1.
LSU Tigers football
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The LSU Tigers football program, also known as the Fighting Tigers, represents Louisiana State University in the sport of American football. The Tigers compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, LSU ended the 2015 season with 770 victories, the 12th most in NCAA Division I FBS history, and the 4th most of any SEC team, behind Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia. The Tigers also have the 11th highest winning percentage among teams with at least 1,000 games played, LSU has won three National Championships in 1958,2003 and 2007. LSU has been featured in a game with ESPN College GameDay on location a total of 25 times, the Tigers have now made at least one appearance on the show every season since 2003. In recent years, LSU has had a number of players drafted into the National Football League. As of the beginning of the 2016 NFL season, there were 42 former LSU players on active rosters in the NFL, Louisiana State University played its first football game in school history on November 25,1893, losing to rival Tulane in the first intercollegiate contest in Louisiana. The game sparked a rivalry between the Tigers and the Green Wave that has lasted generations, the Tigers were coached by university professor Dr. Charles E. Coates, known for his work in the chemistry of sugar. Future Louisiana governor Ruffin G. Pleasant was the quarterback and captain of the LSU team, in the first game against Tulane, LSU football players wore purple and gold ribbons on their uniforms. According to legend, purple and gold were chosen because they were Mardi Gras colors, the rules of play in 1893 were more like rugby than what might be considered modern football. LSU achieved its first victory by beating Natchez Athletic Club 26–0 in 1894, samuel Marmaduke Dinwidie Clark has the honor of scoring the very first touchdown in LSU history. The first football game played on the LSU campus was at State Field on December 3,1894, LSUs only touchdown in that game was scored by the head coach, Albert Simmons. This was the first year of play for William S. Slaughter who lettered as an end for 5 years, Slaughter was LSUs first five time football letterman. By 1895, LSU had its first win in Baton Rouge, Coach Allen Jeardeau returned for his second but final year at LSU in 1897 for two games in Baton Rouge. A yellow fever outbreak throughout the South caused the postponement of LSUs classes starting, another outbreak of yellow fever similar to the one in 1897 caused LSU to play only one game in 1898. By the time LSU was able to play its game of the season, Allen Jeardeau had departed from the school as head football coach. The job of coach then fell to the captain, Edmond Chavanne. New coach John P. Gregg led the Tigers to a 1–4 season in 1899, the only wins were in an exhibition game against a high school team—which LSU does not officially record as a win—and against rival, Tulane. Chavanne was rehired in 1900, posting a 2–2 record and he was replaced by W. S. Borland as head coach in 1901, who led the team to a successful 5–1 season
2.
Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association
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The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association was one of the first collegiate athletic conferences in the United States. Twenty-seven of the current Division I FBS football programs were members of this conference at some point, the SIAA was founded on December 21,1894, by Dr. William Dudley, a chemistry professor at Vanderbilt, at the Kimball House in Atlanta. Dudley was a member of the Vanderbilt Athletic Association, formed in 1886 with Dr. W. M. Baskerville as president, most students at Vanderbilt were members. The early sports played on the Vanderbilt campus were baseball, bicycling, Dudley was primarily responsible for the formation of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association. Sewanees opposition stopped it from occurring, the original members were Alabama, Auburn, Georgia, Johns Hopkins, North Carolina, Sewanee, Vanderbilt, and Virginia. Virginia and North Carolina soon dropped before the inaugural 1895 season, the conference was originally formed for the development and purification of college athletics throughout the South. In 1903, a single-game football playoff occurred, but it seems to have been coordinated more so by the two competing schools than the conference itself, several other efforts over the years by individual schools to hold a conference title game fell through. Most SIAA titles claimed by schools in sports were actually more mythical in nature than officially sanctioned by the league. In 1915, a disagreement arose within the conference regarding the eligibility of freshman athletes, generally, the larger universities opposed the eligibility of freshman players, while the smaller schools favored it. As a result, some of the universities formed the Southern Intercollegiate Conference. At the conferences annual meeting on December 10,1920, the SIAA rejected proposals to ban freshman athletes, in protest, some schools that had voted in favor of the propositions immediately announced they would seek to form a new conference. In 1922, the Southern Conference underwent an expansion and added six more members, all at the expense of the SIAA, Florida, Louisiana State, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tulane, and Vanderbilt. With the departure of most of the colleges, the SIAA became a de facto small college conference in 1923. In the 1920s and 1930s, the SIAA increased its membership with the addition of additional small universities. The conference eventually disbanded in 1942 with the onset of American involvement in World War II, original charter members are denoted in boldface. Invited charter members are denoted with an asterisk, in the era in which the SIAA operated, teams tended to join in December, therefore, the first year of conference play in a given sport was often the following calendar year. Conference affiliations reflect those for the 2016–17 school year
3.
State Field
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State Field was the home stadium of the Louisiana State University Tigers football team from 1893 to 1924. The field was built on the old campus of LSU. It was located south of the Pentagon Barracks and slightly southwest of the site of the current Louisiana State Capitol Building adjacent to the Hill Memorial Library and George Peabody Hall. The field was known on the campus simply as the field was later moved to a site with bleachers that was north of the campuses experimental garden. The field was used for LSUs baseball and basketball teams. LSUs first home game was played at State Field on December 3,1894 against the University of Mississippi, the contest resulted in a 26-6 loss to Ole Miss. LSUs last home game at State Field was on November 15,1924 against Northwestern State, LSU won this game by a score of 40-0. LSU moved to the newly opened Tiger Stadium the next week in a game against Tulane on November 27,1924, during the 31 years that State Field was used as LSUs home field,100 home games were played there. LSUs record at State Field was 81-18-1, on May 13,1893, LSU played its first baseball game versus Tulane University. The game resulted in a victory for LSU, from 1893–1924 LSU baseball played 388 games at State Field with LSU having a 192-184-12 record. The LSU basketball team played at State Field
4.
1895 LSU football team
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The 1895 LSU football team represented Louisiana State University during the 1895 college football season. Coach Albert Simmons, in his last year at LSU, helped the Tigers to a season in 1895. This was the first unbeaten season in LSU football history, the season also featured the first home victory in LSU history with a win over Tulane in front of 1,500 spectators. LSU joined the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association in 1895, and began playing as part of the conference in 1896, roster from Fanbase. com and LSU, The Louisiana Tigers
5.
1897 LSU Tigers football team
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The 1897 LSU Tigers football team represented the LSU Tigers of Louisiana State University during the 1897 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Coach Allen Jeardeau returned for his second but final year at LSU in 1897 for two games in Baton Rouge, a yellow fever outbreak throughout the South caused the postponement of LSUs classes starting, and the football season being cut back to only two games. The 0–26 loss to the Bearcats is disputed, some sources list the final score as Cincinnati 28, LSU0. Roster from Fanbase. com and LSU, The Louisiana Tigers
6.
