color maroon, team colors are maroon and gray, and the Phoenix is their mascot. They now compete in the NCAAs Division III, mostly as members of the University Athletic Association, the University of Chicago helped found the Big Ten Conference in 1895, although it dropped football in 1939, its other teams remained members until 1946. Football returned as a sport in 1963, varsity sport in 1969. The school was part of the Midwest Collegiate Athletic Conference from 1976 to 1987, Stagg Field is the home stadium for the re-instated football team. The league initially consisted of Chicago, Purdue, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, jay Berwanger was awarded the first Heisman trophy in 1935. Hall of Fame coach Amos Alonzo Stagg coached the team from 1892-1932, the basketball team from 1920-1921. He encouraged players to adopt vegetarianism, believing it supported both athleticism and a gentle and gentlemanly sportsmanship, the football team was dropped following the 1939 season. ”On March 7,1946 the University of Chicago withdrew from the Big Ten Conference. On May 31,1946 the resignation was accepted by the Big Ten Conference. Gordon Erickson wrote the lyrics in 1929, the tune was adapted from Miami Universitys Marching Song written in 1908 by Raymond H. Burke, a University of Chicago graduate who joined Miamis faculty in 1906. The song is sung by the players at midfield after all home victories. The University of Chicago Band Official website
12.
Gustave Ferbert
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Gustave Herman Ferbert, nicknamed Dutch, was first a player and then the head coach for the University of Michigan American football team. In 1898, his Michigan team went 10–0 and won the first Western Conference championship in the schools history and he left the University of Michigan in 1900 and spent nine years prospecting for gold in Alaska, finally striking it rich off claims he discovered in 1908 and 1909. Ferbert was born in 1873 to John C, Ferbert and Caroline Stlbbinger at Cleveland, Ohio. Ferbert played quarterback and right halfback for the University of Michigan from 1893 to 1896, during the four years Ferbert played, the Michigan team compiled an overall record of 33–4–1. In his senior year,1896, the team went 9–1, in a 20–0 victory over Minnesota, Ferbert scored two touchdowns. However, the team lost the game of the season to the University of Chicago, 7–6. The newspapers reported that Pingree was the thing for Michigan in the first half. Neither team resorted to trick plays, both relying on straight, hard football, toward the end of the second half, it got very dark, and the spectators were treated to a novelty in the shape of a football by electric light. In December 1896, Febert was unanimously selected as the captain of Michigans 1897 football team, Ferbert began his career as a football player in the Ann Arbor high school team. During a majority of the time he has played on the team he has acted as field captain, after his graduation, Ferbert was named as Michigans head football coach at age 22. In 1897, Ferberts team was 6–1–1 and finished third in the Western Conference, Ferberts team played to a scoreless tie against an Ohio Wesleyan team coached by Fielding H. Yost. Ferbert was Michigans head coach in the first match in The Michigan-Ohio State Game, on October 16,1897, the teams met at Regents Field in Ann Arbor, where Michigan won, 34–0. The Michigan Daily reported, Michigan had no trouble in defeating the Ohio State University representatives in Saturdays game, two halves of 20 and 15 minutes respectively were played and the score was 34-0. All the scoring took place in the first half, and the score would have much worse if Ferbert had wanted to run up a higher score. The 1898 Wolverines went 10–0 and won the Western Conference championship, the first great Michigan football team, the 1898 group outscored its opponents 205 to 26. In the first meeting with what would become Michigan State, Michigan prevailed 39–0, the team finished the season traveling to Chicago for a final game against Amos Alonzo Staggs University of Chicago team on November 24,1898. Led by All-American center, William Cunningham, Michigan came out on top, 12–11, a newspaper account described Michigans victory this way, The western football championship goes to Michigan. On a field that was perfect for fast football, and before a crowd of 12,000 the maroons of Chicago went down before the maize
13.
John A. Bloomingston
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John Albert Bloomingston was an American attorney and football and baseball player and coach. He played at the position for the University of Michigan football teams in 1894 and 1895. He was the scorer on the 1895 Michigan Wolverines football team that outscored opponents 266 to 14. He scored as many as 32 points in a single game, the Wolverines compiled a record of 17–2–1 in Bloomingstons two years as the starting fullback and never lost a game against a Western team. After graduating from Michigan, he one of the best known trial lawyers in Chicago. Bloomingston was born in Chicago in 1874 and he was the son of John S. Bloomingston and Frances E. Drake Bloomingston. His father was an immigrant from Switzerland and the editor and proprietor of the Investigator and his mother was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution and a descendant of Col. Samuel Drake and William Hooker. Bloomingston attended the Pennsylvania Military College in Chester, Pennsylvania, while attending Michigan, Bloomingston was one of the universitys best athletes. He played fullback for the Michigan Wolverines football team and second base for the Michigan Wolverines baseball team and he received a Bachelor of Law degree from the University of Michigan in 1896. In 1894, Bloomingston was the fullback for the 1894 Michigan Wolverines football team that finished the season with a record of 9–1–1. On November 24,1894, he helped Michigan defeat Cornell, 12–4, five days later, Bloomingston kicked the goal from touchdown which proved to be the winning points in a 6–4 win over Chicago. In the spring of 1895, Bloomingston played second base for the Michigan baseball team, on May 30,1895, he led Michigan to an 11–0 win over Cornell at the Detroit Athletic Club field in Detroit. A crowd of 4,000 watched, the Detroit Free Press wrote that Bloomingston carried off the honors with two homers and a single. Bloomingstons first home run came in the inning and was described by the Free Press as follows. He caught one of Smiths twisters on the nose and the ball landed in the crowd in the stand in left field, in a second the stands and the field were a mass of yellow and blue and Bloomy, as the crowd called him, got a football ovation. His second home run came in the inning, The crowd yelled for another home run. In the fall of 1895, Bloomingston was the scorer for the 1895 Michigan Wolverines football team that outscored opponents 266 to 14. The following week, Bloomingston added 20 points against Lake Forest, one week later, Bloomingston added 18 points in a 42–0 victory over Oberlin
14.
