1.
Fujita scale
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The Fujita scale, or Fujita–Pearson scale, is a scale for rating tornado intensity, based primarily on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures and vegetation. The F-Scale was replaced with the Enhanced Fujita scale in the United States in February 2007, in April 2013, Canada adopted the EF-Scale over the Fujita scale, although tornado frequency is relatively low in the country. However, EC uses 31 Specific Damage Indicators in their ratings, the scale was introduced in 1971 by Tetsuya Fujita of the University of Chicago, in collaboration with Allen Pearson, head of the National Severe Storms Forecast Center/NSSFC. The scale was updated in 1973, taking into account path length and width, in the United States, starting in 1973, tornadoes were rated soon after occurrence. The Fujita scale was applied retroactively to tornadoes reported between 1950 and 1972 in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Tornado Database, Fujita rated tornadoes from 1916–1992 and Tom Grazulis of The Tornado Project retroactively rated all known significant tornadoes in the U. S. back to 1880. The Fujita scale was adopted in most areas outside of Great Britain, in 2007, the Fujita scale was updated, and the Enhanced Fujita Scale was introduced in the United States. The new scale more accurately matches wind speeds to the severity of damage caused by the tornado, though each damage level is associated with a wind speed, the Fujita scale is effectively a damage scale, and the wind speeds associated with the damage listed arent rigorously verified. The Enhanced Fujita Scale was formulated due to research which suggested that the speeds required to inflict damage by intense tornadoes on the Fujita scale are greatly overestimated. A process of expert elicitation with top engineers and meteorologists resulted in the EF scale wind speeds, however, the EF scale also improved damage parameter descriptions. The original scale as derived by Fujita was a theoretical 13-level scale designed to connect the Beaufort scale. F1 corresponds to the level of the Beaufort scale. F0 was placed at a position specifying no damage, in analogy to how the Beauforts zeroth level specifies little to no wind. From these wind speed numbers, qualitative descriptions of damage were made for each category of the Fujita scale, the diagram on the right illustrates the relationship between the Beaufort, Fujita, and Mach number scales. Fujita intended that only F0–F5 be used in practice, as this all possible levels of damage to frame homes as well as the expected estimated bounds of wind speeds. Furthermore, the wind speed numbers have since been found to be higher than the actual wind speeds required to incur the damage described at each category. The error manifests itself to a degree as the category increases. Precise wind speed numbers are actually guesses and have never been scientifically verified, different wind speeds may cause similar-looking damage from place to place—even from building to building. Without a thorough engineering analysis of damage in any event
2.
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 1896
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The May 1896 tornado outbreak sequence was a series of violent and deadly tornado outbreaks that struck much of the Central and Southern United States from May 15 to May 28,1896. There were four particularly notable tornado outbreaks during the two-week period and it produced three F5 tornadoes as well as the third deadliest tornado ever in United States history. On the first day of the sequence, most of the fatalities came from a single supercell thunderstorm that traveled from Denton to Sherman. The tornado began in the Pilot Point area, where homes were shifted off of their foundations. The tornado widened and strengthened into a very violent F5 and swept away numerous farms west of Farmington, later along the path, the tornado narrowed to around 60 yards wide as it tore through Sherman. Fifty homes were destroyed in town,20 of which were completely obliterated, an iron-beam bridge was torn from its supports and twisted into multiple pieces, and one of the beams was driven several feet into the ground. Bodies were found up to 400 yards from their sites. Headstones at a cemetery were shattered, and a 500-pound stone was carried for 250 yards, trees in the area were completely debarked with some reduced to stumps, and grass was scoured from lawns in town. At least 200 people were injured, and bodies of the victims were transported into the courthouse, several bodies were recovered from a muddy creek. Seventy-three people were killed by this tornado, one of the worst on record in North Texas. Additional killer tornadoes were recorded north of Wichita, Kansas in McPherson County and further south in Bryan County, a powerful F5 tornado, estimated to have been more than 2 miles wide, tore through the towns of Seneca, Oneida, Reserve and Sabetha, Kansas. In Seneca, the destroyed the courthouse and a new schoolhouse. Damage in Seneca alone was estimated at around $250,000 where most of the homes, the damage path was two miles wide at Reserve, and only three buildings were left undamaged at that location. The tornado damaged 50 homes and destroyed 20 others on the side of Sabetha. Many farms were swept away along the path as well. The tornado continued into Nebraska, where four died and damage occurred on the south side of Falls City. At least 200 people were injured, late during the evening hours of May 25, an F5 tornado touched down in eastern Michigan and moved northeast for about 30 miles. The tornado affected portions of Oakland, Lapeer and Livingston Counties northwest of Detroit, towns affected included Thomas, Ortonville, Oakwood, and Whigville just after 9,00 pm
3.
Tornado
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A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that spins while in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour, are about 250 feet across, the most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 300 miles per hour, are more than two miles in diameter, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles. Various types of tornadoes include the multiple vortex tornado, landspout and waterspout, waterspouts are characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind current, connecting to a large cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud. They are generally classified as non-supercellular tornadoes that develop over bodies of water and these spiraling columns of air frequently develop in tropical areas close to the equator, and are less common at high latitudes. Other tornado-like phenomena that exist in nature include the gustnado, dust devil, fire whirls, downbursts are frequently confused with tornadoes, though their action is dissimilar. Tornadoes have been observed and documented on every continent except Antarctica, however, the vast majority of tornadoes occur in the Tornado Alley region of the United States, although they can occur nearly anywhere in North America. There are several scales for rating the strength of tornadoes, the Fujita scale rates tornadoes by damage caused and has been replaced in some countries by the updated Enhanced Fujita Scale. An F0 or EF0 tornado, the weakest category, damages trees, an F5 or EF5 tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers. The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes, Doppler radar data, photogrammetry, and ground swirl patterns may also be analyzed to determine intensity and assign a rating. The word tornado is a form of the Spanish word tronada. This in turn was taken from the Latin tonare, meaning to thunder and it most likely reached its present form through a combination of the Spanish tronada and tornar, however, this may be a folk etymology. A tornado is also referred to as a twister, and is also sometimes referred to by the old-fashioned colloquial term cyclone. The term cyclone is used as a synonym for tornado in the often-aired 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, the term twister is also used in that film, along with being the title of the 1996 tornado-related film Twister. A tornado is a rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, either pendant from a cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud. For a vortex to be classified as a tornado, it must be in contact with both the ground and the cloud base. Scientists have not yet created a definition of the word, for example. Tornado refers to the vortex of wind, not the condensation cloud and this results in the formation of a visible funnel cloud or condensation funnel. There is some disagreement over the definition of cloud and condensation funnel
4.
Bellflower, Missouri
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Bellflower is a city in Montgomery County, Missouri, United States. The population was 393 at the 2010 census, a post office called Bellflower has been in operation since 1887. The community was named for bellflowers near the town site. Bellflower is located at 39°0′14″N 91°21′11″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.56 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 393 people,142 households, the population density was 701.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 187 housing units at a density of 333.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 4% White,2. 3% African American,0. 5% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 8% of the population. 21. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.05. The median age in the city was 36.2 years. 27. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,11. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,21. 1% were from 25 to 44,28. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 11. 7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53. 2% male and 46. 8% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 427 people,140 households, and 105 families residing in the city. The population density was 777.6 people per square mile, there were 184 housing units at an average density of 335.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 19% White,0. 23% African American,0. 23% Native American,0. 23% Asian,0. 47% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 94% of the population. 17. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.05 and the average family size was 3.48. In the city the population was out with 39. 1% under the age of 18,6. 3% from 18 to 24,29. 0% from 25 to 44,18. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 31 years, for every 100 females there were 115.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.1 males, the median income for a household in the city was $33,594, and the median income for a family was $33,958. Males had an income of $26,875 versus $16,354 for females
5.
