1.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
2.
British and Irish Lions
–
The British and Irish Lions is a rugby union team selected from players eligible for any of the Home Nations – the national sides of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The Lions are a Test side, and generally select international players, the side tours every four years, with these rotating among Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The 2009 Test series was lost 2–1 to South Africa, while the 2013 Test series was won 2–1 over Australia, from 1888 onwards combined rugby sides from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland toured the Southern Hemisphere. The first tour was a venture, and was undertaken without official backing. The six subsequent visits enjoyed a degree of support from the authorities, before the 1910 South Africa tour. In 1949 the four Home Unions formally created a Tours Committee and for the first time, the 1950s tours saw high win rates in provincial games, but the Test series were typically lost or drawn. The winning series in 1971 and 1974 changed this pattern, the last tour of the amateur age took place in 1993. The multi-nation team that is named the British and Irish Lions first came into existence in 1888 as the Shaw & Shrewsbury Team. It was then primarily English in composition but also contained players from Scotland, later the name British Isles became associated with the team. When the team first emerged in the century, it represented the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The team continued to exist after the Irish war of independence and civil war, from the 2001 tour of Australia, the official name British and Irish Lions has been used. The team is referred to simply as the Lions. As the Lions represent two states, they do not have a national anthem. For more than half a century, the Lions have been synonymous with the red jersey that sports the amalgamated crests of the four unions, however, prior to 1950 the strip went through a number of significantly different formats. In 1888, the promoter of the first expedition to Australia and New Zealand, Arthur Shrewsbury, demanded something that would be good material, the result was a jersey in thick red, white and blue hoops, worn above white shorts and dark socks. The tours to South Africa in 1891 and 1896 retained the red, white and blue theme but this time as red and white hooped jerseys and dark blue shorts and socks. The 1899 trip to Australia saw a reversion to red, white and blue jerseys, but with the used in thick hoops. The shorts remained blue, as did the socks although a white flash was added to the latter, in 1903, the South Africa tour followed on from the 1896 tour, with red and white hooped jerseys
3.
J. F. Byrne
–
James Frederick Byrne was English sportsman who captained Warwickshire at first-class cricket and was capped in rugby for both England and the British and Irish Lions. Byrne made a century on debut, in his maiden first-class innings, a hard-hitting batsman, Byrne was captain of Warwickshire from 1903 to 1907 and it was during this time that he had most success with the ball. He took 31 wickets at 24.54 in 1904 and 22 wickets at 28.95 in 1905. Earlier, in 1902, Byrne had the distinction of claiming the wicket of W. G. Grace twice in one match, Byrne represented the Gentlemen cricket team in a 1905 fixture of the Gentlemen v Players matches. He scored 24 and 10 in his two innings, dismissed by John Gunn on both occasions and he made his highest score of 222 when he opened the batting with Sep Kinneir, against Lancashire at Edgbaston. Kinnear scored a century as well and the put on a club record 333. Warwickshire broke through for their inaugural County Championship in 1911 and Byrne was a member of their squad that year and his contribution came in a match against Hampshire, as captain no less, scoring 64 in his only innings as Warwickshire won by an innings and 296 runs. His appearances for Warwickshire had been sporadic since 1907 with only one match in 1908, none in 1909. The Hampshire fixture was the second last of his career and he played his match in 1912. A full-back, Byrne played his rugby with Moseley, whom he captained. He had a pair of hands, considerable pace, could punt the ball long as was solid in defence. Often used as a place-kicker, Byrne was able to put the ball through the posts from the mark of the ground. Byrne appeared in 17 Test matches,13 of them for England and his first cap was awarded in 1894 and his last in 1899, by which time he had accumulated 36 Test points. He took part in the 1896 British Lions tour to South Africa, the squad was dominated by Irish players and Byrne was the only England international. He scored 127 points all up and became the first player to top 100 points in a tour of South Africa and this record wasnt broken until the All-Blacks visited South Africa in 1960, by Don Clarke, who was incidentally also a first-class cricketer. Byrne was Englands captain in the 1898 Home Nations Championship, which included a draw against Scotland, byrnes great granddaughter Lavinia, is a noted former Roman Catholic nun. Once his playing days were over, Byrne remained involved in sport as a member of both Warwickshire and Moseleys committees, Byrne, who fought in the Second Boer War, died in 1954, at the age of 82
4.
1891 British Lions tour to South Africa
–
The 1891 British Isles tour to South Africa was the first British Isles rugby union tour of South Africa and only the second overseas tour conducted by a joint British team. Between 9 July and 7 September, the team played 20 games, the British Isles not only won all three Test matches, but also won all 17 provincial games. Although not named as such at the time, the tour is retrospectively recognised as a British Lions tour. In September 1890 the Rugby Football Union discussed the tour, in attendance was Mr J Richards of Cape Town. The tour was agreed, with Cecil Rhodes agreeing to any financial losses the tour may incur. Captained by Scottish international Bill Maclagan, the British team consisted of players from English and Scottish clubs with a contingent of members from Cambridge University teams. Of the players roughly half were, or would win national caps, although containing four Scots, the fact that the tour was organised by the RFU, the team was initially recognised as an English team, but retrospectively gained its British Isles tag. The touring party had selected by a committee composed of George Rowland Hill. Whalley, Harry Vassall, Arthur Budd and J. H. S, the British team took in twenty matches, three of them tests against the South African team. The tourists won all twenty matches conceding just a single try, although the Test top scorer for the tourists was Arthur Rotherham, mainly because a conversion at the time was worth twice as much as a try, the tours outstanding scorer was Randolph Aston. At six-foot three, and weighing 15 stones, Aston played in all 20 matches and was the unstoppable try scorer of the tour. Out of the 89 tries scored by the British team, Aston scored 30 including the first try against the South African team in the first Test, the tourists played in red and white hooped shirts and dark blue shorts. Manager, Edwin Ash William Grant Mitchell Edward Bromet Paul Robert Clauss Randolph Aston Bill Maclagan Howard Marshall B. G, the Phoenix Book of International Rugby Records
5.
1899 British Lions tour to Australia
–
It is retrospectively classed as one of the British Lions tours, as the Lions naming convention was not adopted until 1950. Negotiations had also taken place for the tour to incorporate matches against New Zealand, either through a visit to New Zealand, no agreeable terms could be found. This tour was the first to represent the British Isles. Despite this fact, many Australian newspapers, and some British dailies, after the tour of South Africa in 1896, players in Britain expressed wishes to make a similar tour to Australia. In August 1897, the New South Wales Rugby Football Union, received a letter from Reverend Matthew Mullineux asking whether a tour beginning in June 1898 would be possible and welcomed by the Union. This request was discussed in depth by the NSWRFU at their 30 September meeting, the tour was to be under the auspices of the Rugby Football Union, with the touring team paying for passage to and from Sydney. The NSWRFU would pay for their internal expenses once in Australia, the British team was to receive a percentage of the profits earned by the attendance at each match, but only up to the cost of their travel. Some debate centred about what level of reimbursement would be allowed and they specified that a playing squad be made up of twenty-one players inclusive of the tour manager. They would play two games a week while on tour, in New South Wales, Queensland, and New Zealand, there was also the possibility that the tour would take in Victoria. The proposal was sanctioned by the RFU, with the stipulation that the tour would take place on a purely amateur basis. Due to a lack of time to make the necessary arrangements, a new invitation was sent from the NSWRFU, for a tour to take place in 1899. The RFU at about the time, received an invitation from the South African Rugby Football Union. The RFU wanted confirmation from Mullineux, that a team to tour Australia was for certain able to be formed if the invitation from South Africa was to be turned down. After numerous meetings between the RFU and Mullineux a decision was made in February 1899, to turn down the tour to South Africa, the misunderstanding was cleared up on 22 February by a message that indicated the tour to Australia was going to proceed. Mullineux stated, there was never any suggestion of abandoning the Australian tour, two problems faced Mullineux, the first was that the timing of the tour meant that players would need to leave Britain in early May, when the university vacations had not yet begun. The second was that a tour would preclude many of the best players from participating due to other commitments. Consequently, early lists of probable touring players had few players listed that finally made the tour, among these names were several high-profile players that recruitment attempts failed to secure. Byrne declined due to pressure of business, while Ernest Fookes was awaiting a medical operation
6.