Frank Villa
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Giovanni Raphael Frank Villa, also known as Count Villa or the Count, was an American football player, judge, and consular official. He played college football for Whitman College in 1893 and for the University of Michigan from 1893 to 1896 and he was selected as a first-team All-Western player in 1895. He later became an official for Italy, a judge and gold prospector in Alaska. He also served in the U. S. Army during World War I, Villa was born in Oregon in 1873. His father, Frank Villa, Sr. was an immigrant from Genoa and his mother, Mary Villa was an immigrant from Switzerland. Villa had four sisters, Mamie, Amelia, Harriet and Eleanor, in November 1878, the family relocated to 35-acre farm in Walla Walla, Washington. The family raised fruits and vegetables on the farm, selling their produce to local markets, Villa enrolled at Whitman College in Walla Walla. While attending Whitman, he played on the colleges first football team, the colleges first football game took place on February 22,1893, against a team of locals from Walla Walla. An account of the game years later emphasized Villas imact, The notable player on this team was Frank Villa, or Count Villa. In the fall of 1893, Villa enrolled in law school at the University of Michigan and he received his Bachelor of Law degree in 1896. While attending law school, and during one year of legal studies. During those years, the Michigan football program rose to prominence, after compiling an 11–9 record in the two years before Villa arrived, the Wolverines improved steadily and compiled a 33–6–1 during the four years that Villa was a starter. The team improved to 7–3 in 1893 and lost only one each year in 1894,1895. Despite playing at the position, he was one of the teams most reliable ball carriers. Several weeks later, a game against Oberlin College drew the largest crowd in the history of Regents Field up to that time. Villa ran 40 yards for a touchdown against Oberlin and drew praise from the Detroit Free Press, Villa was particularly good, Villa continued to be a key player and ball carrier for the 1895 team. He scored two touchdowns against Western Reserve and another against Oberlin, at the end of the 1895 season, Villa was selected as a first-team All-Western player by Chicagos Daily Inter Ocean. In announcing its selection of Villa, the newspaper wrote, Villa is the best tackle of this season and his immense strength and weight, added to his cleverness and agility, make him a powerful man
15.
Henry M. Senter
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Henry Mortimer Mort Senter was an American football player and businessman. He played college football for the University of Michigan from 1893 to 1896 and he was selected as a first-team All-Western end in 1895 and as captain of the 1896 team. After receiving his degree, he moved to Colombia where he operated a coffee plantation and he became involved in a diplomatic incident after Colombian soldiers seized certain personal property from his home in 1902. Senter was the son of a family from Houghton, Michigan. His father, John Senter was a native of New Hampshire and his mother, Lizzie Senter, was a native of New York. At the time of the 1880 United States Census, Senter was living in Houghton with his parents, a sister. He attended the University of Michigan and was enrolled in the medical school, while attending Michigan, he played football for the Michigan Wolverines football team from 1893 to 1896. He helped lead the 1895 Michigan Wolverines football team to an 8–1 record, the 1895 team won seven of their games by shutouts, and outscored their opponents by a combined score of 266 to 14. The sole loss of the season was a 4–0 setback against the Harvard Crimson and he is the one Western player who approaches Yale form and a man of whom Michigan is deservedly proud. Possessed of unbounded daring, he plays like a demon and runs, before the Harvard game, The Boston Sunday Globe wrote, In Senter Michigan has undoubtedly the best end the west has yet developed. He is now crippled by a bad knee, but the Harvard backs will not find it easy to get around him and he is a sure ground-gainer, as well. In December 1895, Senter was voted by his teammates to serve as the captain of the 1896 team, at the time, The Michigan Alumnus reported on Senters election, Every vote was cast on the first ballot for Henry Mortimer Senter, of Houghton, Mich. Mort Senter is considered by many the finest end the West has ever produced, in accepting the position he assured the men that if hard work could produce it, our next years team will be as good as this years. The Chicago Daily Tribune praised the selection of Senter, Mort Senter, as he is known, is one of the most dashing. He is a hard tackler, a fine interferer, and one of the best ground gainers on the team and he has the confidence of his men, and will make a good Captain. During the summer of 1896, Senter suffered from a severe illness, as a result, Senter was kept out of most of Michigans games in 1896. The 1896 team, with Senter as captain, started the season with nine wins in which the Wolverines outscored their opponents by a combined score of 256 to 4. In the final game of the season, played on Thanksgiving Day at the Chicago Coliseum, the 1896 Michigan–Chicago game was the first college football game played indoors, and the last portion of the game was also played under electric lights
16.
James Baird (civil engineer)
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James Baird was an American civil engineer, football player and coach. He played football for the University of Michigan from 1892 to 1895 and was captain of the 1894 team and he was also an assistant football coach at Michigan from 1897 to 1898. He worked for the George A. Fuller Co. for 23 years and he later formed his own construction company called the James Baird Company. Baird directed the construction of important buildings, including the Flatiron Building, Lincoln Memorial, Arlington Memorial Amphitheater. Baird was born in Vanceburg, Kentucky and attended schools in Chicago, Illinois and Ann Arbor. His father, Lyman Beecher Baird, was an Ohio native who worked as a farmer, in the 1880 United States Census, Lyman Baird was identified as a grocer in Vanceburg. He also operated a store in Vanceburg that burned in the 1880s. His mother was Frances Amelia Baird, and he had an older brother Charles A. Baird and he enrolled at the University of Michigan where he played quarterback for the football team from 1892 to 1895. Baird played quarterback for the 1895 Michigan team that compiled an 8–1 record, won seven of their games by shutouts, the sole loss of the 1895 season was a 4–0 setback against the Harvard Crimson, then one of the three great football powers. Michigan finished the season with a 12–0 win over Western rival, undefeated against Western opponents, the 1895 Wolverines laid claim to the Western football championship. At the end of the 1895 season, one Chicago newspaper, Baird studied civil engineering at Michigan and received his bachelors degree in 1896. Bairds brother Charles A. Baird was the manager of the 1894 and 1895 football teams at Michigan, after graduating, Baird served as an assistant football coach at Michigan from 1897 to 1898, including the 1898 Michigan team that won the schools first Western Conference championship. As a coach he has been a wonderful success, no one who knows his record as a captain can doubt that he is a worker of miracles to whose power Michigans wonderful improvement is due. This year he left his business to rush back at the last moment to lick the team into shape for a victory, after graduating from Michigan, Baird had a successful career in the construction industry. He started as a timekeeper for the Guaranty Construction Co. of Chicago and then as an engineer for Moulton-Starrett Co. of Columbus, Ohio, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1899, Baird began a 23-year association with the George A. Fuller Co. a leading builder of skyscrapers, Baird began working for the Fuller Company in New York City and directed the erection of the Flatiron Building, the first steel-frame skyscraper in New York City. He moved to Boston in 1902 as the general superintendent. He was transferred to Washington, D. C. in 1904 as a district manager and he rose through the ranks of the company to become vice president in 1910 and president in May 1922
17.
