1.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
2.
1900 in Norway
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Events in the year 1900 in Norway. Monarch, Oscar II Prime Minister, Johannes Steen 17 February - The Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture,3 December – Population Census, There were 2,239,881 inhabitants in Norway. The 1900 Parliamentary election takes place,5 January - Nina Eik-Nes, politician 31 January - Bertel Flaten, politician 14 February - Ola Johan Gjengedal, politician 4 March – Axel Coldevin, historian. 30 December – Lillemor von Hanno, actress and writer
3.
1902 in Norway
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Events in the year 1902 in Norway. Monarch, Oscar II Prime Minister, Johannes Steen, then Otto Blehr 15 November – The Ofoten Line opened,23 November – The Valdres Line opened. Football Association of Norway is founded,15 January - Olaug Hay, politician 24 January - Sigurd Lund Hamran, politician 30 January - Magnus Jensen, historian and educator
4.
Oscar II of Sweden
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Oscar II was King of Sweden from 1872 until his death and King of Norway from 1872 until his dethronement in 1905. He was the third of four sons of King Oscar I, as his eldest brother Charles XV was without heirs and his brother Prince Gustaf died in 1852, it was he who succeeded his brother as king. Oscar II was king during a period when Sweden was undergoing a period of industrialization, the declining Union of Sweden and Norway was finally dissolved in 1905 and Oscar became the last Bernadotte king of Norway. He died in 1907 and was succeed as King of Sweden by his son, at his birth in Stockholm, Oscar Fredrik was created Duke of Östergötland. He entered the navy at the age of eleven, and was appointed lieutenant in July 1845. Later he studied at Uppsala University, where he distinguished himself in mathematics, on 13 December 1848, he was made an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. On 6 June 1857 he married in Wiesbaden-Biebrich, Germany, Princess Sophia Wilhelmina, from 1859, when his father died, he was first in line to the Swedish throne after his oldest brother King Charles, who then had no male heirs. His middle brother Gustaf had died in 1852 and he succeeded his brother Charles XV / IV on 18 September 1872. At the accession he adopted as his motto Brödrafolkens väl / Broderfolkenes Vel, the political events which led up to the peaceful dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 could hardly have been attained but for the tact and patience of the king himself. He was dethroned on 7 June 1905 by the Norwegian Parliament and he declined, indeed, to permit any prince of his house to become king of Norway, but better relations between the two countries were restored before his death. He died in Stockholm on 8 December 1907 at 9,10 AM and his acute intelligence and his aloofness from the dynastic considerations affecting most European sovereigns gave the king considerable weight as an arbitrator in international questions. At the request of Great Britain, Germany and the United States in 1889 he appointed the justice of Samoa. He was the 1, 027th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain, the office of prime minister was instituted in 1876. Louis De Geer became the first head of government in Sweden to use this title, the most known and powerful first minister of the Crown during the reign of Oscar was the conservative estate owner Erik Gustaf Boström. Boström served as Prime Minister in 1891-1900 and 1902-1905 and he was trusted and respected by the king, who had much difficulty approving someone else as prime minister. Over a period of time, the king gave Boström a free hand to select his own ministers without much royal involvement and it was an arrangement that furthered the road to parliamentarism. Himself a distinguished writer and musical amateur, King Oscar proved a friend of learning. In 1858 a collection of his lyrical and narrative poems, Memorials of the Swedish Fleet, published anonymously, obtained the second prize of the Swedish Academy
5.
Prime Minister of Norway
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For a list, see List of heads of government of Norway. The Prime Minister of Norway is the leader of Norway. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to the Storting, to their political party, and ultimately the electorate. In practice, since it is impossible for a government to stay in office against the will of the Storting. Norway has a Constitution, which was adopted on 17 May 1814, the position of Prime Minister is the result of legislation. As of 2017, the Prime Minister of Norway is Erna Solberg, unlike their counterparts in the rest of Europe, Norwegian Prime Ministers do not have the option of advising the King to dissolve the Storting and call a snap election. The Constitution requires that the Storting serve out its full four-year term, if the Prime Minister loses the confidence of the Storting, he or she must resign. As of 2015 six former Prime Ministers are alive, Odvar Nordli born 3 November 1927, kåre Willoch born 3 October 1928, served 1981–1986. Gro Harlem Brundtland born 20 April 1939, served 1981, 1986–1989, kjell Magne Bondevik born 3 September 1947, served 1997–2000 and 2001–2005. Thorbjørn Jagland born 5 November 1950, served 1996–1997, jens Stoltenberg born 16 March 1959, served 2000–2001 and 2005–2013. List of Prime Ministers of Norway Regjeringskvartalet Government Official Homepage
6.