1896 Georgia Bulldogs football team
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The 1896 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1896 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. As a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, the team provided Georgia with its first undefeated season, compiling a 4–0 record, the Bulldogs were co-champions of the SIAA with LSU, who joined the conference in 1896. This was the Georgia Bulldogs second and final season under the guidance of head coach Pop Warner who had continued as coach for a season at a salary of $40 per week for ten weeks. It was rare in those days that a coach lasted more than one season, several veterans returned from last season. Nalley and Richard Von Albade Gammon were both in the backfield, with Gammon at quarterback, and Nalley as captain, the season opened in Spartanburg with a 26–0 defeat of Wofford. In the first big game of the season, Georgia beat North Carolina 24–16 in a close game. For the first time in Southern football history the football supremacy of Virginia, the first touchdown came when George Whitfield Price went around right tackle for 8 yards. There were yells of Price, Price everywhere, Carolinas Heyward then got his own touchdown through right tackle. Later, Carolinas Belden made a punt, which went over Lovejoys head. Wright fell on it for a touchdown, giving Carolina the lead, then Blanch broke through and tied the score with a 30-yard run between right end and tackle. He then later went around end to put the Bulldogs up by a score as the first half ended. A blocked kick from Blanch and Key led to Georgias final touchdown, after Green ran for 40 yards on a fake buck, Heyward scored the last touchdown for Carolina from 5 yards out. The starting lineup was Wight, Price, Blanch, Atkinson (center, Middlebrooke, Kent, Watson, Gammon, Nalley, Cothrell, the Bulldogs defeated the Sewanee Tigers 26–0. In the rivalry game with John Heismans Auburn to decide the conference, Georgias quarterback the following season Reynolds Tichenor was at the same spot for the Tigers. Lovejoy scored Georgias first touchdown, without Nalley using signals, the next touchdown came on another trick, with an onside kick to get the ball. Walter Cothran followed this with an 80-yard touchdown run, Tichenor then had a long punt return for Auburn. Tichenor once said he had been sprawled on the ground, when a big Georgia lineman jumped at him, knees first, the fellow was very polite, Tichenor said. We both got up and he apologized very profusely for having missed me, Tichenor later transferred to Georgia to attend law school
7.
1896 Auburn Tigers football team
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The 1896 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1896 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. It was the Tigers fifth season, the team was led by head coach John Heisman, in his second year, and finished with a record of three wins and one loss. The teams captain was Reynolds Tichenor, the Georgia–Auburn game was a 12 to 6 victory by Georgia to finish its first undefeated season under Pop Warner. The game featured Tichenors brilliant punt returns
8.
1896 Alabama Crimson White football team
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The 1896 Alabama Crimson White football team represented the University of Alabama in the 1896 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The team was led by head coach Otto Wagonhurst, in his first season, in what was the fifth season of Alabama football, the team finished with a record of two wins and one loss. In spring 1895, the University Board of Trustees passed a rule that prohibited teams from competing off-campus for athletic events. As such, all scheduled for the 1896 season were played on campus at The Quad. In their first game, Alabama shutout the Birmingham Athletic Club before they lost their game of the season against Sewanee. Alabama scored their first touchdown early in the first half when a B. A. C, fumble was recovered and returned 50-yards for a touchdown. They scored four touchdowns and made five successful PATs in their 30–0 shutout victory. In what was the final all-time contest against the Athletics, the victory improved Alabamas all-time record against the Birmingham Athletic Club to 2–3, against Sewanee, Alabama lost their first game of the season 10–6. The loss brought Alabamas all-time record against Sewanee to 1–2, in their final game of the season, Alabama defeated the Mississippi A&M Aggies 20–0 at Tuscaloosa in the first all-time meeting between the long-time rivals. Alabama took a 12–0 halftime lead after Putnam and Frank White scored touchdowns with A. B. In the second half Samuel Slone scored on a 45-yard touchdown run, head coach, Otto Wagonhurst Manager, Champ Pickens
9.
Kentucky Wildcats football
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The Kentucky Wildcats football program represents the University of Kentucky in the sport of American football. The Wildcats compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, until about 1913, the modern University of Kentucky was referred to as Kentucky State College and nearby Transylvania University was known as Kentucky University. In 1880, Kentucky University and Centre College played the first intercollegiate game in Kentucky. Kentucky State first fielded a team in 1881, playing three games against rival Kentucky University. The team was revived in 1891, both the inaugural 1881 squad and the revived 1891 squad have unknown coaches according to university records in winning two games and losing three. The 1891 teams colors were blue and light yellow, decided before the Centre–Kentucky game on December 19, a student asked What color blue. And varsity letterman Richard C. Stoll pulled off his necktie and this is still held as the origin of Kentuckys shade of blue. The next year light yellow was dropped and changed to white, the 1892 team was coached by A. M. Miller, and went 2–4–1. The greatest UK team of this era was the 1898 squad, to this day, the Immortals remain the only undefeated, untied, and unscored upon team in UK football history. The Immortals were coached by W. R. Bass and ended the year a perfect 7–0–0, head coach Jack Wright led the team to a 7–1 record in 1903, losing only to rival and southern champion Kentucky University. Fred Schacht posted a 15–4–1 record in two seasons but died unexpectedly after his second season, J. White Guyn also had success leading the Wildcats, posting a 17–7–1 record in his three years. Edwin Sweetland went 16–3 in three seasons but resigned due to poor health, Sweetland also served as Kentuckys first athletics director. The 1909 team upset the Illinois Fighting Illini, upon their welcome home, Philip Carbusier said that they had fought like wildcats, a nickname that stuck. John J. Tigert coached Kentucky for two seasons with each season having one loss, the 1916 team fought the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association co-champion Tennessee Volunteers to a scoreless tie. The years only a loss,45 to 0 to the Irby Curry-led Vanderbilt Commodores, was the dedication of Stoll Field, quarterbacks Curry and Kentuckys Doc Rodes were both selected All-Southern at years end. Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin stated If you would give me Doc Rodes, Coach Harry Gamage had a 32–25–5 record during his seven seasons from 1927 to 1933. A. D. Kirwan, who would go on to be the president of the university, coached the Wildcats from 1938 to 1944, longtime athletics director Bernie Shively also served as Kentuckys head football coach for the 1945 season. Coach Paul Bear Bryant was Kentuckys head football coach for eight seasons, Bear Bryant came to Kentucky from Maryland
10.
Cumberland Bulldogs football
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The Cumberland Phoenix football team represents Cumberland University in National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics, primarily competing in the Mid-South Conference. The Phoenix formerly competed in the TranSouth Athletic Conference and Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, Cumberland football began on October 26,1894 with a 6-6 tie with Peabody and finished that first year with a 2-1-1 season record. The early days of Cumberland football were very promising, the 1916 game against Georgia Tech is famous as the most lopsided-scoring game in the history of college football, Georgia Tech defeated Cumberland by a score of 222–0. For the 2008 season, CUs football earned a share of the Mid-South Conference West Division, in 2016, the team changed its name from Bulldogs to the Phoenix
11.