Michigan Military Academy
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The Michigan Military Academy, also known as the M. M. A. was an all-boys military prep school in Orchard Lake Village, Oakland County, Michigan. It was founded in 1877 by Captain J. Sumner Rogers, some journalists have referred to the school as the Second West Point. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as the Orchard Lake Schools Historic District, most of the 90 acres he owned were used for agricultural purposes, and he was slowly selling tracts of land for profit. The area was popular with tourists, so in 1871 Gen. Copeland converted his residence, business was good for a few years but development in the area forced many vacationers to seek seclusion farther north and the Panic of 1873 forced Copeland to find profit elsewhere. In 1877 Gen. Copeland sought to sell his home and the land around it. Captain J. Sumner Rogers, who was a professor of Military Science, seeing the opportunity at hand, Rogers bought the land with the help of some wealthy Detroiters, and later that year he established the Michigan Military Academy. He modeled the academy after West Point and its success was immediate, over the course of its 30-year history, the Michigan Military Academy had 2,558 enrollments and 458 graduates. The graduating class of 1893 played a prominent role in the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and many of the classes won National Drill Competitions. On June 19,1879, William Tecumseh Sherman, General in Chief of the U. S. Army, delivered a variant of his famous War Is Hell speech to the graduating class. A total of 10,000 people arrived to listen to Shermans speech, and the press reported that it was the largest number of people ever to gather within the townships boundaries. Some claim that he said, There is many a boy here today who looks upon war as all glory, but, boys, it is all hell, however, future City of Detroit Mayor, Cadet John C. Lodge, recorded his memories of the Sherman speech, At one of our graduation exercises the speaker was General William T. Sherman and he was not eloquent, and he didnt have a very pleasant voice, it was somewhat shrill. With a tuition of $500 per year in the 1800s, the M. M. A, attracted mostly sons of wealthy upper class businessmen. There were three levels of training at the school, Infantry, Artillery, and Cavalry, the cadets wore gray and white uniforms, modeled after those that were worn at West Point. Students with musical abilities were encouraged to join the marching band, all cadets were taught to use a.45 caliber Springfield rifle, and the academy had an 8-inch siege mortar and Gatling guns at its disposal for military drills. There were a few accidents, in 1884, a cadet drowned during an exercise in the lake. In 1889, another cadet drowned during a midnight swim, the cadets had a busy schedule, even on weekends. Rogers and his staff allowed for holiday parties and arranged dances with nearby all-girls schools, discipline was harsh and there were many athletic and extracurricular activities and the students were encouraged to participate
18.
Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Ann Arbor is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. The 2010 census recorded its population to be 113,934, the citys population was estimated at 117,070 as of July 2015 by the U. S. Census Bureau. The Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Washtenaw County, the city is also part of the larger Detroit–Ann Arbor–Flint, MI Combined Statistical Area with a population of 5,318,744. Ann Arbor was founded in 1824, named for wives of the villages founders, the University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics, Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as various student movements. Ann Arbor is home to the University of Michigan, one of the foremost research universities in the United States, the university shapes Ann Arbors economy significantly as it employs about 30,000 workers, including about 12,000 in the medical center. The citys economy is centered on high technology, with several companies drawn to the area by the universitys research and development infrastructure. In about 1774, the Potawatomi founded two villages in the area of what is now Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey. On 25 May 1824, the plat was registered with Wayne County as Annarbour. Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands of Bur Oak in the 640 acres of land purchased for $800 from the federal government at $1.25 per acre. The local Ojibwa named the settlement kaw-goosh-kaw-nick, after the sound of Allens sawmill, Ann Arbor became the seat of Washtenaw County in 1827, and was incorporated as a village in 1833. The Ann Arbor Land Company, a group of speculators, set aside 40 acres of undeveloped land and offered it to the state of Michigan as the site of the state capital, but lost the bid to Lansing. In 1837, the property was accepted instead as the site of the University of Michigan, since the universitys establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked. Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor, while the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish, and African-Americans. In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city, though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873. It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth, with new immigrants coming from Greece, Italy, Russia, Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly in milling. Ann Arbors Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, during the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Ann Arbor also became a locus for left-wing activism and anti-Vietnam War movement, during the ensuing 15 years, many countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within the city
19.
Detroit Athletic Club
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The Detroit Athletic Club is a private social club and athletic club located in the heart of Detroits theater, sports, and entertainment district. It is located across the street from Detroits historic Music Hall, the clubhouse was designed by Albert Kahn and inspired by Romes Palazzo Farnese. It maintains reciprocal agreements for their members at other clubs worldwide. It contains full-service athletic facilities, pools, restaurants, ballrooms, members include businessmen of all types as well as professional athletes. Ty Cobb is among the athletes to have been a member of the DAC, the building is visible beyond center field from Comerica Park. The Detroit Athletic Club was founded in 1887 to encourage athletic activities. He felt that the rich new titans of the automobile industry spent too much time in the Woodward Avenue pubs. He thought they needed a club commensurate with this stature, on January 4,1913, Joy and 108 other leading Detroit citizens came together to reorient the Detroit Athletic Club. Joy and his colleagues selected Detroits most accomplished architect, Albert Kahn, Kahn, in 1912, had visited Italy and was inspired by the buildings he saw there. Two of Detroits most impressive current downtown edifices—the Detroit Athletic Club, in the 1990s, the membership devoted substantial fund to a major refurbishing of the attractive building. Over the years, the Detroit Athletic Club has provided financial assistance, at the 1956 U. S. Olympic Team Trials, springboard divers Jeanne Stunyo and Mackenzie High School graduate Barbara Gilders-Dudeck were sponsored by the DAC. Stunyo and Gilders-Dudeck qualified for the Summer Olympic Games in Melbourne, at the Games, Jeanne Stunyo won the springboard diving silver medal, and Barbara Gilders-Dudeck finished in fourth place - less than one point from a bronze medal. A. Duncan Carse created paintings to decorate the Detroit Athletic Club, the paintings were covered at the club but they were on show again after a remodeling of the club in 1999. List of American gentlemens clubs 1956 Summer Olympics Sports in Detroit Hill, AIA Detroit, The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Meyer, Katherine Mattingly and Martin C. P. McElroy with Introduction by W. Hawkins Ferry, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Sobocinski, Melanie Grunow. Detroit and Rome, building on the past, regents of the University of Michigan
20.
Case Western Reserve Spartans football
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The Case Western Reserve Spartans football team is the varsity intercollegiate football team representing the Case Western Reserve University, located in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. They compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division III level and they are coached by Greg Debeljak. Home games are played at DiSanto Field, the team in its current form was created in 1970 after the federation of Western Reserve University and Case Institute of Technology. Case, originally known as Case School of Applied Science, carried the name Scientists from 1918–1939, in 1940, the mascot was changed to the Rough Riders, in honor of their head coach Ray A. Ride. Case formally updated their name in 1947 to Case Institute of Technology. Western Reserve originally used the mascot Pioneers from 1921–1927, until being forced to change by Marietta College, the famous Red Cats mascot was then used beginning in 1928. Upon the merger of the two schools, the Spartans name was adopted in 1970, as the team is now presently known, Western Reserve played its first season in 1890 and Case began the following year in 1891. Physically bordering each other, the two became instant rivals. From 1894–1953, the game was played mostly on Thanksgiving Day. Due to high civic interest and large crowds, the games were held at larger Cleveland city venues, such as League Park. Western Reserve led the all-time series 49–20–5, in 1892, Western Reserve declined Clevelander John Heismans offer to be their head coach, and then ironically faced him and his Oberlin Yeomen during the season opener, getting destroyed 38–8. Western Reserve would have their two years later in 1894, finally defeating Heisman while at home in Cleveland, ending the season with a 7–0 undefeated record. In fact, the team outscored opponents a combined 232–8, only Oberlin and Ohio State scored on Western Reserve that year. The 1902 team scored the first touchdown against Michigans legendary coach Fielding H. Yost, in fact, the headline in the Detroit Free Press referred not to Michigans victory but instead read, MICHIGANS GOAL LINE CROSSED. Western Reserve emerged to win titles in both 1907 and 1908, and again in 1915. Western Reserve is the only Ohio team with a record, 6–5–1, against the Ohio State Buckeyes. Ohio State Universitys only death of a player from game-related injuries, team captain John Sigrist, Case Tech holds a 10–11–2 all-time record against the Ohio State Buckeyes, with Coach Joe Fogg posting a perfect 4–0 record during his tenure. Famed Notre Dame coach, Knute Rockne, made his coaching debut on September 28,1918 against Case held at University Circles Van Horn Field
21.
