1.
1899
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As of the start of 1899, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 Spanish rule ends in Cuba, queens and Staten Island become administratively part of New York City. January 6 – Lord Curzon becomes Viceroy of India, january 8 – The Association football club SK Rapid Wien is founded in Vienna. January 10 – The Tau Kappa Epsilon Fraternity is founded at Illinois Wesleyan University in Bloomington, january 17 – The United States takes possession of Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean. January 19 – Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is formed, january 20 – The term wringer was created at chicken factories. January 21 – Opel Motors opens for business, january 22 – The leaders of six Australian colonies meet in Melbourne to discuss the confederation of Australia as a whole. January 23 Emilio Aguinaldo is sworn in as President of the First Philippine Republic, British Southern Cross Expedition crosses the Antarctic Circle. February 2 – The Australian Premiers Conference held in Melbourne agrees that Australias capital should be located between Sydney and Melbourne, february 4 – The Philippine–American War begins as hostilities break out in Manila. February 6 – Spanish–American War, A peace treaty between the United States and Spain is ratified by the United States Senate, february 12–February 14 – Great Blizzard of 1899, Freezing temperatures and snow extend well south into North America, including southern Florida. It is the latest in a series of disasters to Floridas citrus industry, february 14 – Voting machines are approved by the U. S. Congress for use in federal elections. The manifesto is viewed as unconstitutional and a coup détat by many Finns who have come to consider their country a constitutional state in its own right in union with the Russian Empire. This results in Finnish fears that the Diet of Finland may be overruled arbitrarily, february 16 – Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur, the first Association football club in Iceland, is established in the islands capital, Reykjavík. March 2 – In Washington state, USA, Mount Rainier National Park is established, march 4 – Cyclone Mahina strikes Bathurst Bay, Queensland. A12 m wave reaches up to 5 km inland, leaving over 400 dead, march 6 – Felix Hoffmann patents aspirin and Bayer registers its name as a trademark. March 8 – The Frankfurter Fußball-Club Victoria von 1899 is founded, march 20 – At Sing Sing prison in Ossining, New York, Martha M. Place becomes the first woman executed in an electric chair, march 24 – George Dewey is made Admiral of the US Navy. March 27 Guglielmo Marconi successfully transmits a signal across the English Channel. March 30 German Society of Chemistry issued an invitation to other scientific organizations to appoint delegates to the International Committee on Atomic Weights
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1897 in the United States
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Events from the year 1897 in the United States. President, Grover Cleveland, William McKinley Vice President, Adlai E, April 27 – Grants Tomb is dedicated in New York. May 1 – The Tennessee Centennial Exposition opens in Nashville, for 6 months, June 1 – American miners begin a strike, which successfully establishes the United Mine Workers Union and brings about the 8-hour work day to mines. June 2 – Mark Twain, responding to rumors that he is dead, is quoted by the New York Journal as saying, July 17 – The Klondike Gold Rush begins when the first successful prospectors arrive in Seattle. July 31 – Mount Saint Elias, the second highest peak in the United States, August 21 – Oldsmobile is founded in Lansing, Michigan by Ransom E. Olds. August 31 – Thomas Edison is granted a patent for the Kinetoscope, september 1 – The Boston subway opens, becoming the first underground metro in North America. September 10 – Lattimer Massacre, A sheriffs posse kills more than 19 unarmed immigrant miners in Pennsylvania, October 12 – The USS Baltimore is recommissioned, since 1890, for several months of duty in the Hawaiian Islands. October 23 – The Kappa Delta Sorority is founded, November 1 - The Library of Congress Building in Washington, D. C. designed by Paul J. Pelz, is opened. Elbridge Ayer Burbank begins painting portraits of Native Americans in the United States from life, women photographers Zaida Ben-Yusuf and Gertrude Käsebier open portrait studios in New York City. The Auburn University Marching Band is created at Auburn University in Auburn, senator from Illinois from 1940 to 1949 March 11 – Henry Cowell, composer April 26 – Eddie Eagan, Olympic gold medal boxer and bobsledder May 6 – William A. Purtell, U. S. Senator from Connecticut in 1952 and from 1953 to 1959 June 6 – Homer E. Capehart, senator from Indiana from 1945 to 1963 July 9 – Albert C. Senator from Georgia from 1933 to 1971 November 8 – Dorothy Day, journalist and social activist April 10 – Daniel W. Voorhees, senator from Indiana from 1877 to 1897 August 14 – James Z. George, U. S. Senator from Mississippi from 1881 to 1897 October 3 – Samuel J. R. McMillan, senator from Minnesota from 1875 to 1887 October 11 – Charles W. Jones, Ireland-born U. S
4.