Audrain County, Missouri
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Audrain County is a county located in the central part of the U. S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 25,529, the county was organized December 13,1836, and named for Colonel James Hunter Audrain of the War of 1812 and who later was elected to the state legislature. Audrain County comprises the Mexico, MO Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Columbia-Moberly-Mexico, Audrain County was one of several along the Missouri River settled by migrants from the Upper South, especially Kentucky and Tennessee. They brought slaves and slaveholding traditions with them, and quickly started cultivating crops similar to those in Middle Tennessee and Kentucky, hemp and they also brought characteristic antebellum architecture and culture. The county was considered at the heart of what was called Little Dixie, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 697 square miles, of which 692 square miles is land and 4.6 square miles is water. The population density was 37 people per square mile, there were 10,881 housing units at an average density of 16 per square mile. 89. 8% of the population were White,6. 4% Black or African American,0. 5% Asian,0. 4% Native American,1. 2% of some other race and 1. 7% of two or more races. 33. 2% were of German,16. 0% American,9. 3% Irish and 8. 4% English ancestry,27. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the family size was 2.96. In the county, the population was out with 24. 60% under the age of 18,7. 90% from 18 to 24,28. 20% from 25 to 44,22. 50% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 84.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.70 males, the median income for a household in the county was $32,057, and the median income for a family was $40,448. Males had an income of $28,550 versus $20,712 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,441, about 11. 10% of families and 14. 80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23. 30% of those under age 18 and 9. 80% of those age 65 or over. Joint Communications is located at 1854 East Liberty Street in Vandiver Village, staff includes 7 full-time Dispatchers,2 part-time Dispatchers,3 full-time Shift Supervisors, the Assistant 911 Director, and the 911 Director. There is a minimum of two Dispatchers on duty at all times to answer incoming and outgoing communications and these upgrades allowed for even better service to the county. At that time the Vandalia Police Department elected to continue to operate their communications center for the Vandalia Police Department, Vandalia Fire District and this program allows dispatchers to quickly and accurately determine the nature of an emergency medical call and prioritize it to allow for the most appropriate response. This reduces the time between the onset of symptoms and when aid is provided to the patient, thus increasing the patients chances of survival in life-threatening emergencies
6.
Supercell
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A supercell is a thunderstorm that is characterized by the presence of a mesocyclone, a deep, persistently rotating updraft. For this reason, these storms are referred to as rotating thunderstorms. Of the four classifications of thunderstorms, supercells are the overall least common and have the potential to be the most severe, supercells are often isolated from other thunderstorms, and can dominate the local weather up to 32 kilometres away. Supercells are often put into three types, Classic, Low-precipitation, and High-precipitation. LP supercells are found in climates that are more arid, such as the high plains of the United States. Supercells are usually isolated from other thunderstorms, although they can sometimes be embedded in a squall line. Typically, supercells are found in the sector of a low pressure system propagating generally in a north easterly direction in line with the cold front of the low pressure system. Because they can last for hours, they are known as quasi-steady-state storms, supercells have the capability to deviate from the mean wind. If they track to the right or left of the wind, they are said to be right-movers or left-movers. Supercells can sometimes develop two separate updrafts with opposing rotations, which splits the storm into two supercells, one left-mover and one right-mover, supercells can be any size – large or small, low or high topped. They usually produce copious amounts of hail, torrential rainfall, strong winds, supercells are one of the few types of clouds that typically spawn tornadoes within the mesocyclone, although only 30% or fewer do so. Supercells can occur anywhere in the world under the weather conditions. The first storm to be identified as the type was the Wokingham storm over England. Browning did the work that was followed up by Lemon. Supercells occur occasionally in many other regions, including eastern China. The areas with highest frequencies of supercells are similar to those with the most occurrences of tornadoes, see tornado climatology and Tornado Alley. The current conceptual model of a supercell was described in Severe Thunderstorm Evolution and Mesocyclone Structure as Related to Tornadogenesis by Leslie R. Lemon, supercells derive their rotation through tilting of horizontal vorticity caused by wind shear. Strong updrafts lift the air turning about an axis and cause this air to turn about a vertical axis
7.
Thunderstorm
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Thunderstorms occur in association with a type of cloud known as a cumulonimbus. They are usually accompanied by winds, heavy rain, and sometimes snow, sleet, hail, or, in contrast. Thunderstorms may line up in a series or become a rainband, strong or severe thunderstorms, known as supercells, rotate as do cyclones. Thunderstorms result from the upward movement of warm, moist air. As the warm, moist air moves upward, it cools, condenses, as the rising air reaches its dew point temperature, water vapor condenses into water droplets or ice, reducing pressure locally within the thunderstorm cell. Any precipitation falls the long distance through the clouds towards the Earths surface, as the droplets fall, they collide with other droplets and become larger. Thunderstorms can form and develop in any location but most frequently within the mid-latitude. Thunderstorms are responsible for the development and formation of many weather phenomena. Thunderstorms, and the phenomena that occur along them, pose great hazards. Damage that results from thunderstorms is mainly inflicted by downburst winds, large hailstones, stronger thunderstorm cells are capable of producing tornadoes and waterspouts. There are four types of thunderstorms, single-cell, multi-cell cluster, multi-cell lines, supercell thunderstorms are the strongest and the most associated with severe weather phenomena. Mesoscale convective systems formed by vertical wind shear within the tropics and subtropics can be responsible for the development of hurricanes. Dry thunderstorms, with no precipitation, can cause the outbreak of wildfires from the heat generated from the lightning that accompanies them. Several means are used to study thunderstorms, weather radar, weather stations, past civilizations held various myths concerning thunderstorms and their development as late as the 18th century. Beyond the Earths atmosphere, thunderstorms have also observed on the planets of Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune. Warm air has a lower density than air, so warmer air rises upwards. Clouds form as relatively warmer air, carrying moisture, rises within cooler air, the moist air rises, and, as it does so, it cools and some of the water vapor in that rising air condenses. If enough instability is present in the atmosphere, this process will continue long enough for cumulonimbus clouds to form and produce lightning, Meteorological indices such as convective available potential energy and the lifted index can be used to assist in determining potential upward vertical development of clouds
8.
New Minden, Illinois
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New Minden is a village in Washington County, Illinois, United States. The population was 215 at the 2010 census and it possessed a post office from 1868 to 1976. New Minden is located at 38°26′13″N 89°22′8″W, according to the 2010 census, New Minden has a total area of 0.31 square miles, all land. New Minden is located 3 miles north of Interstate 64s exit 50, Illinois Routes 127 and 177 intersect in the town. The village was named after the German town of Minden by settlers who came to the area in 1840, as of the census of 2000, there were 204 people,88 households, and 62 families residing in the village. The population density was 741.8 people per square mile, there were 98 housing units at an average density of 356.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 99. 51% White, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 47% of the population. 26. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.76. In the village, the population was out with 25. 0% under the age of 18,5. 4% from 18 to 24,29. 9% from 25 to 44,21. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 75.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 71.9 males, the median income for a household in the village was $41,875, and the median income for a family was $45,417. Males had an income of $30,000 versus $19,286 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,942, none of the families and 2. 5% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 10. 0% of those over 64. New Minden is home to one of the original 14 churches of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, at approximately 12, 00pm on November 17,2013, an EF4 tornado ripped through the town. It destroyed a few houses and caused damage to St. Johns Lutheran Church. The tornado would cause damage to Flying M Ranch, which is just northeast of town. The tornado was on the ground for 10.6 miles and had winds estimated at 166 MPH, the tornado resulted in two deaths in the New Minden area
9.
