1.
Enrique Cerezo
–
Enrique Cerezo Torres is a cinematographic producer and the current president of Atlético Madrid, a position he has held since 2002. Cerezo began in cinema in 1971 as a assistant in the movie Vente a Alemania. Three years later, he directed his first and only film, La sonrisa del sol, as a cinema producer, he is the owner of Enrique Cerezo – Cinematographic Productions and has produced many films. His most famous films produced include El perro del hortelano, La buena estrella, Pídele cuentas al rey, Yoyes, Juana la Loca, La hora de los valientes, in the 2003–04 season, the club sacked coach Luis Aragonés and replaced him with Gregorio Manzano. Great part of the deals of the previous season leave the club, the club finished in seventh position, making it a poor season. In the 2004–05 season, the club replaced their coach again, hiring César Ferrando, at that time, the club purchased central defenders Pablo Ibáñez and Luis Perea. Ferrandos plans did not materialize and the club finished 11th, again outside of European football, in the 2005–06 season, veteran Carlos Bianchi was appointed by the club. Atlético made great investments by bringing stars like Martin Petrov, Maxi Rodríguez, nevertheless, however, the team did not produce good results and Bianchi was dismissed midway through the season, replaced by Pepe Murcia. In the 2009–10 season, the arrival of head coach Quique Sánchez Flores saw a change of fortunes. Diego Forlán scored twice, the second being a winner in the 116th minute. Manzano himself was replaced with Diego Simeone in December 2011 after a run of form in La Liga. Again, by winning the Europa League, they qualified for the 2012 UEFA Super Cup against Chelsea, winner of the previous seasons Champions League, Atlético won 4–1, including a hat-trick scored by Falcao in the first half. On 16 May 2013, Atlético beat Real Madrid 2–1 in the Copa del Rey final and this ended a 14-year and 25-match winless streak in the Madrid derby. The 2012–13 season saw the finish with three trophies in a little over a year. Atlético took a lead through Diego Godín and survived Reals pressure until the third minute of injury time. The match went into time and ended in a 4–1 loss
2.
Luis Tosar
–
Luis López Tosar is a Spanish actor and musician. He is one of the most recognizable and versatile actors in Spain, best known for the movies Celda 211, Te doy mis ojos, Mientras duermes, También la lluvia and he has a music group called Di Elas. Born in Lugo, Galicia, Spain on 13 October 1971 and he began his career playing theater and shorts, but he became famous in Galicia by his performance in 1998 TV Series Mareas Vivas. His only major role in an American film was Michael Manns Miami Vice, starring Colin Farrell and he has also won the Málaga Lifetime Achievement Award in 2011 Málaga Spanish Film Festival
3.
Sony Pictures
–
Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc. is an American entertainment company that produces, acquires and distributes filmed entertainment through multiple platforms. It operates as a subsidiary of Sony Entertainment Inc. which is the parent company for both the music and motion picture businesses of Sony Corporation, based in Culver City, California, it encompasses Sonys motion picture, television production and distribution units. Its group sales in the fiscal year 2015 has been reported to be of $8.3 billion, Sony Pictures film franchises include Spider-Man, Men in Black, Underworld, Resident Evil, and Robert Langdon. Sony Pictures is one of Hollywoods major film studios and a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, on September 1,1987, The Coca-Cola Company announced plans to spin-off its assets of Columbia Pictures, which it had owned since 1982. Under this arrangement, Coca-Cola would sell its entertainment assets to TriStar Pictures, Tri-Star would be renamed to Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc. with Coca-Cola owning 49%, its shareholders owning 31%, and Tri-Stars shareholders owning 20%. A new company was formed in early 1988 with the Tri-Star name to take over the studios operations, on September 28,1989, Sony obtained an option to purchase all of The Coca-Cola Companys stock in CPE for $27 per share. This was all led by Norio Ohga, who was the president, the hiring of Guber and Peters by Sony to run Columbia was conflicted by a previous contract the producers had signed at Warner Bros. Time Warners chairman, Steve Ross, threatened Sony with a lawsuit for breach of contract, the lawsuit would be subsequently dropped when Sony sold half-interest in Columbia House and cable distribution rights to Columbias feature films, TV movies, and miniseries to Warner Bros. Said agreement also saw Columbia sell its 35% interest in the Burbank Studios, on November 8,1989, Sony completed the acquisition by a short-form merger of its wholly owned subsidiary Sony Columbia Acquisition Corporation into CPE under Delaware law. Sony also completed a tender offer for shares of stock of the Guber-Peters Entertainment Company on November 6,1989. The acquisition cost Sony $4.9 billion and was backed by five major Japanese banks Mitsui, Tokyo, Fuji, Mitsubishi, the company was renamed Sony Pictures Entertainment on August 7,1991. On June 4,2008, SPEs wholly owned group 2JS Productions B. V. acquired Dutch production company 2waytraffic N. V. famous for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. and You Are What You Eat for £114.3 million. In 2011, the Sony Pictures computer network was breached and approximately one million user accounts associated with the SonyPictures. com website were leaked. On November 21,2013, SPE and Sony Entertainments CEO Michael Lynton announced that SPE will shift emphasis from movies to television by cutting its 2014 film slate, on January 22,2014, SPE folded its technology unit into its various cores of its businesses. On February 6,2014, Sony Pictures Entertainment, through their legal name Columbia TriStar Warner Filmes de Portugal Ltda. announced that they close their offices in Portugal on March 31. On November 20,2015, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment announced that they will release Ultra HD Blu-ray releases, the first set will be in early 2016 and will include film and television content. In November 2014, the Sony Pictures computer network was compromised by a group of hackers named Guardians of Peace, disabling many computers. Later the same week, five of Sony Pictures movies were leaked, including some not yet released, as well as confidential data about 47,000 current and former Sony employees
4.
Spanish language
–
Spanish —also called Castilian —is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the worlds second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese and it is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks. Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Beginning in the early 16th century, Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire, most notably to the Americas, as well as territories in Africa, Oceania, around 75% of modern Spanish is derived from Latin. Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula. With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin, this language is the second most important influence after Latin and it has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages. It also adopted words from languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin. Spanish is one of the six languages of the United Nations. It is the language in the world by the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue, after Mandarin Chinese. It is estimated more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language. Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, Equatorial Guinea, speakers in the Americas total some 418 million. In the European Union, Spanish is the tongue of 8% of the population. Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the United States, in 2011 it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over,38 million speak Spanish at home. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the language of the whole Spanish State in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas. Article III reads as follows, El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado, las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State, the other Spanish languages as well shall be official in their respective Autonomous Communities. The Spanish Royal Academy, on the hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. Two etymologies for español have been suggested, the Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary derives the term from the Provençal word espaignol, and that in turn from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, from—or pertaining to—Hispania
5.