1898 in the United States
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Events from the year 1898 in the United States. The city is divided into five boroughs, Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx. February 15 – The USS Maine explodes and sinks in Havana harbor, Cuba, popular opinion blames Spain and helps precipitate the Spanish–American War. March 28 – After an investigation, the U. S. Navy publicly concludes that the USS Maine was sunk by a mine, April 5 – Annie Oakley promotes the service of women in combat situations with the United States military. In the history of women in the military, there are records of female U. S, April 21 – Spanish–American War, The United States Navy begins a blockade of Cuban ports and the USS Nashville captures a Spanish merchant ship. April 25 – Spanish–American War, The United States declares war on Spain, April 29, Union Razor Company, which today is known as KA-BAR Knives, founded in Tidioute, Pennsylvania. May 1 – Spanish–American War – Battle of Manila Bay, Commodore Dewey destroys the Spanish squadron, the first battle of the war, as well as the first battle in the Philippines Campaign. May 12 – Bombardment of San Juan, the first major battle of the Puerto Rico Campaign during the Spanish–American War, june 1 – The Trans-Mississippi Exposition Worlds Fair opens in Omaha, Nebraska. July 1 – Spanish–American War, Battle of San Juan Hill – American forces capture the San Juan Heights near Santiago de Cuba, theodore Roosevelt memorably leads the charge of the Rough Riders. July 3 Spanish–American War, Battle of Santiago de Cuba – The United States Navy destroys the Spanish Navys Caribbean Squadron, joshua Slocum completes a 3-year solo circumnavigation of the world. July 7 – The United States annexes the Hawaiian Islands, july 17 – Spanish–American War, – Battle of Santiago Bay, Troops under United States General William R. Shafter take the city of Santiago de Cuba from the Spanish. July 25 – Spanish–American War, The United States invasion of Puerto Rico begins with a landing at Guánica Bay, august 13 – Spanish–American War, Hostilities end between American and Spanish forces in Cuba. October 3 – Battle of Sugar Point, Ojibwe tribesmen defeat U. S. government troops in northern Minnesota, october 6 – The Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity is founded at the New England Conservatory in Boston. November 10 - The Wilmington Insurrection of 1898, A coup détat by white supremacists, november 26 – A 2-day blizzard known as the Portland Gale piles snow in Boston, Massachusetts, and severely impacts the Massachusetts fishing industry and several coastal New England towns. December 10 – The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Spanish–American War, wakita is founded in the Cherokee Strip, Oklahoma. As a result of the merger of small oil companies, John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil Company controls 84% of the United Statess oil. Gay Nineties Progressive Era Lochner era March 3 – Thomas R. Underwood, july 14 – Happy Chandler, United States Senator from Kentucky from 1955 till 1959. September 9 – Styles Bridges, United States Senator from New Hampshire from 1937 to 1961, november 13 – Wallace F. Bennett, United States Senator from Utah from 1951 till 1974
5.
1900 in the United States
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Events from the year 1900 in the United States. January 2 John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote trade with China, the first electric bus becomes operational in New York City. January 3 – The United States Census estimates the population was 70 million. Rowland of Johns Hopkins University discovers the cause of the Earths magnetism, January 8 – United States President William McKinley places Alaska under military rule. January 14 – The United States Senate accepts the Anglo-German treaty of 1899, January 17 Brigham H. Roberts is refused a seat in the United States House of Representatives because of his polygamy. Yaqui Indians in Texas proclaim independence from Mexico, January 29 – The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs is organized in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with 8 founding teams. February 3 – Kentucky Governor William Goebel dies of wounds after being shot by assassins on January 30, Goebel, who had prevailed in a dispute over the winner of the 1899 election, had been sworn in on his deathbed. February 5 – Britain and the United States sign a treaty for the building of a Central American shipping canal through Nicaragua, February 9 – Dwight F. Davis creates the Davis Cup tennis tournament. March 5 – Two U. S. cruisers are sent to Central America to protect U. S. interests in a dispute between Nicaragua and Costa Rica, march 6 – A coal mine explosion in West Virginia kills 50 miners. March 15 – The Gold Standard Act is ratified, placing United States currency on the gold standard, march 24 – New York City Mayor Robert Anderson Van Wyck breaks ground for a new underground Rapid Transit Railroad that will link Manhattan and Brooklyn. April 30 – Hawaii becomes an official U. S. territory, may 1 – Scofield Mine disaster, An explosion of blasting powder in coal mine in Scofield, Utah kills at least 200. May 23 – Sergeant William Harvey Carney is awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Second Battle of Fort Wagner, while he is the 21st African American recipient of the medal, the action for which he is honored pre-dates all other African American recipients. June 30 – Hoboken Docks Fire, A wharf fire at the docks in Hoboken, New Jersey owned by the North German Lloyd Steamship line spreads to German passenger ships Saale, Main, the fire engulfs the adjacent piers and nearby ships, killing 326 people. July 25 – The Robert Charles Riots occur in New Orleans, Louisiana, September 8 – The Galveston Hurricane makes landfall at Galveston, Texas, eventually killing 6, 000–12,000 in the deadliest natural disaster in U. S. history. September 13 – Philippine–American War, Filipino resistance fighters defeat a large American column in the Battle of Pulang Lupa, September 17 – Philippine–American War, Filipinos under Juan Cailles defeat Americans under Colonel Benjamin F. Cheatham at Mabitac. November 3 – The first automobile show in the United States opens at New York Citys Madison Square Garden, November 6 – U. S. presidential election,1900, Republican incumbent William McKinley is reelected by defeating Democratic challenger William Jennings Bryan. Milton S. Hershey introduces the milk chocolate Hershey bar, in New Haven, Connecticut, Louis Lassen of Louis Lunch makes the first modern-day hamburger sandwich. At the Carnegie Steel Company, Slavs and Italians produce one-third of the total steel supply
6.
