1.
1899
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As of the start of 1899, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 Spanish rule ends in Cuba, queens and Staten Island become administratively part of New York City. January 6 – Lord Curzon becomes Viceroy of India, january 8 – The Association football club SK Rapid Wien is founded in Vienna. January 10 – The Tau Kappa Epsilon Fraternity is founded at Illinois Wesleyan University in Bloomington, january 17 – The United States takes possession of Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean. January 19 – Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is formed, january 20 – The term wringer was created at chicken factories. January 21 – Opel Motors opens for business, january 22 – The leaders of six Australian colonies meet in Melbourne to discuss the confederation of Australia as a whole. January 23 Emilio Aguinaldo is sworn in as President of the First Philippine Republic, British Southern Cross Expedition crosses the Antarctic Circle. February 2 – The Australian Premiers Conference held in Melbourne agrees that Australias capital should be located between Sydney and Melbourne, february 4 – The Philippine–American War begins as hostilities break out in Manila. February 6 – Spanish–American War, A peace treaty between the United States and Spain is ratified by the United States Senate, february 12–February 14 – Great Blizzard of 1899, Freezing temperatures and snow extend well south into North America, including southern Florida. It is the latest in a series of disasters to Floridas citrus industry, february 14 – Voting machines are approved by the U. S. Congress for use in federal elections. The manifesto is viewed as unconstitutional and a coup détat by many Finns who have come to consider their country a constitutional state in its own right in union with the Russian Empire. This results in Finnish fears that the Diet of Finland may be overruled arbitrarily, february 16 – Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur, the first Association football club in Iceland, is established in the islands capital, Reykjavík. March 2 – In Washington state, USA, Mount Rainier National Park is established, march 4 – Cyclone Mahina strikes Bathurst Bay, Queensland. A12 m wave reaches up to 5 km inland, leaving over 400 dead, march 6 – Felix Hoffmann patents aspirin and Bayer registers its name as a trademark. March 8 – The Frankfurter Fußball-Club Victoria von 1899 is founded, march 20 – At Sing Sing prison in Ossining, New York, Martha M. Place becomes the first woman executed in an electric chair, march 24 – George Dewey is made Admiral of the US Navy. March 27 Guglielmo Marconi successfully transmits a signal across the English Channel. March 30 German Society of Chemistry issued an invitation to other scientific organizations to appoint delegates to the International Committee on Atomic Weights
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1897 in the United States
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Events from the year 1897 in the United States. President, Grover Cleveland, William McKinley Vice President, Adlai E, April 27 – Grants Tomb is dedicated in New York. May 1 – The Tennessee Centennial Exposition opens in Nashville, for 6 months, June 1 – American miners begin a strike, which successfully establishes the United Mine Workers Union and brings about the 8-hour work day to mines. June 2 – Mark Twain, responding to rumors that he is dead, is quoted by the New York Journal as saying, July 17 – The Klondike Gold Rush begins when the first successful prospectors arrive in Seattle. July 31 – Mount Saint Elias, the second highest peak in the United States, August 21 – Oldsmobile is founded in Lansing, Michigan by Ransom E. Olds. August 31 – Thomas Edison is granted a patent for the Kinetoscope, september 1 – The Boston subway opens, becoming the first underground metro in North America. September 10 – Lattimer Massacre, A sheriffs posse kills more than 19 unarmed immigrant miners in Pennsylvania, October 12 – The USS Baltimore is recommissioned, since 1890, for several months of duty in the Hawaiian Islands. October 23 – The Kappa Delta Sorority is founded, November 1 - The Library of Congress Building in Washington, D. C. designed by Paul J. Pelz, is opened. Elbridge Ayer Burbank begins painting portraits of Native Americans in the United States from life, women photographers Zaida Ben-Yusuf and Gertrude Käsebier open portrait studios in New York City. The Auburn University Marching Band is created at Auburn University in Auburn, senator from Illinois from 1940 to 1949 March 11 – Henry Cowell, composer April 26 – Eddie Eagan, Olympic gold medal boxer and bobsledder May 6 – William A. Purtell, U. S. Senator from Connecticut in 1952 and from 1953 to 1959 June 6 – Homer E. Capehart, senator from Indiana from 1945 to 1963 July 9 – Albert C. Senator from Georgia from 1933 to 1971 November 8 – Dorothy Day, journalist and social activist April 10 – Daniel W. Voorhees, senator from Indiana from 1877 to 1897 August 14 – James Z. George, U. S. Senator from Mississippi from 1881 to 1897 October 3 – Samuel J. R. McMillan, senator from Minnesota from 1875 to 1887 October 11 – Charles W. Jones, Ireland-born U. S
4.