Historical period drama
–
The term, historical period drama refers to a work set in an earlier time period, usually used in the context of film and television. It is an informal term that can apply to several genres and is often heard in the context of historical fiction and romances, adventure films. A period piece may be as long and general as the ages or as limited as one decade, for example. Historical drama film stories are based upon events and famous people. A period film is a film that attempts to depict a specific time period. Examples include movies like Cinderella Man, Schindler’s List, Les Misérables or Lincoln, the most common type of period piece is the historical period piece, both on stage and in movies. This category includes Robin Hood, Barry Lyndon, Amadeus, The Young Victoria, films that are set in the 1930s and 1940s, such as Last Man Standing, can also be placed in this category. Other examples include Marie Antoinette, Middle march, and Pride, many highly successful television series have been known as period pieces. Notable examples include The Tudors, Mad Men, Boardwalk Empire, Call the Midwife, Downton Abbey, Deadwood, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, and Little House on the Prairie
6.
Siege of Baler
–
The Siege of Baler was a battle of the Philippine Revolution and concurrently the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War. Filipino revolutionaries laid siege to a fortified church manned by colonial Spanish troops in the town of Baler, Philippines for 11 months, the battle is considered part of the Spanish–American War since the Filipinos were allied with the United States at the outset. That war ended in December 1898 with Spains surrender and annexation of the Philippines to the United States, however, cut off from communications with their own government and military, the Spanish forces continued their defense against the Filipino forces until 1899. Baler, Aurora located on the eastern coast of Luzon, is some 225 kilometers distant from the Philippine capital city of Manila, the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule started 1896. The Spanish garrisoned Baler, in Sept.1897, with fifty cazadores under Lt. Jose Mota, motas forces were attacked on the night of 4 Oct. by Novicios men, killing Lt. Mota and six other Spaniards, wounding several and capturing 30 Mauser rifles. The initial phase of the Philippine Revolution ended with a truce in 1897, during this phase of the revolution, the Philippines was involved in the Spanish-American War, and the Filipino rebels allied themselves with the American forces. This alliance would end with the outbreak of the Philippine-American War in 1899. On June 1,1898, Morenas began work to dig a well, stock food supplies and ammunition, the church was the only stone building in the area. On June 26, it was noticed that the residents were leaving. On the night of the 30th,800 Filipino troops under Teodorico Luna attacked, the town priest, Candido Gómez Carreño, also quartered himself in the church. The first few days of the siege saw several attempts by the Filipinos to get the Spanish to surrender by leaving letters, on July 8 the Revolutionary Commander, then Cirilo Gómez Ortiz, offered a suspension of hostilities until nightfall, which was accepted. On July 18, Calixto Villacorta took command of the Filipinos and he also sent a warning letter, which was rebuffed. The Spanish had to endure confinement in a small, hot, as the siege progressed, their food supply began to diminish through usage and spoilage. Enemy rifle fire did cause casualties but diseases such as beriberi, dysentery, the first Spaniard to die was Gómez Carreño. In September, Lt. Alonso, and then in November, command fell to Lt. Saturnino Martín Cerezo when Las Morenas died in December. More than once the Spanish made forays to burn nearby houses to deprive the Filipinos of much needed cover, the Filipinos attempted to smoke them out by setting fires beside the church wall but this was repulsed and their timber captured. At the start of the siege, the Spanish had provisions of flour, rice, beans, chickpeas, bacon, canned Australian beef, sardines, wine, sugar, and coffee - but no salt. Supplementing their food supplies, the Spanish foraged for pumpkins, pumpkin leaves, oranges, plantain shoots, various herbs, next Villacorta brought in Spanish civilians and ultimately a uniformed Spanish officer left behind to wrap up Spains affairs on the island, to no avail
7.
Philippine Revolutionary Army
–
The Philippine Revolutionary Army was founded on March 22,1897 in Cavite. General Artemio Ricarte was designated as its first Captain General during the Tejeros Convention and this armed force of General Emilio Aguinaldos central revolutionary government replaced the Katipunan militia. The revolutionary army used the 1896 edition of the Spanish regular armys Ordenanza del Ejército to organize its forces, Filipino artist Juan Luna is credited with this design. His brother, General Antonio Luna commissioned him with the task, Juan Luna also designed the collar insignia for the uniforms, distinguishing between the services, infantry, cavalry, artillery, sappers, and medics. At least one researcher has postulated that Juan Luna may have patterned the tunic after the English Norfolk jacket, Infantry officers wore blue pants with a black stripe down the side, while Cavalry officers wore red trousers with black stripes. When the Philippine–American War erupted on February 4,1899, the Filipino army suffered heavy losses on every sector, even Antonio Luna urged Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldos chief adviser, to convince the President that guerrilla warfare must be announced as early as April 1899. Aguinaldo adopted guerilla tactics on November 13,1899, dissolving what remained of the regular army, the main weapon of the new Filipino army was the Spanish M93, also the standard infantry arm of the Spanish, and the Remington Spanish rifle. Crew-served weapons of the Philippine military included lantakas, Krupp guns, Hontoria guns, an Ordóñez gun, Hotchkiss guns, Nordenfelt guns, Maxim guns, and Colt guns. Also, there were improvised artillery weapons made of water pipes reinforced with bamboo or timber, the evolution of Philippine revolutionary insignia can be divided into three basic periods, early Katipunan, late Katipunan and the Republican army. During the revolution against Spain, the Katipunan gave leaflets to the people to them to join the revolution. Since the revolutionaries had become regular soldiers at the time of Emilio Aguinaldo, they started to recruit males and some females aged 15, during the existence of the Revolutionary Army, over 100 individuals were appointed to General Officer grades. For details, see the List of Filipino generals in the Philippine Revolution, Colonel Agapito Bonzón Colonel Felipe Salvador – Commander of the Santa Iglesia faction. Colonel Apolinar Vélez Colonel Alejandro Avecilla Colonel Francisco Paco Román – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna, Colonel Manuel Bernal – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna. Colonel Pablo Tecson – Leader, Battle of Quingua, Colonel Alipio Tecson – Supreme Military Commander of Tarlac in 1900 and exiled to Guam. Colonel Simón Tecson – Leader of Siege of Baler, signatory of the Biak-na-Bato Constitution, Colonel Simeón Villa Colonel Luciano San Miguel Colonel José Tagle – Known for his role in the Battle of Imus. Lieutenant Colonel Lázaro Macapagal – Commanding officer in-charge at the execution of Andrés, Lieutenant Colonel José Torres Bugallón – Hero of the Battle of La Loma. Lieutenant Colonel Regino Díaz Relova – Fought as one of the heads of columns under General Juan Cailles in the Laguna province, Captain José Bernal – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna. Captain Eduardo Rusca – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna, Captain Pedro Janolino – Commanding Officer of the Kawit Battalion
8.