Rugby union
–
Rugby union, known in some parts of the world simply as rugby, is a contact team sport which originated in England in the first half of the 19th century. One of the two codes of football, it is based on running with the ball in hand. In its most common form, a game is between two teams of 15 players using a ball on a rectangular field with H-shaped goalposts on each try line. Historically an amateur sport, in 1995 restrictions on payments to players were removed, World Rugby, originally the International Rugby Football Board and from 1998 to 2014 the International Rugby Board, has been the governing body for rugby union since 1886. Rugby union spread from the Home Nations of Great Britain and Ireland, early exponents of the sport included Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France. Countries that have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport include Fiji, Georgia, Madagascar, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, Rugby union is played in over 100 countries across six continents, there are 101 full members and 18 associate members of World Rugby. The Rugby World Cup, first held in 1987, takes place four years with the winner of the tournament receiving the Webb Ellis Cup. The Six Nations Championship in Europe and The Rugby Championship in the Southern Hemisphere are major annual competitions. The origin of football is reputed to be an incident during a game of English school football at Rugby School in 1823. Although the evidence for the story is doubtful, it was immortalised at the school with a plaque unveiled in 1895, despite the doubtful evidence, the Rugby World Cup trophy is named after Webb Ellis. Rugby football stems from the form of game played at Rugby School, Old Rugbeian Albert Pell, a student at Cambridge, is credited with having formed the first football team. During this early period different schools used different rules, with pupils from Rugby. Other important events include the Blackheath Clubs decision to leave the Football Association in 1863, despite the sports full name of rugby union, it is known simply as rugby throughout most of the world. The first rugby football international was played on 27 March 1871 between Scotland and England, by 1881 both Ireland and Wales had representative teams, and in 1883 the first international competition, the Home Nations Championship had begun. 1883 is also the year of the first rugby tournament, the Melrose Sevens. During the early history of union, a time before commercial air travel. The first two notable tours both took place in 1888—the British Isles team touring New Zealand and Australia, followed by the New Zealand team touring Europe, All three teams brought new styles of play, fitness levels and tactics, and were far more successful than critics had expected. After Morgan began singing, the crowd joined in, the first time a national anthem was sung at the start of a sporting event, in 1905 France played England in its first international match
7.
South Africa national rugby union team
–
The South Africa national rugby union team, commonly known as the Springboks, is governed by the South African Rugby Union. The Springboks play in green and gold jerseys with white shorts, and their emblems are the Springbok, the team has been representing South Africa in international rugby union since 30 July 1891, when they played their first test match against a British Isles touring team. The team made its World Cup debut in 1995, when the newly democratic South Africa hosted the tournament, South Africa regained their title as champions 12 years later, when they defeated England 15–6 in the 2007 final. They were named 2008 World Team of the Year at the Laureus World Sports Awards, the Springboks also compete in the annual Rugby Championship, along with southern-hemisphere counterparts Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. They have won this championship on three occasions in sixteen years and they also play Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations. Their position in the World Rugby Rankings has varied between the No.1 and No.7 positions, the first British Isles tour took place in 1891, at Diocesan College. These were the first representative games played by South African sides, the tourists won all twenty matches they played, conceding only one point. The British Isles success continued on their tour of 1896, winning three out of four tests against South Africa, South Africas play improved markedly from 1891, and their first test win in the final game was a pointer to the future. In 1903 the British Isles lost a series for the first time in South Africa, Rugby was given a huge boost by the early Lions tours, which created great interest in the South African press. South Africa would not lose another series—home or away—until 1956, the first South African team to tour the British Isles and France occurred during 1906–07. The team played tests against all four Home Nations, England managed a draw, but Scotland was the only one of the Home unions to gain a victory. The trip instilled a sense of pride among South Africans. The South Africans played a match against a France team while the official French team were in England. It was during this tour that the nickname Springboks was first used, the 1910 British Isles tour of South Africa was the first to include representatives from all four Home unions. The tourists won just one of their three tests, the Boks second European tour took place in 1912–13. They beat the four Home nations to earn their first Grand Slam, by the first World War, New Zealand and South Africa had established themselves as rugbys two greatest powers. A Springbok tour to New Zealand and Australia in 1921 was billed as The World Championship of Rugby, the All Blacks won the first Test 13–5, The Springboks recovered to win the second Test 9–5, and the final Test was drawn 0–0, resulting in a series draw. The 1924 British and Irish Lions team to South Africa lost all four Tests to the Springboks and this was the first side to pick up the name Lions, apparently picked up from the Lions embroidered on their ties
8.
Thomas Crean
–
Major Dr. Thomas Joseph Crean, VC DSO was an Irish rugby union player, British Army soldier and doctor. During the Second Boer War, while serving with the Imperial Light Horse, in 1902, he was made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons. During the First World War he served with the Royal Army Medical Corps and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order, Crean played rugby for Leinster, Ireland and the British Isles. In 1894, he was a member of the first Ireland team to win both a Home Nations Championship and a Triple Crown, then in 1896 he helped Ireland win their second Home Nations title. He is one of three Ireland rugby union internationals to have awarded the Victoria Cross. The other two are Robert Johnston, who served with the Imperial Light Horse in the Second Boer War. Crean, Johnston and Harvey all played rugby for Wanderers. In 1896 Crean and Johnston were also members of the same British Isles squad that toured South Africa, Crean was born in Morrisons Hotel, which stood on the corner of Dawson Street and Nassau Street in Dublin. Some accounts give his place of birth as No.21 Northbrook Road and he was the fifth child of Michael Theobald Crean, a barrister who worked for the Irish Land Commission, and his wife Emma. His maternal grandparents, John and Maryanne Dunn, were the owners of the hotel where he was born, the Dunn’s residence was Esker House, Upper Rathmines Road, and Crean’s three older sisters - Mary, Emma and Eleanor – were all born there. Both his older and younger brothers, John and Frank, were born at Morrison’s Hotel. A third brother, Richard, died as an infant, Alice would later marry Alexander Findlater Todd, one of Creans rugby team-mates on the 1896 British Isles tour of South Africa. John followed in his fathers footsteps becoming a barrister in the Land Commission, Frank studied engineering, emigrating to Canada where he undertook a survey of Saskatchewan in 1908-09 on behalf of the Canadian Government. Crean and his brothers all initially attended Belvedere College before becoming boarders at Clongowes Wood College, Thomas attended Clongowes from 1889 until 1891. As a student he was noted as an athlete, excelling not only at rugby. He was also a very fine swimmer, and it was as a swimmer that he first demonstrated his bravery, on 11 September 1891, while swimming with fellow students near Blackrock, Dublin, he helped rescue a 21-year-old art student named, William Ahern. Crean noticed Ahern was in trouble and together with a solicitor named Leachman from Dundrum. For his bravery he was awarded a medal by the Royal Humane Society, as a student Crean played at half-back and on joining Wanderers in 1891 he played in the same position for their third XV
9.
Louis Magee
–
Aloysius Mary Louis Magee was an Irish rugby union halfback. Magee played club rugby for Bective Rangers and London Irish and played rugby for Ireland and was part of the British Isles team in their 1896 tour of South Africa. Magee was capped 27 times for Ireland, ten as captain, Magee was one of the outstanding half backs of world rugby prior to 1914, and is credited as being a driving force in turning Ireland from a no-hope team into one that commanded respect. Magee came from a well known sporting family and his eldest brother Joseph Magee was also an international rugby player for Ireland, while another brother James played cricket for Ireland. His brother-in-law, Tommy Little, played rugby for Ireland between 1898 and 1901, Magee played almost the entirety of his rugby for club team Bective Rangers, as did both his brothers. In 1898, while in London, Magee was approached by newly formed club, London Irish, when Magee accepted, his presence in the team helped recruit other countrymen to join the exile club, and is seen as a major catalyst in the success of the club. Magee first played rugby during the 1895 Home Nations Championship in an encounter with England. Magee was selected along with his brother Joseph, but Josephs international career ended after two games, playing in only the first two matches of the 1895 season. Although Ireland narrowly lost the game, Magee scored the only points for Ireland when he scored his first international try. Magee was reselected for the two games of the Championship, Ireland losing both narrowly in two tight matches which saw Ireland end bottom of the table for the season. 1896 was a turn around in fortunes for Ireland, beating England and Wales and drawing 0–0 with Scotland, Magee played in all three games of the season making him a Championship winning player. Towards the end of the 1896 season, Magee was approached by Johnny Hammond to join his British Isles team on their tour of South Africa, Magee accepted, and was joined on the tour by his brother James, who was also a member of Bective Rangers. The tour was notable for the contingent of Irish players. The other Irish players being Tom Crean, Robert Johnston, Larry Bulger, Jim Sealy, Andrew Clinch, Arthur Meares, Magee played in only fourteen of the 21 arranged games of the tour, but played in four Test games against the South African national team. In the First Test he was partnered at half back with Matthew Mullineux, on his return to Britain, Magee retained his position in the Ireland national team, and from his first game in 1895 he played at centre for 26 consecutive games taking in eight Championship seasons. Magees finest season was the 1899 Home Nations Championship, which saw him gain the captaincy of the team in the opening game of the campaign. Ireland won 6–0, with Magee scoring with a penalty kick and long term Irish half back partner, Gerald Allen, Magee then set up two of the tries in a 9–3 victory of Scotland, leaving the encounter with Wales as the decider for the Triple Crown. The game was played at Cardiff Arms Park in front of a crowd of 40,000
10.