1898 in the United States
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Events from the year 1898 in the United States. The city is divided into five boroughs, Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx. February 15 – The USS Maine explodes and sinks in Havana harbor, Cuba, popular opinion blames Spain and helps precipitate the Spanish–American War. March 28 – After an investigation, the U. S. Navy publicly concludes that the USS Maine was sunk by a mine, April 5 – Annie Oakley promotes the service of women in combat situations with the United States military. In the history of women in the military, there are records of female U. S, April 21 – Spanish–American War, The United States Navy begins a blockade of Cuban ports and the USS Nashville captures a Spanish merchant ship. April 25 – Spanish–American War, The United States declares war on Spain, April 29, Union Razor Company, which today is known as KA-BAR Knives, founded in Tidioute, Pennsylvania. May 1 – Spanish–American War – Battle of Manila Bay, Commodore Dewey destroys the Spanish squadron, the first battle of the war, as well as the first battle in the Philippines Campaign. May 12 – Bombardment of San Juan, the first major battle of the Puerto Rico Campaign during the Spanish–American War, june 1 – The Trans-Mississippi Exposition Worlds Fair opens in Omaha, Nebraska. July 1 – Spanish–American War, Battle of San Juan Hill – American forces capture the San Juan Heights near Santiago de Cuba, theodore Roosevelt memorably leads the charge of the Rough Riders. July 3 Spanish–American War, Battle of Santiago de Cuba – The United States Navy destroys the Spanish Navys Caribbean Squadron, joshua Slocum completes a 3-year solo circumnavigation of the world. July 7 – The United States annexes the Hawaiian Islands, july 17 – Spanish–American War, – Battle of Santiago Bay, Troops under United States General William R. Shafter take the city of Santiago de Cuba from the Spanish. July 25 – Spanish–American War, The United States invasion of Puerto Rico begins with a landing at Guánica Bay, august 13 – Spanish–American War, Hostilities end between American and Spanish forces in Cuba. October 3 – Battle of Sugar Point, Ojibwe tribesmen defeat U. S. government troops in northern Minnesota, october 6 – The Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity is founded at the New England Conservatory in Boston. November 10 - The Wilmington Insurrection of 1898, A coup détat by white supremacists, november 26 – A 2-day blizzard known as the Portland Gale piles snow in Boston, Massachusetts, and severely impacts the Massachusetts fishing industry and several coastal New England towns. December 10 – The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Spanish–American War, wakita is founded in the Cherokee Strip, Oklahoma. As a result of the merger of small oil companies, John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil Company controls 84% of the United Statess oil. Gay Nineties Progressive Era Lochner era March 3 – Thomas R. Underwood, july 14 – Happy Chandler, United States Senator from Kentucky from 1955 till 1959. September 9 – Styles Bridges, United States Senator from New Hampshire from 1937 to 1961, november 13 – Wallace F. Bennett, United States Senator from Utah from 1951 till 1974
5.
1900 in the United States
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Events from the year 1900 in the United States. January 2 John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote trade with China, the first electric bus becomes operational in New York City. January 3 – The United States Census estimates the population was 70 million. Rowland of Johns Hopkins University discovers the cause of the Earths magnetism, January 8 – United States President William McKinley places Alaska under military rule. January 14 – The United States Senate accepts the Anglo-German treaty of 1899, January 17 Brigham H. Roberts is refused a seat in the United States House of Representatives because of his polygamy. Yaqui Indians in Texas proclaim independence from Mexico, January 29 – The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs is organized in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with 8 founding teams. February 3 – Kentucky Governor William Goebel dies of wounds after being shot by assassins on January 30, Goebel, who had prevailed in a dispute over the winner of the 1899 election, had been sworn in on his deathbed. February 5 – Britain and the United States sign a treaty for the building of a Central American shipping canal through Nicaragua, February 9 – Dwight F. Davis creates the Davis Cup tennis tournament. March 5 – Two U. S. cruisers are sent to Central America to protect U. S. interests in a dispute between Nicaragua and Costa Rica, march 6 – A coal mine explosion in West Virginia kills 50 miners. March 15 – The Gold Standard Act is ratified, placing United States currency on the gold standard, march 24 – New York City Mayor Robert Anderson Van Wyck breaks ground for a new underground Rapid Transit Railroad that will link Manhattan and Brooklyn. April 30 – Hawaii becomes an official U. S. territory, may 1 – Scofield Mine disaster, An explosion of blasting powder in coal mine in Scofield, Utah kills at least 200. May 23 – Sergeant William Harvey Carney is awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Second Battle of Fort Wagner, while he is the 21st African American recipient of the medal, the action for which he is honored pre-dates all other African American recipients. June 30 – Hoboken Docks Fire, A wharf fire at the docks in Hoboken, New Jersey owned by the North German Lloyd Steamship line spreads to German passenger ships Saale, Main, the fire engulfs the adjacent piers and nearby ships, killing 326 people. July 25 – The Robert Charles Riots occur in New Orleans, Louisiana, September 8 – The Galveston Hurricane makes landfall at Galveston, Texas, eventually killing 6, 000–12,000 in the deadliest natural disaster in U. S. history. September 13 – Philippine–American War, Filipino resistance fighters defeat a large American column in the Battle of Pulang Lupa, September 17 – Philippine–American War, Filipinos under Juan Cailles defeat Americans under Colonel Benjamin F. Cheatham at Mabitac. November 3 – The first automobile show in the United States opens at New York Citys Madison Square Garden, November 6 – U. S. presidential election,1900, Republican incumbent William McKinley is reelected by defeating Democratic challenger William Jennings Bryan. Milton S. Hershey introduces the milk chocolate Hershey bar, in New Haven, Connecticut, Louis Lassen of Louis Lunch makes the first modern-day hamburger sandwich. At the Carnegie Steel Company, Slavs and Italians produce one-third of the total steel supply
6.