Philippine Revolution
–
The Philippine Revolution, also called the Tagalog War by the Spanish, was a revolution and subsequent conflict fought between the people of the Philippines and the Spanish colonial authorities. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, when the Spanish authorities discovered Katipunan, the Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio, was a liberationist movement whose goal was independence from Spain through armed revolt. The organization began to influence much of the Philippines, Bonifacio called for an attack on the capital city of Manila. This attack failed, however, the surrounding provinces began to revolt, in particular, rebels in Cavite led by Mariano Alvarez and Emilio Aguinaldo won early victories. A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacios death in 1897, with command shifting to Aguinaldo and that year, the revolutionaries and the Spanish signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, which temporarily reduced hostilities. Aguinaldo and other Filipino officers exiled themselves in Hong Kong, however, the hostilities never completely ceased. On April 21,1898, the United States launched a blockade of Cuba. On May 1, the U. S. Navys Asiatic Squadron, under Commodore George Dewey, decisively defeated the Spanish Navy in the Battle of Manila Bay, effectively seizing control of Manila. On May 19, Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines, by June, the rebels had gained control of nearly all of the Philippines, with the exception of Manila. On June 12, Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence, although this signified the end date of the revolution, neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine independence. The Spanish rule of the Philippines officially ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1898, in the treaty, Spain ceded control of the Philippines and other territories to the United States. There was an uneasy peace around Manila, with the American forces controlling the city, in June 1899, the nascent First Philippine Republic formally declared war against the United States. The Philippines would not become an internationally recognized independent state until 1946, the main influx of revolutionary ideas came at the start of the 19th century, when the Philippines was opened for world trade. In 1809, the first English firms were established in Manila, the Philippines had been governed from Mexico since 1565, with colonial administrative costs sustained by subsidies from the galleon trade. Increased competition with foreign traders brought the trade to an end in 1815. After its recognition of Mexican independence in 1821, Spain was forced to govern the Philippines directly from Madrid, at this point, post-French Revolution ideas entered the country through literature, which resulted in the rise of an enlightened principalia class in the society. The 1868 Spanish Revolution brought the rule of Queen Isabella II to an end. The autocratic government was replaced by a government led by General Francisco Serrano
9.
Tagalog people
–
The Tagalog people is a major ethnolingustic group in the Philippines. They have a developed society due to the cultural heartland, Manila. The commonly accepted origin for the endonym Tagalog is the term tagá-ilog, an alternative theory states that the name is derived from tagá-alog, which means people from the ford. In 1821, American diplomat Edmund Roberts called the Tagalog Tagalor in his memoirs about his trips to the Philippines. The earliest written record of the Tagalog is a 9th-century document known as the Laguna Copperplate Inscription which is about a remission of debt on behalf of the ruler of Tondo. Inscribed on it is year 822 of the Saka Era, the month of Waisaka, and the day of the waning moon. Some contend it is between Old Tagalog and Old Javanese, the document states that it releases its bearers, the children of Namwaran, from a debt in gold amounting to 1 kati and 8 suwarnas. Pires exploration led him to discover that in their own country, the Luções had foodstuffs, wax, honey, inferior grade gold, had no king, and were governed instead by a group of elders. Contact with the rest of Southeast Asia led to the creation Baybayin later used in the book Doctrina Cristiana which is written by the 16th century Spanish colonizers, on May 19,1571, Miguel López de Legazpi gave the title city to the colony of Manila. The title was certified on June 19,1572, under Spain, Manila became the colonial entrepot in the Far East. The Philippines was a Spanish colony administered under the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the first substantial dictionary of Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. The indigenous poet Francisco Baltazar is regarded as the foremost Tagalog writer, the ship set sail from Macau and landed in Morro Bay in what is now the California coast on October 17 of 1587, as part of the Galleon Trade between the Spanish East Indies and New Spain. More Filipino sailors arrived along the California coast when both places were part of the Spanish Empire, by 1763, Manila men or Tagalas had established a settlement called St. Malo on the outskirts of New Orleans, Louisiana. The Tagalog played a role during the 1896 Philippine Revolution. The Katipunan once intended to name the Philippines as Katagalugan or the Tagalog Republic, Miguel de Unamuno described revolutionary leader José Rizal as the Tagalog Hamlet and said of him “a soul that dreads the revolution although deep down desires it. He pivots between fear and hope, between faith and despair. ”In 1902, Macario Sakay formed his own Republika ng Katagalugan in the mountains of Morong, Tagalog was declared the official language by the first constitution in the Philippines, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato in 1897. In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as wikang pambansâ, in 1959, the language was further renamed as Pilipino. The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language mandating that as it evolves, it shall be developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine
10.