Johannes Steen
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Johannes Wilhelm Christian Steen was a Norwegian politician and educator who served as Prime Minister of Norway from 1891 to 1893 and from 1898 to 1902. He grew up in Vesteraalen as the son of Judge and Member of Parliament John Svaboe Steen and his brother Frederik Steen was also a member of Parliament. At the University of Christiania in 1848, over the next 42 years, Steen combined his profession as teacher and educationist with a political career. He served as a teacher in Bergen and Tromsø and he was mayor of Tromsø and. From 1866 he was rector of Stavanger Latin School and he was mayor of Stavanger and In 1859 he was first elected member of the Storting for Tromsø. In 1868, Steen was elected to the Storting for Stavanger, from 1871, the Storting became increasingly marked by political struggle. Steen first became Prime Minister in 1891, in 1894, Steen was re-elected to the Storting from Trondheim. He subsequently held the position of Prime Minister from 1898–1902 and he was married in 1849 to Elise Henriette Stoltenberg. He died in 1906 at Voss in Hordaland, Norway
7.
Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions
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The Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions is a national trade union center, decidedly the largest and probably the most influential umbrella organization of labour unions in Norway. The 21 national unions affiliated to the LO have almost 900,000 members of a Norwegian population of 5 million, LO is affiliated to the ITUC and the ETUC. Gerd Kristiansen was elected leader on 6 May 2013 for a four-year period and it was named the Workers National Trade Union from 1899 to 1957. Aase served as treasurer from 1934 until his death in 1948, the organization owns the Norwegian Labour Movement Archives and Library. It is considered as being part of the Labour Sphere in Norway
8.
Paper clip
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A paper clip is an instrument used to hold sheets of paper together, usually made of steel wire bent to a looped shape. Most paper clips are variations of the Gem type introduced in the 1890s or earlier, common to paper clips proper is their utilization of torsion and elasticity in the wire, and friction between wire and paper. When a moderate number of sheets are inserted between the two tongues of the clip, the tongues will be forced apart and cause torsion in the bend of the wire to grip the sheets together. Paper clips usually have a shape with straight sides, but may also be triangular or circular. The most common material is steel or some metal. Some other kinds of paper use a two-piece clamping system. Recent innovations include multi-colored plastic-coated paper clips and spring-fastened binder clips, according to the Early Office Museum, the first patent for a bent wire paper clip was awarded in the United States to Samuel B. This clip was intended primarily for attaching tickets to fabric. Fay received U. S. patent 64,088 on April 23,1867, although functional and practical, Fays design along with the 50 other designs patented prior to 1899 are not considered reminiscent of the modern paperclip design known today. Another notable paper clip design was patented in the United States by Erlman J. Wright in 1877. This clip was advertised at that time for use in fastening newspapers, since the 1883 article had no illustration of this early Gem, it may have been different from modern paper clips of that name. The earliest documentation of its existence is an 1894 advertisement for Gem Paper Clips, in 1904 Cushman & Denison registered a trade mark for the Gem name in connection with paper clips. The announcement stated that it had used since March 1,1892. Paper clips are sometimes called Gem clips, and in Swedish the word for any paper clip is gem. The drawing clearly shows that the product is a clip of the Gem type. The fact that Middlebrook did not mention it by name, suggests that it was well known at the time. Since then countless variations on the theme have been patented. Some have pointed instead of rounded ends, some have the end of one loop bent slightly to make it easier to insert sheets of paper, in addition, purely aesthetic variants have been patented, clips with triangular or round shapes
9.