1901 in the United States
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Events from the year 1901 in the United States. January 10 – In the first great Texas gusher, oil is discovered at Spindletop in Beaumont, january 28 – Baseballs American League declares itself a Major League. February 20 – The Hawaii Territory Legislature convenes for the first time, february 25 – U. S. Steel, the first billion-dollar corporation and at some time the worlds largest producer of steel, is incorporated by industrialist J. P. Morgan. March 2 – The U. S. Congress passes the Platt Amendment, march 4 – United States President William McKinley begins his 2nd term. Theodore Roosevelt is sworn in as Vice President of the United States, april 25 – New York State becomes the first to require automobile license plates. May 3 – The Great Fire of 1901 begins in Jacksonville, may 17 – The U. S. stock market crashes for the first time. May 27 – In New Jersey, the Edison Storage Battery Company is founded, june 12 – Cuba becomes a U. S. protectorate. June 22 to July 31 – The worst heat wave in US history until the 1930s, July 24 – O. Henry is released from prison in Columbus, Ohio after serving 3 years for embezzlement from the First National Bank in Austin, Texas. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt utters the phrase, Speak softly. September 5 – The National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues is formed in Chicago, september 6 – American anarchist Leon Czolgosz shoots U. S. President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. September 14 – Theodore Roosevelt succeeds William McKinley as President of the United States, september 26 – The body of U. S. President Abraham Lincoln is exhumed and reinterred in concrete several feet thick. October 4 – The American yacht Columbia defeats the Irish Shamrock in the Americas Cup yachting race, october 16 – U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt invites African American leader Booker T. Washington to the White House. The American South reacts angrily to the visit, and racial violence increases in the region, october 23 – Yale University celebrates its bicentennial. October 24 – Michigan schoolteacher Annie Taylor goes down Niagara Falls in a barrel, october 29 – In Amherst, New Hampshire, nurse Jane Toppan is arrested for murdering the Davis family of Boston with an overdose of morphine. October 29 – Leon Czolgosz, the assassin of William McKinley, is executed by electrocution, november 1 – Sigma Phi Epsilon is founded in Richmond, Virginia. November 15 – The Alpha Sigma Alpha Fraternity is founded at Longwood University, november 28 – The new state constitution of Alabama requires voters to have passed literacy tests. December 3 – U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt delivers a 20, the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association is established in Chicago. Senator from Colorado from 1957 to 1963 August 3 – John C, bradbury, United States Senator from Maine from 1847 till 1853
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Silver certificate (United States)
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Silver certificates are a type of representative money issued between 1878 and 1964 in the United States as part of its circulation of paper currency. They were produced in response to silver agitation by citizens who were angered by the Fourth Coinage Act, the certificates were initially redeemable for their face value of silver dollar coins and later in raw silver bullion. Since 1968 they have been only in Federal Reserve Notes and are thus obsolete. Large-size silver certificates were issued initially in denominations from $10 to $1,000 and in 1886 the $1, $2, in 1928, all United States bank notes were re-designed and the size reduced. The small-size silver certificate was issued in denominations of $1, $5. The complete type set below is part of the National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonians National Museum of American History, the Coinage Act of 1873 intentionally omitted language authorizing the coinage of “standard” silver dollars and ended the bimetallic standard that had been created by Alexander Hamilton. By 1875 business interests invested in silver wanted the bimetallic standard restored, people began to refer to the passage of the Act as the Crime of 73. Further public agitation for silver use was driven by fear that there was not enough money in the community. Members of Congress claimed ignorance that the 1873 law would lead to the demonetization of silver, some blamed the passage of the Act on a number of external factors including a conspiracy involving foreign investors and government conspirators. In response, the Bland–Allison Act, as it came to be known, was passed by Congress on 28 February 1878, the first silver certificates were issued in denominations of $10 through $1,000. Reception by financial institutions was cautious, while more convenient and less bulky than dollar coins, the silver certificate was not accepted for all transactions. Congress used the National Banking Act of 12 July 1882 to clarify the legal status of silver certificates by clearly authorizing them to be included in the lawful reserves of national banks. A general appropriations act of 4 August 1886 authorized the issue of $1, $2, the introduction of low-denomination currency greatly increased circulation. Over the 12-year lifespan of the Bland–Allison Act, the United States government would receive a seigniorage amounting to roughly $68 million, Treasury Secretary Franklin MacVeagh appointed a committee to investigate possible advantages to issuing smaller sized United States banknotes. Due in part to the outbreak of World War I and the end of his appointed term, any recommendations may have stalled. On 20 August 1925, Treasury Secretary Andrew W. Mellon appointed a committee and in May 1927 accepted their recommendations for the size reduction. On 10 July 1929 the new currency was issued. This required that the Treasury maintain stocks of dollars to back
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