Katipunan
–
The Katipunan was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish Filipinos in Manila in 1892, whose primary aim was to gain independence from Spain through revolution. The Tagalog word katipunan, literally meaning association, comes from the root word tipon and its official revolutionary name was Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan. The Katipunan is also known by its acronym, KKK, being a secret organization, its members were subjected to the utmost secrecy and were expected to abide by the rules established by the society. Aspiring applicants were given standard initiation rites in order to members of the society. At first, membership in the Katipunan was only open to male Filipinos, later, the Katipunan had its own publication, Kalayaan which issued its first and last printing in March 1896. Revolutionary ideals and works flourished within the society, and Filipino literature was expanded by some of its prominent members, in planning the revolution, Bonifacio contacted Rizal for his full-fledged support for the Katipunan in exchange for a promise to rescue Rizal from his detention. In May 1896, a delegation was sent to the Emperor Meiji in order to solicit funds, the name Katipunan comes from the full Tagalog name for the society, Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang Katipunan nang mga Anak nang Bayan. The Katipunan and the Cuerpo de Compromisarios were, effectively, successor organizations of La Liga Filipina and this organization was part of the late 19th century Propaganda Movement in the Philippines. Katipunan founders Andrés Bonifacio, Ladislao Diwa, and Teodoro Plata were all members of La Liga and were influenced by the ideals of the Propaganda Movement in Spain. Marcelo H. del Pilar, another leader of the Propaganda Movement in Spain, the Katipunan had initiation ceremonies that were copied from masonic rites. It also had a hierarchy of rank that was similar to that of freemasonry, Del Pilars plan wins over that of Rizal. Del Pilar and Rizal had the end, even if each took a different road to it. Captured Katipunan members, who were members of La Liga. One group insisted on La Ligas principle of a peaceful reformation while the other espoused armed revolution, Bonifacio did establish the Katipunan when it was becoming apparent to anti-Spanish Filipinos that societies like the La Liga Filipina would be suppressed by colonial authorities. He was assisted by his two friends, Teodoro Plata and Ladislao Diwa, plus Valentín Díaz and Deodato Arellano, the Katipunan was founded along Azcarraga St. near Elcano St. in San Nicolas, Manila. Despite their reservations about the reformation that Rizal espoused, they named Rizal honorary president without his knowledge. The Katipunan, established as a secret organization, went under the name Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan. The rise of the Katipunan signaled the end of the crusade to secure reforms from Spain by means of a peaceful campaign, the Propaganda Movement led by Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena and others had failed its mission, hence, Bonifacio started the militant movement for independence
11.
Baler, Aurora
–
Baler, officially the Municipality of Baler, is a municipality in the province of Aurora in the Central Luzon of the Philippines, serving as the provincial capital. The population was 39,562 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 22,535 registered voters. Baler is located 231 kilometres north-east of Manila via a mountain pass accessible by bus and it is host to spectacular geographic formations and is situated on a vast plain at the south end of Baler Bay, a contiguous segment of the Philippine Sea. It became the capital of Aurora on 14 June 1951 under Republic Act No.648 signed by President Elpidio R. Quirino and it remained the seat of government of Aurora on 21 November 1978 under Batas Pambansa Blg.7 signed by President Ferdinand E. Marcos. It was identified by Google in 2009 as topping the list of destinations in the Philippines. Southeast Asia in March 2013 as one of the top spots in the Philippines. Nine-feet waves serve as its main tourist asset, attracting hundreds of surfers during the season from September to February. In 1609, seven Franciscan missionaries, led by Fray Blas Palomino, founded the settlement of Baler, which was converted into a pueblo by the Augustinians. Due to scarcity of religious missionaries, the Franciscans again took over the administration of the settlement in 1703, on 27 December 1735, a great storm came and a huge wave called tromba marina devastated the old town settlement, then located in Barrio Sabang. Among the survivors were the Angaras, Bijasas, Bitongs, Lumasacs, Carrascos, a new community sprang into what is now the Poblacion of Baler, leaving Kinagunasan, the place of devastation. When Captain De las Morenas died on 22 November 1899, Lieutenant Saturnino Martin Cerezo replaced him, on 2 June 1899, the last Spanish garrison in the Philippines surrendered after the Siege of Baler, effectively ending over 300 years of Spanish rule in the country. In 1901, the Americans incorporated the town into the province of Tayabas, before the Americans came, Baler was under the district of El Príncipe. The Comedia de Baler of Aurora mounted its first production in 1927 and it was supported by then President Manuel Luis Quezon and enjoyed the collaboration of artists Fortunato Esoreña and Alejandro Ferreras and arnis expert Antonino Ramos. Still alive until today, it features a group of colorfully attired performers using authentic weapons, like swords and knives, in 1942, Japanese troops entered Baler, where they made the Baler Elementary School building as their garrison under the command of a certain Captain Hattori. The retreating Japanese troops destroyed the San Luis Obispo de Tolosa Church in Baler, on 14 June 1951, by virtue of Republic Act No. 648, Baler became the town of the sub-province of Aurora. In 1956, the barrio of Dingalan was converted into a district within Baler and later became a town in its right. Baler is located at 15°45′30″N 121°33′45″E, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 92.55 square kilometres constituting 2. 94% of the 3,147. 32-square-kilometre- total area of Aurora
12.
Manila
–
Manila, officially City of Manila, is the capital of the Philippines. Founded on June 24,1571, by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi and it is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is home to many landmarks, some of which date back to the 16th century. In 2012, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as a global city, the city proper is home to 1,780,148 people in 2015, forming the historic core of Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. The metropolitan area, which includes the much larger Quezon City, Manila is also the most densely populated city proper in the world, with 41,515 people per square kilometer. The term Manila is commonly used to refer to either the whole area or the city proper. Manila is located on the shore of the Manila Bay on one of the finest harbors in the country. The city has six districts for the lower house of the Philippine Congress. Manila was once ruled by the Kingdom of Tondo before it became a province of the Majapahit Empire. During the Bruneian invasion of the Philippines, Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei captured Seludong and renamed it Maynilà, Maynilà became a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei, established to overpower Tondo. In 1571, conquistadors arrived from Mexico, across the Pacific Ocean, Spanish missionaries soon Christianized the city, incorporated Tondo and built some of the oldest churches in the country, including San Agustin Church. The conquistadors renamed the area Nuevo Reino de Castilla, Manila became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade route linking Spanish America with Asia, one of the earliest examples of globalization. Because of its location on Pacific trade routes, Manila received the moniker Pearl of the Orient. Spanish rule of the Philippine archipelago lasted for more than three centuries, until 1898, order was usually quickly restored and the city returned to the business of trade. In the 19th century, Manila was one of the most modern cities in Asia, before the Spanish–American War, it saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution. After the war, the United States took control, switched the official language from Spanish to English, near the end of World War II, during the Battle of Manila, most of the city was flattened by intensive aerial bombardment by the United States Air Force. As a result, relatively little remains of Manilas prewar and colonial architecture, although there are ongoing projects, especially within the old walled city. Maynilà, the Filipino name for the city, originated from the word nilà, referring to a mangrove tree that grew on the delta of the Pasig River. The flowers were made into garlands that, according to folklore, were offered to statues on religious altars or in churches
13.
Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando
–
The Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, located on the Calle de Alcalá in the heart of Madrid, currently functions as a museum and gallery. The academy was established by decree in 1744. About twenty years later, the enlightened monarch Charles III purchased a palace in Madrid as the new home. The building had been designed by José Benito de Churriguera for the Goyeneche family, the king commissioned Diego de Villanueva to convert the building for academic use, employing a neoclassical style in place of Churrigueras baroque design. The academy is also the headquarters of the Madrid Academy of Art, francisco Goya was once one of the academys directors, and its alumni include Felip Pedrell, Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dalí, Antonio López García, Juan Luna, Oscar de la Renta, and Fernando Botero. Enlightenment in Spain Media related to Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando at Wikimedia Commons Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando Android and iOS Official mobile app
14.
Opium
–
Opium is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy. The latex also contains the closely related opiates codeine and thebaine, the word meconium historically referred to related, weaker preparations made from other parts of the opium poppy or different species of poppies. The production of opium has not changed since ancient times, through selective breeding of the Papaver somniferum plant, the content of the phenanthrene alkaloids morphine, codeine, and to a lesser extent thebaine has been greatly increased. For the illegal trade, the morphine is extracted from the opium. It is then converted to heroin which is two to four times as potent, and increases the value by two to four times, the reduced weight and bulk make it easier to smuggle. Evidence from ancient Greece indicate that opium was consumed in several ways, including inhalation of vapors, suppositories, medical poultices, Opium is mentioned in the most important medical texts of the ancient world, including the Ebers Papyrus and the writings of Dioscorides, Galen, and Avicenna. Widespread medical use of unprocessed opium continued through the American Civil War before giving way to morphine and its successors, Opium has been actively collected since prehistoric times. Though western scholars typically estimate this to be around 1500 BCE, Indian scholars maintain that the verses and the history contained in them have been orally transmitted thousands of years before. A common name for males in Afghanistan is Redey, which in Pashto means poppy and this term may be derived from the Sanskrit words rddhi and hrdya, which mean magical, a type of medicinal plant, and heart-pleasing, respectively. The upper Asian belt of Afghanistan, Pakistan, northern India, numerous finds of P. somniferum or P. setigerum from Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have also been reported. The first known cultivation of poppies was in Mesopotamia, approximately 3400 BCE, by Sumerians, who called the plant hul gil. Tablets found at Nippur, a Sumerian spiritual center south of Baghdad, described the collection of juice in the morning. Opium production continued under the Babylonians and Egyptians, Opium was used with poison hemlock to put people quickly and painlessly to death, but it was also used in medicine. The Ebers Papyrus, c. 1500 BCE, describes a way to stop a child using grains of the poppy plant strained to a pulp. Spongia somnifera, sponges soaked in opium, were used during surgery, the Egyptians cultivated opium thebaicum in famous poppy fields around 1300 BCE. Opium was traded from Egypt by the Phoenicians and Minoans to destinations around the Mediterranean Sea, including Greece, Carthage, and Europe. By 1100 BCE, opium was cultivated on Cyprus, where surgical-quality knives were used to score the poppy pods, and opium was cultivated, traded, Opium was also mentioned after the Persian conquest of Assyria and Babylonian lands in the 6th century BCE. From the earliest finds, opium has appeared to have ritual significance, and anthropologists have speculated ancient priests may have used the drug as a proof of healing power
15.
Cavite
–
Cavite is a province in the Philippines located on the southern shores of Manila Bay in the Calabarzon region on Luzon island. Situated just 21 kilometers south of the capital, it is one of the most industrialized, with a population of 3,678,301 in 2015, it is the most populated province in the country. Cavite is surrounded by Laguna province to the east, Metro Manila to the northeast, to the west lies the West Philippine Sea. It is located within the Greater Manila Area, not to be confused with adjacent Metro Manila, Cavite is the second smallest province in the Calabarzon region. The province has two mountain ranges, Cavite is divided into four physiographical areas, namely, the lowest lowland area, lowland area, the central hilly area and the upland mountainous area. The lowest lowland area is the plain in particular. These areas have low ground level of 0 to 2 metres elevation compared to the high tide level of about 0.8 meters from the mean sea level. These are the cities of Cavite, Bacoor and the municipalities of Kawit, Noveleta, Rosario, northern part of Carmona, the lowland area consists of the coastal and alluvial plains. These areas have flat ground slope of less than 0. 5%, the alluvial plain can be found in the city of Imus and southern part of General Trias. Into these municipalities forms the area between the coastal plain and the central hilly area. It also covers areas of Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta, Rosario, Tanza. The third topography type is the hilly area, generally found on the mountain foot slope. It forms the rolling tuffaceous plateau and this topography includes steep hills, ridges and elevated inland valley. The plateau is characterized with ground elevation ranging from 30 meters to nearly 400 meters and its ground slope ranges from 0.5 to 2%. The city of Trece Martires and Dasmariñas and the municipalities of General Emilio Aguinaldo, General Mariano Alvarez, Indang, Maragondon, Ternate, Silang and Carmona have this kind of topography. The last topography type is upland mountainous area, found in Magallanes, Amadeo, Tagaytay, Mendez, Alfonso, southern part of Maragondon and they are situated at a very high elevation above 400 meters with slopes of more than 2%. The Tagaytay ridge has an elevation of 610 metres with Mount Sungay at 14°8′31. 71″N 121°1′19. 02″E. The mountain was much higher before with an elevation of 752 meters, the prominence of the mountain was leveled in half during the construction of Peoples Park in the Sky during the Marcos administration
16.