Louisiana State University
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Louisiana State University is a public coeducational university located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The university was founded in 1853 in what is now known as Pineville, Louisiana, LSU is the flagship institution of the Louisiana State University System. In 2015, the university enrolled over 26,000 undergraduate and over 5,000 graduate students in 14 schools, several of LSUs graduate schools, such as the E. J. Ourso College of Business and the Paul M. Hebert Law Center, have received recognition in their respective fields of study. LSUs athletics department fields teams in 21 varsity sports, and is a member of the NCAA, the university is represented by its mascot, Mike the Tiger. Louisiana State University Agricultural & Mechanical College had its origin in land grants made by the United States government in 1806,1811. It was founded as an academy and is still today steeped in military tradition. In 1853, the Louisiana General Assembly established the Seminary of Learning of the State of Louisiana near Pineville in Rapides Parish in Central Louisiana. Modeled initially after Virginia Military Institute, the institution opened with five professors and nineteen cadets on January 2,1860, the original location of the Old LSU Site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On January 26,1861, after only a year at the helm, the school closed on June 30,1861, with the start of the American Civil War. During the course of the war, the university reopened briefly in April 1863, the losses sustained by the institution during the Union occupation were heavy, and after 1863 the seminary remained closed for the remainder of the Civil War. Following the surrender of the Confederates at Appomattox Court House on April 9,1865 and these cannons had been captured from Confederate forces after the close of the war and had been used during the initial firing upon Fort Sumter in April 1861. The cannons are still displayed in front of LSUs Military Science/Aerospace Studies Building, the seminary officially reopened its doors on October 2,1865, only to be burned October 15,1869. On November 1,1869, the institution resumed its exercises in Baton Rouge, in 1870, the name of the institution was officially changed to Louisiana State University. It temporarily opened in New Orleans, June 1,1874 and this prompted the final name change for the university to the Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College. On June 7,1925, Oscar B, turner, a professor of agronomy, was murdered by an axe-wielding assailant on campus. On April 30,1926, the present LSU campus was formally dedicated, prior to this, LSU utilized the quarters of the Institute for the Deaf, Mute, and Blind. Land for the present campus was purchased in 1918, construction started in 1922, the campus was originally designed for 3000 students, but was cut back due to budget problems
12.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Baton Rouge is the capital of the U. S. state of Louisiana and its second-largest city. It forms the seat of East Baton Rouge Parish and is located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River. As the Capital City, Baton Rouge is the hub for Louisiana. The metropolitan area surrounding the city, known as Greater Baton Rouge, is also the second-largest in Louisiana, the urban area has around 594,309 inhabitants. Baton Rouge is an industrial, petrochemical, medical, research, motion picture. The Port of Greater Baton Rouge is the tenth largest in the United States in terms of tonnage shipped, the Baton Rouge area owes its historical importance to its strategic site upon the Istrouma Bluff, the first natural bluff upriver from the Mississippi River Delta. This allowed development of a business quarter safe from seasonal flooding, in addition, the city built a levee system stretching from the bluff southward to protect the riverfront and low-lying agricultural areas. The city is a rich center, with settlement by immigrants from numerous European nations. It was ruled by seven different governments, French, British, and Spanish in the era, West Floridian, United States territory and state, Confederate. Human habitation in the Baton Rouge area has been dated to 12000 –6500 BC based on evidence found along the Mississippi, Comite, earthwork mounds were built by hunter-gatherer societies in the Middle Archaic period, from roughly the 4th millennium BC. Eastern Muskogean began to diversify internally in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, at the time, the region appeared to be occupied by a collection of moderately-sized native chiefdoms interspersed with autonomous villages and tribal groups. French explorer Sieur dIberville led a party up the Mississippi River in 1699. The explorers saw a red pole marking the boundary between the Houma and Bayogoula tribal hunting grounds, see also Red Sticks for the ceremonial use of red sticks among the Muscogee. The location of the red pole was presumably at Scotts Bluff and it was reportedly a 30-foot-high painted pole adorned with fish bones. The settlement of Baton Rouge by Europeans began in 1721 when a military post was established by French colonists. Since European settlement, Baton Rouge has been governed by France, Britain, Spain, Louisiana, the Republic of West Florida, the Confederate States, and the United States. In 1755, when French-speaking settlers of Acadia in Canadas Maritime provinces were driven into exile by British forces, popularly known as Cajuns, the descendants of the Acadians maintained a separate culture. During the first half of the 19th century, the city grew steadily as the result of steamboat trade, Baton Rouge was incorporated in 1817
13.
New Orleans
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
14.
Battle for the Rag
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The Battle for the Rag is an American college football rivalry game played by the LSU Tigers football team of Louisiana State University and the Tulane Green Wave football team of Tulane University. The game was played every year since its inception in 1893. The winner is awarded a satin trophy flag known as the Tiger Rag at LSU, the flag is divided diagonally, with the logos of each school placed on opposite sides and the Seal of Louisiana in the center. LSUs name for the flag comes from the popular tune Tiger Rag and it is believed that this flag was destroyed in a 1982 fire at Tulanes University Center. In 2001, LSU and Tulane worked together to create a reconstruction of the rag based upon archived photographs, in 2006 the rivalry was officially renewed, returning to yearly play for the first time since 1994. The teams began play that year and continued until 2009, when it was announced that LSU would pay Tulane $700,000 to void the final six years of the home-and-home series, LSU held that it would benefit if the remaining games were all played in Baton Rouge. Not wanting to give up its home games, Tulane agreed to end the series early, source, College Football Data Warehouse † LSU was declared the winner by forfeit in the 1896 and 1901 games. The score for each prior to a forfeit declaration was, 1896-Tulane 2, LSU0. Official scores subsequent to the forfeitures are listed in the table. # Rankings are from the AP Poll released prior to each game. List of NCAA college football rivalry games LSU-Tulane series history Gameday notes for the 2001 meeting between the two teams LSU and Tulane Agree to Football Series
15.
Vicksburg, Mississippi
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Vicksburg is the only city and county seat of Warren County, Mississippi, United States. It is located 234 miles northwest of New Orleans on the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers, and 40 miles due west of Jackson and it is located on the Mississippi River across from the state of Louisiana. The city has increased in population since 1900, when 14,834 people lived here, the population was 26,407 at the 2000 census. In 2010, it was designated as the city of a Micropolitan Statistical Area with a total population of 49,644. This MSA includes all of Warren County, the area which is now Vicksburg was long occupied by the Natchez Native Americans as part of their historical territory along the Mississippi. The Natchez spoke a language isolate not related to the Muskogean languages of the major tribes in the area. Before the Natchez, other cultures had occupied this strategic area for thousands of years. The first Europeans who settled the area were French colonists, who built Fort-Saint-Pierre in 1719 on the bluffs overlooking the Yazoo River at present-day Redwood. They conducted fur trading with the Natchez and others and started plantations, on 29 November 1729, the Natchez attacked the fort and plantations in and around the present-day city of Natchez. They killed several hundred settlers, including the Jesuit missionary Father Paul Du Poisson, as was the custom, they took a number of women and children as captives. The Natchez War was a disaster for French Louisiana, and the population of the Natchez District never recovered. But, aided by the Choctaw, traditional enemies of the Natchez, the French defeated and scattered the Natchez and their allies, the Choctaw Nation took over the area by right of conquest and inhabited it for several decades. Under pressure from the US government, in 1801 the Choctaw agreed to cede nearly 2,000,000 acres of land to the US under the terms of the Treaty of Fort Adams. The treaty was the first of a series that led to the removal in 1830 of most of the Choctaw to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Some Choctaw remained in Mississippi, citing article XIV of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, they became citizens of the state and they struggled to maintain their culture against the pressure of the binary slave society, which classified people as only white or black. In 1790, the Spanish founded a military outpost on the site, when the Americans took possession in 1798 following the American Revolutionary War and a treaty with Spain, they changed the name to Walnut Hills. The small village was incorporated in 1825 as Vicksburg, named after Newitt Vick and they captured and hanged five gamblers who had shot and killed a local doctor. The historian Joshua D. Rothman calls this event the deadliest outbreak of violence in the slave states between the Southampton Insurrection and the Civil War
16.
Magnolia Bowl
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The teams compete for the Magnolia Bowl Trophy. The Tigers and the Rebels first met in 1894, and have been opponents in Southeastern Conference. The rivalry was at its height during the 1950s and 1960s, even though the rivalry has not attracted the same national attention in recent years, it still stirs up passion in both Oxford and Baton Rouge. Ole Miss defeated LSU 31–13 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana to become the first winner of the new trophy, in many cases, wins have come in streaks with the longest being 8. The next longest win streak is 6, a total reached by both Ole Miss and LSU, the Tigers won from 2002 to 2007, while the Rebels were able to defeat LSU from 1952 to 1957. It is the second most played rivalry for both teams, the 2011 edition in Oxford was the 100th meeting between the two schools. It was also the most lopsided game in history, as top-ranked LSU defeated Ole Miss. 1959 – Cannons Halloween Run – Late in the game between number 1 LSU and number 3 Ole Miss, LSU was trailing 0–3, then Billy Cannon returned a punt 89 yards for a TD, breaking seven tackles. The Rebels then drove down the field but were stopped on the LSU 1-yard line as the game ended resulting in a 7–3 victory for LSU in Tiger Stadium. The Rebels would get revenge however in the Sugar Bowl by defeating the Tigers 21–0, and were declared national champions by several polls. The Night The Clock Stopped – Number 6 LSU survived a bid from unranked Ole Miss in Tiger Stadium by winning the game on a TD pass from QB Bert Jones to RB Brad Davis. Ole Miss fans say the 1972 contest featured a few seconds of free football, the Tigers trailed the Rebels 16–10 with four seconds to play and the ball on the Ole Miss ten-yard line. After a short incompletion by Jones to Jimmy LeDoux at the goal line, the Tigers used the precious second to win the game on the last play, 17–16. The home-clock advantage inspired a sign at the Louisiana state line reading, set your clocks back four seconds. 1989 – The 1989 contest in Oxford, the first visit by LSU to the Ole Miss campus since 1960, one week earlier, Rebels safety Chucky Mullins suffered a career-ending injury making a tackle vs. Vanderbilt. The student body passed buckets around the stadium to a record crowd of 42,700 at Vaught-Hemingway Stadium. In excess of $150,000 was raised for the Mullins fund. The Rebels nearly pulled off a comeback of 21 points against the 1–6 Tigers, only to have the ball intercepted in the end zone in the waning seconds,1997 – The Rebels upset then number 7 LSU 36–21 one week after the Tigers shocked the then top-ranked Florida Gators
17.