1901 in the United States
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Events from the year 1901 in the United States. January 10 – In the first great Texas gusher, oil is discovered at Spindletop in Beaumont, january 28 – Baseballs American League declares itself a Major League. February 20 – The Hawaii Territory Legislature convenes for the first time, february 25 – U. S. Steel, the first billion-dollar corporation and at some time the worlds largest producer of steel, is incorporated by industrialist J. P. Morgan. March 2 – The U. S. Congress passes the Platt Amendment, march 4 – United States President William McKinley begins his 2nd term. Theodore Roosevelt is sworn in as Vice President of the United States, april 25 – New York State becomes the first to require automobile license plates. May 3 – The Great Fire of 1901 begins in Jacksonville, may 17 – The U. S. stock market crashes for the first time. May 27 – In New Jersey, the Edison Storage Battery Company is founded, june 12 – Cuba becomes a U. S. protectorate. June 22 to July 31 – The worst heat wave in US history until the 1930s, July 24 – O. Henry is released from prison in Columbus, Ohio after serving 3 years for embezzlement from the First National Bank in Austin, Texas. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt utters the phrase, Speak softly. September 5 – The National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues is formed in Chicago, september 6 – American anarchist Leon Czolgosz shoots U. S. President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. September 14 – Theodore Roosevelt succeeds William McKinley as President of the United States, september 26 – The body of U. S. President Abraham Lincoln is exhumed and reinterred in concrete several feet thick. October 4 – The American yacht Columbia defeats the Irish Shamrock in the Americas Cup yachting race, october 16 – U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt invites African American leader Booker T. Washington to the White House. The American South reacts angrily to the visit, and racial violence increases in the region, october 23 – Yale University celebrates its bicentennial. October 24 – Michigan schoolteacher Annie Taylor goes down Niagara Falls in a barrel, october 29 – In Amherst, New Hampshire, nurse Jane Toppan is arrested for murdering the Davis family of Boston with an overdose of morphine. October 29 – Leon Czolgosz, the assassin of William McKinley, is executed by electrocution, november 1 – Sigma Phi Epsilon is founded in Richmond, Virginia. November 15 – The Alpha Sigma Alpha Fraternity is founded at Longwood University, november 28 – The new state constitution of Alabama requires voters to have passed literacy tests. December 3 – U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt delivers a 20, the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association is established in Chicago. Senator from Colorado from 1957 to 1963 August 3 – John C, bradbury, United States Senator from Maine from 1847 till 1853
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Silver certificate (United States)
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Silver certificates are a type of representative money issued between 1878 and 1964 in the United States as part of its circulation of paper currency. They were produced in response to silver agitation by citizens who were angered by the Fourth Coinage Act, the certificates were initially redeemable for their face value of silver dollar coins and later in raw silver bullion. Since 1968 they have been only in Federal Reserve Notes and are thus obsolete. Large-size silver certificates were issued initially in denominations from $10 to $1,000 and in 1886 the $1, $2, in 1928, all United States bank notes were re-designed and the size reduced. The small-size silver certificate was issued in denominations of $1, $5. The complete type set below is part of the National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonians National Museum of American History, the Coinage Act of 1873 intentionally omitted language authorizing the coinage of “standard” silver dollars and ended the bimetallic standard that had been created by Alexander Hamilton. By 1875 business interests invested in silver wanted the bimetallic standard restored, people began to refer to the passage of the Act as the Crime of 73. Further public agitation for silver use was driven by fear that there was not enough money in the community. Members of Congress claimed ignorance that the 1873 law would lead to the demonetization of silver, some blamed the passage of the Act on a number of external factors including a conspiracy involving foreign investors and government conspirators. In response, the Bland–Allison Act, as it came to be known, was passed by Congress on 28 February 1878, the first silver certificates were issued in denominations of $10 through $1,000. Reception by financial institutions was cautious, while more convenient and less bulky than dollar coins, the silver certificate was not accepted for all transactions. Congress used the National Banking Act of 12 July 1882 to clarify the legal status of silver certificates by clearly authorizing them to be included in the lawful reserves of national banks. A general appropriations act of 4 August 1886 authorized the issue of $1, $2, the introduction of low-denomination currency greatly increased circulation. Over the 12-year lifespan of the Bland–Allison Act, the United States government would receive a seigniorage amounting to roughly $68 million, Treasury Secretary Franklin MacVeagh appointed a committee to investigate possible advantages to issuing smaller sized United States banknotes. Due in part to the outbreak of World War I and the end of his appointed term, any recommendations may have stalled. On 20 August 1925, Treasury Secretary Andrew W. Mellon appointed a committee and in May 1927 accepted their recommendations for the size reduction. On 10 July 1929 the new currency was issued. This required that the Treasury maintain stocks of dollars to back
10.