Hoyleton, Illinois
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Hoyleton is a village in Washington County, Illinois, United States. The population was 531 at the 2010 census and it is the home town of former Montréal Expos and San Francisco Giants left-handed pitcher Kirk Rueter. Hoyleton is located in Illinois, United States of America, according to the 2010 census, Hoyleton has a total area of 0.75 square miles, all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 520 people,186 households, the population density was 692.9 people per square mile. There were 200 housing units at a density of 266.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 94. 81% White,3. 85% African American,0. 38% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 38% of the population. 26. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.99. In the village, the population was out with 27. 9% under the age of 18,9. 2% from 18 to 24,25. 4% from 25 to 44,19. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males, the median income for a household in the village was $43,250, and the median income for a family was $50,357. Males had an income of $35,000 versus $18,558 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,543, about 2. 5% of families and 6. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 6% of those under age 18 and 4. 3% of those age 65 or over
10.
Richview, Illinois
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Richview is a village in Washington County, Illinois, United States. The population was 253 at the 2010 census, some areas around Richview were made available for settlement under the Homestead Act during the Civil War. Richview is located at 38°22′40″N 89°10′48″W, according to the 2010 census, Richview has a total area of 1.12 square miles, all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 308 people,115 households, the population density was 276.9 people per square mile. There were 124 housing units at a density of 111.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 97. 08% White,0. 65% African American,0. 32% Native American,0. 65% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 95% of the population. 20. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.10. In the village, the population was out with 26. 9% under the age of 18,10. 4% from 18 to 24,26. 9% from 25 to 44,24. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 104.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.4 males, the median income for a household in the village was $38,125, and the median income for a family was $39,000. Males had an income of $30,875 versus $23,125 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,546. About 4. 9% of families and 8. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, Richview was first formed in 1839. It gradually grew into a business center and it had five stores, two blacksmiths, one wagon shop,3 physicians, and had a population around 600 people. It had also turned into a railroad town and it was one of 4 towns along the Illinois Central Railway. Eventually two towns would form, Old and New Richview, and together they had a population of around 1000, the two towns did congeal into one. Today Richview is a village with only a population of about 250. The town is also the home of the Richview Car and Bike show which is held every July
11.
Irvington, Illinois
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Irvington is a village in Washington County, Illinois, United States. The population was 659 at the 2010 census, Irvington was named for Washington Irving. Irvington is located at 38°26′19″N 89°9′40″W, according to the 2010 census, Irvington has a total area of 1.036 square miles, of which 1.03 square miles is land and 0.006 square miles is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 736 people,282 households, the population density was 878.6 people per square mile. There were 310 housing units at a density of 370.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 97. 42% White,0. 41% African American,0. 41% Native American,0. 54% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 54% of the population. 21. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.03. In the village, the population was out with 28. 9% under the age of 18,9. 0% from 18 to 24,27. 9% from 25 to 44,21. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 102.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males, the median income for a household in the village was $41,875, and the median income for a family was $51,250. Males had an income of $37,422 versus $22,632 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,541, about 7. 5% of families and 9. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10. 4% of those under age 18 and 6. 9% of those age 65 or over. Smith, Chief Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court, was born in Irvington
12.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
13.
St. Louis
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St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area
14.
Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
15.
Lafayette Square, St. Louis
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It surrounds Lafayette Park, which is the citys oldest public park — created by local ordinance in 1836. The neighborhood is one of the oldest in St. Louis, when it was developed, it was one of the most fashionable places to live. It declined after a tornado devastated the area in 1896, later, industrial encroachment and highway construction further weakened the neighborhood. Since the 1970s, St. Louis residents have been buying and renovating the homes in Lafayette Square. As of 2006, most of the homes have been restored and there are many shops, since St. Louis’s beginning as a French village in 1764, the land which is now Lafayette Square had been a common pasture for village livestock and had never been privately owned. These commons became encampments for bands of criminals who would attack, in 1835, now under American rule, Mayor Darby gained permission from the state legislature to begin selling the commons to drive the criminals out. When the city began to sell the pasture, the Board of Aldermen set aside about 30 acres for community recreation. In 1837 a real estate panic forced many who had bought land surrounding the Square to cease their payments, in the early 1850s, after courts had adjudicated the ownership of these properties, several prominent Saint Louisans bought most of the land bordering the southern end of the Park. These families built homes along on Lafayette Avenue and secured state legislation preventing “any nuisance within a distance of 600 feet from the Park. ”On November 12,1851. By 1856, real estate developers had begun to sell lots on the edge of the park—along Missouri Avenue—and by 1858 lots on the east side—Mississippi Avenue—were being sold. On Park Avenue—running along the edge of the Square—the lots were developed by the 1870s. From the 1850s to the 1870s money from residents and city coffers went toward improvements of the Square. These included “trees, shrubbery, graveling, fencing” and outdoor concerts. One newspaper called for funds for improvement, writing that the Square “only needs to be properly improved to be one of the most attractive places in the United States. ”During the American Civil War. With the end of the war, martial law also ended, the first bandstand was constructed in 1867 coinciding with the opening of Benton Place—a private street off Park Avenue. In 1868, a crowd of 25,000 to 40,000 gathered to witness the unveiling of a bronze statue of Senator Thomas Hart Benton. The next year the park received one of the six casts of Houdon’s life-size marble sculpture of George Washington, in the late 1860s, architect Francis Tunica’s design won a competition to build an iron fence—completed in 1869—around the Square. The newspaper the DAILY DEMOCRAT, June 27,1870 wrote, In looking about the city and noting its improvements, within two years some of the finest residences in the city have been erected and the work is still going on
16.
Mississippi River
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The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest drainage system on the North American continent. Flowing entirely in the United States, it rises in northern Minnesota, with its many tributaries, the Mississippis watershed drains all or parts of 31 U. S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth longest and fifteenth largest river in the world by discharge, the river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries, most were hunter-gatherers, but some, such as the Mound Builders, formed prolific agricultural societies. The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the way of life as first explorers, then settlers. The river served first as a barrier, forming borders for New Spain, New France, and the early United States, and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link. Formed from thick layers of the silt deposits, the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the country. In recent years, the river has shown a shift towards the Atchafalaya River channel in the Delta. The word itself comes from Messipi, the French rendering of the Anishinaabe name for the river, see below in the History section for additional information. In addition to historical traditions shown by names, there are at least two measures of a rivers identity, one being the largest branch, and the other being the longest branch. Using the largest-branch criterion, the Ohio would be the branch of the Lower Mississippi. Using the longest-branch criterion, the Middle Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson-Beaverhead-Red Rock-Hellroaring Creek River would be the main branch and its length of at least 3,745 mi is exceeded only by the Nile, the Amazon, and perhaps the Yangtze River among the longest rivers in the world. The source of this waterway is at Browers Spring,8,800 feet above sea level in southwestern Montana and this is exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the phrase Trans-Mississippi as used in the name of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. It is common to qualify a regionally superlative landmark in relation to it, the New Madrid Seismic Zone along the river is also noteworthy. These various basic geographical aspects of the river in turn underlie its human history and present uses of the waterway, the Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis, Missouri. The source of the Upper Mississippi branch is traditionally accepted as Lake Itasca,1,475 feet above sea level in Itasca State Park in Clearwater County, however, the lake is in turn fed by a number of smaller streams. From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis, Missouri, fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes, including power generation and recreation. The remaining 29 dams, beginning in downtown Minneapolis, all locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river
17.