Oberlin Yeomen football
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The Oberlin Yeomen football program represents Oberlin College in college football at the NCAA Division III level. After initially helping form the Ohio Athletic Conference in 1902, Oberlin is now part of the North Coast Athletic Conference, the College plays its home games in the Austin E. Knowlton Athletics Complex, built in 2014. The name Yeomen arose in the early 1900s as a result of blending the former team moniker with the official motto. Early on in the program, football players and other athletes were known simply as Oberlin Men or O Men. Eventually, as the department became more cohesive, the Yeomen mascot was adopted, drawing on the phonetic sound of O Men. Oberlin was the first school coached by the legendary John W. Heisman and he coached the teams in 1892 and 94, the second and fourth seasons that football was a varsity sport at the college. The faculty had not approved football as a prior to 1891. Heisman was a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania where he starred as an end in football, in those days football was quite popular in the East and was just beginning to take root in the Midwest. The hiring of Heisman enabled Oberlin to become one of the teams in the Midwest. Heisman became known as the pioneer in developing the game of football into what it is today with formation shifts, centering the ball. His contribution to Oberlin was in proving that an intelligent coach was a part of the sport. The Heisman name is famous today than back in 1892. As a result, Oberlin named their athletics booster club after Heisman, on a cold Saturday afternoon in November 1892, Oberlins team took the field in Ann Arbor against a heavily favored Michigan squad which had trounced them handily the year before. The teams fastest running back was Charles Savage, who a few years later would become Oberlins director of athletics and, like Heisman, the game in Ann Arbor was close all the way. The team captains agreed on a second half, to end at 4,50 p. m. so Oberlin could catch the last train home. With less than two minutes remaining, Michigan drove to the 5-yard line before Oberlin stopped them and took over on downs, two plays later Oberlin made its final touchdown. Score, Oberlin 24, Michigan 22, with less than a minute to go. As Michigan launched its last drive, the announced that 4,50 p. m. had arrived, time had expired
22.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
23.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
24.
Little Brown Jug (college football trophy)
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The Little Brown Jug is an earthenware jug that serves as a trophy awarded to the winner of the game. It is one of the oldest and most played rivalries in American college football, both universities are founding members of the Big Ten Conference. As a result of the Big Ten not playing a complete schedule, Michigan. In 2011, with the initiation of divisional play, Michigan. However, when the conference expanded again three years later, the teams were split into opposite divisions. The conference stated there will be only one protected crossover matchup under the new alignment, Indiana vs. Purdue for the Old Oaken Bucket, Michigan is the current holder of the jug with a 29–26 victory on October 31,2015. Through the end of the 2015 season, Michigan leads the series, the teams met for the first time in 1892 in Minneapolis, with Minnesota prevailing 14–6. Michigan and Minnesota played five games over the next decade. The earthenware jug, originally used by Michigan coach Fielding H. Yost, is painted with the victories of each team, the name most likely originates in the 1869 song of the same name by Joseph Winner. After Yost took over coaching the Wolverines in 1901, the team went on to win 28 straight games, in the meantime, Minnesota assembled one of the best teams in school history, so Gopher fans were excited about possibly ending the Wolverines streak. When Yost and the team came into Minneapolis for the 1903 game, Yost was somewhat concerned that Gopher fans might contaminate his water supply. Roberts purchased a five-gallon jug for 30¢ from a variety store. Twenty thousand fans watched the matchup between the two teams in an overflowing Northrop Field, Minnesota held the fabled point-a-minute squad to just one touchdown, but hadnt yet managed to score a touchdown of their own. Finally, late in the half, the Gophers reached the endzone to tie the game at 6. As clouds from an impending storm hung overhead, pandemonium struck when Minnesota fans stormed the field in celebration, eventually the game had to be called with two minutes remaining. The Wolverines walked off the field, leaving the jug behind in the room of the University of Minnesota Armory. The next day custodian Oscar Munson brought the jug to L. J. Cooke, head of the Minnesota athletics department, exactly how Munson came to possess the jug is a bit of a mystery. Some accounts say that Munson purposely stole the jug in the chaos that ended the game, Thomas Roberts, writing in 1956, stated that the jug had served its purpose, so he intentionally left it sitting on the field
25.
Stagg Field
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Amos Alonzo Stagg Field is the name of two different football fields for the University of Chicago. The earliest Stagg Field is probably best remembered for its role in a scientific achievement by Enrico Fermi during the Manhattan Project. The site of the first artificial nuclear reaction received designation as a National Historic Landmark on February 18,1965. On October 15,1966, which is the day that the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 was enacted creating the National Register of Historic Places, the site was named a Chicago Landmark on October 27,1971. A Henry Moore sculpture, Nuclear Energy, in a small quadrangle commemorates the location of the nuclear experiment, the Universitys current Stagg Field is located a few blocks away and reuses one of the original gates. Chicago Pile-1, the worlds first artificial nuclear reactor, was built under the west stands of Stagg Field, the first man-made self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction occurred on December 2,1942. The first Stagg Field was a stadium at the University of Chicago in Chicago and it was primarily used for college football games, and was the home field of the Maroons. Stagg Field originally opened in 1893 as Marshall Field, named after Marshall Field who donated land to the university to build the stadium, in 1913, the field was renamed Stagg Field after their famous coach Amos Alonzo Stagg. The final capacity, after several expansions, was 50,000. The University of Chicago discontinued its program after 1939 and left the Big Ten Conference in 1946. The stadium was demolished in 1957, and much of the site was re-utilized as the site of Regenstein Library. In addition to Maroons football, the stadium hosted other events. These include the 1936 US Olympic Trials for Track and Field held June 19–20,1936 and the NCAA Mens Track and Field Championships in 1921,1922,1923,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933, Northwestern also played a number home games at Stagg Field. At the turn of the 20th century, Northwestern was unable to handle large crowds, so they hosted then-powerhouse Minnesota at Marshall Field for a 1901 game, in 1925 Northwestern again was unable to accommodate large crowds, and as a result played two games at Stagg Field. The first was a win over Michigan. The second was an October 24 game against Tulane that had originally scheduled to be played at Soldier Field instead. Tulane won the game at Stagg Field 18-7, the University of Michigan fight song The Victors was written by Michigan music student Louis Elbel in 1898, following a 12-11 Michigan victory over the University of Chicago at Stagg Field. The current Stagg Field is a field located several blocks to the northwest that preserves the Stagg Field name
26.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
27.