W. H. Shipman House
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W. H. Shipman House is a historic home used by William Herbert Shipman. It is located at 141 Kaʻiulani Street, named for Princess Kaʻiulani, in 1856 King Kamehameha IV leased an area known as Kolo iki to William Reed for cattle pasture. In 1861 Reed purchased the 26 acres and it came to be known as Reeds Island and it is not really an island, but the area between a current and ancient channel of the Wailuku River. J. R. Jack Wilson owned Volcano Stables, a rental business at the current site of the historic Volcano Block Building in Hilo. In 1899 after a bridge was completed, Wilson bought a 8-acre lot with a view on Reeds island. It was designed by Honolulu architect Henry Livingston Kerr, and constructed with indoor plumbing, in addition to the main house placed prominently on a hill the estate includes a guest house, servants quarters, gardens, and a garage. An unusual feature is the round tower with conical roof, circular veranda. In February 1901 William Shipman bought the house to entertain guests in the city of Hilo. Deposed Queen Liliʻuokalani would play her compositions at the piano when she was visiting. Author Jack London and his wife stayed at this house for five weeks in August and September 1907, londons book The Cruise of the Snark is based on this journey. In the early 1930s, Cecil B, deMille filmed Four Frightened People in the gulch below the house, as well as on the Shipman land in Puna. In 1939 artist Georgia OKeeffe stayed and was shown various sites that appeared in her paintings, barbara-Ann Anderson restored the house and opened it in 1997 as a bed and breakfast hotel
11.
Hilo, Hawaii
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Hilo is the largest settlement and census-designated place in Hawaii County, Hawaii, which encompasses the Island of Hawaiʻi. The population was 40,759 at the 2000 census, the population increased by 6. 1% to 43,263 at the 2010 census. Hilo is the county seat of the County of Hawaiʻi and is located in the District of South Hilo, the majority of human settlement in Hilo stretches from Hilo Bay to Waiākea-Uka, on the flanks of Mauna Loa. Hilo is also home to the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation and it is served by Hilo International Airport, located inside the CDP. Around 1100 AD, the first Hilo inhabitants arrived, bringing with them Polynesian knowledge, although archaeological evidence is scant, oral history has many references to people living in Hilo, along the Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers during the time of ancient Hawaii. Oral history also gives the meaning of Hilo as to twist, originally, the name Hilo applied to a district encompassing much of the east coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi, now divided into the District of South Hilo and the District of North Hilo. When William Ellis visited in 1823, the settlement in the Hilo district was Waiākea on the south shore of Hilo Bay. Missionaries came to the district in the early-to-middle 19th century, founding Haili Church, Hilo expanded as sugarcane plantations in the surrounding area created new jobs and drew in many workers from Asia, making the town a trading center. A breakwater across Hilo Bay was begun in the first decade of the 20th century, on April 1,1946, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake near the Aleutian Islands created a fourteen-meter high tsunami that hit Hilo 4.9 hours later, killing 160 people. In response an early warning system, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, was established in 1949 to track these killer waves and provide warning. This tsunami also caused the end of the Hawaii Consolidated Railway, and instead the Hawaii Belt Road was built north of Hilo using some of the old railbed. On May 23,1960, another tsunami, caused by a 9.5 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Chile the previous day, claimed 61 lives, allegedly due to the failure of people to heed warning sirens. Low-lying bayfront areas of the city on Waiākea peninsula and along Hilo Bay, previously populated, were rededicated as parks, Hilo expanded inland beginning in the 1960s. The downtown found a new role in the 1980s as the cultural center with several galleries and museums being opened. Closure of the plantations during the 1990s led to a downturn in the local economy. Hilo in recent years has seen commercial and population growth, as the neighboring District of Puna became the region in the state. Hilo is located at 19°42′20″N 155°5′9″W, Hilo features a tropical rainforest climate, with substantial rainfall throughout the course of the year. An average of around 126.72 inches of rain fell at Hilo International Airport annually between 1981 and 2010, with 272 days of the year receiving some rain
12.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
13.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
14.
William McKinley
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McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War, beginning as a private in the Union Army and ending as a brevet major. After the war, he settled in Canton, Ohio, where he practiced law, in 1876, he was elected to Congress, where he became the Republican Partys expert on the protective tariff, which he promised would bring prosperity. His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial, which together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymandering him out of office and he was elected Ohios governor in 1891 and 1893, steering a moderate course between capital and labor interests. With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna, he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896 and he defeated his Democratic rival, William Jennings Bryan, after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated sound money and promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity. Rapid economic growth marked McKinleys presidency and he promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition, and in 1900, he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act. The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898, McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election, in a campaign focused on imperialism, protectionism, and free silver. William McKinley, Jr. was born in 1843 in Niles, Ohio, there, the elder McKinley was born in Pine Township, Mercer County. The family moved to Ohio when the senior McKinley was a boy and he met Nancy Allison there, and married her later. The Allison family was of mostly English descent and among Pennsylvanias earliest settlers, the family trade on both sides was iron-making, and McKinley senior operated foundries throughout Ohio, in New Lisbon, Niles, Poland, and finally Canton. The McKinley household was, like many from Ohios Western Reserve, steeped in Whiggish and abolitionist sentiment, William followed in the Methodist tradition, becoming active in the local Methodist church at the age of sixteen. He was a lifelong pious Methodist, in 1852, the family moved from Niles to Poland, Ohio so that their children could attend the better schools there. Graduating in 1859, he enrolled the following year at Allegheny College in Meadville and he remained at Allegheny for only one year, returning home in 1860 after becoming ill and depressed. He also spent time at Mount Union College in Alliance, Ohio and he did not graduate from either university. Although his health recovered, family finances declined and McKinley was unable to return to Allegheny, first working as a clerk and later taking a job teaching at a school near Poland. When the Southern states seceded from the Union and the American Civil War began, among them were McKinley and his cousin William McKinley Osbourne, who enlisted as privates in the newly formed Poland Guards in June 1861. The men left for Columbus where they were consolidated with other units to form the 23rd Ohio Infantry. The men were unhappy to learn that, unlike Ohios earlier volunteer regiments, they would not be permitted to elect their officers, they would be designated by Ohios governor, William Dennison. Dennison appointed Colonel William Rosecrans as the commander of the regiment, McKinley quickly took to the soldiers life and wrote a series of letters to his hometown newspaper extolling the army and the Union cause