Eads Bridge
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Eads Bridge is a steel technology combined road and railway bridge over the Mississippi River at St. Louis, connecting St. Louis and East St. Louis, Illinois. Opened in 1874, it was one of the earliest long bridges built across the Mississippi, the worlds first all steel construction, as such, the St. Louis Landmark is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as a National Historic Landmark. As of April 2014, it carries about 8,100 vehicles daily, the bridge is named for its designer and builder, James B. When completed in 1874, the Eads Bridge was the longest arch bridge in the world, with an overall length of 6,442 feet. The ribbed steel arch spans were considered daring, as was the use of steel as a structural material. The cost of building the bridge was nearly $10 million, the Eads Bridge was also the first bridge to be built using cantilever support methods exclusively, and one of the first to make use of pneumatic caissons. The Eads Bridge caissons, still among the deepest ever sunk, were responsible for one of the first major outbreaks of caisson disease, fifteen workers died, two other workers were permanently disabled, and 77 were severely afflicted. On June 14,1874, John Robinson led a test elephant on a stroll across the new Eads Bridge to prove it was safe, a big crowd cheered as the elephant from a traveling circus lumbered towards Illinois. It was believed that elephants had instincts that would keep them from setting foot on unsafe structures, two weeks later, Eads sent 14 locomotives back and forth across the bridge at one time. The opening day celebration on July 4,1874, featured a parade that stretched 15 miles through the streets of St. Louis. The Eads Bridge, which became an image of the city of St. Louis. The bridge crosses the St. Louis riverfront between Lacledes Landing, to the north, and the grounds of the Gateway Arch, to the south, today the road deck has been restored, allowing vehicular and pedestrian traffic to cross the river. The St. Louis MetroLink light rail system has used the rail deck since 1993, the Eads Bridge was built by the Illinois and St. Louis Bridge Company, with the Keystone Bridge Company serving as subcontractor for superstructure erection. The domination of the trade was no longer as important as before the American Civil War. The bridge was conceived as a solution for St. Louis to regain eminence by connecting transportation across the river, although he had no prior experience in bridge building, James Eads was chosen as chief engineer for the bridge. In an attempt to secure their future, steamboat interests successfully lobbied to place restrictions on construction, requiring spans. Ostensibly this would maintain sufficient operating room for steamboats beneath the base for the then foreseeable future. The unproclaimed purpose was to require a bridge so grand and lofty that it would be impossible to erect according to building techniques
18.
East St. Louis, Illinois
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East St. Louis is a city in St. Clair County, Illinois, United States across the Mississippi River from St. Louis, Missouri in the Metro-East region of Southern Illinois. Once a bustling industrial center like many cities in the Rust Belt, in 1950, East St. Louis was the fourth largest city in Illinois when population peaked at 82,366. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 27,006, one of the highlights of the citys waterfront is the Gateway Geyser. Located on the grounds of Malcolm W. Martin Memorial Park, designed to complement the Gateway Arch across the river in St. Louis, it shoots water to a height of 630 feet, the same height as the Arch. Native Americans had long inhabited both sides of the Mississippi River, before the Civil War, settlers reported up to 50 mounds in the area that became East St. Louis, but most were lost to 19th-century development and later roadbuilding. East St. Louis lies within the American Bottom area of the present day Metro-East area of St. Louis and this name was given after the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, and European Americans began to settle in the area. The village was first named Illinoistown, East St. Louis was founded in 1797 by Captain James Piggott, a Revolutionary War veteran. In that year Piggott began operating a service across the Mississippi River. When Piggott died in 1799, his widow sold the business, moved to St. Louis County. Famed actress Virginia Mayo was a great granddaughter of Captain Piggott. The municipality called East St. Louis was established on April 1,1861, Illinoistown residents voted on a new name that day, and 183 voted to rename the town East St. Louis. Though it started as a town, East St. Louis soon grew to a larger city at the center of a growing economy in St. Louis. A period of industrial growth followed the American Civil War. Industries in East St. Louis made use of the availability of Illinois coal as fuel. Another early industry was meatpacking and stockyards, concentrated in one area to limit their nuisance to other jurisdictions, in the expansion, many businessmen became overextended in credit, and a major economic collapse followed the Panic of 1873. This was due to railroad and other manufacturing expansion, land speculation, the economic recession began in the East and steadily moved west, severely crippling the railroads, the main system of transportation. In response, railroad companies began dramatically lowering workers wages, forcing employees to work without pay and these wage cuts and additional money-saving tactics prompted strikes and massive unrest. While most of the strikes in the cities during 1877 were accompanied by violence
19.
1896 Republican National Convention
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The 1896 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States was held in a temporary structure south of the St. Louis City Hall in Saint Louis, Missouri, from June 16 to June 18,1896. New Jersey banker Garret A. Hobart was nominated for Vice President over Henry Clay Evans of Tennessee, foraker of Ohio placed McKinleys name in nomination. The convention was originally slated for the St. Louis Exposition, at the conclusion of the convention, both the temporary building as well as the original Exposition Hall were torn down and a new Coliseum was built. The 1896 Convention was held in St. Louis less than a month after the infamous 1896 tornado that devastated a swath of the city. There was speculation that it might be unfeasible to hold the convention in the city, but, after a cleanup effort was undertaken. It also supported creation of a National Board of Arbitration, coming into the convention, former Vice President Levi P. Morton had strong support to re-take his former office from delegates who favored the gold standard. However, McKinleys manager, Mark Hanna opposed Mortons addition to the ticket, Hanna was ultimately successful at keeping Morton off the ticket, but many silver Republicans nonetheless supported the Democratic ticket led by William Jennings Bryan. United States presidential election,18961896 Democratic National Convention Republican Party platform of 1896 at The American Presidency Project
20.
Greater St. Louis
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Greater St. Louis is the metropolitan area that completely surrounds and includes the independent city of St. Louis. It includes parts of both the U. S. states of Missouri and Illinois, the city core is on the border to Illinois and collectively the two regions form the combined metropolitan area. St. Louis is the largest metro area in Missouri, and is the second largest in Illinois, St. Louis County is independent of the city of St. Louis and their two populations are generally tabulated separately. Depending on the counties included in the area, it can refer to the St. Louis, MO-IL metropolitan statistical area or the St. Louis-St. Charles-Farmington, MO-IL combined statistical area. The CSA includes all of the MSA listed above and the Farmington, MO micropolitan statistical area, which includes Washington and St. Francois Counties. The CSA was the 19th largest in the United States in 2015, with a population of 2,916,447, while the MSA was the 20th largest in the country that year with a population of 2,811,588. The region is home to nine Fortune 500 companies, Express Scripts, Emerson Electric, Monsanto, Reinsurance Group of America, Centene, Peabody Energy, Ameren, Graybar Electric, the area received the All-America City Award in 2008. The nearby Hannibal–Quincy micropolitan areas are not located within the metropolitan. According to the 2010 United States Census, in Greater St. Louis there were 2,787,701 people living in 1,143,001 households, of which 748,892 households were families. In 2010,98.2 percent of Greater St. Louis was of one race,72,797 residents or 2.5 percent were Hispanic or Latino Americans of any race. As of 2010, the age for Greater St. Louis is 38.2. As of 2010, Greater St. Louis included 1,264,680 housing units,3.3 percent or 41,884 units were vacant and not for sale or rent. Of the occupied housing units,70.6 percent or 807,431 were owner-occupied with 2,075,622 occupants,29.4 percent or 335,570 units were rented with 739,749 occupants. In 2010, the income for a household in the St. Louis metro was $50,900. Transportation in Greater St. Louis includes road, rail, parts of Greater St. Louis also support a public transportation network that includes bus and light rail service. Education in Greater St. Louis is provided by more than two dozen public school districts, independent private schools, parochial schools, and several public library systems, Greater St. Louis also is home to more than thirty colleges and universities. Several Missouri state parks in the region and parks owned by St. Louis County are larger than 1,000 acres, while one park in the city of St. Louis, Forest Park, the 2014 Gross Metropolitan Product of St. Louis was $145.958 billion. That makes St. Louis the 21st highest GMP in the United States, Greater St. Louis has more than 1.3 million non-farm workers, representing roughly 15 percent of the non-farm workforce of Missouri and Illinois combined
21.