Fortified church
–
A fortified church is a church that is built to play a defensive role in times of war. Such churches were designed to incorporate military features, such as thick walls, battlements. Others, such as the Cathedral of Ávila were incorporated into the town wall, monastic communities, such as Lérins Abbey, are often surrounded by a wall, and some churches, such as St Arbogast in Muttenz, Switzerland, have an outer wall as well. Churches with additional external defences such as walls and wall towers are often referred to more specifically as fortress churches or Kirchenburgen. Fortified churches were built in places controlled by colonial empires. Although a large number of fortified churches in a variety of styles existed in the lands of Belarus only a handful have survived until the present, the most famous include Christian Orthodox churches in Muravanka and Synkovichi, as well as Catholic fortified churches in Kamai and Ishkold. In addition to Christian churches Belarus also has the ruins of several fortified synagogues, about 65 fortified churches are found in the Thiérache region of France. There are several fortified churches that have preserved, especially in the German states of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria. Wolfgang in Rothenburg and the church of Wenkbach. A rare surviving example of a church used for defensive purposes is the Church of St. Andrew in Kraków, one of the oldest. Grodzka street, it was built by a medieval Polish statesman Palatine Sieciech in 1079–1098, St. Andrew was the only Romanesque church in Kraków to withstand the Mongol attack of 1241. Along the lower part of the section of its façade are small openings that served as defensive windows during military siege. A number of fortified churches, monasteries and cathedrals survive in Portugal. These buildings were either in Romanesque or Gothic styles. Romanesque examples are the Lisbon Cathedral and the Old Cathedral of Coimbra, Gothic examples are the Church of Leça do Balio and the Guarda Cathedral. South-eastern Transylvania region in Romania has one of the highest numbers of existing fortified churches from the thirteenth to sixteenth centuries, there are medieval fortified churches near the Anglo-Scottish border, where defence was an important consideration until the seventeenth century when the two states were united in personal union. All Saints Church, Boltongate in Cumbria is an example, also in Cumbria, St Michaels Church, Burgh by Sands has a defensive tower, and originally had two. Defensive towers can also be found on the England–Wales border, for instance, St Michaels Church, saint Catherines Monastery Tangyud Monastery Video Fortified churches in Transylvania
17.
Treaty of Paris (1898)
–
The cession of the Philippines involved a payment of $20 million from the United States to Spain. The treaty was signed on December 10,1898, and ended the Spanish–American War, the Treaty of Paris came into effect on April 11,1899, when the documents of ratification were exchanged. The Treaty of Paris marked the end of the Spanish Empire and it marked the beginning of the age of the United States as a world power. Many supporters of the war opposed the treaty, and it one of the major issues in the election of 1900 when it was opposed by Democrat William Jennings Bryan because he opposed imperialism. Republican President William McKinley upheld the treaty and was easily reelected, the Spanish–American War began on April 25,1898 due to a series of escalating disputes between the two nations, and ended on December 10,1898 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. It resulted in Spains loss of its control over the remains of its overseas empire, after much of mainland Latin America had achieved independence, Cuba tried its hand at revolution in 1868–1878, and again in the 1890s, led by José Martí, or El Apóstol. Martí returned to Cuba and participated at first in the struggles against the Spanish government, the Philippines at this time also became resistant to Spanish colonial rule. August 26,1896 presented the first call to revolt, led by Andrés Bonifacio, succeeded by Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, Bonifacio was executed on May 10,1897. Aguinaldo then negotiated the Pact of Biak-na-Bato with the Spaniards and was exiled to Hong Kong along with the revolutionary leaders. The Spanish–American War that followed had overwhelming U. S. public support due to the popular fervor towards supporting Cuban freedom as well as furthering U. S. economic interests overseas, the U. S. was particularly attracted to the developing sugar industry in Cuba. The U. S. military even resorted to falsifying reports in the Philippines in order to maintain support for U. S. involvement abroad. The Philippines stand upon a different basis, without any original thought of complete or even partial acquisition, the presence and success of our arms at Manila imposes upon us obligations which we cannot disregard. The march of events rules and overrules human action, incidental to our tenure in the Philippines is the commercial opportunity to which American statesmanship cannot be indifferent. It is just to use legitimate means for the enlargement of American trade. In view of what has been stated, the United States cannot accept less than the cession in full right and sovereignty of the island of Luzon. 1,1898, and proceed to the negotiation and conclusion of a treaty of peace, the composition of the American commission was somewhat unusual in that three of its members were Senators. The American delegation members were, William R. Day, chairman, the negotiations were conducted in a suite of rooms at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Americans refused to consider this and for the moment it was pursued no further, felipe Agoncillo, a Filipino lawyer representing the First Philippine Republic, was denied participation in the negotiation
18.
White flag
–
White flags have had different meanings throughout history and depending on the locale. The white flag is an internationally recognized protective sign of truce or ceasefire and it is also used to symbolize surrender, since it is often the weaker party which requests negotiation. A white flag signifies to all that an approaching negotiator is unarmed, persons carrying or waving a white flag are not to be fired upon, nor are they allowed to open fire. The use of the flag to surrender is included in the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, the improper use of the flag is forbidden by the rules of war and constitutes a war crime of perfidy. The first mention of the usage of flags to surrender is made during the Eastern Han dynasty. In the Roman Empire, the historian Cornelius Tacitus mentions a flag of surrender in AD109. Before that time, Roman armies would surrender by holding their shields above their heads, the white flag was widely used in the Middle Ages in Western Europe to indicate an intent to surrender. Its use may have expanded across continents, e. g, the white color was also used as a symbol of military command, by the commanding officer of a French army. It would be featured on a white scarf attached to the flag as to recognise French units from foreign ones. The French troops fighting in the American War of Independence fought under the white flag, the French Navy used a plain white ensign for ships of the line. Smaller ships might have used other standards, such as a fleur-de-lis on white field, commerce and private ships were authorised to use their own designs to represent France, but were forbidden to fly the white ensign. During the French Revolution, in 1794, the blue, white, the white flag quickly became a symbol of French royalists. During the Bourbon Restoration, the flag replaced the Tricolor. It was finally abandoned in 1830, with the July Revolution, with the use of the blue, white. In 1873, an attempt to reestablish the monarchy failed when Henri of Artois and he demanded the return of the white flag before he would accept the throne, a condition that proved unacceptable. The design lasted until March 1865, when concerns about it being mistaken for a flag of truce when the flag was not completely flying necessitated the addition of a red band on the fly edge. The Christian Flag, designed in the early 20th century to represent all of Christianity and Christendom, has a white field, in conventional vexillology, a white flag is linked to surrender, a reference to the Biblical description of Jesus non-violence and surrender to Gods will. In FIA sanctioned races, a white flag warns of a car ahead
19.