Natchez, Mississippi
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Natchez is the county seat and only city of Adams County, Mississippi, United States. Natchez has a population of 15,792. Located on the Mississippi River across from Vidalia in Concordia Parish, Louisiana, Natchez was a prominent city in the antebellum years and it is some 90 miles southwest of Jackson, the capital of Mississippi, which is located near the center of the state. It is about 85 miles north of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Natchez is the 25th-largest city in the state. The city was named for the Natchez tribe of Native Americans, established by French colonists in 1716, Natchez is one of the oldest and most important European settlements in the lower Mississippi River Valley. After the French lost the French and Indian War, they ceded Natchez and it predates Jackson by more than a century, the latter replaced Natchez as the capital in 1822, as it was more centrally located in the developing state. In U. S. history, Natchez is recognized particularly for its role in the development of the Old Southwest during the first half of the nineteenth century and it was the southern terminus of the historic Natchez Trace, with the northern terminus being Nashville, Tennessee. After unloading their cargoes in Natchez or New Orleans, many pilots, the Natchez Trace also played an important role during the War of 1812. Today the modern Natchez Trace Parkway, which commemorates this route, in the middle of the nineteenth century, the city attracted wealthy Southern planters as residents, who built mansions to fit their ambitions. Natchez became the port from which these crops were exported. Many of the built by planters before 1860 survive and form a major part of the citys architecture. Agriculture remained the economic base for the region until well into the twentieth century. Later in the 20th century, many local industries closed in a restructuring that sharply reduced the number of jobs in the area, despite its status as a popular destination for heritage tourism because of well-preserved antebellum architecture, Natchez has had a general decline in population since 1960. It remains the city of the Natchez, MS–LA Micropolitan Statistical Area. Natchez is located at 31°3316 latitude, 91°2315 longitude, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.9 square miles, of which 13.2 square miles are land and 0.6 square miles is water. Natchez has a subtropical climate under the Köppen climate classification system. As of the census of 2000, there were 18,464 people,7,591 households, the population density was 1,398.3 people per square mile. There were 8,479 housing units at a density of 642.1 per square mile
18.
Ruston, Louisiana
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Ruston is a small city and the parish seat of Lincoln Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is the largest city in the Eastern Ark-La-Tex region, as of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 21,859, reflecting an increase of 6.4 percent from the count of 20,546 counted in the 2000 Census. Ruston is near the border of the Ark-La-Tex region and is the home of Louisiana Tech University. Its economy is based on its college population. Ruston hosts the annual Peach Festival, Ruston is the principal city of the Ruston Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Lincoln parish. Robert Edwin Russ, the Lincoln Parish sheriff from 1877–1880, donated 640 acres to the town, in 1883, commercial and residential lots were created and sold for $375 apiece, and soon the sawing of lumber and clacking of hammers could be heard throughout the area. As the town began to shape, new churches, businesses, civic organizations. In 1900 a second railroad, running north and south, was built through Ruston and this brought even more business and industry to the area and the population continued to provide a foundation for the local economy. By the time the U. S. entered World War I in 1917, Ruston was established as a center for learning, in 1938, an African-American 19-year old named R. C. Williams was accused of killing a man and assaulting a white woman. A crowd captured the man and tortured him with hot pokers before hanging him from a tree in a lynching. A grand jury ruled that there was insufficient evidence to press charges against any of the perpetrators, Ruston grew steadily during the post-World War II years. By the middle 1960s, Interstate 20 passed through the part of Ruston. This coast-to-coast highway made Ruston more easily accessible, much as the railroad had done a century earlier, in the 1980s, the state of Louisiana economy declined as the oil industry went into a recession. Ruston, however, continued growing steadily because of the expansion of Louisiana Tech. The city also had its centennial celebration during this decade, more than fifteen buildings have been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The city has a new general aviation airport to serve existing business and industry, Ruston is located at 32°31′47″N 92°38′26″W and has an elevation of 331 feet. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 18.2 square miles
19.
Marksville, Louisiana
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Marksville is a small city in and the parish seat of Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 5,702 at the 2010 census, an increase of 165 over the 2000 tabulation of 5,537, louisianas first land-based casino, Paragon Casino Resort, opened in Marksville in June 1994. It is operated by the federally recognized Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe, which has a reservation in the parish, Marksville is named after Marc Eliche, a Jewish-Italian immigrant who established a trading post after his wagon broke down in this area. He was a Sephardic Jewish trader from Italy, believed to be from Venice and his Italian name was recorded by a Spanish priest as Marco Litche, and as Marc Eliche or Mark Eliché by French priests after his trading post was established about 1794. Marksville was noted on Louisiana maps as early as 1809, after the United States acquired the territory in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, Eliche later donated the land that became the Courthouse Square. It is still the center of Marksville, Marksville today has a population made up of numerous Cajun peoples. Many of the families have been there since the city was incorporated and these families include Gaspard, Sylvan, Trahan, Malveaux, and Zachary. Marksville became the center of a rural area developed as cotton plantations. Planters typically bought slaves from the markets in New Orleans, where they had been taken via the Mississippi River or by the slave trade at sea. Northups memoir was the basis of the 2013 movie 12 Years A Slave, during the American Civil War, Marksville late in 1862 hosted Confederate soldiers from Texas. According to historian John D. Winters, they built huts to shelter themselves from the icy winds. At night, after the usual routines, the men amused themselves around their campfires with practical jokes. Some of the soldiers often gathered under an arbor of boughs to dance jigs, reels, on the opposite side of the camp, another arbor served as a church. There at night with the area lighted by pine knots, men listened to the exhortations and prayers of the preacher, Marksville came under Union control in 1863 as part of Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Bankss Red River campaign. It was occupied by Union troops for the remainder of the war, Marksville city police officers Norris Joseph Greenhouse, Jr. and Derrick W. The family had moved to Marksville from Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Struck with two bullets by the officers, Few remained hospitalized with injuries for several days after the shootings, the motive has not been revealed, but a police chase resulting from a traffic stop is suspected. Louisiana State Police superintendent Mike Edmonson, whose office will investigate, a total of eighteen shots were fired, five of which struck the child, who died instantly
20.
Edmond Chavanne
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Edmond Auguste M. Chavanne was an American football player and coach. He served as the coach at Louisiana State University for two seasons,1898 and 1900, compiling a career record of 3–2. John P. Gregg coached the team in 1899, Chavanne was the first LSU football coach to have graduated from LSU. He also holds the distinction of being the only player-coach in LSU football history, the 1898 season was delayed due to a yellow fever outbreak throughout the South. Prior to the starting, LSUs previous football coach, Allen Jeardeau, had departed the school. Since the school had not made any provision to name a replacement coach, the job was left to Chavanne, Chavanne graduated from LSU in 1898. He had previously played on the football team from 1896-1898. He was named as Commandant of Cadets at LSU in 1899, edmond Chavanne at the College Football Data Warehouse
21.