Oklahoma City metropolitan area
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It is often known as the Oklahoma City Metro, Oklahoma City Metroplex, or Greater Oklahoma City in addition to the nicknames Oklahoma City is known for. Seven counties make up the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Area, Canadian, Cleveland, Grady, Lincoln, Logan, McClain, according to the 2010 U. S. Census, the region had a population of 1,252,987. The micro urban area of Shawnee is included in Oklahoma Citys Combined Statistical Area which brings the area population to 1,430,327, the Oklahoma City – Shawnee CSA is also included as part of the I-35 Megalopolis. A separate city, surrounded by Oklahoma City and the Village, Nichols Hills, is just north of Belle Isle, Edmond is a suburb of around 80,000 people northeast of and adjacent to Oklahoma City. The famous U. S. Route 66 ran through downtown Edmond before turning southward into Oklahoma City. Edmond is a pioneer in Oklahoma education, with the University of Central Oklahoma, the states first place of education. Edmond was also home to the first Junior League Roller Derby Team, Edmond is the hometown of 1996 Olympic gold medal-winner Shannon Miller. Edmond is one of the fastest growing cities in Oklahoma and this area of the metro has great access to the Broadway Extension and I-35. Guthrie the first capital of the State of Oklahoma, lies to the north of Edmond in Logan County, Guthrie is home to the drive-in theater used in the movie Twister, as well as some Victorian homes, which tend to be uncommon in Oklahoma. In 2005, Guthrie entered into a partnership with Edmond to co-sponsor the Guthrie–Edmond Regional Airport, jones is a small community of around 2,500 situated a few miles south of I-44. Its location east of Edmond is isolated and hilly, but convenient to Oklahoma City at large. Chandler is a city of about 3,000 located east of Edmond and north Oklahoma City on U. S. Route 66 and Interstate 44, the Turner Turnpike provides commuters and shoppers easy access to Oklahoma City. Located along the famous U. S. Route 66, Chandler is rich with Route 66 history, Chandler offers a number of attractions to devotees of The Mother Road. J. s Bar-B-Que, and the last remaining painted barn adverting Meramec Caverns west of town. Other attractions in Chandler include the Lincoln County Farmers Market and the annual Ice Cream Festival in the summer, Chandler is experiencing growth, including the opening of a Wal-Mart Supercenter, addition of new banks and restaurants, and construction of upscale housing out of city limits. Strung out along US-62 to the east of Oklahoma City are Choctaw, Harrah, Nicoma Park, Spencer and these towns are not as densely populated as Oklahoma City, but as with most other areas that surround the City, they are experiencing rapid growth. Meeker was home to King Carl Hubbell, an American baseball player, bordered by southeast Oklahoma City and adjacent to Tinker Air Force Base, Del City is home to just under 23,000 residents. The city maintains a link to the military, serving as home to many base personnel. After facing hard times due to economic decline and the devastating effects of the May 3,1999 tornado, Del City is experiencing a period of significant growth
22.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
23.
Harold E. Brooks
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Harold Edward Brooks is an American meteorologist whose research is concentrated on severe convective storms and tornadoes, particularly severe weather climatology, as well as weather forecasting. Brooks began his education career at William Jewell College, studying physics and mathematics, achieving a B. A. summa cum laude. Whilst there he studied abroad at the University of Cambridge, passing Part 1 of the tripos in Archaeology and Anthropology in 1980. In 1985 he earned a M. A. and M. Phil. at Columbia University from the Atmospheric Sciences Program within the Department of Geological Sciences. This was followed by studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. During this period Brooks worked as an assistant, graduate assistant, rapporteur. Brooks is a member of Sigma Xi, Brooks joined the National Severe Storms Laboratory as a research meteorologist in 1991. He was a contributor to the Physical Science Basis portion of the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, NSSL homepage Harold Brooks at the Internet Movie Database
24.
Ron Przybylinski
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Ronald William Przybylinski was an American meteorologist with primary areas of interest in bow echoes, mesovortices, and quasi-linear convective system tornadoes. Przybylinski was born near South Bend, Indiana to Casimir and Helen Przybylinski, Przybylinski earned his B. S. and M. S. in meteorology at Saint Louis University in 1977 and 1981, respectively. He worked as the station scientist at the Indianapolis National Weather Service office until 1991, during the late 1980s he served as a project leader on the Operational Test and Evaluation of the WSR-88D Doppler radar. He was an organizer of the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment of 2003 and he intensively studied quasi-linear thunderstorms and their associated winds and tornadoes throughout the 1980s, writing a seminal paper in 1995. Subjects in which he made substantial contributions were derechos, mesoscale convective vortices, rear-inflow jets, line echo wave patterns, and high-precipitation supercells. He was also a leading scientist on tornadoes in general and was on the NWS Quick Response Team and he was dedicated to bridging operational and research meteorology, making significant contributions in bringing research findings to weather warning and forecasting. He published dozens of papers and hundreds of conference presentations. He served on the American Meteorological Society Severe Local Storms Committee, in his spare time, Przybylinski was an avid amateur radio operator, dabbled in storm chasing, and enjoyed gardening. He died of cancer while being treated at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago, donald W. Burgess Leslie R. Lemon Ron Przybylinski at the Internet Movie Database
25.
National Weather Service
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It is a part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration branch of the Department of Commerce, and is headquartered in Silver Spring, Maryland. The agency was known as the United States Weather Bureau from 1890 until it adopted its current name in 1970, the NWS performs its primary task through a collection of national and regional centers, and 122 local weather forecast offices. As the NWS is a government agency, most of its products are in the public domain, the agency was placed under the Secretary of War as Congress felt military discipline would probably secure the greatest promptness, regularity, and accuracy in the required observations. Within the Department of War, it was assigned to the U. S. Army Signal Service under Brigadier General Albert J. Myer, General Myer gave the National Weather Service its first name, The Division of Telegrams and Reports for the Benefit of Commerce. The agency first became an enterprise in 1890, when it became part of the Department of Agriculture. The first Weather Bureau radiosonde was launched in Massachusetts in 1937, the Bureau would later be moved to the Department of Commerce in 1940. On July 12,1950, bureau chief Francis W, the Weather Bureau became part of the Environmental Science Services Administration when that agency was formed in August 1966. The Environmental Science Services Administration was renamed the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on October 1,1970, at this time, the Weather Bureau became the National Weather Service. NEXRAD, a system of Doppler radars deployed to improve the detection and warning time of local storms, replaced the WSR-57. Bob Glahn has written a history of the first hundred years of the National Weather Service. The NWS, through a variety of sub-organizations, issues different forecast products to users, although, throughout history, text forecasts have been the means of product dissemination, the NWS has been using more forecast products of a digital, gridded, image or other modern format. Each of the 122 Weather Forecast Offices send their graphical forecasts to a server to be compiled in the National Digital Forecast Database. The NDFD is a collection of weather observations used by organizations and the public, including precipitation amount, temperature. Specific points in the database can be accessed using an XML SOAP service. The National Weather Service issues many products relating to wildfires daily, for example, a Fire Weather Forecast, which have a forecast period covering up to seven days, is issued by local Weather Forecast Offices daily, with updates as needed. The forecasts contain weather information relevant to fire control and smoke management for the next 12 to 48 hours, such as direction and speed. The appropriate crews use this information to plan for staffing and equipment levels, the ability to conduct scheduled controlled burns, and assess the daily fire danger. Once per day, NWS meteorologists issue a coded fire weather forecast for specific United States Forest Service observation sites that are input into the National Fire Danger Rating System
26.