Ireland national rugby union team
–
The Ireland national rugby union team represents the island of Ireland in rugby union. The team competes annually in the Six Nations Championship, which they have won twelve times outright, the team also competes every four years in the Rugby World Cup, where they reached the quarter-final stage in all but two competitions. Ireland is also one of the four unions that make up the British and Irish Lions – players eligible to play for Ireland are also eligible for the Lions, Irelands highest ever position in the World Rugby Rankings is second, which they reached for the first time in 2015. Dublin University was the first organised football club in Ireland. The club was organised by students who had learnt the game while at public schools in Great Britain, carlow, UCC, and Ballinasloe which amalgamated with Athlone to form Buccaneers. In 1874, the Irish Football Union was formed, Ireland lost their first test match against England 7–0 at the Oval on 15 February 1875. Both teams fielded 20 players in match, as was customary in the early years of rugby union. Irelands first home game was also against England in the year held at the Leinster Cricket Club in Rathmines as Lansdowne Road was deemed unsuitable. The first match at Lansdowne Road was held on 11 March 1878 and it was not until 1881 that Ireland first won a test, beating Scotland at Ormeau in Belfast. Ireland turned up two men short for their game in Cardiff in 1884 and had to borrow two Welsh players, the first victory Ireland had at Lansdowne Road took place on 5 February 1887. It was also their first win over England, by two goals to nil, on the third of March 1888, Ireland recorded their first win over Wales with a goal, a try and a drop goal to nil. In 1894, Ireland followed the Welsh model of using seven backs instead of six for the first time, after victory over England at Blackheath, Ireland won back-to-back matches for the first time when recording their first win over Scotland on 24 February 1894. Ireland went on to beat Wales in Belfast and win the Triple Crown for the first time, in the 1890s, Rugby was primarily a game for the Protestant middle class, the only Catholic in Edmund Forrests 1894 team was Tom Crean. Of the eighteen players used in the three games, thirteen were from three Dublin clubs – Wanderers, Dublin University and Bective Rangers – and the five were from Ulster. Such was the level of interest in the visit of the first All Blacks team to Dublin in November 1905 that the IRFU made the match the first all-ticket rugby international in history, Ireland played only seven forwards, copying the then New Zealand method of playing a rover. The game ended New Zealand 15 Ireland 0, on 20 March 1909, Ireland played France for the first time, beating them 19–8. This was Irelands biggest victory in international rugby at that time, their highest points tally,30 November 1912 was the first time the Springboks met Ireland at Lansdowne Road, the 1906 tour game having been played at Ravenhill. Ireland with seven new caps were overwhelmed by a margin of 38–0
11.
Robert Johnston (VC)
–
Major Robert Johnston VC, County Donegal,13 August 1872 – Kilkenny, County Kilkenny,24 March 1950) was an Irish rugby union player and soldier. During the Second Boer War, Johnston was awarded the Victoria Cross while serving with the Imperial Light Horse and he played rugby for both Ireland and the British Lions. He is one of three Ireland rugby union internationals to have awarded the Victoria Cross. The other two are Tom Crean, who served with the Imperial Light Horse in the Second Boer War. Johnston, Crean and Harvey all played rugby for Wanderers. In 1896 Johnston and Crean were also members of the same British Lions squad that toured South Africa, Johnston was also one of three alumni of King Williams College to have been awarded the VC. The other two were George Stuart White and Robert Henry Cain, White served in the Second Anglo-Afghan War and Cain served in the Second World War. Johnston was the son of Robert Johnston who served as Queens Counsel in County Donegal and he was educated at King Williams College on the Isle of Man. In 1893, Johnston made 2 appearances for Ireland and he made his international debut on 4 February 1893 in a 4-0 defeat against England at Lansdowne Road. Then on 11 March he played in a 2-0 defeat against Wales at Stradey Park, two of his brothers were also Ireland internationals. In 1896 Johnston was a member of the British Lions squad for their tour to South Africa and he was part of strong Irish contingent, being one of nine Irishmen selected. The others included Tom Crean, Louis Magee, Jim Magee, Larry Bulger, Jim Sealy, Andrew Clinch, Arthur Meares and he played in three of the four tests against South Africa. When the British Lions tour ended, Johnston, together with Tom Crean and he played rugby for Transvaal and captained them in the Currie Cup. In 1899, at the start of the Second Boer War, again with Crean, he enlisted in the Imperial Light Horse, Johnston was already an experienced soldier, having previously served with the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers between 1890 and 1894. He served in South Africa between 1899 and 1901 and was wounded during the Siege of Ladysmith. Johnston was badly wounded and was nursed back to health by Crean and he travelled to London in early 1901, and both he and Mullins received the VC from King Edward during an investiture at Marlborough House 25 July 1901. The location of his medals is unknown, Mullins was the brother of Cuth Mullins who had earlier been one of Johnston’s British Lions team-mates. In 1902 he was Commandant at a camp at Middelburg, Mpumalanga
12.
Hout Bay
–
Hout Bay is a town near Cape Town, South Africa situated in a valley on the Atlantic seaboard of the Cape Peninsula, twenty kilometres south of the Central Business District of Cape Town. The name Hout Bay can refer to the town, the bay on which it is situated, when the Dutch established a colony in Table Bay in 1652, a great quantity of good timber was required for construction, shipbuilding other purposes. There was no large forest in the vicinity of the settlement. The area was made up of two farms, which were slowly subdivided to make way for urban expansion. While still maintaining its rural atmosphere, the area of Hout Bay has more than 12,000 residences inhabited by a population of about 42,000 people, Hout Bay is divided into several neighbourhoods. The Hout Bay Neighbourhood Watch describes 28 distinct areas, Llandudno an entirely separate village of about 200 houses lies over the Suikerbossie pass from Hout Bay. The main informal settlement in the Hout Bay area, Imizamo Yethu, is situated within a community consisting of both affluent and middle income citizens. Relations between the residents of Hout Bay and those of Imizamo Yethu have been strained for years following the national elections in 1994 and 1999. Current issues between residents of Hout Bay and Imizamo Yethu are focused on delivery for the informal settlement. The 18 hectares area supports 20,000 people, with many of these living in cramped and squalid conditions with no plumbing and this is in sharp contrast to the affluence of residences in much of Hout Bay. In addition to middle income housing for local South Africans, there are also a number of multi-million rand mansions, luxurious holiday homes. As of 2007, political differences between the Democratic Alliance and African National Congress have hampered the building of houses for the residents of Imizamo Yethu, because of its location and the overcrowding, Imizamo Yethu is vulnerable to hazards like floods and fires. A particularly devastating fire broke out on March 11th 2017, fanned by dry weather, hundreds of families were left homeless and there was an outpouring of support from across Cape Town to help the victims. Hout Bay is surrounded by mountains to the north, east and west, in the north, it is bordered by Table Mountain National Park comprising the Orangekloof Nature reserve and the bottom slopes of Table Mountain beyond that. To the north-west, it is bordered by the backside of the Twelve Apostles, to the west, it is bordered by Little Lions Head, Karbonkelberg, Kapteins Peak and The Sentinel. To the east it is bordered by the Vlakkenberg, Skoorsteenskopberg and Constantiaberg, the world famous Chapmans Peak Drive is carved out of the mountainside and leads towards Noordhoek and onwards to Cape Point. The sheltered bay of Hout Bay has a sand beach. Hout Bay has one of the busiest fishing harbours in the Western Cape with a tuna, snoek
13.