15.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
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Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
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Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
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Garret Hobart
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Garret Augustus Hobart was the 24th Vice President of the United States, serving under President William McKinley. He was the sixth American vice president to die in office, Hobart was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, on the Jersey Shore, and grew up in nearby Marlboro. After attending Rutgers College, Hobart read law with prominent Paterson attorney Socrates Tuttle, Hobart both studied with Tuttle, and married his daughter. Although he rarely set foot in a courtroom, Hobart became wealthy as a corporate lawyer, Hobart served in local governmental positions, and then successfully ran for office as a Republican, serving in both the New Jersey General Assembly and the New Jersey Senate. He became Speaker of the first, and president of the latter, Hobart was a longtime party official, and New Jersey delegates went to the 1896 Republican National Convention determined to nominate the popular lawyer for vice president. Hobarts political views were similar to those of McKinley, who was the presumptive Republican presidential candidate, with New Jersey a key state in the upcoming election, McKinley and his close adviser, future senator Mark Hanna, decided to have the convention select Hobart. The vice-presidential candidate emulated his running mate with a front porch campaign, as vice president, Hobart proved a popular figure in Washington and was a close adviser to McKinley. Hobarts tact and good humor were valuable to the President, as in mid-1899 when Secretary of War Russell Alger failed to understand that McKinley wanted him to leave office. Hobart invited Alger to his New Jersey summer home, and broke the news to the secretary, Hobart died in November 1899 of heart disease at age 55, his place on the Republican ticket in 1900 was taken by New Yorks Governor Theodore Roosevelt. Garret Augustus Hobart was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, to Addison Willard Hobart, Addison Hobart descended from the early colonial settlers of New England, many Hobarts served as pastors. Addison Hobart came to New Jersey to teach at a school in Marlboro and his mother was descended from 17th-century Dutch settlers in New Amsterdam who had moved to Long Island and then to New Jersey. When Addison and Sophia Hobart married in 1841, they moved to Long Branch, Garret was born in Long Branch on June 3,1844. Three children survived infancy, Garret was the second of three boys, Garret initially attended his fathers school in Long Branch. The Hobart family moved to Marlboro in the early 1850s, Garret was sent to the village school, childhood tales of the future vice president describe him as an excellent student in both day and Sunday School, and a leader in boyhood sports. He graduated from school in 1859 at age 15, but being thought by his parents too young to go to college. During this time, he was a teacher in the Bradvelt School which was the same school as his fathers employment. Garret Hobart then enrolled in Rutgers College, from which he graduated in 1863 at age 19 and he received his diploma from Theodore Frelinghuysen, New Jerseys first major-party vice-presidential candidate, who had run unsuccessfully with Henry Clay in 1844. In later life, Hobart was a donor to Rutgers, received an honorary degree after becoming vice president
19.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
20.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
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Melville Fuller
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Melville Weston Fuller was the eighth Chief Justice of the United States from 1888 to his death in 1910. Fuller was born in Augusta, Maine, the son of Catherine Martin, both his maternal grandfather, Nathan Weston and paternal grandfather, Henry Weld Fuller were judges. His father was a well-known lawyer and his parents divorced shortly after his birth, and he was raised by Nathan Weston. He attended college at Harvard University for one year before graduating from Bowdoin College and he then spent six months at Harvard Law School, leaving without graduating in 1855. Fuller first studied law under the direction of an uncle, in 1855, he went into partnership with another uncle. He also became the editor of The Age, a leading Democratic newspaper in Augusta, soon he got tired of Maine and moved to Chicago. In 1860, he managed Democrat Stephen Douglas campaign for the Presidency of the United States At the time, railroads had just linked it to the east. Fuller built a law practice in Chicago, within two years, he appeared before the Supreme Court of Illinois in the case of Beach v. Derby. He became an attorney in the city. He first appeared before the United States Supreme Court in the case of Traders Bank v. Campbell. He also argued the case of Tappan v. the Merchants National Bank of Chicago, which was the first case heard by Chief Justice Morrison Waite and he was a minor figure in Illinois politics. In 1876, he made the speech for Thomas Hendricks. After his inauguration as President, Grover Cleveland tried to make Fuller chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission, Cleveland then tried to persuade Fuller to accept appointment as Solicitor General of the United States, but Fuller again declined. In 1886, Fuller was president of the Illinois State Bar Association, on April 30,1888, President Grover Cleveland nominated him for the chief justice position following the death of Morrison R. Waite. Fuller was not the first man to be mentioned as a possible Supreme Court nominee and he had avoided military service during the Civil War, and while serving in the Illinois House of Representatives had attempted to block wartime legislation proposed by Governor Richard Yates. However, he was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 20,1888, by a vote of 41 to 20. He received his commission the same day, Fuller did not take the oath of office until October 8,1888. On the bench, he oversaw a number of memorable or important opinions, the famous phrase Equal Justice Under Law paraphrases his opinion in Caldwell v. Texas,137 U. S.692 where Fuller discussed equal and impartial justice under the law
22.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
23.