Roger Edwards (meteorologist)
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Roger Edwards is an American meteorologist and expert on severe convective storms. He is the co-founder and editor-in-chief of the Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology, Edwards was born in Dallas, Texas and attended Woodrow Wilson High School. He earned a B. S. in meteorology from the University of Oklahoma in 1989, here he worked under the direction and mentorship of Don Burgess and participated in field research, including with the TOtable Tornado Observatory team. Edwards left graduate work at OU to accept a meteorologist position at the National Hurricane Center where he worked from 1990 to 1993 and he joined the National Severe Storms Forecast Center, now the Storm Prediction Center, in 1993, where he continues to work as a lead forecaster. He also has a focus on tropical cyclone tornadoes. He has authored and co-authored as well as reviewed papers in American Meteorological Society journals, with his expertise and emphasis on public outreach, Edwards is frequently interviewed by the media and is invited to speak at conferences across the country. He maintains the Online Tornado FAQ section at the SPC website and he is a storm chaser and is known for strong stances on storm chaser conduct and responsibility. He was a forecaster for Project VORTEX in 1994 and deployed mobile mesonet vehicles, Edwards was a contributor to Storm Track magazine and maintained the storm Storm Chase FAQ at its associated website. He co-founded with David M. Schultz and serves as editor-in-chief of the open access Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology, Edwards served for fives years as the Local Steward representing SPC for the National Weather Service Employees Organization. Edwards is married to Elke Edwards and they have two children, Elke is also a storm chaser and photographer, and Roger enjoys travel, field geology, hiking, softball, gardening, and fishing
27.
Storm Prediction Center
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It issues convective outlooks, mesoscale discussions, and watches as a part of this process. Days 2 and 3, as well as 4–8 use a probabilistic scale, the Storm Prediction Center began in 1952 as SELS, a special unit of forecasters at the U. S. Weather Bureau in Washington, D. C. In 1954, the unit moved its forecast operations to Kansas City, in 1968, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center began issuing status reports on weather watches, the agency then made its first computerized data transmission in 1971. On April 2,1982, the issued the first Particularly Dangerous Situation watch. In 1986, the NSSFC introduced two new forecast products, the Day 2 Convective Outlook and the Mesoscale Discussion, in October 1995, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center relocated its operations to Norman, Oklahoma, and was rechristened the Storm Prediction Center. The Day 3 Convective Outlook was first issued on a basis in 2000. The agency also forecasts hazardous winter and fire weather conditions and it does so primarily by issuing convective outlooks, severe thunderstorm watches, tornado watches and mesoscale discussions. If warranted, forecasts will also increase in severity through this three-stage process, the Storm Prediction Center employs a total of 43 personnel, including five lead forecasters, ten mesoscale/outlook forecasters, and seven assistant mesoscale forecasters. Many SPC forecasters and support staff are involved in scientific research into severe. These outlooks are labeled and issued by day, and are issued up to five times per day, the categorical risks are TSTM, MRGL, SLGT, ENH, MDT, and HIGH. Significant severe areas refer to a threat of increased storm intensity that is of significant severe levels, the new shaded maps also incorporated a revised color palette for the shaded probability categories in each outlook. Public severe weather outlooks are issued when a significant or widespread outbreak is expected, from November to March, it can also be issued for any threat of significant tornadoes in the nighttime hours, noting the lower awareness and greater danger of tornadoes at that time of year. This category replaced the SEE TEXT category on October 22,2014, a slight risk day typically will indicate that the threat exists for scattered severe weather, including scattered wind damage, scattered severe hail and/or isolated tornadoes. During the peak severe weather season, most days will have a slight risk somewhere in the United States, isolated significant severe events are possible in some circumstances, but are generally not widespread. Severe storms are expected to be concentrated and of varying intensities. These days are frequent in the peak severe weather season. This risk category replaced the upper end of slight on October 22,2014, a moderate risk day indicates that more widespread and/or more dangerous severe weather is possible, with significant severe weather often more likely. Numerous tornadoes, more widespread or severe wind damage and/or very large/destructive hail could occur, major events, such as large tornado outbreaks or widespread straight-line wind events, are sometimes also possible on moderate risk days, but with greater uncertainty
28.
National Weather Service St. Louis, Missouri
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National Weather Service St. Louis is the National Weather Service office located in Weldon Spring, Missouri, just outside St. Louis, Missouri. There are 46 counties in its County Warning Area, some of the cities in its CWA are Columbia, Farmington, Hannibal and Jefferson City in Missouri, and Belleville, Centralia, Edwardsville, and Quincy in Illinois. The St. Louis office operates 11 stations in western Illinois, kDO89 is a NOAA Weather Radio station that serves Greater St. Louis and surrounding cities. It is programmed from the National Weather Service forecast office in St. Louis, Missouri with its transmitter located in Shrewsbury. It broadcasts weather and hazard information for Franklin, Jefferson, Lincoln, St. Charles, St. Louis, and Warren counties in Missouri as well as Madison, Monroe, wWF-75 is located just northeast of Bourbon, Missouri operating at 162.525 MHz. The station serves Cuba, Sullivan, and Union and provides weather and hazard information for Gasconade, Franklin, Crawford, Washington, Iron, programming for Phelps County is provided by the National Weather Service office in Springfield, Missouri. WXK-82 is located adjacent to Palmyra Rd. in northwest Hannibal, Missouri, the station provides weather and hazard information for Lewis, Shelby, Marion, Monroe, Ralls, and Pike counties in Missouri, as well as Adams, Brown, and Pike counties in Illinois. WXL-45 is located adjacent to County Rd.202 just northwest of Fulton in Callaway County, Missouri, the station provides weather and hazard information for Audrain, Boone, Callaway, Cole, Osage, and Gasconade counties in Missouri. Licensed to Columbia, it provides local forecasts for Columbia, Jefferson City, Columbia and Jefferson City are also served by KWN55 in Jamestown, a newer transmitter that provides a stronger signal than WXL45 to much of Boone County and Cole County. WWG-49 is located near Cedar Mountain southwest of Fredericktown on Route C in Madison County, Missouri, the station provides weather and hazard information for St. Francois, Ste. Genevieve, Iron, Reynolds, Madison, Wayne, and Bollinger counties in Missouri, programming for Wayne and Bollinger counties are provided by the National Weather Service office located in Paducah, Kentucky. KXI-49 is located southeast of Salem, IL and it operates at 162.475 MHz and serves Salem, Mt. Vernon, and Centralia in south-central Illinois. KXI70 is a NOAA Weather Radio station that serves Jerseyville, Illinois and it is programmed from the National Weather Service forecast office in St. Louis, Missouri with its transmitter located southeast of Jerseyville. It broadcasts weather and hazard information for the counties in Illinois, Calhoun, Greene, Jersey, Macoupin. Located northwest of Chester, IL and operating at 162.450 MHz, KXI-42 serves Chester, Illinois and Perryville, located just east of Coffeen Lake near Hillsboro, IL and operating at 162.425 MHz, KXI-79 serves Litchfield and Vandalia in south-central Illinois. Located west of Jamestown in Moniteau County and operating at 162.425 MHz, KWN-55 serves Columbia, Jefferson City, together with WXL45, the station serves the Columbia and Jefferson City areas. NWS St. Louis NOAA Weather Radio Info NOAA Weather Radio Coverage Maps
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St. Louis Public Library