Mass (liturgy)
–
Mass often refers to the entire church service in general, but is specifically the sacrament of the Eucharist. The term mass is called in the Catholic Church, Western Rite Orthodox churches and many Old Catholic, Anglican, as well as some Lutheran churches. Some Protestants employ terms such as Divine Service or service of worship, the English noun mass is derived from Middle Latin missa. The Latin word was adopted in Old English as mæsse, and was sometimes glossed as sendnes, the Latin term missa itself was in use by the 6th century. It is most likely derived from the concluding formula Ite, missa est, historically, however, there have been other explanations of the noun missa, i. e. as not derived from the formula ite, missa est. Already Du Cange reports various opinions on the origin of the noun missa mass, including the derivation from Hebrew matzah, here attributed to Caesar Baronius. The Hebrew derivation is learned speculation from 16th-century philology, medieval authorities did derive the noun missa from the verb mittere, but not in connection with the formula ite, missa est. Thus, De divinis officiis explains the word as a mittendo, quod nos mittat ad Deo, the Catholic Church sees the Mass or Eucharist as the source and summit of the Christian life, to which the other sacraments are oriented. The Catholic Church believes that the Mass is exactly the same sacrifice that Jesus Christ offered on the Cross at Calvary, after making the sign of the cross and greeting the people liturgically, he begins the Act of Penitence. This concludes with the prayer of absolution, which, however. The Kyrie, eleison, is sung or said, followed by the Gloria in excelsis Deo, the Introductory Rites are brought to a close by the Collect Prayer. On Sundays and solemnities, three Scripture readings are given, on other days there are only two. If there are three readings, the first is from the Old Testament, or the Acts of the Apostles during Eastertide, the first reading is followed by a psalm, either sung responsorially or recited. The second reading is from the New Testament, typically one of the Pauline epistles. A Gospel Acclamation is then sung as the Book of the Gospels is processed, sometimes with incense and candles, the final reading and high point of the Liturgy of the Word is the proclamation of the Gospel by the deacon or priest. At least on Sundays and Holy Days of Obligation, a homily, finally, the Creed is professed on Sundays and solemnities, and it is desirable that in Masses celebrated with the people the Universal Prayer or Prayer of the Faithful should usually follow. The congregation responds, May the Lord accept the sacrifice at your hands, for the praise and glory of his name, for our good, the priest then pronounces the variable prayer over the gifts. The Eucharistic Prayer, the centre and high point of the entire celebration, the priest continues with one of many Eucharistic Prayer thanksgiving prefaces, which lead to the reciting of the Sanctus acclamation
14.
England national rugby union team
–
The England national rugby union team represents England in rugby union. They compete in the annual Six Nations Championship with France, Ireland, Scotland, Italy and they are ranked second in the world by the International Rugby Board as of 20 June 2016. England were the first, and to date, the team from the northern hemisphere to win the Rugby World Cup. They were also runners-up in 1991 and 2007, the history of the team extends back to 1871 when the English rugby team played their first official Test match, losing to Scotland by one goal. England dominated the early Home Nations Championship which started in 1883, following the schism of rugby football in 1895, England did not win the Championship again until 1910. England first played against New Zealand in 1905, South Africa in 1906, England was one of the teams invited to take part in the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987 and went on to appear in the final in the second tournament in 1991, losing 12–6 to Australia. Following their 2003 Six Nations Championship Grand Slam, they went on to win the 2003 Rugby World Cup – defeating Australia 20–17 in extra time and they again contested the final in 2007, losing 15–6 to South Africa. England players traditionally wear a shirt with a Rose embroidered on the chest, white shorts. Their home ground is Twickenham Stadium where they first played in 1910, the team is administered by the Rugby Football Union. Four former players have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame, Englands first international match was against Scotland on Monday 27 March 1871. Not only was this match Englands first, but it proved to be the first ever rugby union international. Scotland won the match by a goal and a try to a try, in front of a crowd of 4,000 people at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh. A subsequent international took place at the Oval in London on 5 February 1872 which saw England defeat Scotland by a goal, in those early days there was no points system, it was only after 1890 that a format allowing the introduction of a points system was provided. Up until 1875 international rugby matches were decided by the number of goals scored, in 1875, England played their first game against the Irish at the Oval, winning by one goal, one drop goal and one try to nil, the match was Irelands first ever Test. England defeated Scotland in 1880 to become the first winners of the Calcutta Cup and their first match against Wales was played on 19 February 1881 at Richardsons Field in Blackheath. England recorded their largest victory, defeating the Welsh by seven goals, six tries, in 1889, England played their first match against a non-home nations team when they defeated the New Zealand Natives by one goal and four tries to nil at Rectory Field in Blackheath. In 1890 England shared the Home Nations trophy with Scotland, England first played New Zealand in 1905. The All Blacks scored five tries, worth three points at this time, to win 15–0, England first played France in 1905, and Australia in 1909 when they were defeated 9–3
15.
Western Province (rugby team)
–
DHL Western Province is a South African rugby union team, based in Newlands, Cape Town, that participates in the annual Currie Cup and Vodacom Cup tournaments. Founded in 1883, the team has won titles, a record of 34 Currie Cup titles including the inaugural competition, the Vodacom Cup, the Absa Nite Series. The club has the most supporters of any Currie Cup team, the Club is nicknamed Die Streeptruie in reference to their legendary blue and white hooped jerseys. These Striped Jerseys were the colours of Malmesbury Rugby Football Club and they are also known simply as Province by all South African rugby lovers, while Afrikaans-speaking supporters also refer to the team by its abbreviation, W. P. Western Province were the 2012 Vodacom Cup Champions, having defeated the Griquas in 2012 by 20 points to 18 and they also are the 2014 Currie cup champions, having defeated the Lions 19–16 in the final. In 2010 province again did a victory over all of New Zealands five super unions. Province has also beaten the Wallabies 17–6 in an encounter in 1963. The only two teams to have beaten overseas countries as well as teams are yet again the Blue Bulls. Province was literally unstoppable by any opposition in the 1980s except for Northern Transvaal. Since 1983 Western Province has been sponsored by Adidas, in 2013 this will mark the 30th Anniversary of the sponsorship, the maroon jersey along with the centenary jersey as well as the original Stormers orange tops are the three most sought after Province and or Stormers tops. Team sponsor DHL has officially renewed their sponsorship with Western Province until 2016, Western Province currently combines with Boland Cavaliers to compete as the DHL Stormers in the Super Rugby competition. The club was established in 1883, the club claimed their first Currie Cup title in 1889, they repeated this success just three years later, winning the title again in 1892. Western Province continued to dominate the Currie Cup throughout the 1890s and this success continued into the early 1900s, as they won in 1904,1906 and 1908. The competition still being contested irregularly at this stage, was won by the Western Province in 1914. They won a seven times over the next two decades – four times in the 1920s and again three times in the 1930s, sharing two with Border. When the first Currie Cup championship was introduced in 1939, Western Province featured in the final, after losing the final in 1946 to Northern Transvaal, Western Province won their first final in 1947. The Currie Cup became a competition in 1969 and Western Province made it to the final that year. The team had to wait another seven seasons before making another final appearance, three years later they won the Currie Cup, sharing with Northern Transvaal at Newlands Stadium in Cape Town
16.
Gordon Sprigg
–
Sir John Gordon Sprigg, GCMG, PC was a British administrator, politician and four-time prime minister of the Cape Colony. Sprigg was born in Ipswich, England, into a strongly Puritan family and his father was a pastor and his strictly conservative up-bringing had a lifelong effect on Spriggs values. He was educated at Ipswich School, as well as a series of private schools. He started his career in an office, and then switched jobs to become a short-hand writer and reporter. However, his health caused him to emigrate to the Cape Colony in 1858 to recuperate. He managed to acquire a farm in what was known at the time as British Kaffraria. His newly acquired property lay near the Capes frontier, and was surrounded by a large population of non-Christian Xhosa people – whom Sprigg regarded with considerable suspicion. This led him to become concerned about issues of frontier security. In 1869, he became the member of the Cape Parliament for East London, both suggestions were rejected outright by the Prime Minister at the time, John Molteno, a strong advocate of racial and regional unity in the Cape. Sprigg was to remain a federalist for the remainder of his career, as the previous opposition leader, John X. Merriman converted and joined the Molteno government, Sprigg and Paterson became the de facto leaders of the opposition. As the machinations began for bringing the states into the British confederation. Offers of titles and threats of dismissal failed to persuade him to back down, in 1878, Governor Frere appealed to the authority of the British Colonial Office to suspend the elected Cape government, and assumed direct control of the country. Freres first attempts to find a replacement government were unsuccessful, as the Capes most influential local leaders all refused his request to take office, Frere then turned to Sprigg, his closest local ally, and offered him the position of Prime Minister and Colonial Secretary. In spite of the war, Sprigg famously left his family and farm on the border immediately. It was a favour which Frere greatly valued, and, writing to Carnarvon, he praised the important, Frere appointed Sprigg on condition that he supported confederation, so Sprigg dutifully began making arrangements for a Federal Conference in June 1880. However, local Cape opposition to it was so strong and widespread that Sprigg had to give up on the idea, elsewhere in southern Africa, Freres attempts to enforce confederation were sparking wars with the Xhosa, the Zulu Kingdom, the Pedi and the Transvaal Republic. A consequence of this was that Sprigg was Prime Minister during the disastrous First Boer War and this period also saw massive spending on defence and the accumulation of a large government debt. In response, Sprigg revived the deeply unpopular hut tax which had been terminated by his predecessor, at the time of taking office, Sprigg faced a parliament which was overwhelmingly supportive of the previous government which Frere had deposed
17.