Spanish Empire
–
The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in history. The Spanish Empire became the foremost global power of its time and was the first to be called the empire on which the sun never sets, the Spanish Empire originated during the Age of Discovery after the voyages of Christopher Columbus. Following the Spanish–American War of 1898, Spain ceded its last colonies in the Caribbean and its last African colonies were granted independence or abandoned during Decolonisation of Africa finishing in 1976. The unity did not mean uniformity, nevertheless, some historians assert that Portugal was part of the Spanish monarchy at the time, while others draw a clear distinction between the Portuguese and Spanish empires. During the 15th century, Castile and Portugal became territorial and commercial rivals in the western Atlantic. The conquest was completed with the campaigns of the armies of the Crown of Castile between 1478 and 1496, when the islands of Gran Canaria, La Palma, and Tenerife were subjugated. The Portuguese tried in vain to keep secret their discovery of the Gold Coast in the Gulf of Guinea, chronicler Pulgar wrote that the fame of the treasures of Guinea spread around the ports of Andalusia in such way that everybody tried to go there. Worthless trinkets, Moorish textiles, and above all, shells from the Canary and Cape Verde islands were exchanged for gold, slaves, ivory and Guinea pepper. The Crown officially organized this trade with Guinea, every caravel had to get a government license, the treaty delimited the spheres of influence of the two countries, establishing the principle of the Mare clausum. It was confirmed in 1481 by the Pope Sixtus IV, in the papal bull Æterni regis, thus, the limitations imposed by the Alcáçovas treaty were overcome and a new and more balanced worlds division would be reached at Tordesillas between both emerging maritime powers. Seven months before the treaty of Alcaçovas, King John II of Aragon died, Ferdinand and Isabella drove the last Moorish king out of Granada in 1492 after a ten-year war. The Catholic Monarchs then negotiated with Christopher Columbus, a Genoese sailor attempting to reach Cipangu by sailing west, Castile was already engaged in a race of exploration with Portugal to reach the Far East by sea when Columbus made his bold proposal to Isabella. Columbus discoveries inaugurated the Spanish colonization of the Americas and these actions gave Spain exclusive rights to establish colonies in all of the New World from north to south, as well as the easternmost parts of Asia. The treaty of Tordesillas was confirmed by Pope Julius II in the bull Ea quae pro bono pacis on 24 January 1506, Spains expansion and colonization was driven by economic influences, a yearning to improve national prestige, and a desire to spread Catholicism into the New World. The Catholic Monarchs had developed a strategy of marriages for their children in order to isolate their long-time enemy, the Spanish princes married the heirs of Portugal, England and the House of Habsburg. Following the same strategy, the Catholic Monarchs decided to support the Catalan-Aragonese house of Naples against Charles VIII of France in the Italian Wars beginning in 1494. As King of Aragon, Ferdinand had been involved in the struggle against France and Venice for control of Italy, these conflicts became the center of Ferdinands foreign policy as king. Only a year later, Ferdinand became part of the Holy League against France and this war was less of a success than the war against Venice, and in 1516, France agreed to a truce that left Milan in its control and recognized Spanish control of Upper Navarre
20.
Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand
–
For the order of knighthood of the Two Sicilies, see Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit. The Royal and Military Order of Saint Ferdinand, commonly known as Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand, is Spains highest military award for gallantry and those eligible are current and former members of the Spanish Armed Forces. The Royal Military Order of Saint Ferdinand was set up by the Cádiz Cortes in 1811 to honour heroic feats of arms, Laureate Plate of Madrid Category, Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand Attribution Loosely adapted from the Spanish Wikipedia article on the same topic. Royal Decree 899/2001, de 27 July
21.
Canary Islands
–
The Canary Islands, also known as the Canaries, are an archipelago and autonomous community of Spain located on the Atlantic Ocean,100 kilometres west of Morocco. The Canaries are among the outermost regions of the European Union proper and it is also one of the eight regions with special consideration of historical nationality recognized as such by the Spanish Government. The main islands are Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, the archipelago also includes a number of islands and islets, La Graciosa, Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Montaña Clara, Roque del Oeste and Roque del Este. In ancient times, the chain was often referred to as the Fortunate Isles. The Canary Islands is the most southerly region of Spain and the largest and most populated archipelago of the Macaronesia region, the islands have a subtropical climate, with long hot summers and moderately warm winters. The precipitation levels and the level of maritime moderation varies depending on location and elevation, green areas as well as desert exist on the archipelago. Due to their location above the inversion layer, the high mountains of these islands are ideal for astronomical observation. For this reason, two professional observatories, Teide Observatory on the island of Tenerife and Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma, have built on the islands. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria has been the largest city in the Canaries since 1768, between the 1833 territorial division of Spain and 1927 Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands. In 1927 a decree ordered that the capital of the Canary Islands be shared, the third largest city of the Canary Islands is San Cristóbal de La Laguna on Tenerife. This city is home to the Consejo Consultivo de Canarias. During the time of the Spanish Empire, the Canaries were the main stopover for Spanish galleons on their way to the Americas, who came south to catch the prevailing northeasterly trade winds. The name Islas Canarias is likely derived from the Latin name Canariae Insulae, meaning Islands of the Dogs, according to the historian Pliny the Elder, the Mauretanian king Juba II named the island Canaria because it contained vast multitudes of dogs of very large size. Another speculation is that the dogs were actually a species of monk seal, critically endangered. The dense population of seals may have been the characteristic that most struck the few ancient Romans who established contact with these islands by sea. Alternatively, it is said that the inhabitants of the island, Guanches, used to worship dogs, mummified them. The ancient Greeks also knew about a people, living far to the west, who are the dog-headed ones, who worshipped dogs on an island. Some hypothesize that the Canary Islands dog-worship and the ancient Egyptian cult of the god, Anubis are closely connected
22.
Equatorial Guinea
–
Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, is a country located in Central Africa, with an area of 28,000 square kilometres. Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea, its post-independence name evokes its location near both the Equator and the Gulf of Guinea, Equatorial Guinea is the only sovereign African state in which Spanish is an official language. As of 2015, the country has an population of over 1.2 million. Equatorial Guinea consists of two parts, an insular and a mainland region, the insular region consists of the islands of Bioko in the Gulf of Guinea and Annobón, a small volcanic island south of the equator. Bioko Island is the northernmost part of Equatorial Guinea and is the site of the countrys capital, the island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe is located between Bioko and Annobón. The mainland region, Río Muni, is bordered by Cameroon on the north and Gabon on the south and it is the location of Bata, Equatorial Guineas largest city, and Oyala, the countrys planned future capital. Rio Muni also includes several small islands, such as Corisco, Elobey Grande. The country is a member of the African Union, Francophonie, since the mid-1990s, Equatorial Guinea has become one of sub-Saharan Africas largest oil producers. The country ranks 144th on the UNs 2014 Human Development Index, the UN says that less than half of the population has access to clean drinking water and that 20% of children die before reaching the age of five. Reporters Without Borders ranks President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo among its predators of press freedom, the report rates Equatorial Guinea as a Tier 3 country, the lowest ranking, Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so. Pygmies probably once lived in the region that is now Equatorial Guinea. Bantu migrations between the 18th and 19th centuries brought the coastal ethno-linguistic groups as well as the Fang people, elements of the latter may have generated the Bubi, who migrated from Cameroon to Río Muni and Bioko in several waves and succeeded former Neolithic populations. The Annobón population, originally native to Angola, was introduced by the Portuguese via São Tomé island, the Portuguese explorer Fernando Pó, seeking a path to India, is credited as being the first European to discover the island of Bioko in 1472. He called it Formosa, but it took on the name of its European discoverer. The islands of Fernando Pó and Annobón were colonized by Portugal in 1474, Spain thereby tried to gain access to a source of slaves controlled by British merchants. Between 1778 and 1810, the territory of Equatorial Guinea was administered by the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, based in Buenos Aires. From 1827 to 1843, the United Kingdom had a base on Bioko to combat the slave trade, in 1844, on restoration of Spanish sovereignty, the area became known as the Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea. Spain had neglected to occupy the area in the Bight of Biafra to which it had right by treaty
23.