Orchard Lake Village, Michigan
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Orchard Lake Village is a city in Oakland County in the U. S. state of Michigan and a small, exclusive suburb of Detroit. The population was 2,215 at the 2010 census, the city is mostly surrounded by West Bloomfield. It also shares a border with Keego Harbor, to the east, about 43 percent of the City of Orchard Lake Village is occupied by lakes and ponds. Orchard Lake Village is home to St. Marys Preparatory and SS, cyril and Methodius Seminary, in addition to the Orchard Lake Country Club and Pine Lake Country Club. It was also the home of the Michigan Military Academy, now Orchard Lake St. Marys Preparatory, Orchard Lake Village is consistently ranked as the most affluent town in Michigan with a median household income of $153,289. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.12 square miles. Orchard Lake, Cass Lake, and Upper Straits Lake are all within or partially within the city limits, Orchard Lake Village surrounds Orchard Lake, the third-largest lake in Oakland County. The city is surrounded by West Bloomfield Township, except for the northeast which abuts Keego Harbor, as of the census of 2010, there were 2,375 people,802 households, and 665 families residing in the city. The population density was 973.4 inhabitants per square mile, there were 869 housing units at an average density of 356.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 83. 9% White,6. 4% African American,7. 4% Asian,0. 2% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 1% of the population. 14. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.08. The median age in the city was 46.9 years. 23. 2% of residents were under the age of 18,7. 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24,16. 1% were from 25 to 44,35. 7% were from 45 to 64, and 17. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53. 6% male and 46. 4% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,215 people,750 households, and 648 families residing in the city. The population density was 855.7 per square mile, there were 805 housing units at an average density of 311.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 91. 87% White,3. 84% African American,0. 14% Native American,2. 66% Asian,0. 09% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 90% of the population. 9. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 2. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.95 and the average family size was 3.18. In the city, the population was out with 26. 9% under the age of 18,6. 0% from 18 to 24,21. 7% from 25 to 44,34. 4% from 45 to 64
28.
John W. Hollister
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John Willis Hollister was an American football player and coach. He served as the football coach at Beloit College from 1894 to 1895 and again from 1898 to 1903, at the University of Mississippi in 1896. Hollister attended Middlebury College from 1889 to 1890 and received a bachelor of degree from Williams College in 1893. At Williams, he played football and baseball and received praise as an all-around athlete. He subsequently attended the Law Department of the University of Michigan from 1893 to 1896, while attending law school, Hollister played halfback for the 1893 and 1895 Michigan Wolverines football teams. In the fall of 1894, Hollister took time off from his studies to accept a position as physical director. The subsequent appointment of John Hollister as the first physical training instructor, after serving the 1894–95 academic year at Beloit, Hollister returned to the University of Michigan to complete his legal education, receiving an Ll. B. degree in 1896. After completing his studies, Hollister became the head football coach at the University of Mississippi in 1896. In November 1897, Hollister married Margaret Hayden Reustle and they had a daughter, Margaret, in 1904. In 1898, Hollister returned to coaching, serving as the football coach and he also served as the head football coach at Morningside College in Iowa from 1908 to 1910. Hollister compiled a career college record of 50–39–10. Hollister later worked as an executive in Chicago. At the time of the 1920 Census, Hollister was listed as a resident of Chicago with a wife and a daughter, and he died on March 8,1950 in Chicago. John W. Hollister at the College Football Data Warehouse
29.
George Greenleaf
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George Franklin Greenleaf, Jr. was an American football player and medical doctor. A native of Brazil, Indiana, Greenleaf was the son of George F. Greenleaf, Sr. and he played college football at the University of Michigan and was the quarterback of the 1893 and 1894 Michigan Wolverines football teams. He played at the end position on the 1895 and 1896 teams and he graduated from Michigans Department of Medicine and Surgery, and became a medical doctor practicing in Indiana and Illinois. In 1899, he was the coach of the Miami University football team. In February 1914, he married Estella Fuquay at Evansville, Indiana, in his later years, he practiced medicine at 561 Diversity Parkway and lived at 2745 Pine Grove Avenue in Chicago. In May 1936, he died of hypertension and cerebral hemorrhage at his Chicago apartment
30.
Bert Carr
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Bert Mather Carr was an American football player. He played college football at the guard and center positions for Adrian College in 1890, in September 1896, the Chicago Daily Tribune called him the best center in the West. In 1902, he was selected as the greatest guard in the history of the Michigan football program and he later worked as a medical doctor in Cedar Springs, Michigan. Carr was born in New York in approximately 1870 and he moved to Kent County, Michigan, as a boy. At the time of the 1880 United States Census, he was living in Cedar Springs, Michigan with his parents, Jesse A. Carr, a New York native, and Ester Carr, Carr began his college education as a freshman at Albion College in 1890. While attending Albion, he played at the guard position on the varsity football team in 1890. He played on the 1890 team that lost to the University of Michigan by a score of 16–0, Carr later enrolled at the University of Michigan where he was a student in the Department of Medicine from 1893 to 1897. He was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity, while attending the University of Michigan, he played college football for the Michigan Wolverines football team from 1894 to 1896. During Carrs three years with the team, the Wolverines compiled a record of 26–3–1, the 1895 team compiled an 8–1 record, won seven of their games by shutouts, and outscored their opponents by a combined score of 266 to 14. In September 1896, the Chicago Daily Tribune wrote, Bert Carr, Carr is a large, powerful man, a hard worker, and an invaluable man to the team. In January 1897, new rules were adopted limited players to four years of college football, Carr was the one player on the Michigan team to be debarred as a result of the rule change. Having already played four years of varsity football at Michigan, and having played even earlier at Albion. May 1897, Carr was hired as one of three new coaches for the 1897 football team, Gustave Ferbert as head coach and Carr and he instead completed his medical education in Chicago during the 1897–1898 academic year. He attended the University of Illinois College of Physicians and Surgeons and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine, in 1902, he was selected as the greatest guard in Michigan history and a member of Michigans all-time football team. His broad shoulders and powerful frame were the admiration of the teams supporters and his playing was steady and consistent, and I should give him first place among Michigans guards. Carr could always be counted on for the best that was in him, after completing his medical studies, Carr returned to his hometown of Cedar Springs where he established a medical practice. At the time of the 1910 United States Census, Carr was living with his father, Jesse A. Carr, on the farm in Nelson Township. At the time of the 1930 United States Census, Carr was living in Cedar Springs and was listed as having no employment, in April 1930, he died at St. Marys Hospital in Grand Rapids, Michigan
31.