Cecil Rhodes
–
Cecil John Rhodes PC was a British businessman, mining magnate and politician in South Africa, who served as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896. An ardent believer in British imperialism, Rhodes and his British South Africa Company founded the southern African territory of Rhodesia, South Africas Rhodes University is also named after him. Rhodes set up the provisions of the Rhodes Scholarship, which is funded by his estate, the son of a vicar, Rhodes grew up in Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire, and was a sickly child. He was sent to South Africa by his family when he was 17 years old in the hope that the climate might improve his health. He entered the trade at Kimberley in 1871, when he was 18. His De Beers diamond company, formed in 1888, retains its prominence into the 21st century, Rhodes entered the Cape Parliament in 1880, and a decade later became Prime Minister. After Rhodess death in 1902, at the age of 48, at the time of his death he was already a very controversial figure. One of Rhodess primary motivators in politics and business was his belief that the Anglo-Saxon race was, to quote his will. Most histories of South Africa covering the last decades of the century are contributions to the historiography of Cecil Rhodes. According to McFarlane, the aforementioned historiography may be divided into two categories, chauvinistic approval or utter vilification. Rhodes was born in 1853 in Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire, England and he was the fifth son of the Reverend Francis William Rhodes and his wife Louisa Peacock Rhodes. His father was a Church of England clergyman who was proud of never having preached a sermon longer than 10 minutes and his siblings included Francis William Rhodes, who became an army officer. His father therefore determined to send him abroad to try the effect of a sea voyage, Herbert had already set up as a planter in Natal, South Africa, so Cecil was despatched on a sailing vessel to join Herbert in Natal. The voyage to Durban took him seventy days, and on 1 September 1870 he first set foot on African soil and his familys hope was that the climate would improve his health. They expected he would help his older brother Herbert who operated a cotton farm, when he first came to Africa, Rhodes lived on money lent by his aunt Sophia. After a brief stay with the Surveyor-General of Natal, Dr. P. C, sutherland, in Pietermaritzburg, Rhodes took an interest in agriculture. He joined his brother Herbert on his farm in the Umkomazi valley in Natal. The land was unsuitable for cotton, and the venture failed, in October 1871, 18-year-old Rhodes and his brother Herbert left the colony for the diamond fields of Kimberley
18.
Randolph Aston
–
Randolph Littleton Aston was an English rugby union centre who played club rugby for Blackheath and Cambridge University and was a member of the first official British Isles tour in 1891. Aston was born in 1869 in South Kensington, London, to John Astbury Aston and he graduated in 1891 and from 1891–92 was an Assistant Master at Blair Lodge School in Polmont, Scotland, and at Tonbridge School from 1892–1923. Astons rugby career began in earnest while he was at Cambridge and he was selected for the Cambridge University team, and won two Blues in the 1889 and 1890 Varsity Matches. In 1890 he was selected to represent the England national rugby union team, the first was an away win over Scotland and the other a home victory over Ireland played at the Rectory Field in Blackheath. In 1890, and now playing for Blackheath F. C. outside university months, was selected to join Percy Carpmaels newly formed invitational team, Aston became an original member of the team, and toured the South of England in 1891. On the hard grounds of South Africa, Aston was a revelation, possessing not only a frame, recorded as 15 stone. Aston played in all twenty games of the tour including the three Tests, amassing an incredible 30 tries in total and he scored a try in two of the Test matches, the first in Port Elizabeth and the final Test in Cape Town. If it wasnt for the scoring system of the time, he would have ended the tour as the top Test points scorer. The Phoenix Book of International Rugby Records
19.
New Zealand national rugby union team
–
The New Zealand national rugby union team, commonly called the All Blacks, represent New Zealand in mens rugby union, which is regarded as the countrys national sport. The side has won the last two Rugby World Cups, in 2011 and 2015, as well as the tournament in 1987. They have a 77% winning record in test match rugby, and are the international side with a winning record against every opponent. Since their international debut in 1903, they have lost to only six of the 19 nations they have played in test matches, since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003, New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined. The All Blacks are statistically the best side to have played the game, New Zealand competes with Argentina, Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship. The All Blacks have won the fourteen times in the competitions twenty-one-year history. As of the end of 2016 competition, they hold the Bledisloe Cup, which is contested annually with Australia, New Zealand have achieved a Grand Slam four times –1978,2005,2008 and 2010. Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame, All Black coaches have won World Rugby Coach of the Year nine times since the awards 2001 launch. The teams first match was in 1884, and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney, the following year they hosted their first ever home test, a match against a British Isles side in Wellington. This was followed by a 34-game tour of Europe and North America in 1905, New Zealands early uniforms consisted of a black jersey with a silver fern and white knickerbockers. By the 1905 tour, they were wearing all black, except for the silver fern, the team perform a haka – a Māori challenge or posture dance – before each match. The haka performed has traditionally been Te Rauparahas Ka Mate, although since 2005 Kapa o Pango is often performed, the first recorded game in New Zealand took place in May 1870 in Nelson between the Nelson club and Nelson College. The first provincial union, the Canterbury Rugby Football Union, was formed in 1879, NSW did not face a New Zealand representative team but played seven provincial sides – the tourists won four games and lost three. Two years later the first New Zealand team to travel overseas toured New South Wales, a privately organised British team, which later became the British and Irish Lions, toured New Zealand in 1888. No test matches were played, and the only played provincial sides. The British players were mainly from Northern England, but there were representatives from Wales. The first officially sanctioned New Zealand side toured New South Wales in 1893, the following year New Zealand played its first home international game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The teams first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, a representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905
20.
Newlands Stadium
–
Newlands Stadium, currently referred to as DHL Newlands for sponsorship reasons, is located in Cape Town, South Africa. The stadium currently has a capacity of 51,900 people and it is the oldest rugby stadium in South Africa and the second-oldest rugby stadium in the world. The decision to buy the ground the stadium stands on was made by the Western Province Rugby, the first official match at Newlands took place on 31 May 1890 when Stellenbosch defeated Villagers there in front of a crowd of about 2,400 people. The following year the stadium hosted its first rugby test when the British Lions toured South Africa and it wasnt until 1919 that the first permanent concrete stands were erected on the grounds. Later, in 1927, the new grandstand was erected and the layout was changed to run from North-South. Yet more changes came in 1931 when the South stand was also enlarged, the 1980s also saw 10,253 seats added to the stadium. After the World Cup, development continued with several redevelopment and expansion projects to make the more modern. In late 2005, Vodacom became the main sponsor, but followed Investecs precedent. In 1995 the stadium was one of the host venues for the Rugby World Cup held in South Africa, the stadium hosted two pool games in Pool A. The stadium also hosted one quarter final with England defeating Australia 25–22, the stadium was then used for the semi final between England and New Zealand, with England losing 29–45. It was speculated that WP rugby would sell Newlands, and that the Stormers, however, the Western Province Rugby Union have decided that they will not be using the stadium, but will rather remain at Newlands. Vodacom Western Province Rugby website Website of the Vodacom Stormers rugby union team Website of the Ajax Cape Town football team
21.
Second Boer War
–
The Second Boer War, usually known as the Boer War and also at the time as the South African War, started on 11 October 1899 and ended on 31 May 1902. Great Britain defeated two Boer states in South Africa, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State, Britain was aided by its Cape Colony, Colony of Natal and some native African allies. The British war effort was supported by volunteers from the British Empire, including Southern Africa, the Australian colonies, Canada, India. All other nations were neutral, but public opinion in them was largely hostile to Britain, inside Britain and its Empire there also was significant opposition to the Second Boer War. The British were overconfident and under-prepared, the Boers were very well armed and struck first, besieging Ladysmith, Kimberley, and Mafeking in early 1900, and winning important battles at Colenso, Magersfontein and Stormberg. Staggered, the British brought in numbers of soldiers and fought back. General Redvers Buller was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener and they relieved the three besieged cities, and invaded the two Boer republics in late 1900. The onward marches of the British Army were so overwhelming that the Boers did not fight staged battles in defense of their homeland, the British quickly seized control of all of the Orange Free State and Transvaal, as the civilian leadership went into hiding or exile. In conventional terms, the war was over, Britain officially annexed the two countries in 1900, and called a khaki election to give the government another six years of power in London. However, the Boers refused to surrender and they reverted to guerrilla warfare under new generals Louis Botha, Jan Smuts, Christiaan de Wet and Koos de la Rey. Two more years of attacks and quick escapes followed. As guerrillas without uniforms, the Boer fighters easily blended into the farmlands, which provided hiding places, supplies, the British solution was to set up complex nets of block houses, strong points, and barbed wire fences, partitioning off the entire conquered territory. The civilian farmers were relocated into concentration camps, where very large proportions died of disease, especially the children, then the British mounted infantry units systematically tracked down the highly mobile Boer guerrilla units. The battles at this stage were small operations with few combat casualties The war ended in surrender, the British successfully won over the Boer leaders, who now gave full support to the new political system. Both former republics were incorporated into the Union of South Africa in 1910, the conflict is commonly referred to as simply the Boer War, since the First Boer War is much less well known. Boer was the term for Afrikaans-speaking white South Africans descended from the Dutch East India Companys original settlers at the Cape of Good Hope. It is officially called the South African War and it is known as the Anglo-Boer War among some South Africans. In Afrikaans it may be called the Anglo-Boereoorlog, Tweede Boereoorlog, in South Africa it is officially called the South African War
22.