Johan Vaaler
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Johan Vaaler was a Norwegian inventor and patent clerk, from 1892 office manager of Bryns Patentkontor in Kristiania. He has often erroneously identified with the invention of the common paper clip. He was born in Aurskog as the son of a farmer, Vaaler designed a kind of paper clip in 1899 and applied for a German patent on November 12 of that year. It was granted on June 6,1901 and he also filed an application for a United States patent on January 9,1901. The U. S. patent was granted on June 4,1901, unknown to Vaaler, a more functional and practical paper clip was already in production by the British Gem Manufacturing Company Ltd, but not yet marketed in Norway. His design was perfect because it lacked the two full loops of the wire. Several types of paper clips had been patented in the United States since 1867, as an employee of Bryns patent office in Kristiania, Vaaler was familiar with patent legislation and procedures in Norway. His reasons for applying abroad are unknown, but it is possible that he had a confidence in his invention. Also, he may have been aware that Norwegian inventors would meet difficulties on the home market. Quite soon he must have had the disappointment of his life when he was confronted by the Gem, which was probably introduced in Norway during his own lifetime. He is not known to have tried to contact potential manufacturers in Norway or abroad, and his patent was allowed to expire quietly, without a single one of his many proposed designs having ever been manufactured. Meanwhile, the Gem conquered the world, including his own country, the Norwegian fish hook manufacturer O. Mustad & Søn AS of Gjøvik has produced Gem-type paper clips since 1928. Vaalers alleged invention of the clip became known in Norway after World War II. Events of that war contributed greatly to the status of the paper clip as a national symbol. The clips were meant to denote solidarity and unity and their symbolism was even more obvious because paper clips are called binders in Norwegian. Henry Petroski, The Evolution of Useful things, ISBN 0-679-74039-2 https, //web. archive. org/web/20030407103313/http, //www. writeonoffice. com/info/his_paperclip. htm
10.
Viking FK
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Viking Fotballklubb is a Norwegian football club from the city of Stavanger. The club was founded in 1899 and it is one of the most successful clubs in Norwegian football, having won 8 Norwegian Premier League titles, most recently in 1991, and 5 domestic Norwegian Cup titles, most recently in 2001. The club has played and won more league games than any other club. Viking was founded in Stavanger in 1899 and played mainly local games in the early years, from the 1930s, the club established itself at the national level, playing in the 1933 cup final, which it lost to Mjøndalen. During the 1930s the club produced several of its best known players, most prominently Reidar Kvammen and his brother Arthur Kvammen was also capped for Norway, while Bernhard Lund later went on to write the club anthem. After the Second World War, Viking became a dominant side in the 1950s, beating Lillestrøm in the 1953 cup final and Sandefjord in the 1959 final, long-serving goalkeeper Sverre Andersen was the most prominent player in this generation, while Edgar Falch also earned several caps for Norway. Rolf and Kåre Bjørnsen, Asbjørn Skjærpe and Leif Nicolaysen were other prominent players, the club attendance record also stems from the semifinal of the 1959 cup, when 18,892 spectators saw Viking beat Odd 4–0. While the 1960s was a somewhat quieter decade for Viking, the returned to dominate Norwegian football in the 1970s. Viking won four league titles from 1972 to 1975, as well as the double in 1979. However, the team had a new manager every year, with Sverre Andersen, Stuart Williams and Olav Nilsen leading them to the title in the subsequent years, and Tony Knapp managing the 1979 team. Arvid Knutsen, Reidar Goa, Hans Edgar Paulsen, Erik Johannessen, Inge Valen, Johannes Vold, Svein Hammerø, Gunnar Berland, the 1980s started well for the club. Kjell Schou Andreassen returned to guide the club to the title in 1982. Swedish manager Benny Lennartsson and players Kjell Jonevret and Per Holmberg arrived on large salaries to save the club, the gamble paid off when charismatic striker Alf Kåre Tveit secured a controversial penalty in the 95th minute against Vard in the final league game of the 1988 season. Arild Ravndal converted the kick to give Viking the victory and secure promotion. This signalled the start of a new era, and the won the cup in 1989. Lars Gaute Bø, Roger Nilsen, Kent Christiansen, Egil Fjetland, Jan Fjetland, Trond Egil Soltvedt, Mike McCabe and Børre Meinseth were other key players in a young Viking team. However, many of the players from the 1991 league winning squad did not manage to live up to their expectations. Bjarne Berntsen took over as manager in mid-season and secured renewed Tippeligaen status, while the club spent most of the 1990s challenging for Premier League medals, it did however never manage to challenge Rosenborg for the league championships
11.