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The St. Louis Public Library is a municipal public library system in the city of St. Louis, Missouri. It operates sixteen locations, including the main Central Library location, although similarly named, the St. Louis Public Library is unrelated to the St. Louis County Library system. In 1865, Ira Divoll, the superintendent of the St. Louis Public School system, Divoll believed that library should work in tandem with the public education system and offer citizens an opportunity for self-improvement and culture. By 1869, Divoll’s the subscription library moved to the Board of Education building, the library consisted of 4 staff members who offered reference services 12 hours a day. The library also encouraged children visit the library and had no age restrictions like most libraries of the day, due to rapid growth of the library collection, which grew from 1500 volumes in 1865, to 90,000 volumes by 1893, the library required more space. In 1893, the moved into a new space on the top floors of the new Board of Education building. Also in 1893, the citizens of St. Louis voted to move the administration of the Library to an independent board and this vote enabled to library to offer a library free of subscription fees and be open to all St. Louis residents. The Library occupied the board of building from 1893 until 1909. This buildings size wasn’t large enough to accommodate the growing collection. It was during time, the library began its role as a lending library, allowing the public to ‘check out’. In 1901, Andrew Carnegie made a donation which was used for expansion. By this time the collection included 90,000 books, by 1938 the collection included 900,000 items, and by 2014,4,600,000 items The St. Louis Public Library operates 17 libraries, including the main Central Library. Branches include Baden, Barr, Buder, Cabanne, Carondelet, Carpenter, Central Express, Charing Cross, Compton, Julia Davis, Divoll, Kingshighway, Machacek, Marketplace, Schlafly, and Walnut Park. In addition to the Central Library building, Barr, Cabanne, Carpenter, the Central Library building at 13th and Olive was built in 1912 on a location formerly occupied by the St. Louis Exposition and Music Hall and was designed by Cass Gilbert. The main library for the public library system has an oval central pavilion surrounded by four light courts. The outer facades of the building are of lightly rusticated Maine granite. The Olive Street front is disposed like an arcade, with contrasting marble bas-relief panels. A projecting three-bay central block, like a triumphal arch
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St. Louis Post-Dispatch
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The St. Louis Post-Dispatch is the major regional newspaper in St. Louis, in the U. S. state of Missouri, serving Greater St. Louis. It is the only remaining printed newspaper in the city. It is the fifth-largest newspaper in the midwestern United States, and is the 26th-largest newspaper in the U. S, according to its masthead, the publication has received eighteen Pulitzer Prizes. The paper is owned by Lee Enterprises of Davenport, Iowa, Circulation dropped for the daily paper from 213,472 to 191,631 to 178,801 for the two years after 2010, ending on September 30,2011, and September 30,2012. The Sunday paper also decreased from 401,427 to 332,825 to 299,227 and he appointed John A. Cockerill as the managing editor. Its first edition,4,020 copies of four pages each, in 1882, James Overton Broadhead ran for US Congress against John Glover. Broadheads friend and law partner, Alonzo W. Slayback, publicly defended Broadhead, the next day,13 Oct 1882, Cockerill re-ran an offensive card by John Glover that the paper had published the prior November. Incensed, Slayback barged into Cockerills offices at the paper demanding an apology, Cockerill shot and killed Slayback, he claimed self-defense, and a pistol was allegedly found on Slaybacks body. A grand jury refused to indict Cockerill for murder, but the consequences for the paper were severe. Therefore, in May 1883, Pulitzer sent Cockerill to New York to manage the New York World for him, the Post-Dispatch was one of the first daily newspapers to print a comics section in color, on the back page of the features section, styled the Everyday Magazine. At one time, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch had the second-largest news bureau in Washington, after his retirement, generations of Pulitzers guided the newspaper, ending when great-grandson Joseph Pulitzer IV left the company in 1995. The Post-Dispatch was characterized by an editorial page and columnists. The editorial page was noted also for political cartoons by Daniel R. Fitzpatrick, several months prior to the anniversary edition, the newspaper published a 63rd anniversary tribute to Our Own Oddities, a lighthearted feature that ran from 1940 to 1990. During the presidency of Harry S. Truman, the paper was one of his most outspoken critics and it associated him with the Pendergast machine in Kansas City, and constantly attacked his integrity. A Pulitzer Prize-winning campaign to clean up smoke pollution in St. Louis, in the late 1930s and early 1940s, the city had the filthiest air in America. The sports coverage, including nine St. Louis baseball Cardinals championships, an NBA title by the St. Louis Hawks in 1958, coverage of the citys cultural icons including Kate Chopin, Tennessee Williams, Chuck Berry, and Miles Davis. He said no family members would serve on the board of the merged company, the Post-Dispatch underwent a major redesign in September 2005, which brought a new layout, new fonts, and localized editions for St. Charles County and Illinois. Many readers have criticized the new format for devoting a larger percentage of space to advertisements
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2011 Joplin tornado
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The 2011 Joplin tornado was a catastrophic EF5-rated multiple-vortex tornado that struck Joplin, Missouri, late in the afternoon of Sunday, May 22,2011. It was part of a larger tornado outbreak and reached a maximum width of nearly 1 mile during its path through the southern part of the city. It rapidly intensified and tracked eastward across the city, and then continued eastward across Interstate 44 into rural portions of Jasper County and it was the third tornado to strike Joplin since May 1971. Overall, the tornado killed 158 people, injured some 1,150 others and it was the deadliest tornado to strike the United States since the 1947 Glazier–Higgins–Woodward tornadoes, and the seventh-deadliest overall. It also ranks as the costliest single tornado in U. S. history, in a preliminary estimate, the insurance payout was expected to be $2. Estimates earlier stated Joplin damage could be $3 billion, by July 15,2011, there had been 16,656 insurance claims. The tornado initially touched down just east of the Missouri-Kansas state line near the end of 32nd Street at 5,34 pm CDT and tracked due east, eyewitnesses and storm chasers reported multiple vortices rotating around the parent circulation in that area. Civil defense sirens sounded in Joplin 20 minutes before the tornado struck in response to a warning issued by the National Weather Service. The tornado rapidly strengthened to EF1 intensity as it continued through rural areas towards Joplin, snapping trees and power poles, widening, the tornado then tracked into the more densely populated southwest corner of the city near the Twin Hills Country Club. It heavily damaged several homes at a subdivision in this area at EF1 to EF2 strength, the tornado continued to strengthen as it ripped through another subdivision just east of Iron Gates Rd. Numerous homes were destroyed at EF2 to EF3 strength at that location, the now massive wedge tornado then crossed S. Schifferdecker Ave. producing its first area of EF4 damage as several small but well-built commercial buildings were flattened. Consistent EF4 to EF5 damage was noted east of S Schifferdecker Ave, numerous homes, businesses, and medical buildings were flattened in this area, with concrete walls collapsed and crushed into the foundations. A large steel-reinforced step and floor structure leading to a completely destroyed medical building was deflected upward several inches, steel trusses from some of the buildings were rolled up like paper, and deformation/twisting of the main support beams was noted. Multiple vehicles were thrown and mangled or wrapped around trees nearby, several 300-pound concrete parking stops anchored with rebar were torn from a parking lot in this area, and were thrown up to 60 yards away. Six fatalities were reported there, and the building was so damaged that it was deemed structurally compromised. An engineering survey of the revealed that the foundation and underpinning system were damaged beyond repair. According to the NWS office in Springfield, Missouri, such structural damage to such a large. Vehicles in the parking lot were thrown into the air and mangled beyond recognition, including a semi-truck that was tossed 125 yards
32.