Lake Charles, Louisiana
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Lake Charles is the fifth-largest incorporated city in the U. S. state of Louisiana, located on Lake Charles, Prien Lake, and the Calcasieu River. Founded in 1861 in Calcasieu Parish, it is an industrial, cultural. As of the 2010 census, the population was 71,993, Lake Charles is the principal city of the Lake Charles Metropolitan Statistical Area, having a population of 202,040. It is the principal city of the Lake Charles-Jennings Combined Statistical Area. The 2010 population of the area of Southwest Louisiana was 292,619. It is considered a significant center of petrochemical refining, gaming, tourism. Because of the lakes and waterways throughout the city, metropolitan Lake Charles is often referred to as the Lake Area, on March 7,1861, Lake Charles was officially incorporated as the town of Charleston, Louisiana. Six years after the city was incorporated, dissatisfaction over the name Charleston arose, on March 16,1867, in 1910, a fire, known as the Great Fire of 1910, devastated much of the city. However, Lake Charles soon rebuilt itself and continued to grow, the Charleston Hotel was completed in 1929, during the administration of Mayor Henry J. Geary. During and after World War II, Lake Charles experienced industrial growth with the onset of the petrochemical refining industries, the city grew to a high of some 75,000 people in the early 1980s, but with local economic recession, the population declined. With the advent of the gaming, manufacturing, and aviation maintenance industries, Lake Charles, located on a level plain about 30 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, has an elevation of 13 feet, and is located on the banks of the Calcasieu River in southwestern Louisiana. It borders both Lake Charles and Prien Lake, Contraband Bayou, Henderson Bayou, and English Bayou flow through the city. Oak trees and pine trees dot the landscape, as the industry, once the main economic engine of the area. The Calcasieu Ship Channel, which allows large ocean-going vessels to sail up from the Gulf, also borders the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 44.8 square miles, of which 42.0 square miles is land and 2.7 square miles. The average relative humidity in Lake Charles is 90% in the morning, as of the 2010 census, the population was 71,993. In 2010, the density was 1,711.8 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 47% White, 47% African American,0. 4% Native American,1. 7% Asian,0. 47% from other races,2. 1% from two or more races
22.
Houma, Louisiana
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Houma is the only city in and the parish seat of Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, and the largest principal city of the Houma–Bayou Cane–Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area. The citys powers of government have been absorbed by the parish, the population was 33,727 at the 2010 census, an increase of 1,334 over the 2000 tabulation of 32,393. Many unincorporated areas are adjacent to the city of Houma, the largest and it is not included in the citys census counts, and is a separate census-designated place. If the populations of the urbanized census-designated places were included with that of the city of Houma, the city was named after the historic Native American tribe of Houma people, believed to be related to the Choctaw. The United Houma Nation Tribe is recognized by the state of Louisiana, Houma was rated as an Affordable city by Demographias International Housing Survey. Houma was founded by European Americans in 1834 at a settlement of the Houma people. The city was named after them, the city of Houma was incorporated in 1848. The United Houma Nation and two other Houma tribes have been recognized by the state, Houma is also rated as a medium size city. The area was developed for plantations in the years, which were worked primarily by enslaved African Americans. Since the late 19th century, the area has become industrialized and developed for trade. In 1862, four Union soldiers en route by wagon from New Orleans to Houma were ambushed by armed citizens. Two of the Union men were killed, and the two were seriously wounded. In retaliation, Union officers brought 400 troops into Houma, where began a wholesale arrest of residents. In his 1963 book, the historian John D, winters describes the events, The investigation of the murders lasted several days but failed to reveal the guilty parties. To frighten the citizens, the home of a Doctor Jennings was burned, the soldiers next began to seize sheep, cattle, mules, wagons, and saddle horses. Negroes began to desert their masters and to flock to the protection of the troops, the frightened citizens had no means of resistance, and many found it hard to stand by and see their country despoiled by a few hundred troops. Houma is located at 29°35′15″N 90°42′58″W and has an elevation of 10 feet. BY SQ According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 14.2 square miles
23.
Bonita, Louisiana
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Bonita is a village in Morehouse Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 335 at the 2000 census and it is part of the Bastrop Micropolitan Statistical Area. Bonita was founded in the early 1890s when the railroad was extended to that point, a post office has been in operation in Bonita since 1890. Bonita is located at 32°55′18″N 91°40′26″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.4 square miles, all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 335 people,122 households, the population density was 247.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 143 housing units at a density of 105.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 42. 69% White,55. 52% African American,0. 30% Asian,1. 49% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 49% of the population. 25. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.35. In the village, the population was out with 26. 9% under the age of 18,8. 7% from 18 to 24,23. 0% from 25 to 44,22. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males, the median income for a household in the village was $22,727, and the median income for a family was $25,227. Males had an income of $19,167 versus $19,688 for females. The per capita income for the village was $25,029, about 25. 0% of families and 30. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37. 6% of those under age 18 and 27. 0% of those age 65 or over. Bonita Progress Community Progress Site for Bonita, LA
24.
George H. Brooke
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George Haydock Brooke was an American football player and coach. He played college football as a fullback at Swarthmore College from 1889 to 1892, Brooke served as the head football coach at Stanford University, Swarthmore, and Penn, compiling a career college football coaching record of 89–46–10. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1969, George Brooke was born on July 9,1874, in Brookeville, Maryland, to Walter H. Brooke at Caroline Leggett Brooke. He was married to Marie Louise Gregg Robb and he and his wife had no children. George Brooke attended Brookeville High School in Maryland before moving on to Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania, at Swarthmore, he played baseball and football. He was the captain of the 1892 Swarthmore football team and he received a Bachelor of Science degree from Swarthmore in 1893. He next enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania where he earned a Bachelor of Philosophy degree in 1895, Brooke played seven years of college football at Swarthmore College and then at the University of Pennsylvania. He was selected as an All-American in 1894 and 1895 while playing for the University of Pennsylvania, Penn was undefeated and won the national championship of football in the two seasons that Brooke was named an All-American. All-American selector, Caspar Whitney called Brooke a very hard man to stop and he strikes the line with almost irresistible force. He was regarded as a fullback and a top notch punter. He is credited with coining the phrase coffin corner when describing his long punts deep into the end of the field. Brooke was barred from playing for Pennsylvania after the 1895 season because of an agreement between Harvard and the University of Pennsylvania that limited players to four seasons. After finishing a degree from Pennsylvania, Brooke was the subject of an allegation of being an ineligible player in an October 24,1896 game in New Orleans. In the game, Brooke played only one down for Tulane University before LSU protested to the games referee, Tulane claimed that Brooke planned on enrolling there as a graduate student. During the debate between team captains, Brooke refused to sign an affidavit stating his intention to enroll at Tulane, the referee ruled him ineligible to play. The Tulane football team refused to continue playing the game without Brooke, following his playing career, Brooke was the head football coach at Stanford University in 1897, compiling a record of 4–1. In the spring of 1898 he took a break from coaching and he served in Puerto Rico during the conflict. Brooke was discharged from the Army later in 1898 with the war ending, from 1900 to 1912 he coached Swarthmore Colleges football team, earning an overall record of 72–32–6
25.