National Theatre (Oslo)
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The National Theatre in Oslo is one of Norways largest and most prominent venues for performance of dramatic arts. The theatre had its first performance on 1 September 1899 but can trace its origins to Christiania Theatre, the National Theatre was founded as a private institution and weathered several financial crises until 1929, when the Norwegian government started providing modest support. A number of famous Norwegians have served as directors for the theatre. The theatre is considered the home for Ibsens plays. Notable is also the childrens Christmas play, The Journey to the Christmas Star, written by the then theatres finance director Sverre Brandt, the main building is centrally located between the Royal Palace, Oslo and the Parliament of Norway. It is served by National Theatre Station and National Theatre metro stations and it was designed by architect Henrik Bull. The theatre organisation manages four stages, the stage, the amphitheatre. The fourth is the Torshov Theatre in the Torshov district of Oslo, as of 2009, the theatres artistic director was Hanne Tømta
12.
Oslo
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Oslo is the capital and the most populous city in Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality, founded in the year 1040, and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada, the city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300. Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814, after being destroyed by a fire in 1624, the city was moved closer to Akershus Fortress during the reign of Christian IV of Denmark and renamed Christiania in his honour. It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, following a spelling reform, it was known as Kristiania from 1877 to 1925, at which time its original Norwegian name was restored. Oslo is the economic and governmental centre of Norway, the city is also a hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. It is an important centre for industries and maritime trade in Europe. The city is home to companies within the maritime sector, some of which are among the worlds largest shipping companies, shipbrokers. Oslo is a city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission intercultural cities programme. Oslo is considered a city and ranked Beta World City in studies carried out by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group. It was ranked one in terms of quality of life among European large cities in the European Cities of the Future 2012 report by fDi magazine. A survey conducted by ECA International in 2011 placed Oslo as the second most expensive city in the world for living expenses after Tokyo. In 2013 Oslo tied with the Australian city of Melbourne as the fourth most expensive city in the world, as of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, while the population of the citys urban area was 942,084. The metropolitan area had an population of 1.71 million. The population was during the early 2000 increasing at record rates and this growth stems for the most part from international immigration and related high birth rates, but also from intra-national migration. The immigrant population in the city is growing faster than the Norwegian population. As of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, the urban area extends beyond the boundaries of the municipality into the surrounding county of Akershus, the total population of this agglomeration is 942,084. To the north and east, wide forested hills rise above the city giving the location the shape of a giant amphitheatre. The urban municipality of Oslo and county of Oslo are two parts of the entity, making Oslo the only city in Norway where two administrative levels are integrated
13.
Rogalands Avis
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Rogalands Avis is a local newspaper published in Stavanger, Norway. Rogalands Avis was established in 1899, the paper is based in Stavanger and covers the southern Rogaland. A Labour Party-affiliated newspaper, it was titled 1ste Mai until 1955, notable former editors-in-chief include Johan Gjøstein, Cornelius Holmboe, Otto Luihn, Hans Andreas Hanssen, Børge Olsen-Hagen, Trond Hegna, Engwall Pahr-Iversen, Norulv Øvrebotten and Lars Helle. Rogalands Avis is owned 95. 8% by A-pressen Lokale Medier AS, rogalands Avis had a circulation of 13,276 copies in 2006 and there were 10,521 subscribers the same year. In 2009 its circulation was 10,500 copies, the circulation of the paper was 8,471 copies in 2012
14.