Light Horse Regiment
–
The Light Horse Regiment, formerly the Imperial Light Horse, is an armoured car reconnaissance unit of the South African Army. As a reserve unit, it has a roughly equivalent to that of a British Army Reserve or United States Army National Guard unit. It is part of the South African Army Armour Formation and is based at Mount Collins in Sandton, the Imperial Light Horse was raised by the British in Johannesburg on 21 September 1899 for service in the Second Boer War. Its initial strength was 444 officers and men and it was informally known as the Reformers Regiment as many of its officers served on the Reform Committee, or more commonly the Uitlander Regiment by the Transvaal Government and the Boer Commandos. The Light Horse was engaged through much of the war and fought its first battle at Elandslaagte 21 October 1899, the Regiment was present at the Siege of Ladysmith, Colenso, the Battle of Spion Kop and the Relief of Ladysmith. After the successful raising of the siege of Ladysmith the Light horse join the Mafeking Relief Column and were the first to enter the town on the night of 16/17 May 1900, in late 1900 a second battalion – the 2nd Imperial Light Horse was raised and embodied. Both battalions then went on to fight in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State Republic until the end of the war, a squadron of the Regiment fought with the Transvaal Mounted Rifles in the Bambatha Rebellion. It served as a unit to the South African Police during a general strike. With the new amalgamation of the British colonies into the Union of South Africa in 1910 the separate colonial forces were combined into new organisations, the Regiment was re-designated as the 5th Mounted Rifles on 1 July 1913 and transferred to the Active Citizen Force of the Union Defence Force. The Regiment took part in operations during World War I first in the South-West Africa Campaign in what is today Namibia and afterwards in Egypt, Palestine and France. During the Interbellum the Regiment was placed on the reserve but was mobilised in 1922 to support the police during the Second Rand Revolt. At the start of World War II the Regiment was bought up to strength, however the two battalions were soon separated and fought different wars. The second battalion was soon re-designated as the 13th Armoured Car Company in the South African Tank Corps. The 13th was amalgamated with Royal Natal Carbineers to create the 6th Armoured Car Regiment, the 1st Battalion joined the 3rd Brigade of the South African 1st Infantry Division and fought in the North African Campaign and fought in the first and second battles of El Alamein. Returning to South Africa the 1st Battalion along with the 2nd were reorganised and amalgamated with the Kimberley Regiment to form the Imperial Light Horse/Kimberley Regiment. In September 1943 the regiment sailed for North Africa and joined the South African 6th Armoured Division in Egypt as a battalion under command of Colonel R. Reeves-Moore. On 21 April 1944 the Regiment disembarked in Taranto as part of the 6th Armoured Division to join the British 8th Army in the Italian Campaign. They held these positions until after the fall of Monte Cassino and the breakout from the Anzio beachhead, the Regiment then advanced with the 6th Division as part of the Canadian I Corps until they were north of Rome
23.
Victoria Cross
–
The Victoria Cross is the highest award of the United Kingdom honours system. It is awarded for gallantry in the face of the enemy to members of the British armed forces and it was previously awarded to Commonwealth countries, most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. It may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service. Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857 and these investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace. The VC was introduced on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria to honour acts of valour during the Crimean War, since then, the medal has been awarded 1,358 times to 1,355 individual recipients. Only 15 medals,11 to members of the British Army, the traditional explanation of the source of the metal from which the medals are struck is that it derives from Russian cannon captured at the Siege of Sevastopol. Some research has suggested a variety of origins for the material, research has established that the metal for most of the medals made since December 1914 came from two Chinese cannons that were captured from the Russians in 1855. Owing to its rarity, the VC is highly prized and the medal has fetched over £400,000 at auction, a number of public and private collections are devoted to the Victoria Cross. The private collection of Lord Ashcroft, amassed since 1986, contains over one-tenth of all VCs awarded, following a 2008 donation to the Imperial War Museum, the Ashcroft collection went on public display alongside the museums Victoria and George Cross collection in November 2010. These are unique awards of honours system, recommended, assessed, gazetted and presented by each country. In 1854, after 39 years of peace, Britain found itself fighting a war against Russia. The Crimean War was one of the first wars with modern reporting, before the Crimean War, there was no official standardised system for recognition of gallantry within the British armed forces. This structure was limited, in practice awards of the Order of the Bath were confined to officers of field rank. Brevet promotions or Mentions in Despatches were largely confined to those who were under the notice of the commanders in the field. Other European countries had awards that did not discriminate against class or rank, France awarded the Légion dhonneur and The Netherlands gave the Order of William. There was a feeling among the public and in the Royal Court that a new award was needed to recognise incidents of gallantry that were unconnected with a mans lengthy or meritorious service. Queen Victoria issued a Warrant under the Royal sign-manual on 29 January 1856 that officially constituted the VC, the order was backdated to 1854 to recognise acts of valour during the Crimean War. Queen Victoria had instructed the War Office to strike a new medal that would not recognise birth or class, the medal was meant to be a simple decoration that would be highly prized and eagerly sought after by those in the military services
24.
University of Oxford
–
The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris, after disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient universities are frequently referred to as Oxbridge. The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges, All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. Being a city university, it not have a main campus, instead, its buildings. Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the worlds oldest and most prestigious scholarships, the university operates the worlds oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain. Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 28 Nobel laureates,27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, the University of Oxford has no known foundation date. Teaching at Oxford existed in form as early as 1096. It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris, the historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188 and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, the university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, the students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two nations, representing the North and the South. In later centuries, geographical origins continued to many students affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. At about the time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College, thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses. In 1333–34, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III. Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London, thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, the new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the English Reformation and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, as a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxfords reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment, enrolments fell and teaching was neglected
25.
Charles Mullins
–
On this occasion Captain Mullins was wounded. Mullins returned to the United Kingdom and received the VC from King Edward during an investiture at Marlborough House 25 July 1901 and he later achieved the rank of major. The medal was held by St. Andrews College, Grahamstown and it was later returned to the family and is now on loan to the Imperial War Museum, London. Clarles was the son of the Revd Canon Robert John Mullins, and brother to Robert George Mullins, monuments to Courage The Register of the Victoria Cross Victoria Crosses of the Anglo-Boer War
26.
Matthew Mullineux
–
Matthew Mullineux MC was an English rugby union scrum-half who, although not capped for England, was selected for two British Lions tours. He gained one cap during the 1896 tour to South Africa, an Anglican minister, he later became a chaplain in the British Army, and was awarded the Military Cross for his actions during the First World War. He was educated at Manchester Grammar School and then Matriculated to St Johns College, Cambridge and he received his BA in 1896, and the next year was ordained as a Deacon at Southwark Cathedral. The next year he was ordained as a priest and took his orders at the Church of Mottingham, on 9 May 1899 he left England for Australia as part of the British Isles rugby tour and left both his posts. Mullineux first came to note as a player when he represented Cambridge University as a student, playing at scrum-half. He played in games in total on the tour scoring four tries. In 1899, the first official British team to tour Australia was selected, and Mullineux was not only chosen to captain the team, Mullineux again represented the British team in the opening game, but the tourists lacked cohesion and lost to the Australians 13-3. The captaincy was given to Frank Stout, and the play began to improve. After Mullineuxs decision the British Isles played far better rugby and won the last three tests to take the series 3–1, although no longer a part of the Test team, Mullineux continued to represent the British team against the invitational and regional teams. He played in ten games on the tour, his points came from a try in the loss against Queensland. A reflection of Mullineuxs character was seen during the 1899 tour, despite only playing in the first Test, Mullineux was honoured when bush poet, Banjo Paterson wrote a poem about his playing prowess, entitled The Reverend Mullineux. Mullineux followed a career in the Anglican church from an early age, after the British Isles tour, he served in the British Army as an acting Chaplain to the Forces during the Second Boer War. In 1902 he became a Royal Navy chaplain and served on several ships, in 1907 he became the Assistant Chaplain at Montreux. Before the outbreak of the First World War, Mullineux was chaplain to the Flying Angel Mission in America, while in New Zealand he studied medicine, before leaving for Britain as a Chaplain to the Forces. In May 1918, while posted at an aid post in France. The station came under high-explosive and gas-shelling for 12 hours, during which time Mullineux tended to the wounded and supervised evacuation of the site, for his actions during this time, he was awarded the Military Cross. In 1919 Mullineux set up the St Barnabas Society, a charity which helped finance those too poor to visit the graves of members who had died in the First World War. The society also placed wreaths at graves on behalf of relatives, after his military service came to an end, Mullineux became the vicar of Marham in Norfolk, a post he held from 1935 until his death in 1945
27.