2013 Moore tornado
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On the afternoon of May 20,2013, an intense and destructive EF5 tornado struck Moore, Oklahoma, and adjacent areas, with peak winds estimated at 210 mph, killing 24 people and injuring 377 others. The tornado touched down just northwest of Newcastle at 2,56 p. m. CDT, the tornado was 1.3 miles wide at its peak. On May 20,2013, a prominent central upper trough moved eastward toward the Central United States, with an upper low pivoting over the Dakotas. Evidence of an air mass included temperatures in the low to mid 80s °F, dewpoints that ranged in the upper 60s °F to lower 70s °F. Deep-layer wind shear speeds of 40 to 50 knots would enhance storm organization, the National Weather Service office in Norman, Oklahoma, had warned as early as May 15 that there was a possibility of severe weather on May 20. The most intense severe weather activity was expected across the southern Great Plains, specifically Central Oklahoma, as such, the Storm Prediction Center issued a moderate risk of severe thunderstorms during the early morning hours of May 20 from southeastern Missouri to north-central Texas. The degree of wind shear, moisture and instability within the warm sector favored the development of supercells, very large hail and tornadoes were expected with the supercells, with the possibility of a few strong tornadoes. The Storm Prediction Center issued a tornado watch at 1,10 p. m, Central Daylight Time early that afternoon for the eastern two-thirds of Oklahoma, northwestern Arkansas and portions of north-central Texas. The thunderstorm that produced the tornado developed less than one hour after the tornado watch was issued, around 2,00 p. m. CDT. At this point, the tornado began to grow rapidly in size, evolving into a large, wedge-shaped structure, several homes in a subdivision further to the northeast sustained EF3 damage. The supercell also produced winds of 80 miles per hour for at least one mile surrounding the tornadic circulation. The tornado maintained EF3 intensity as it crossed the Canadian River into Cleveland County,277 bridge was severely damaged, this bridge had to be demolished after the tornado ripped part of it from its mount and tossed it across Interstate 44. The tornado then continued directly toward south Oklahoma City and Moore, roughly following Southwest 149th Street. At that point, it began to grow rapidly in width, and a brief area of EF4 damage was noted near South May Avenue, where several homes were leveled. A vehicle frame, engine block, and various vehicle parts were found tangled within a grove of completely debarked trees in this area. The tornado weakened briefly to an EF3 before re-intensifying to EF4 intensity near Forman Drive, as the tornado struck an oil production site, four oil tanks were blown away, one of which was never found. The others were thrown considerable distances, one of which was found a mile away, every building at Celestial Acres sustained EF4 damage, along with a nearby strip mall. A 10-ton propane tank on the Orr Farm property was picked up, the tornado continued east, heavily scouring an open field before intensifying even further and slamming into Briarwood Elementary School, which was completely destroyed at EF5 intensity
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1979 Red River Valley tornado outbreak
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The 1979 Red River Valley tornado outbreak was a tornado event that occurred on April 10,1979, near the Red River Valley. It is noted for the F4 tornado that hit Wichita Falls, Texas, additional ones were reported across the Southern Plains as well as in the Mississippi River Valley on April 10–11,1979. A deepening low pressure formed in Colorado as a warm front lifted north pulling warm, moist. There was strong upper level dynamics all coming together to produce strong tornado-producing supercells, in the early afternoon hours, three supercell thunderstorms formed. They moved northeastward, and as a trio spawned families of tornadoes and these supercells caused the most damaging tornadoes of the outbreak. The first tornado formed near Crowell, Texas, at around 3,05 p. m, about 35 minutes later, the first killer one of the outbreak ripped through Vernon and killed 11 people. Then the supercell spawned one that killed three people in Lawton, Oklahoma, the second supercell spawned one that moved 64 miles. The third supercell was the one formed the Seymour and Wichita Falls tornadoes as part of a three-member tornado family. The first one formed near Seymour at around 4,53 pm, the storm spawned a second one and moved through the south and east sides of Wichita Falls at around 6,00 pm. The third member of the family formed near Waurika, Oklahoma, the Wichita Falls tornado formed in Archer County and moved northeast and damaged a few rural homes and high voltage towers. It rapidly intensified as it entered the city near Memorial Stadium by McNiel Jr, high on Southwest Parkway, which was located to the west of Wichita Falls at approximately 6,07 p. m. damaging both structures severely. Hail the size of golf balls preceded the touchdown and continued for approximately 15 minutes and it then became calm before the winds began to pick up. The massive wedge tornado, which was at its maximum 1.5 miles wide, cut a 2. 5-mile swath of destruction through the side of town. It destroyed an apartment complex near the beginning of its path and it also took its first lives there. It later destroyed a restaurant, the majority of Sikes Senter, the major mall, neighborhoods all along Southwest Parkway were leveled and nothing but debris and destruction remained. A number of people tried to flee as the tornado moved along U. S, roughly half of the 46 people killed were killed in their cars. It then moved into Clay County and changed its appearance to display a multiple-vortex structure, there were at times 5 separate vortices visible within the tornado. It inflicted additional damage south of Dean and Byers, but no fatalities occurred
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Tornado outbreak of November 17, 2013
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The tornado outbreak of November 17,2013, was the deadliest and costliest in the U. S. state of Illinois to occur in the month of November and fourth largest for the state overall. Severe weather during the tornado caused over 100 injuries and eleven fatalities. Two tornadoes—both in Illinois and rated EF4 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale—were the strongest documented during the outbreak, the development and progression of a severe weather event on November 17 had been well anticipated, and appeared in Storm Prediction Center products as early as November 12. The first storms associated with the event formed during the afternoon and evening hours of November 16 over the Great Plains, producing primarily hail and strong winds. However, tornadic activity was limited to November 17, as individual supercell thunderstorms tracked across the Midwest United States, the first tornadoes formed over Illinois, while the final tornadoes developed over Tennessee. With damage estimated at approximately $1.6 billion, the outbreak became the seventh weather event. Tornadoes alone were responsible for $1.067 billion in damage, with the EF4 tornado that struck Washington, in addition to structural damage, widespread power outages affected thousands of electricity customers across the same regions impacted by the tornado outbreak and subsequent squall line. Additional confidence over the next 24 hours resulted in an expanding of this risk area into the lower Great Lakes on November 14. The overlap of increasing moisture in the atmosphere, wind shear, the development supercells and later squall lines was anticipated, and was also expected to impact the Mid-Atlantic states. The slight risk included a 30% chance of thunderstorm activity was forecast for an area concentrated on Indiana. The outlook was maintained for the 1730 UTC Day 2 update on November 16, but was expanded to the west. With development assisted by a dry line, the storms did not produce any tornadoes, the threat of additional severe activity that day was mitigated by cooling surface temperatures and marginal moisture and instability in the lower atmosphere. By the end of the day, convection had moved closer to the Mississippi River, with the focus of intensifying storm activity shifting southeastwards to areas in and this overnight severe weather largely failed to develop, leading to only a very few isolated reports. Those same regions were listed as having at least a 30% chance of tornadoes, the first signs of convection associated with the broad weather system began to form around dawn on November 17 over portions of Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri, triggered by a propagating cold front. At 1440 UTC, the SPC issued a PDS tornado watch concentrated mostly around Illinois, one of these storms would maintain a mesocyclone over a 50 mi path. The first tornado during the outbreak touched down 1652 UTC and tracked across Peoria and Tazewell counties in Illinois and this was followed shortly after by a long-tracked EF4 tornado, the strongest and costliest of the day, which tracked through multiple Illinois counties. By around 1730 UTC on November 17, the associated with the tornado outbreak had become centered near Milwaukee. Numerous tornadoes touched down as a result of the supercells, several of which were strong to violent, additional significant tornadoes occurred in that area as well
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