Penn Quakers football
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The Penn Quakers football team is the college football team at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Penn has played in 1,364 football games, the most of any school in any division, Penn plays its home games at historic Franklin Field, the oldest stadium in football. All Penn games are broadcast on WNTP or WFIL radio, Penn bills itself as college footballs most historic program. The Quakers have had 63 First Team All-Americans, and the college is the alma mater of John Heisman, the team has won a share of 7 national championships and competed in the granddaddy of them all in 1917. Penns total of 837 wins puts them 11th all-time in college football,18 members of the College Football Hall of Fame played at Penn and 5 members of the College Football Hall of Fame coached at Penn. Penn has had 11 unbeaten seasons, Penn is one of the few college football teams to have had an exclusive contract with a network for broadcasting all their home games. For the 1950 season, ABC Sports broadcast all of Penns home games, the only other teams to have exclusive contracts are Miami and Notre Dame. The Quakers competed as an independent until 1956, when they accepted the invitation to join the Ivy League. See, NCAA #Football television controversy Penn joined the Ivy League in 1956 when it was formed, Penn won its 1st Ivy League Football Championship in 1959. It was not until 1982,23 years later, that Penn would win its 2nd Ivy League Football Championship, since that year Penn has become a dominant football power in the Ivy League. They are tied with Dartmouth in winning a record 18 Ivy League Football Championships, Penn, however, is first in outright Ivy League titles, and first in undefeated Ivy League titles. NCAA record for most college football games played -1,364, NCAA record for consecutive overtime losses -3 games Most outright Ivy League titles -13, Highest number of unbeaten Ivy League seasons -8, Longest Ivy League winning streak -20 straight games. Penn also holds the next two Longest Ivy League win streaks, record 18 Ivy League Football Championships. Penns home stadium Franklin Field is not only the oldest stadium in football, brooke - Twice All-America, College football Hall of Fame. Outland - namesake of the Outland Trophy, College Football Hall of Fame Penns total of three major award winners surpasses several BCS programs to this day. A total of 51 players from Penn have been drafted in the NFL, including NFL Hall of Famers Chuck Bednarik and Bert Bell and NFL first-round pick Skip Minisi. List of Penn Quakers in the NFL Draft Penns rivalry with Cornell is the 5th-most played college football rivalry of all time and their first game was in 1893 and have played every year since, except in 1918. Penn leads in the series, 72–46–5, since the official formation of the Ivy League in 1956 Penn has won 31 games and Cornell has won 29 games
26.
William Lofland Dudley
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William Lofland Dudley was an American chemistry professor at both the University of Cincinnati and Vanderbilt University. At Vanderbilt, he was appointed dean of its medical department and he was also once vice-president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and was notably director of affairs on the Tennessee Centennial Exposition executive committee. Early in Dudleys career, he and John Holland developed a method for refining iridium that paved the way for applications of the metal. He was instrumental in the establishment of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, Dudley was a part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association executive and football rules committees. Known as the father of Vanderbilt football and the father of Southern football, Dudley was born on April 16,1859 in Covington, Kentucky, to George Reed Dudley and Emma Lofland. His father was an owner and manufacturer. Dudleys family was of English descent, and he was a descendant of colonial Massachusetts governor Thomas Dudley. He was educated in the Covington public schools, graduating from Covington High School in 1876 and that autumn, Dudley entered the University of Cincinnati. By 1875 he had published an article in Scientific American. He was appointed professor of chemistry at Miami in 1880. From 1880 to 1886, Dudley was a professor of chemistry and toxicology at Miami Medical College in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1886, he was elected professor and chair of chemistry at Vanderbilt University, where he introduced courses in organic chemistry to the curriculum. President Grover Cleveland appointed Dudley a member of the Assay Commission of 1887 to examine the weight, Dudley was appointed Vanderbilts first dean of the medical department in 1895. In 1880, one John Holland of Cincinnati discovered the ability to melt and make castings of iridium by fusing the white-hot ore with phosphorus and he invoked the help of Dudley in getting rid of the phosphorus, who did so by repeated applications of lime at great heat. This was the first reported method of refining iridium, Dudley then found new applications for iridium, and formed the American Iridium Company with Holland. Dudley filed a patent on his method for electroplating in 1887. Dudley was credited with discovering that a component of tobacco smoke is carbon monoxide. Dudley rejected the popularly held opinion that cigarette smoke was harmful due to the adulteration of the tobacco and his experiments showed the toxic agent to be carbon monoxide, resulting alike from cigarette, pipe, or cigar. Dudley was one of the first to publish the physiological effects of X-rays along with fellow Vanderbilt professor John Daniel, a child who had been shot in the head was brought to the Vanderbilt laboratory in 1896
27.
Mississippi State Bulldogs football
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The Mississippi State Bulldogs football program represents Mississippi State University in the sport of American football. The Bulldogs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and they are currently coached by Dan Mullen. Mississippi State has produced an SEC championship team in 1941 and a championship team in 1998. Mississippi State has produced 38 All-Americans,171 All-SEC selections, and 124 NFL players, the Bulldogs play their home games at Davis Wade Stadium at Scott Field, the second oldest football stadium in NCAA Division I FBS, which has a seating capacity of 61,337. Mississippi State first fielded a team in 1895. The team was coached by W. M. Matthews, during his one-season tenure, Matthews posted an overall record of zero wins and two losses. He is also credited with the selection of what became the school colors, maroon and white. Daniel S. Martin left rival Ole Miss and served as the Aggies head football coach from 1903–1906 and his final record in Starkville was 10–11–3. W. D. Chadwick led the Aggies from 1909–1913, during his five-season tenure, Mississippi A&M appeared in and won its first bowl game, the 1911 Bacardi Bowl in Havana, Cuba. Fullback Dutch Reule was selected All-Southern, the 1911 team was also referred to as The Bull Dogs. Earle C. Hayes replaced Chadwick and led Mississippi A&M to 15–8–2 record from 1914–1916, hunter Kimball received the most votes of any All-Southern halfback in 1914. The Mississippi Legislature renamed Mississippi A&M as Mississippi State College in 1925, Ralph Sasse enjoyed success as Mississippi States head football coach. Allyn McKeen left Memphis to become head coach at Mississippi State. In 1940, he was named Southeastern Conference Coach of the Year after leading Mississippi State to its only undefeated season in history and its second Orange Bowl appearance. The following year,1941, his Maroons squad captured the first, McKeen retired from coaching in 1948 after being fired by Athletic Director Dudy Noble because of a 4–4–1 season. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1991, Mississippi State did not field a football team in 1943. Arthur Morton left VMI to become MSUs head football coach after McKeens retirement, Mortons Maroons posted struggling records of 0–8–1, 4–5 and 4–5 for a grand total of 8–18–1 before Mortons firing. Murray Warmath came to Mississippi State from his post as coach at Army and posted records of 5–4
28.
Pop Warner
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Glenn Scobey Warner, most commonly known as Pop Warner, was an American football coach at various institutions who is responsible for several key aspects of the modern game. Included among his innovations are the single and double wing formations, fellow pioneer coach Amos Alonzo Stagg called Warner one of the excellent creators. He was inducted as a coach into the College Football Hall of Fame as part of its class in 1951. He also contributed to a football program which became known as Pop Warner Little Scholars. In the early 1900s, he created a football program at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School—a federally-funded. He also coached teams to four championships, Pittsburgh in 1915,1916. Predating Bear Bryant and Bobby Bowden, he once had the most wins of any coach in football history. Warner was born April 5,1871 on a farm in Springville and he was the son of William Warner, a cavalry officer in the American Civil War, and schoolteacher Adaline Scobey. In 1878 a railroad came to Springville, and four years later the moved to a house on East Main Street. Plump as a child, Warner was sometimes known as Butter and he began playing baseball at an early age, and was a skilled pitcher. Nobody in town owned a football, his exposure to the new sport at a young age was with an inflated cows bladder, and as few knew the rules. Warners East Main Street house attracted a number of friends, when a neighbor told his mother that the play would damage her lawn, she replied, Im raising boys. Aside from ranching, Warner got a job assisting a tinsmith and he was already interested in art as a kid — learning how to paint watercolor landscapes, and as a tinsmith he learned how to use tools to make cups, teapots, baking pans as well as lanterns. In 1892, Warner returned to Springville and began to use his experience to gamble on horse races. Although he had no interest in college, soon after coming back he was forced to attend Cornell Universitys law school. Later Warner wrote I dare not write to my father and tell him I was broke — he felt that the way to get funds was to inform his father that he decided to study law. His father, who had wanted him to be a lawyer. Eventually, Warner became known as Pop because he was one of the oldest students at Cornell, at the end of 1894, Warner left Cornell and began working as an attorney in Buffalo, New York
29.