Military Cross
–
The Military Cross is the third-level military decoration awarded to officers and other ranks of the British Armed Forces, and used to be awarded to officers of other Commonwealth countries. The MC is granted in recognition of an act or acts of gallantry during active operations against the enemy on land to all members. In 1979, the Queen approved a proposal that a number of awards, including the Military Cross, the award was created on 28 December 1914 for commissioned officers of the substantive rank of Captain or below and for Warrant Officers. In August 1916, Bars were awarded to the MC in recognition of the performance of acts of gallantry meriting the award. In 1931 the award was extended to Majors and also to members of the Royal Air Force for actions on the ground, the MC now serves as the third-level award for gallantry on land for all ranks of the British Armed Forces. 46 mm max height,44 mm max width, ornamental silver cross with straight arms terminating in broad finials, suspended from plain suspension bar. Obverse decorated with crowns, with the Royal Cypher in centre. Reverse is plain, but from 1938 the name of the recipient, the ribbon width is 32 mm and consists of three equal vertical moire stripes of white, purple, and white. During World War I, Acting Captain Francis Wallington of the Royal Field Artillery was the first person to be awarded the MC, during World War II Captain Sam Manekshaw, Indian Army, was leading a counter-offensive operation against the invading Japanese Army in Burma. During the course of the offensive, he was hit by a burst of machine-gun fire, Major General D. T. Cowan spotted Manekshaw holding on to life and was aware of his valour in face of stiff resistance from the Japanese. Fearing the worst, Major General Cowan quickly pinned his own Military Cross ribbon on to Manekshaw saying, the first posthumous Military Cross was that awarded to Captain Herbert Westmacott, Grenadier Guards for gallantry in Northern Ireland during the period 1 February 1980 to 30 April 1980. The first woman to be awarded the Military Cross was Private Michelle Norris of the Royal Army Medical Corps, Norris was awarded her medal personally by Queen Elizabeth II on 21 March 2007 as the result of her actions in Iraq on 11 June 2006. Able Seaman Kate Nesbitt, second woman, first in the Royal Navy, sergeant Michael Lockett MC was the first holder of the MC to be killed in action since World War II. Database of Australian Awardees at the Australian Government Honours website Search recommendations for the Military Cross on The UK National Archives website, the Kings Own Royal Regiment Museum, Military Cross
28.
World War I
–
World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
29.
Bloemfontein
–
Bloemfontein is the capital city of the province of Free State of South Africa, and, as the judicial capital of the nation, one of South Africas three national capitals. Bloemfontein is the sixth largest city in South Africa, Bloemfontein was popularly and poetically known as the city of roses, owing to the abundance of these flowers and the annual rose festival held there. The citys Sesotho name is Mangaung, meaning place of cheetahs, Bloemfontein has since 2011 formed part of the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, having previously been part of the Mangaung Local Municipality. Bloemfontein is situated at an altitude of 1,395 m above sea level, the city is home to 369,568 residents, while the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality has a population of 645,455. Although modern day Bloemfontein has a reputation for its flowers in an arid region. Bloemfontein literally means fountain of flowers or flower spring in Dutch, with colonial policy shifts, the region changed into the Orange River Sovereignty and eventually the Orange Free State Republic. From 1902–10 it served as the capital of the Orange River Colony, in 1910 it became the Judicial capital of the Union of South Africa. Warden originally chose the site largely because of its proximity to the route to Winburg, the spacious open country. Bloemfontein was the farm of Johannes Nicolaas Brits born 21 February 1790, owner. Johann – as he was known – sold the farm to Maj Warden, as the capital of the Orange Free State Republic the growth and maturing of the Republic resulted in the growth of the town. Numerous public buildings remain in use today were constructed. This was largely facilitated by the excellent governance of the Republic, the old Orange Free States presidential residence the Old Presidency is currently a museum and cultural space in the city. A railway line was built in 1890 connecting Bloemfontein to Cape Town. The writer J. R. R. Tolkien was born in the city on 3 January 1892, though his family left South Africa following the death of his father, Arthur Tolkien and he recorded that his earliest memories were of a hot country. In 1899 the city was the site of the Bloemfontein Conference, the conference was a final attempt to avert a war between Britain and the South African Republic. With its failure the stage was set for war, which broke out on 11 October 1899, the rail line from Cape Town provided a centrally located railway station, and proved critical to the British in occupying the city later. On 13 March 1900, following the Battle of Paardeberg, British forces captured the city and built a concentration camp nearby to house Boer women and children. The National Womens Monument, on the outskirts of the city, the hill in town was named Naval Hill after the naval guns brought in by the British in order to fortify the position against attack
30.
Military chaplain
–
A military chaplain ministers to military personnel and, in most cases, their families and civilians working for the military. In some cases they also work with local civilians within a military area of operations. They may also liaise with local leaders in an effort to understand the role of religion as both a factor in hostility and war and as a force for reconciliation and peace. Military chaplains normally represent a religion or faith group but work with military personnel of all faiths, some countries, like the Netherlands and Belgium, also employ humanist chaplains who offer a non-religious approach to chaplain support. In the United Kingdom, the Ministry of Defence employs chaplains, naval chaplains called to service with the Royal Marines undertake a commando course at Commando Training Centre Royal Marines, Lympstone and if successful serve with a front-line Royal Marines unit. British Army chaplains undertake seven-weeks training at The Armed Forces Chaplaincy Centre Amport House, in the United States, the term, nomination, is not generally applied to the process of becoming a military chaplain. Individuals volunteer, and if they are accepted, they are commissioned as military officers in the Chaplain Corps. Neither the government as a whole nor the military in particular will be put into the position of determining whether an individual is a bona fide priest, minister, rabbi, imam, etc. Although ordination is normally required for service, some equivalent status is accepted for individuals from religious groups which do not have ordination. The Geneva Conventions are silent on whether chaplains may bear arms, however, the Conventions do state that chaplains are non-combatants, they do not have the right to participate directly in hostilities. It is generally assumed that during World War II, chaplains were unarmed, crosby describes an incident where a US chaplain became a trained tank gunner and was removed from the military for this entirely illegal, not to mention imprudent action. Fraser asks, if the shot, what would the harvest be. Apart from three ringing cheers from the whole battalion, other nations, notably Norway, Denmark and Sweden, and also Australia, make it an issue of individual conscience. Since 1909 US chaplains on operations have been accompanied by an armed chaplain assistant, however, perhaps on this occasion it was felt that an unarmed uniformed man would draw unwelcome attention. Captured chaplains are not considered prisoners of war and must be returned to their home nation unless retained to minister to prisoners of war, inevitably, serving chaplains have died in action. The US Army and Marines lost 100 chaplains killed in action during World War II, the third highest casualty rate behind the infantry, many have been decorated for bravery in action. In 2006, training materials obtained by U. S, among the training materials, there included an insurgent sniper training manual that was posted on the Internet. Among its tips for shooting U. S. troops, there read, Killing doctors, Military chaplains are often supervised by a chaplain general or chief of chaplains, on the staff of the leader of the nations military forces
31.
Royal Navy
–
The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
32.