Thomas Brackett Reed
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Thomas Brackett Reed, occasionally ridiculed as Czar Reed, was a U. S. Representative from Maine, and Speaker of the U. S. House of Representatives from 1889–1891, Reed was born in Portland, Maine, the son of Matilda Prince and Thomas B. Reed attended public school, including Portland High School, before graduating from Bowdoin College in 1860, after college, he went on to become an acting assistant paymaster for the United States Navy from April 1864 to November 1865 and was admitted to the bar in 1865. He practiced in Portland and was elected to the Maine House of Representatives in 1868 and 1869 and he served in the Maine Senate in 1870 but left to serve as the states Attorney General from 1870 to 1872. He was known for his acerbic wit and his size, standing at over 6 feet in height and weighing over 300 lbs, was also a distinguishing factor for him. Reed was a member of the circle that included intellectuals and politicians Henry Cabot Lodge, Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Adams, John Hay. Tilden to appear in person to defend his reputation and he chaired the Committee on the Judiciary and chaired the Rules Committee. Reed was first elected Speaker after a fight with William McKinley of Ohio. Reed gained the support of young Theodore Roosevelt, his influence as the newly appointed Civil Service Commissioner was the decisive factor. Reed served as the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1889 to 1891 and then from 1895 to 1899, Reed set out to put into practical effect his dictum, The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch. That was accomplished by carefully studying the existing procedures of the US House, most dating to the original designs and that is popularly called the disappearing quorum. Reeds solution was enacted on January 28,1890 in what has popularly been called the Battle of the Reed Rules and that came about when Democrats attempted to block the inclusion of a newly elected Republican from West Virginia, Charles Brooks Smith. The motion to seat him passed by a tally of 162–1, however, at the time, a quorum consisted of 165 votes, and when voting closed Democrats shouted, No quorum, triggering a formal House quorum count. Reed began the call, when members who were present in the chamber refused to answer. Startled Democrats protested heatedly, issuing screams, threats, and insults at the Speaker, mcCreary, a Democrat from Kentucky, challenged Reeds authority to count him as present, Reed replied, The Chair is making a statement of fact that the gentleman from Kentucky is present. Unable to deny their presence in the chamber, Democrats then tried to flee the chamber or hide under their desks, Democrats finally dropped their objections on January 31, and Smith was seated on February 3 by a vote of 166–0. Six days later, with Smith seated, Reed won a vote on his new Reed Rules, eliminating the disappearing quorum and lowering the quorum to 100 members. In 1889 and 1890, Republicans undertook one last stand in favor of federal enforcement of the Fifteenth Amendment to protect the rights of blacks in the Solid South
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Maine
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Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U. S. states and territories and it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and it is known for its jagged, rocky coastline, low, rolling mountains, heavily forested interior, and picturesque waterways, and also its seafood cuisine, especially clams and lobster. There is a continental climate throughout the state, even in areas such as its most populous city of Portland. For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine, the first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607, as Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maines territory during the American Revolution, Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become an independent state. On March 15,1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise, there is no definitive explanation for the origin of the name Maine, but the most likely origin is the name given by early explorers after a province in France. Whatever the origin, the name was fixed for English settlers in 1665 when the English Kings Commissioners ordered that the Province of Maine be entered from then on in official records. The state legislature in 2001 adopted a resolution establishing Franco-American Day, other theories mention earlier places with similar names, or claim it is a nautical reference to the mainland. Attempts to uncover the history of the name of Maine began with James Sullivans 1795 History of the District of Maine. He made the allegation that the Province of Maine was a compliment to the queen of Charles I, Henrietta Maria. MAINE appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 in reference to the county of Dorset, the view generally held among British place name scholars is that Mayne in Dorset is Brythonic, corresponding to modern Welsh maen, plural main or meini. Some early spellings are, MAINE1086, MEINE1200, MEINES1204, mason had served with the Royal Navy in the Orkney Islands where the chief island is called Mainland, a possible name derivation for these English sailors. Initially, several tracts along the coast of New England were referred to as Main or Maine, Maine is the only state whose name has exactly one syllable. The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Abenaki, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Penobscot, who had a loose confederacy. European contact with what is now called Maine started around 1200 CE when Norwegians interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade
25.