Lillebil Ibsen
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Lillebil Ibsen was a Norwegian dancer and actress. She was born in Kristiania, as the daughter of engineer Georg Monrad Krohn and she married pilot and film director Tancred Ibsen on 25 August 1919. Lillebil Ibsen took ballet lessons at an age with her mother. She made her début as a dancer at Nationaltheatret in 1911, in the ballet pantomime Prinsessen på erten, an adaptation of the story The Princess and she then studied ballet with Hans Beck in Copenhagen, and later with Russian choreographer Mikhail Fokine. She made her stage début as actress at Nationaltheatret in Kristiania in 1915 and her first film role was in Sången om den eldröda blomman from 1918. She made her début as a revue artist at Chat Noir in 1924 and she worked at Det Nye Teater from 1929 to 1956, where she played classical comedy roles as well as a series of Ibsen characters, such as Nora, Mrs Alving and Gina Ekdal. From 1956 to 1969 she performed at Nationaltheatret, where she played both dramatic and comic roles and she also played for the television theatre Fjernsynsteatret. Ibsen issued the autobiography Det begynte med dansen and she was decorated Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1969. She died in Oslo in 1989, prinsessa på villovägar Mannekäng i rött Arthurs forbrytelse Op med hodet. Lika inför lagen Pan Christian Wahnschaffe,2, teil - Die Flucht aus dem goldenen Kerker Weltbrand Sången om den eldröda blomman Europa postlagernd Lillebil Ibsen at the Internet Movie Database Lillebil Ibsen at Find a Grave
15.
Helge Ingstad
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Helge Marcus Ingstad was a Norwegian explorer. After mapping some Norse settlements, Ingstad and his wife Anne Stine and he also thought that the mysterious disappearance of the Greenland Viking settlement in the 14/15th century could be explained by their emigration to North America. Helge Ingstad was the son of Olav Ingstad and Olga Marie Qvam in Meråker and his father was municipal engineer in Tromsø and held the title of factory supervisor. He was the grandson of professor, Marcus Pløen Ingstad. Helge and his moved to Bergen in 1915 where he attended the Bergen Katedralskole. Helge Ingstad was originally a lawyer by profession, but, ever an outdoorsman, he sold his law practice in Levanger. For the next three years, the Norwegian travelled with the local Indian tribe known as the Caribou Eaters, after returning to Norway, he wrote the bestselling Pelsjegerliv about his time in Canada, published in English as The Land of Feast and Famine. Ingstad was the governor of Erik the Reds Land in 1932–33, the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague decided that the lands belonged to Denmark, and so the official Norwegian presence had to end. During his years on Svalbard Helge Ingstad met Anne Stine Moe, in 1946 the Ingstads made themselves a home near the Holmenkollen area of Norways capital, Oslo, where they spent the rest of their lives when not travelling the world. They had one daughter, Benedicte, who became a professor in anthropology at the University in Oslo. From her teenage years, Benedicte accompanied her parents on their exploration journeys, Helge Ingstad was a popular author, whose books on his visits to remote parts of the world gained him fame in Norway. From Greenland he wrote Øst for den store bre, from Svalbard he wrote Landet med de kalde kyster and he also visited the Apache Indians of northwestern Mexico, from which he wrote Apache-indianerne - jakten på den tapte stamme. After World War II he stayed for a period in the Brooks Range in northern Alaska among the Nunamiut Iñupiat, in 1960, he discovered the remains of what later proved to be a Viking settlement at LAnse aux Meadows at the northernmost tip of Newfoundland in Canada. It is the known site of a Norse or Viking village in Canada. Following each period of excavation, the site was reburied to protect, the settlement at LAnse aux Meadows has been dated to approximately 1,000 years ago, an assessment that tallies with the relative dating of artifact and structure types. The remains of eight buildings were located and they are believed to have been constructed of sod placed over a wooden frame. Based on associated artifacts, the buildings were identified as dwellings or workshops. The largest dwelling measured 28.8 by 15.6 m, workshops were identified as an iron smithy containing a forge and iron slag, a carpentry workshop, which generated wood debris, and a specialized boat repair area containing worn rivets
16.
Torolv Kandahl
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Torolv Kandahl was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party. Kandahl was a member of Aker municipality council from 1934 to 1939 and he was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Buskerud in 1950, but was not re-elected in 1954. He later served in the position of deputy representative during the term 1958–1961