Harper's Weekly
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Harpers Weekly, A Journal of Civilization was an American political magazine based in New York City. Published by Harper & Brothers from 1857 until 1916, it featured foreign and domestic news, fiction, essays on many subjects and it carried extensive coverage of the American Civil War, including many illustrations of events from the war. During its most influential period, it was the forum of the political cartoonist Thomas Nast, along with his brothers James, John, and Wesley, Fletcher Harper began the publishing company Harper & Brothers in 1825. Following the successful example of the Illustrated London News, Harper started publishing Harpers Magazine in 1850, in 1857, his company began publishing Harpers Weekly in New York City. By 1860 the circulation of the Weekly had reached 200,000, among the recurring features were the political cartoons of Thomas Nast, who was recruited in 1862 and worked with the Weekly for more than 20 years. Nast was a feared caricaturist, and is called the father of American political cartooning. He was the first to use an elephant as the symbol of the Republican Party and he also drew the legendary character of Santa Claus, his version became strongly associated with the figure, who was popularized as part of Christmas customs in the late nineteenth century. Harpers Weekly was the most widely read journal in the United States throughout the period of the Civil War, so as not to upset its wide readership in the South, Harpers took a moderate editorial position on the issue of slavery. Publications that supported abolition referred to it as Harpers Weakly, the Weekly had supported the Stephen A. Douglas presidential campaign against Abraham Lincoln, but as the American Civil War broke out, it fully supported Lincoln and the Union. The photograph inspired many free blacks in the North to enlist, some of the most important articles and illustrations of the time were Harpers reporting on the war. Besides renderings by Homer and Nast, the magazine also published illustrations by Theodore R. Davis, Henry Mosler, and the brothers Alfred and William Waud. In 1863, George William Curtis, one of the founders of the Republican Party, became the editor of the magazine. His editorials advocated civil service reform, low tariffs, and adherence to the gold standard, after the war, Harpers Weekly more openly supported the Republican Party in its editorial positions, and contributed to the election of Ulysses S. Grant in 1868 and 1872. It supported the Radical Republican position on Reconstruction, in the 1870s, the cartoonist Thomas Nast began an aggressive campaign in the journal against the corrupt New York political leader William Boss Tweed. Nast turned down a $500,000 bribe to end his attack, Tweed was arrested in 1873 and convicted of fraud. Nast and Harpers also played an important part in securing Rutherford B. Hayes 1876 presidential election, later on Hayes remarked that Nast was the most powerful, single-handed aid had. After the election, Nasts role in the magazine diminished considerably, since the late 1860s, Nast and George W. Curtis had frequently differed on political matters and particularly on the role of cartoons in political discourse. Harpers publisher Fletcher Harper strongly supported Nast in his disputes with Curtis, in 1877, Harper died, and his nephews, Joseph W. Harper Jr. and John Henry Harper, assumed control of the magazine
30.
Ancestry.com
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Ancestry. com LLC is a privately held Internet company based in Lehi, Utah, United States. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical and historical record websites focused on the United States, as of June 2014, the company provided access to approximately 16 billion historical records and had over 2 million paying subscribers. User-generated content tallies to more than 70 million family trees, and subscribers have added more than 200 million photographs, scanned documents, and written stories. Ancestrys brands include Ancestry, AncestryDNA, AncestryHealth, AncestryProGenealogists, Archives. com, Family Tree Maker, Find a Grave, Fold3, Newspapers. com, and Rootsweb. Under its subsidiaries, Ancestry. com operates foreign sites that provide access to services and these include Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and several other countries in Europe and Asia. In 1990, Paul B. Allen and Dan Taggart, two Brigham Young University graduates, founded Infobases and began offering Latter-day Saints publications on floppy disks, in 1988, Allen had worked at Folio Corporation, founded by his brother Curt and his brother-in-law Brad Pelo. Infobases chose to use the Folio infobase technology, which Allen was familiar with, Infobases first products were floppy disks and compact disks sold from the back seat of the founders car. In 1994, Infobases was named among Inc. magazines 500 fastest-growing companies and their first offering on CD was the LDS Collectors Edition, released in April 1995, selling for $299.95, which was offered in an online version in August 1995. Ancestry officially went online with the launched Ancestry. com in 1996, with its roots as a genealogy newsletter started in 1983 by John Sittner, and became an established publishing company in 1984. Ancestry was relaunched as a magazine in January 1994, and went online in 1996, on January 1,1997, Infobases parent company, Western Standard Publishing, purchased Ancestry, Inc. publisher of Ancestry magazine and genealogy books. Western Standard Publishings CEO was Joe Cannon, one of the owners of Geneva Steel. In July 1997, Allen and Taggart purchased Western Standards interest in Ancestry, at the time, Brad Pelo was president and CEO of Infobases, and president of Western Standard. Less than six months earlier, he had been president of Folio Corporation, in March 1997, Folio was sold to Open Market for $45 million. The first public evidence of the change in ownership of Ancestry Magazine came with the July/August 1997 issue and that issues masthead also included the first use of the Ancestry. com web address. More growth for Infobases occurred in July 1997, when Ancestry, Inc. purchased Bookcraft, Infobases had published many of Bookcrafts books as part of its LDS Collectors Library. Pelo also announced that Ancestrys product line would be expanded in both CDs and online. Alan Ashton, an investor in Infobases and founder of WordPerfect, was its chairman of the board. Allen and Taggart began running Ancestry, Inc. independently from Infobases in July 1997, included in the sale were the rights to Infobases LDS Collectors Library on CD
31.
Open access
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Open access refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use. These additional usage rights are granted through the use of various specific Creative Commons licenses. There are multiple ways authors can provide access to their work. One way is to publish it and then self-archive it in a repository where it can be accessed for free, such as their institutional repository and this is known as green open access. Some publishers require delays, or an embargo, on when an output in a repository may be made open access. Several initiatives provide an alternative to the American and English language dominance of existing publication indexing systems, including Index Copernicus, SciELO and Redalyc. A second way authors can make their work open access is by publishing it in such a way that makes their research output immediately available from the publisher. This is known as open access, and within the sciences this often takes the form of publishing an article in either an open access journal. Pure open access journals do not charge fees, and may have one of a variety of business models. Many, however, do charge an article processing fee, widespread public access to the World Wide Web in the late 1990s and early 2000s fueled the open access movement, and prompted both the green open access way and the creation of open access journals. Conventional non-open access journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, some non-open access journals provide open access after an embargo period of 6–12 months or longer. The Budapest statement defined open access as follows, There are many degrees, despite these statements emerging in the 2000s, the idea and practise of providing free online access to journal articles began at least a decade before the term open access was formally coined. Computer scientists had been self-archiving in anonymous ftp archives since the 1970s, the Subversive Proposal to generalize the practice was posted in 1994. Gratis OA refers to online access, and libre OA refers to free online access plus some additional re-use rights. The Budapest, Bethesda, and Berlin definitions had corresponded only to libre OA, the re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific Creative Commons licenses, these almost all require attribution of authorship to the original authors. Open access itself began to be sought and provided worldwide by researchers when the possibility itself was opened by the advent of Internet, the momentum was further increased by a growing movement for academic journal publishing reform, and with it gold and libre OA. Electronic publishing created new benefits as compared to paper publishing but beyond that, rather than applying traditional notions of copyright to academic publications, they could be libre or free to build upon. The intended audience of research articles is usually other researchers, Open access helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their libraries do not subscribe to
32.