David B. Henderson
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David Bremner Henderson, a ten-term Republican Congressman from Dubuque, Iowa, was the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1903. He was the first Congressman from west of the Mississippi River, the last Civil War veteran, the second foreign-born person, Henderson was born in Old Deer, Scotland on March 14,1840. He emigrated to the United States with his parents, who settled in Winnebago County, Illinois. His family soon moved to a farm near Clermont, in Fayette County and he attended the common schools, and the Upper Iowa University at Fayette, Iowa. He served in the Union Army during the Civil War and was wounded twice, once in the neck and later in the leg. He initially enlisted in the Union Army on September 15,1861, as a private in Company C and he was elected and commissioned first lieutenant of that company. In the Battle of Fort Donelson, he was shot in the neck in the charge over the breastworks. After returning to the Regiment in April 1862, he lost one foot and he was discharged on February 26,1863 due to his wounds, and returned to Iowa. He was a lawyer prior to pursuing his political career. After studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 1865 and he was in private practice in Dubuque until 1882. In 1882, he was elected as a Republican to represent Iowas 3rd congressional district in the U. S. House and he served in the Forty-eighth and the nine succeeding Congresses, from March 4,1883 to March 4,1903. He first ran for Speaker following the 1888 elections, finishing well behind Thomas Brackett Reed, prior to his election as speaker, he served as the chairman of the Committee on Militia, and chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary. Henderson was a debater and an intense Republican partisan. He seems to have loved a fight, he got enough of them from his very first term, exercising his power of personal vituperation. I would rather spend an eternity in hell with a Confederate than an eternity in heaven with a northern Copperhead and his secret for political success came from combining mainstream Republican causes with those dear to the hearts of his farmland constituency. In the summer of 1886, he led House forces in favor of levying a tax on oleomargarine. At the same time he sponsored a bill to raise the benefits for widows by fifty percent. His commitment to legislation, general and individual, marked his whole career
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Iowa
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Iowa is a U. S. state in the Midwestern United States, bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west. Surrounding states include Wisconsin and Illinois to the east, Missouri to the south, Nebraska and South Dakota to the west, in colonial times, Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana, its state flag is patterned after the flag of France. After the Louisiana Purchase, people laid the foundation for an economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is the 26th most extensive in area and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines, Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Its nickname is the Hawkeye State, Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many Native American tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east, the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west, Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely by rivers. Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two, the state capital, Des Moines, is in Polk County. Iowas bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east, in northwest Iowa, Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old, in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c.500 million years ago. Iowa is generally not flat, most of the consists of rolling hills. Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation, soils, topography, Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick. Northeast Iowa along the Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Zone, consisting of steep hills, several natural lakes exist, most notably Spirit Lake, West Okoboji Lake, and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa. To the east lies Clear Lake, man-made lakes include Lake Odessa, Saylorville Lake, Lake Red Rock, Coralville Lake, Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. The states northwest area has remnants of the once common wetlands. Iowas natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys. Most of Iowa is used for agriculture, crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands cover 30%, as of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U. S. states in public land holdings. Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid, eastern prairie fringed orchid, Meads milkweed, prairie bush clover, the explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality. Iowa has a continental climate throughout the state
27.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
28.
55th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from March 4,1897, to March 4,1899, during the first two years of William McKinleys presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Eleventh Census of the United States in 1890, both chambers had a Republican majority. There was one African-American member, George Henry White, a Republican from the state of North Carolina, March 4,1897, William McKinley became President of the United States. February 15,1898, Spanish–American War, USS Maine exploded in Havana harbor, december 10,1898, Treaty of Paris ended Spanish–American War,30 Stat.1754. June 10, War Revenue Act of 1898 July 24,1897, Dingley tariff,544, gave companies an option of gaining protection from creditors. July 7,1898, Newlands Resolution, No,750, authorized the annexation of the Republic of Hawaii March 3,1899, Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, Ch.425,33 Stat. 401, §9,30 Stat.1151 February 6,1899, Treaty of Paris, guam, The Philippines, and Puerto Rico became possessions of the U. S. The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. President, Garret Hobart President pro tempore, William P. Frye Republican Conference Chairman, grosvenor Democratic Caucus Chairman, James D. Richardson This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and Representatives are listed by district, skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, the names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, official Congressional Directory for the 55th Congress, Extraordinary Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 55th Congress, 2nd Session, official Congressional Directory for the 55th Congress, 2nd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 55th Congress, 3rd Session, official Congressional Directory for the 55th Congress, 3rd Session
29.
56th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from March 4,1899 to March 4,1901, during the third and fourth years of William McKinleys presidency. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Eleventh Census of the United States in 1890, both chambers had a Republican majority. June 2,1899, The Filipino Rebellion began the Philippine–American War, November 21,1899, Vice President Garret Hobart died. January 8,1900, President McKinley placed Alaska under military rule, january 17,1900, Brigham H. Roberts was refused a seat in the United States House of Representatives because of his polygamy. February 5,1900, Britain and the United States signed a treaty for the building of a Central American shipping canal through Nicaragua, february 16,1900, The United States, Germany and Great Britain ratified the Tripartite Convention partitioning the Samoan Islands. November 6,1900, U. S. presidential election,1900, March 14,1900, Gold Standard Act, Sess. 41,31 Stat.45 April 2,1900, Foraker Act, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. President, Garret Hobart, until November 21,1899, vacant thereafter, Senators are listed by class, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below At this time, Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, hinds Doorkeeper, William J. Glenn Postmaster, Joseph C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Official Congressional Directory for the 56th Congress, 1st Session, official Congressional Directory for the 56th Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 56th Congress, 2nd Session
30.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
31.