J. De Forest Richards
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J. De Forest Richards was an American football player and banker. He was the son of the fifth Governor of Wyoming and played football at the University of Michigan from 1894 to 1897. He later had a career as a banker in Douglas, Wyoming, Omaha, Nebraska, Richards was born in 1874 in Camden, Alabama. He was the son of De Forest Richards. His father was a New Hampshire native who moved to Alabama in the Reconstruction era, serving as the sheriff of Wilcox County, Alabama, branded as a carpetbagger, his father moved to Nebraska when Richards was 12 years old. Richards attended public school in Nebraska for two years before being sent to the St. Pauls School in Concord, New Hampshire. After graduating from the St. Pauls School in 1892, Richards moved to Casper, Wyoming, in 1894, Richards enrolled at the University of Michigan. While at Michigan, he played college football and he was a halfback for the 1894 Michigan Wolverines football team and a quarterback for the 1895,1896 and 1897 teams. He finished his education at Michigan in 1898 and returned to Wyoming where he became an assistant cashier at the First National Bank of Douglas in Douglas, in 1898, his father was elected Governor of Wyoming and served in that office until his death in April 1903. Richards was elected president of the First National Bank of Douglas in January 1901. In 1909, Richards moved from Douglas, Wyoming, to Omaha, Nebraska, in 1918, he moved to Chicago, Illinois, where he became involved in the manufacture of gas engines. In 1925, Richards joined the National Boulevard Bank in Chicago and he became president of the bank in 1931 and was credited with increasing its resources and services. In September 1949, Richards died after an illness in Chicago. He was survived by his wife, Gertrude Richards, and was buried at the Rosehill Cemetery
32.
Touchdown
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A touchdown is a means of scoring in both American and Canadian football. Whether running, passing, returning a kickoff or punt, or recovering a turnover, to score a touchdown, one team must take the football into the opposite end zone. The touchdown is scored the instant the ball crosses the plane of the line while in possession of a player whose team is trying to score in that end zone. The play is dead and the scores the moment the ball crosses the goal line in possession of a player. The slightest part of the ball being over the line is sufficient for a touchdown to score. However, only the ball counts, not a players helmet, foot, touching one of the pylons at either end of the goal line with the ball constitutes breaking the plane as well. Touchdowns are usually scored by the offense by running or passing the ball, however, the defense can also score a touchdown if they have recovered a fumble or made an interception and return it to the opposing end zone. Special teams can score a touchdown on a kickoff or punt return, in short, any play in which a player legally carries the ball across the goal line scores a touchdown, and the manner in which he gained possession is inconsequential. A touchdown is worth six points, the scoring team is also awarded the opportunity for an extra point or a two-point conversion. Afterwards, the team scored the touchdown kicks off to the opposing team. This rule was changed to the iteration in 1889. If the teammate could fair catch the ball, he could follow with a try for goal from the spot of the catch, the governing rule at the time read, A match shall be decided by a majority of touchdowns. A goal shall be equal to four touchdowns, but in the case of a tie, in 1881, the rules were modified so that a goal kicked from a touchdown took precedence over a goal kicked from the field in breaking ties. In 1882, four touchdowns were determined to take precedence over a goal kicked from the field, two safeties were equivalent to a touchdown. In 1883, points were introduced to football, and a touchdown counted as four points, a goal after a touchdown also counted as four points. In 1889, the provision requiring the ball to actually be touched to the ground was removed, a touchdown was now scored by possessing the ball beyond the goal line. In 1897, the touchdown scored five points, and the goal after touchdown added another point, in 1900, the definition of touchdown was changed to include situations where the ball becomes dead on or above the goal line. In 1912, the value of a touchdown was increased to six points, the end zone was also added
33.
Quarterback
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A quarterback is a position in American and Canadian football. Quarterbacks are members of the team and line up directly behind the offensive line. In modern American football, the quarterback is considered the leader of the offensive team. In modern American football, the quarterback is usually the leader of the offense, the quarterback touches the ball on almost every offensive play, and his successes and failures can have a significant impact on the fortunes of his team. Accordingly, the quarterback is among the most glorified and scrutinized positions in team sports, prior to each play, the quarterback will usually tell the rest of his team which play the team will run. After the team is lined up, the center will pass the ball back to the quarterback, usually on a running play, the quarterback will then hand or pitch the ball backwards to a half back or full back. On a passing play, the quarterback is almost always the responsible for trying to throw the ball downfield to an eligible receiver downfield. Depending on the scheme by his team, the quarterbacks role can vary. While quarterbacks in Canadian football need to be able to throw the ball often, in the NFL, quarterbacks are required to wear a uniform number between 1 and 19. In the CFL, the quarterback can wear any number from 0 to 49 and 70 to 99. Because of their numbering, quarterbacks are eligible receivers in the NCAA, NFHS, after a Super Bowl victory, the starting quarterback is the first player to be presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The starting quarterback of the victorious Super Bowl team is chosen for the Im going to Disney World. Campaign, whether they are the Super Bowl MVP or not, examples include Joe Montana, Trent Dilfer, Dilfer was chosen even though teammate Ray Lewis was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXV, due to the bad publicity from Lewis murder trial the prior year. In addition to their role, quarterbacks are occasionally used in other roles. Most teams utilize a backup quarterback as their holder on placekicks, in the Wildcat, a formation where a halfback lines up behind the center and the quarterback lines up out wide, the quarterback can be used as a receiving target or a blocker. A more rare use for a quarterback is to punt the ball himself, Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway was known to perform quick kicks occasionally, typically when the Broncos were facing a third-and-long situation. As Roger Staubachs back-up, Dallas Cowboys quarterback Danny White was also the teams punter, ascending the starting role upon Staubachs retirement, White held his position as the teams punter for several seasons—a double duty he performed to All-American standard at Arizona State University. White also had two touchdown receptions as a Dallas Cowboy, both from the halfback option, if quarterbacks are uncomfortable with the formation the defense is using, they may call an audible change to their play
34.
Tackle (gridiron football position)
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Tackle is a playing position in American and Canadian football. Historically, in the one-platoon system prevalent in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the modern system of specialized units, offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions, the offensive tackle is a position on the offensive line, left and right. The term tackle is a vestige of an era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense. A tackle is the position on the offensive line. They power their blocks with quick steps and maneuverability, the tackles are mostly in charge of the outside protection. If the tight end goes out for a pass, the tackle must cover everyone that his guard does not, usually they defend against defensive ends. In the NFL, offensive tackles often measure over 6 ft 4 in and 300 lb, the Wonderlic is taken before the draft to assess each players aptitude for learning and problem solving, a score of 26 is estimated to correspond with an IQ of 112. The right tackle is usually the teams best run blocker, most running plays are towards the strong side of the offensive line. Consequently, the tackle will face the defending teams best run stoppers. He must be able to gain traction in his blocks so that the back can find a hole to run through. The left tackle is usually the teams best pass blocker, of the two tackles, the left tackles will often have better footwork and agility than the right tackle in order to counteract the pass rush of defensive ends. When a quarterback throws a pass, the quarterbacks shoulders are aligned roughly perpendicular to the line of scrimmage. Right-handed quarterbacks, the majority of players in the position, thus turn their backs to defenders coming from the left side, creating a vulnerable blind side that the left tackle must protect. A2006 book by Michael Lewis, The Blind Side, Evolution of a Game, made into a 2009 motion picture, the book and the films introduction discuss how the annual salary of left tackles in the NFL skyrocketed in the mid-90s. Recent examples include Eric Fisher, Luke Joeckel, Lane Johnson, Matt Kalil, Trent Williams, Jake Long, and Joe Thomas
35.