Birmingham Moseley Rugby Club
–
Birmingham Moseley Rugby Club is an English rugby union club, based at Billesley Common in Birmingham, that will compete in National League 1 from September 2016. The club was historically the premier club in Birmingham, reaching the final of the John Player Cup three times in the late 1970s and early 1980s. An unsuccessful five-year spell based at the University of Birmingham followed, in 2005 the club moved to its new home at Billesley Common, and was promoted to National Division One in 2006. Since then they have consolidated their place in the tier of English rugby. On the weekend starting 15 April 2016, defeat to Bristol Rugby, combined with results elsewhere during the same weekend, prior to the 2016–17 season, the club changed its name from Moseley Rugby Football Club to Birmingham Moseley Rugby Club. Moseley was founded in 1873 by members of Havelock Cricket Club who wanted a winter sport when the season had finished. The club debuted its signature red and black colours one year later, in 1882 Moseley became the first team to defeat the travelling New Zealand Native football team. In front of 5000 supporters they beat the tourists 6-4 much to the surprise of the New Zealanders, in 1890 John Rogers was the first Moseley player to win an international cap while at the club. Moseley formed the backbone of the team which represented Great Britain at the 1900 Paris Olympics winning a Silver medal, the team, known as Moseley Wanderers, played one game, a 27–8 defeat to France at the Velodrome Municipal at Vincennes. A report in The Times suggested that fatigue was largely to blame, and at least five of the players are believed to have played for their clubs, in England. The club acquired the freehold of The Reddings in 1925 and in 1935 the ground even staged an England trial game, floodlights were installed in 1965 which allowed for an expanded fixture list and began Moseleys so-called The Golden Years. From this time onwards Moseleys fixture list routinely included the top sides in England and Wales, the team also defeated Fiji and the Barbarians. When league rugby commenced in 1987, the team was placed in the Courage National Division 1 and they ended Baths astonishing run of 22 unbeaten cup matches in 1988 winning 4–3. The teams relegation from the top division at the end of the 1990–1991 season marked a period for the club after their fantastic times of the 1970s. On 30 January 1998, the club went into administration, after overstretching its financial resources in the years of professional rugby union. The Reddings had been sold on a sale basis to Bryant Homes. However, the clubs playing commitments were still fulfilled except in the North Midlands Cup in which the 2nd XV was entered, in the last 1st XV match at The Reddings on 6 May 2000, Moseley defeated Worcester 34–17 in a National Division One game. On 7 October Moseley defeated Exeter 27–18 in the first match at its new home at the University of Birmingham in Bournbrook, however long-term permissions for a clubhouse and hospitality boxes were not granted and in consequence Moseley Ventures found it more difficult than expected to raise the necessary finance
33.
Dublin University Football Club
–
Dublin University Football Club is the rugby union club of the University of Dublin, Trinity College, in Dublin, Ireland, which plays in Division 1A of the All-Ireland League. - A match will be played in the College Park today between original and new members of the club, play to commence at two oclock College time. Although Guys Hospital FC, had founded in London in 1843, so had existed before DUFC. It should also be noted that football in Trinity pre-dates the foundation of the Club itself, a poem by Edward Lysaght shows that it was being played in the College Park in the 1780s. Being the oldest rugby club in Ireland, DUFC has won its fair share of trophies over the years and its most notable achievement in recent years was the winning of the AIB League Division 2 in the 03-04 season, which also gained the club promotion to Division 1. This level of competition was short lived unfortunately, with the returning to Division 2 after two seasons. The DUFC 1st XV currently plays in Division 1A of the All-Ireland League, the club also fields three Junior teams who compete in the Leinster J1, J3 and J4 Metro Leagues, and two U20 teams who play in the JP Fanagan Premier and Pennant leagues respectively. The 1stXV plays against University College Dublin in the annual Colours Match which has been ongoing since its inception in 1952, Trinity has won on 22 occasions, the latest being the 2010/11 match. The club also has a Womens XV, which has played in AIL division 3, the clubs main playing field is College Park, which is within the grounds of Trinity in the Dublin city centre. It also has two football fields used mainly by the Junior teams on Santry Avenue in the Dublin suburb of Santry. Dublin University Football Club has a tradition of its players gaining the highest international honours. Some of the most famous and presently memorable are listed below, DUFC also has a long history of providing Lions Tourists, with the most recent contribution being Jamie Heaslip in 2009. Dublin University past players Roly Meates and Gerry Murphy both went on to coach Ireland at different times, Roly is also an honorary life member of DUFC, having coached the club for 28 years. All-Ireland Cup 1925-26 Leinster Senior Cup,191883,1884,1886,1887,1890,1893,1895,1897,1898,1900,1905,1907,1908,1912,1920,1921,1926,1960,1976 Official site
34.
Lansdowne Football Club
–
Lansdowne Football Club, also sometimes referred to as Lansdowne Rugby Football Club, is a rugby union team based in Dublin, Ireland. It was founded in 1872 by Henry Dunlop as the Irish Champion Athletic Club and its senior team currently plays in Division 1A of the All-Ireland League. The clubs playing colours are black, red and yellow hoops, Lansdowne have won the Leinster Senior Cup a record 24 times, winning it for the first in 1891. Lansdowne won the All Ireland League for the first time in March 2013, Lansdowne completed the All Ireland Double again in May 2015 winning the All Ireland League and the Fraser McMullen again. Together with Wanderers, Lansdowne have shared the use of Lansdowne Road since 1880, however, since 1974 the ground itself has been owned by the IRFU. The latest Lansdowne player to be capped by Ireland is Matt Healy, on two occasions in 1931, Lansdowne supplied the entire Irish three-quarter line, one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. Noel Purcell was also a water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947. Brothers Kevin OFlanagan and Mick OFlanagan also played soccer for Ireland, on 30 September 1946 they both played for Ireland in a 1-0 defeat against England at Dalymount Park Brian Carney played as a junior with Lansdowne before switching rugby codes. He represented both Ireland and Great Britain at rugby league before returning to the union code, as well as representing Ireland, several Lansdowne players have also represented the British and Irish Lions. D. Ogilby 1873-74 J. D. Ogilby 1874-75 J. D. Ogilby 1875-76 D. T. Arnott 1876-77 F. W. Kidd 1877-78 J. W. Richards 1878-79 G. Scriven 1879-80 E. H. Nunns 1880-81 J. C. Pike 1927-28 G. P. S. Hogan 1928-29 E. O’D. Davy 1930-31 J. E. McEnery 1931-32 M. J. Dunne 1932-33 M. J. Dunne 1933-34 T. A. O’Reilly 1934-35 E. J. Lightfoot 1935-36 J. E. Arigho 1936-37 Rev. St. J. Spring 1985-86 M. Ryan 1986-87 W. Burns 1987-88 P. Collins 1988-89 G. Dilger 1989-90 V. Ryan 1990-91 P, clinch 1991-92 W. Burns 1992-93 Fergus Aherne 1993-94 Johnny Sexton 1994-95 Fergus Aherne 1995-96 B. Prendiville 1872-04 H. W. D. Dunlop 1904-05 J. Sibtdorpe 1905-06 J. B. Moore 1906-07 H. Moore 1907-08 W. Pigot 1908-09 J. Denning 1909-10 R. G. Warren 1910-11 F. W. Kidd 1911-12 R. W. Jeffares Snr. Sibtdorpe 1928-29 M Dawson 1929-30 M. J. D’Alton 1930-31 C. J. Law 1931-32 F. E. Davies 1932-33 V. C, heaney 1947-48 A. J. Beatty 1948-49 R. Noel Mitchell 1949-50 Michael J. Dunne 1950-51 F. C. Conroy 1951-52 E. J. Lightfoot 1952-53 Lt. Col. J. J. Burke-Gaffney, 1953-54 T. A. O’Reilly 1954-55 E. O’D. Davy 1955-56 J. Bell 1956-57 Dr. M. P. Crowe 1957-58 T. C, fox 1958-59 E. W. Garland 1959-60 H. W. Jack OBE
35.
Cambridge University R.U.F.C.
–
The Cambridge University Rugby Union Football Club, sometimes abbreviated CURUFC, is the rugby union club of the University of Cambridge. The team plays Oxford University RFC in the annual Varsity Match at Twickenham Stadium every December, Cambridge players wear light blue and white hooped jerseys with a red lion crest. Many have gone on to represent their country and the British and Irish Lions, whilst at Cambridge University James Bevan became the first captain of the Wales national rugby union team. Football is believed to have introduced to Cambridge University in 1839 by Trinity College fresher Albert Pell. Pell had matriculated at Cambridge after going up from Rugby School, Cambridge University Rugby Union Football Club was officially established in 1872, around three years after the Oxford rugby club was founded. The first Varsity match was contested between the two teams on 10 February 1872, the Cambridge team was led out by captain Isaac Cowley Lambert, wearing pink jerseys with a monogram on the left breast. Played away at the Park in Oxford, Cambridge lost by a goal to nil. CURUFC officials helped to draw up the laws of the game that were adopted by the Rugby Football Union when it was established in 1871, Cambridge became a Constituent Body of the Union in 1872, a status which the club still holds today. In 1874, Cambridge provided their first international player directly from the club, the following former players were selected for the British and Irish Lions touring squads whilst playing for Cambridge University. P. Oxford v Cambridge, The Story of the University Rugby Match
Johnny Hammond
South Africa
British Isles