The Hollywood Reporter
–
Headquartered in Los Angeles, THR is part of the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a group of properties that includes Billboard and SpinMedia. It is owned by Eldridge Industries, a company owned by an executive of its previous owner. Under Janice Min, a faltering THR was relaunched in 2010 as a weekly print magazine with a revamped, continuously updated website, as well as mobile. THR was founded in 1930 by William R, billy Wilkerson as Hollywoods first daily entertainment trade newspaper. The first edition appeared on September 3,1930, and featured Wilkersons front-page Tradeviews column, the newspaper appeared Monday to Saturday for the first 10 years, except for a brief period, then Monday to Friday from 1940. Wilkerson ran the THR until his death in September 1962, although his final column appeared 18 months prior, from the late 1930s, Wilkerson used THR to push the view that the industry was a communist stronghold. In particular, he opposed the screenplay writers trade union, the Screen Writers Guild, in 1946 the Guild considered creating an American Authors Authority to hold copyright for writers, instead of ownership passing to the studios. Wilkerson devoted his Tradeviews column to the issue on July 29,1946 and he went to confession before publishing it, knowing the damage it would cause, but was apparently encouraged by the priest to go ahead with it. The column contained the first industry names, including Dalton Trumbo and Howard Koch, on became the Hollywood blacklist. Eight of the 11 people Wilkerson named were among the Hollywood Ten who were blacklisted after hearings in 1947 by the House Un-American Activities Committee. In 1997 THR reporter David Robb wrote a story about the newspapers involvement, for the blacklists 65th anniversary in 2012, the THR published a lengthy investigative piece about Wilkersons role, by reporters Gary Baum and Daniel Miller. The same edition carried an apology from Wilkersons son, W. R. Wilkerson III and he wrote that his father had been motivated by revenge for his thwarted ambition to own a studio. Wilkersons wife, Tichi Wilkerson Kassel, took over as publisher and she sold the paper on April 11,1988, to Affiliated Publications, parent company of Billboard Publications, for $26.7 million. Robert J. Dowling became THR president in 1988 and editor-in-chief, Dowling brought in Alex Ben Block as editor in 1990, and editorial quality of both news and specials steadily improved. Block and Teri Ritzer dampened much of the coverage and cronyism that had infected the paper under Wilkerson. After Block left, former editor at Variety, Anita Busch, was brought in as editor between 1999 and 2001. Busch was credited with making the paper competitive with Variety, tony Uphoff assumed the publisher position in November 2005. Uphoff was replaced in October 2006 by John Kilcullen, the publisher of Billboard, Kilcullen was a defendant in Billboards infamous dildo lawsuit, in which he was accused of race discrimination and sexual harassment
24.
Variety (magazine)
–
Variety is a weekly American entertainment trade magazine and website owned by Penske Media Corporation. The last daily printed edition was put out on March 19,2013, Variety originally reported on theater and vaudeville. Variety has been published since December 16,1905, when it was launched by Sime Silverman as a weekly periodical covering vaudeville with its headquarters in New York City, on January 19,1907, Variety published what is considered the first film review in history. In 1933, Sime Silverman launched Daily Variety, based in Hollywood, Sime Silverman had passed on the editorship of the Weekly Variety to Abel Green as his replacement in 1931, he remained as publisher until his death in 1933 soon after launching the Daily. His son Sidne Silverman, known as Skigie, succeeded him as publisher of both publications, both Sidne and his wife, stage actress Marie Saxon, died of tuberculosis. Their only son Syd Silverman, born 1932, was the heir to what was then Variety Inc. Young Syds legal guardian Harold Erichs oversaw Variety Inc. until 1956, after that date Syd Silverman was publisher of both the Weekly Variety in New York and the Daily Variety in Hollywood, until the sale of both papers in 1987 to the Cahners Corp. In L. A. the Daily was edited by Tom Pryor from 1959 until 1988, for twenty years its editor-in-chief was Peter Bart, originally only of the weekly New York edition, with Michael Silverman running the Daily in Hollywood. Bart had worked previously at Paramount Pictures and The New York Times, in April 2009, Bart moved to the position of vice president and editorial director, characterized online as Boffo No More, Bart Up and Out at Variety. From mid 2009 to 2013, Timothy M. Gray oversaw the publication as Editor-in-Chief, after over 30 years of various reporter, in October 2014, Eller and Wallenstein were upped to Co-Editors in Chief, with Littleton continuing to oversee the trades television coverage. This dissemination comes in the form of columns, news stories, images, video, Cahners Publishing purchased Variety from the Silverman family in 1987. On December 7,1988, Barts predecessor, Roger Watkins, proposed, upon its launch, the new-look Variety measured one inch shorter with a washed-out color on the front. In October 2012, Reed Business Information, the periodicals owner, PMC is the owner of Deadline. com, which since the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike has been considered Varietys largest competitor in online showbiz news. In October,2012, Jay Penske announced that the paywall would come down, the print publication would stay. A significant portion of the advertising revenue comes during the film-award season leading up to the Academy Awards. During this Awards Season, large numbers of colorful, full-page For Your Consideration advertisements inflate the size of Variety to double or triple its usual page count, paid circulation for the weekly Variety magazine in 2013 was 40,000. Each copy of each Variety issue is read by an average of three people, with a total readership of 120,000. Variety. com has 17 million unique monthly visitors, Variety is a weekly entertainment publication with a broad coverage of movies, television, theater, music and technology, written for entertainment executives
25.
IMDb
–
In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