Fullback (gridiron football)
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A fullback is a position in the offensive backfield in American and Canadian football, and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback. Examples of players who have excelled at the hybrid running-blocking-pass catching role include Mike Alstott, in the days before two platoons, the fullback was usually the teams punter and drop kicker. In modern play, the fullback is a misnomer. Before the emergence of the T-formation in the 1940s, most teams used four offensive backs on every play, a quarterback, two halfbacks, and a fullback. The quarterback began each play a quarter of the way back, the halfbacks began each play side by side and halfway back, and the fullback began each play the farthest back. In the modern game, when the quarterback is under center, fullbacks are typically known less for speed and agility and more for muscularity and the ability to shed tackles. In the modern NFL, fullbacks, while deployed as ball carriers, are often primarily a lead blocker to allow running backs to get to the secondary of the opposing teams defense. In the early 2000s, many NFL teams used blocking fullbacks, such as Tony Richardson and Lorenzo Neal and these backs cleared the way for some of the decades great running backs. There are still fullbacks who remaining prominent in the NFL, among them Aaron Ripkowski, Jamize Olawale, James Develin, John Kuhn, Patrick DiMarco, Mike Tolbert, Kyle Juszczyk, and Marcel Reece. However, in spite of their usually infrequent carries in modern NFL offenses, notably LeRon McClain was the rushing leader for the Baltimore Ravens in 2008 and Tony Richardson led the Kansas City Chiefs in rushing in 2000. Giants running back Peyton Hillis started his NFL career as a fullback before being reverted into a halfback, although technically a running back, typically fullbacks are primarily valued for their blocking in most modern day offenses. The most common and simple runs, the Dive and the Blast, in the flexbone formation, however, the fullback can often be used as the primary rushing threat. In many other schemes, the fullback is used as a receiver. In selected plays, some teams will have a defensive lineman report as a receiver to line up as a fullback or tight end in a Miami package in goalline formation. Defensive Tackle William The Refrigerator Perry scored a touchdown in Super Bowl XX from the fullback position, most teams in the NFL do not have a substitute fullback, though there are exceptions. The role can be filled by backup or number three or four tight ends or bigger and less-frequently-used running backs. In modern offenses, fullbacks in an I-formation can be motioned into a 2-TE formation or H-back formation, the position is less frequently used in Canadian football, which focuses more on passing than running the ball
36.
Conversion (gridiron football)
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Attempts at a try or convert are scrimmage plays, with the ball initially placed at any point between the hash marks, at the option of the team making the attempt. The yard line that attempts are made from depends on the league, if the try or convert is scored by kicking the ball through the uprights, the team gets an additional one point for their touchdown, bringing their total for that score from six points to seven. If two points are needed or desired, a two-point conversion may be attempted by running or passing from scrimmage, a successful touchdown conversion brings the scores total to eight. Exceptions, including cases where the forces a turnover during a conversion attempt. One thing that sets the try apart from other plays in the NFL is that, apart from the actual points, ordinary statistics are not recorded on the try as they would be on a regular scrimmage play. For example, on December 4,2016, Eric Berry of the Kansas City Chiefs made an interception on a try, however, because it occurred on a try, Berry did not get statistical credit for the 99 yards of return yardage. Nor would a player ever be credited with passing, rushing, the try/convert is among the oldest parts of the game of gridiron football and dates to its rugby roots. The related term conversion is used in both rugby union and rugby league to refer to extra points scored by kicking the ball through the posts after a try has been scored. By the start of the 20th century, touchdowns had become more important, by this time the point value for the after-touchdown kick had reduced to its current one-point value while the touchdown was now worth five. Although a successful kick is worth one point, missed or blocked attempts can decide the outcome of the game. On November 11,1979, the New York Jets lost to the Buffalo Bills 14-12 – the difference coming from two missed extra points by place kicker Toni Linhart. Linhart, who had been cut earlier in the 1979 season by the Baltimore Colts and was signed by the Jets to fill in for the injured Pat Leahy, never played another game in the NFL. In the 2016 AFC Championship Game, New England Patriots placekicker Stephen Gostkowski missed a point in the first quarter. The Patriots were forced to go for two when they scored a late in the fourth quarter. The two-point try was intercepted, putting the Broncos in Super Bowl 50 with a 20–18 victory, in American high school football, the play is over once the ball becomes dead or the defense takes possession. In many other levels of football, including the CFL, NFL, and American college football and this allows the defense to return the ball to the opponents end zone for two points and also allows for a one-point safety. Two states, Texas and Massachusetts, play high school football under NCAA rules, in American high school and college football, the line of scrimmage is the three-yard line. In Canadian football, the runs during a conversion attempt except during the last three minutes of each half
37.
Halfback (American football)
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A halfback is an offensive position in American football, whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays, i. e. a running back. The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field, sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver. Occasionally, they line up as wide receivers. When not running or catching the ball, the responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking. Before the emergence of the T-formation in the 1940s, all members of the backfield were legitimate threats to run or pass the ball. Most teams used four offensive backs on every play, a quarterback, the quarterback began each play a quarter of the way back, the halfbacks began each play side by side and halfway back, and the fullback began each play the farthest back. Historically, from the 1870s through the 1950s, the position was both an offensive and defensive position. There has also been a shift in most offense’s dependence on halfbacks, however, the average output of the halfback has not changed. Older systems require the halfback be proficient at throwing the ball downfield as well, many of the “scat backs” in the modern era produce more total yards and touchdowns than their ancestor “power backs” by breaking off big plays on outside runs and receptions. The spread offense and the hurry-up offense change the halfback’s role, the spread, the hurry-up, and the pro-style offenses dominate American football but the “smash-mouth” style of play is far from extinct. A power-running scheme is often utilized to counter an effective Spread attack, as it allows a team to control the clock and this strategy is utilized in NFL, college, and all other forms of American football. The need for “power backs is very prevalent, alongside the need for “scat backs”, in the past few decades the role of the halfback has gone through a great shift as most offensive game plans are now fueled by creativity and finesse instead of raw force. Stamina and durability is more important than ever in the hurry-up offense, on the other hand, speed is often valued over strength, and pass-catching ability is sometimes valued over blocking proficiency. Power was once the most desired trait in a halfback, but has been taken by the need for a diverse skill set. In the last few decades the running back’s individual share of output has declined as quarterbacks are generally treated as the cornerstone of the offense. The demands of an up-tempo offense also favor a multiple running back system, from the dawn of American football through the 1880s most offensive schemes focused on the running game. In a running based game plan the halfback was typically the cornerstone of the offense and this system focused on a physical run attack concentrated in the inside of the field, and therefore depended on a skilled “power back”. There were no forward passes, and pure speed took a backseat to tackle-breaking and bucking ability, there was a focus on physicality over finesse, as this type of playing style earned the moniker of “smash mouth” football
38.