The Times-Picayune
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The Times-Picayune is an American newspaper published in New Orleans, Louisiana, since January 25,1837. However, under pressure from a new New Orleans edition of The Advocate. The paper and the NOLA. com website, form the NOLA Media Group division of Advance Publications, the paper was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 2006 for its coverage of Hurricane Katrina. Four of The Times-Picayune’s staff reporters also received Pulitzers for breaking-news reporting for their coverage of the storm, the paper funds the Edgar A. Poe Award for journalistic excellence, which is presented annually by the White House Correspondents Association. Established as The Picayune in 1837 by Francis Lumsden and George Wilkins Kendall, the initial price was one picayune. Between 1880 and 1890, the more than tripled its circulation. The paper became The Times-Picayune after merging in 1914 with its rival, in 1962, Samuel Irving Newhouse, Sr. bought the morning daily The Times-Picayune and the other remaining New Orleans daily, the afternoon States-Item. The papers were merged on June 2,1980 and were known as The Times-Picayune/States-Item until September 30,1986. In addition to the paper, specific community editions of the newspaper are also circulated and retain the Picayune name. The paper is a part of Advance Publications, which is owned by the Newhouse family, in the vernacular of its circulation area, the newspaper is often called the T-P. Hurricane Katrina became a significant part of the history of The Times-Picayune, not only during the storm and its immediate aftermath, with electrical outages leaving the presses out of commission after the storm, newspaper and web staffers produced a newspaper in electronic PDF format. On NOLA. com, meanwhile, tens of thousands of evacuated New Orleans and Gulf Coast residents began using the forums and blogs, posting pleas for help, offering aid. A small team of reporters and photographers volunteered to stay behind in New Orleans to report from the inside on the struggle, looting. They armed themselves for security and worked out of a private residence, the storm flooded huge swaths of the city, as well as Slidell on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain, in a process that appeared to be spreading even as night fell. Being a part of the plot is both riveting and deeply unsettling and we dont yet know the end of this story. Its the story of our lives, and we must both live and chronicle it, on May 24,2012, the papers owner, Advance Publications, announced that the print edition of the Times-Picayune would be published three days a week beginning that fall. News of the change was first revealed the night before in a blog post by New York Times media writer David Carr, a new company, NOLA Media Group, was created to oversee both the paper and its website, NOLA. com. Along with the change in its schedule, Advance also announced that significant cuts would be coming to the newsroom
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Tiger Stadium (LSU)
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Tiger Stadium, popularly known as Death Valley, is an outdoor stadium located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana on the campus of Louisiana State University. It is the stadium of the LSU Tigers football team. Prior to 1924, LSU played its games at State Field. Tiger Stadium opened with a capacity of 12,000 in 1924, when filled to capacity, Tiger Stadium ranks as the fifth largest city by population in the state of Louisiana. Tiger Stadium is well known nationally for having among the best game day atmospheres in college football as well as being one of the most difficult places for a team to play. Despite being 14–2 at Tiger Stadium, famed Alabama head coach Bear Bryant once remarked that Baton Rouge happens to be the worst place in the world for a visiting team and its like being inside a drum. In 2001, ESPN sideline reporter Adrian Karsten said, Death Valley in Baton Rouge is the loudest stadium Ive ever been in, in 2002, coach Terry Hoeppner said of Tiger Stadium, Thats as exciting an environment as you can have. We had communication problems we havent had at Michigan and Ohio State, in 2003, ESPNs Chris Fowler called LSU his favorite game day experience. In 2009 former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee stated on Sean Hannitys Fox News show that Unfair is playing LSU on a Saturday night in Baton Rouge. More recently, in 2007, ESPN named Tiger Stadium the scariest place to play, saying that Tiger Stadium is, by far, the loudest stadium in the country. In 2009, ESPN writer Chris Low listed Tiger Stadiums Saturday night atmosphere as unsurpassed in the country, in 2016, Tiger Stadium was again ranked No.1 out of the conferences 14 stadiums by USA Today writers Laken Litman & Steven Ruiz. LSU prefers night games in Tiger Stadium with its opponents, the university is conflicted between maximizing its potential to win and needed advertising revenues from television coverage. In 2008, as Alabama narrowly defeated LSU, Wright Thompson of ESPN. com described Tiger Stadium as the best place in the world to watch a sporting event, in 2013, the NCAA ranked Tiger Stadium as the loudest stadium in all of college football. 3-ranked Ole Miss Rebels played the No, 24-ranked LSU Tigers on October 25. After the Tigers held the Rebels to only 7 points in a 10–7 victory, Ole Miss quarterback Bo Wallace stated and this is the craziest place Ive played. With an official seating capacity of 102,321, Tiger Stadium is the ninth-largest stadium in the world by capacity and it is the sixth-largest stadium in the NCAA and the third-largest in the Southeastern Conference, behind Kyle Field at Texas A&M University and Neyland Stadium at Tennessee. The stadium opened in 1924 and originally seated 12, 000—the lower half of the current facilitys grandstands on the east and west sidelines, in 1931,10,000 seats were added to the existing grandstands. In 1936 capacity was more than doubled with 24,000 seats in the end zone
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Charles McClendon Practice Facility
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The Charles McClendon Practice Facility is the practice facility for LSU Tigers football. The facility features the LSU Football Operations Center, the Tigers Indoor Practice Facility, in 2002, it was named after former LSU head coach and College Football Hall of Fame member, Charles McClendon. The operations center atrium holds team displays and graphics, trophy cases, the locker room features 140 stations for the players with lockable storage bins and a padded seating area in addition to multiple high-definition TVs. The players lounge includes computers at work stations, pool tables. The building holds individual position meeting rooms and the Shirley and Bill Lawton Team Room, the Lawton Team Room includes 144 theatre-style seats for team meetings and film sessions and audio and visual components for meetings, lectures and reviewing game footage. It is also equipped with medicine balls, hurdles, plyometric boxes, assorted speed and agility equipment, treadmills, stationary bikes, the weight room features multiple high-definition TVs for multimedia presentations. The football, baseball and women’s soccer teams utilize the facility, the training room also overlooking the outdoor practice fields features hydrotherapy which includes hot/cold jacuzzis and an underwater treadmill and multiple stations to treat the players. The video operations center is equipped with editing equipment to review practice, on the second floor, each coach has their own office and have access to multiple meetings rooms adjacent to their offices. A coaches lounge is located in the building. In December 2014, LSU Athletic Director Joe Alleva announced the LSU Football Operations Center will be renovated, the weight room, training room and coaches meeting rooms will be expanded, and the locker room, player’s lounge and position meeting rooms will be completely renovated. The LSU Indoor Practice Facility, built in 1991, is a climate-controlled 82,500 square feet facility connected to the Football Operations Center and it holds a 100-yd indoor field with Momentum Field Turf by SportExe. The indoor practice facility is located behind the operations center. The four outdoor practice fields are adjacent to the football operations center. Three of the fields are grass, while the fourth has a Momentum Field Turf by SportExe playing surface. LSU Football Operations Center LSU Indoor Practice Facility LSU Tigers football Tiger Stadium LSU Tigers and Lady Tigers LSU Football Operations Center at the Charles McClendon Practice Facility
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LSU Football Operations Center
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The video operations center has editing equipment to review practice and game footage along with producing videos for the team. The football weight room overlooking the football practice fields is over 10,000 square feet. In December 2014, LSU Athletic Director Joe Alleva announced the LSU Football Operations Center will be renovated, the weight room, training room and coaches meeting rooms will be expanded, and the locker room, player’s lounge and position meeting rooms will be completely renovated. The LSU Tigers baseball team, LSU Tigers womens soccer team and LSU Tigers womens volleyball team use the weight room