Cornell Big Red football
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It is one of the oldest and most storied football programs in the nation. The team has attained five national championships and has had seven players inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, in 1869, the first intramural football on the Cornell campus took place, although it did not resemble the modern sport and there were 40 players per side. In 1874, the university president and founder, Andrew Dickson White, disallowed a team of Cornell students from traveling to Cleveland, White said, I refuse to let 40 of our boys travel 400 miles merely to agitate a bag of wind. On November 12,1887, Cornell played its first intercollegiate game against Union College, the following year, the Cornellians record their first win by beating Palmyra, 26–0, and went on to finish the season with a 4–2 record. In 1889, Cornell played the University of Michigan in Buffalo, NY, in 1892, Glenn Pop Warner first played the game and the Cornellians finished the season having posted a 10–1 mark under Father of Cornell football Carl Johanson. Two years later Warner rose to become the team captain, after college, Warner began his coaching career and returned to Cornell in 1897. That year, he led the team to a 5–3–1 record, the following season, Cornell compiled a 10–2 record. Warner then moved on to coach the Carlisle Indians football team, in 1901, under first-year coach Ray Starbuck, the Cornellians outscored their opponents 324–38 and won 11 games for the only time in school history. Pop Warner returned as coach from 1904 to 1906, during which time his teams posted a 21–8 record. Cornell began playing Ivy League rival Penn in 1893 and they have played 122 times since, in every year except 1918, making this game the 5th most played college football contest in the nation. In 1915, Cornell won all nine of its games and they handed Harvard their first loss in 50 consecutive games, 10–0. Gil Dobie took over as coach in 1920. In his first season, the Cornellians posted a 6–2 record, Cornell was awarded the national championship for each of those three seasons by at least one selector. In those seasons, Cornell outscored its opponents,1,051 points to 71, Cornell defeated Penn State, 21–6, in 1938 to begin a school record unbeaten streak of 16 games. The Big Red compiled an 8–0 record in 1939 for its national championship. The possibility of a Rose Bowl invitation that season was rebuffed by the university administration, the unbeaten streak came to an end in 1940 with the infamous Fifth Down Game. After the game, Cornell voluntarily forfeited to Dartmouth when review of film showed the Big Red had inadvertently used five downs, the ESPN College Football Encyclopedia named the game, and Cornells honorable concession, the second greatest moment in college football history. In 1951, Cornell beat defending Big Ten and Rose Bowl champion Michigan, between 1969 and 1971, running back Ed Marinaro broke numerous NCAA records with a career total of 1,881 yards and 24 touchdowns
39.
End (gridiron football)
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An end in American and Canadian football is a player who lines up at either end of the line of scrimmage, usually beside the tackles. Rules state that an offensive formation must always consist of seven players on the line of scrimmage. The position was used in this sense until roughly the 1960s, on offense, an end who lines up close to the other linemen is known as a tight end and is the only lineman who aside from blocking can run or catch passes. One who lines up some distance from the line is known as a split end. In recent years and the proliferation of the pass, the generic term wide receiver has come to define both split ends and flankers. The terms “split end” and “flanker” are often ditched today for terms like X and Z receivers, bill Carpenter was the first Lonesome end. On defense, there is a commonly used position called the defensive end and its primary role is to rush the passer, as well as to stop offensive runs to the outer edges of the line of scrimmage. However, as there are no rules regulating the formation of the defense, players at this position commonly take on, don Hutson of the Alabama Crimson Tide and the Green Bay Packers was one of the sports greatest. The self described other end opposite Hutson in college at Alabama was legendary coach Bear Bryant, gaynell Tinsley was another prominent of Hutsons time. Amos Alonzo Stagg of Yale and Arthur Cumnock of Harvard were ends on the first All-America team, Stagg went on to a hall of fame coaching career, some called Cumnock the greatest Harvard player of all time. Mike Ditka and Ron Sellers were some of the last to play the position in college, glossary of American football History of American football positions Tight end Defensive end Wide receiver
40.
Lake Forest College
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Lake Forest College is a four-year coeducational private liberal arts college in Lake Forest, Illinois, on Chicagos North Shore. Founded in 1857 as Lind University by Presbyterian ministers, the college has been coeducational since 1876, Lake Forest enrolls approximately 1,600 students representing 47 states and 81 countries. The majority of live on the colleges wooded 107-acre campus. Lake Forest is affiliated with the Associated Colleges of the Midwest, the college has 19 varsity teams, which compete in the NCAA Division III Midwest Conference. Lake Forest College was founded in 1857 by Reverend Robert W. Patterson as a Presbyterian alternative to the Methodist Northwestern University in Evanston and it was originally named Lind University after Sylvester Lind, who had given $80,000 to launch the school. They hired St. Louis landscape architect Almerin Hotchkiss to design the town of Lake Forest with a university park at its center, Hotchkiss used the areas wooded ravines and forest as guidelines to plat a park-like, curvilinear layout for the town. Lake Forest Academy, a preparatory school and the first project of the university, began offering classes in 1858. By the mid-1860s, a small New England-style village had been established with an academy building, the school had a medical college from 1859–1863, which later split off and eventually became part of Northwestern University, now known as the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. In 1865, the name became Lake Forest University, in 1869 Ferry Hall, a girls preparatory school and junior college, opened as a division of the university. It later merged with Lake Forest Academy in 1974, in 1876 Mary Eveline Smith Farwell started Lake Forest College, a coeducational division of the university, under the leadership of the Reverend Patterson. In 1878, College Hall was built following a fire destroyed the former hotel being used for classes. The Reverend James Gore King McClure arrived in Lake Forest in 1881 as the pastor of the Presbyterian Church, during this time, the colleges theater group, the Garrick Players, the yearbook, and student newspaper, The Stentor, were all formed. In 1890 Lake Forest established a relationship with the Chicago College of Dental Surgery, Chicagos first dental school, the Lake Forest School of Music opened as a division of the university in 1916, incorporating and extending the courses in music hitherto given in other departments. A summer school of architecture was instituted in 1916. By 1925, Lake Forest College split from Lake Forest Academy, following World War II, the college experienced further growth, taking control of what is now South Campus and constructing the Alumni Memorial Fieldhouse. In 1960, William Graham Cole, from Williams College, took over as president and brought with him Eastern faculty and students, during his time as president, in 1965, the schools name was officially changed to Lake Forest College. In March 2010, the college received $7 million from alumna Grace Groner, the teaching faculty consists of 178 members. Lake Forest has a ratio of 13,1
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