Joseph F. Johnston
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Joseph Forney Johnston was an American Democratic politician and businessman who was the 30th Governor of Alabama from 1896 to 1900. He later served in the U. S. Senate from August 6,1907 to his death on August 8,1913, during his time as a senator, he served as a chairman of the Committee to Establish a University of the United States. Born in Lincoln County, North Carolina, on March 23,1843, Johnston moved to Talladega, Alabama at the age of seventeen, and attended a military academy. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Johnston enlisted as a private in the Confederate States Army, Johnston served through the duration of the war, receiving wounds at Chickamauga, Spotsylvania, New Market, and Petersburg. By wars end, he attained the rank of captain, after returning from the war, Johnston studied law under William H. Forney and was admitted to the bar. He practiced law in Selma, Alabama, eventually moving to Birmingham to become president of the Alabama National Bank, in 1887, Johnston became president of the Sloss Iron & Steel company, an industry thriving in Alabama at the time. Johnston first entered the arena in 1890, when he ran for Alabama Governor. In 1896, he ran for Governor and succeeded, serving two consecutive two-year terms as Governor of Alabama. Johnstons achievements during his tenure as governor include tax reform, creation of the Alabama Department of Insurance, Johnston decided not to seek another term as Governor in 1900, and instead challenged John Tyler Morgan in that years Senate election. Morgan defeated Johnston, and in 1902, Johnston sought a third term as Governor against incumbent William D. Jelks, the revelation of several scandals involving Sloss Iron & Steel, as well as misconduct in the prison system hurt Johnston and he would ultimately lose the election. Johnston did attain political office again, however, by being elected to complete Senator Edmund Pettuss term after Pettus had died in office in 1907, Johnston was re-elected in 1909, and served in the Senate until his death from pneumonia in 1913. Johnston was married to Theresa Virginia Hooper of South Carolina and they had three sons, William Hooper, Edward Douglas, and Forney. He is buried in Birminghams Elmwood Cemetery, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Joseph F. Johnston at the Alabama Department of Archives & History Joseph F. Johnston at Find a Grave
32.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
33.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
34.
Daniel Webster Jones (governor)
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Daniel Webster Jones was the 19th Governor of the U. S. state of Arkansas. Jones was born in Bowie County, Texas to Isaac N. Jones, a doctor and member of the Congress of the Republic of Texas, and Elizabeth W. Littlejohn. During his childhood, James Black, creator of the famous Bowie knife, lived with the Jones family before moving to Washington, Black attempted to show Daniel his metallurgical secret in 1870, the only person known to have knowledge of Blacks secret. When the American Civil War broke out, Jones enlisted in the Confederate States Army, was wounded in battle and his highest rank was of Colonel of the 20th Arkansas Infantry Regiment. In 1874, Jones was elected as prosecuting attorney of the Ninth Judicial District and he served as a presidential elector in 1876 and 1880. He was elected to the post of Attorney General of Arkansas in 1884 and 1886, in 1890, he served a term in the Arkansas House of Representatives. Jones was elected Governor of Arkansas in 1896, and was reelected in 1898, during his term appropriations were made for the new state capitol building, and a law ordering uniform textbooks in schools was passed. Jones resumed his law practice after leaving office and he was elected to the House of Representatives again in 1914. Jones died from pneumonia, and was buried with a Confederate States Army uniform with an attached American flag at the Oakland Cemetery in Little Rock, encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry, Daniel Webster Jones National Governors Association
35.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
36.
James Budd
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James Herbert Budd was an American lawyer and Democratic politician. Budd was born on May 18,1851 in Janesville, Wisconsin, to Joseph H. while in Wisconsin, Joseph was a lawyer and ran Western Novelty Works, a company which put out farm machinery. When Budd was seven years old, he and his emigrated to the West, settling in Stockton. Budd attended local grammar and high schools before attending the University of California, Berkeley, following his graduation, Budd returned to Stockton to study law, being admitted to the California Bar the following year. His public career in the courts began after being appointed the San Joaquin County deputy district attorney, during the 1884 elections, the Democratic Party nominated Budd as its candidate for the 2nd California district in the U. S. House of Representatives. His campaign for the House was based on fighting corruption, going as far as to refuse any travel on railroads altogether during the campaign. Budd won the election, becoming the first Democrat to win the district since the Civil War, once in the U. S. Budd served a single term in the U. S. House of Representatives, refusing the Democratic Party nomination for the 1886 elections. For the 1894 state general elections, Budd was nominated by the state Democratic convention as the nominee for the governorship. Budd also advocated a property assessment ceiling cap of 45 cents per $100 in order to save state expenditures with the looming Long Depression. During the often bitter campaign for the governorship, Budd faced serious allegations brought forth by Republican-sympathizing newspapers that he had raped a teenage maid, Nancy Neff, the papers alleged that Neff had become pregnant, giving birth to a child that shortly died afterwards. After giving birth, Neff was alleged to have contracted smallpox and sent by Budd to a hospice to die, Budd fully denied all the allegations, branding his betrayal of Neff as an infamous falsehood imagined by Republican party machines. Budd did not deny he knew Neff, yet claimed instead that he had acted as a brother to Neff. Despite the serious charges, Budds campaign remained largely successful and he gained favorable attention during the campaign by personally quieting a runaway team of horses, as well as helping extinguish a fire in Willows. In the final results, Budd edged out Republican Party challenger Morris M. Estee by 0. 4%, the strong third place showing of Jonathan V. Webster of the Peoples Party at 18% helped tip the vote balance into Budds favor. It was the first gubernatorial election where the Australian ballot was used in California, due in part to his narrow electoral victory, Republicans alleged Budd had engaged in voter fraud. The California State Assembly investigated these claims through a special committee, the Assembly committees findings concluded that no evidence of vote wrongdoing could be found. Budd became the 19th Governor of California on January 11,1895, Budd desired a Railroad Commission substantially less influenced by the Southern Pacific and other rail monopolies. The Bureau of Highways would later evolve into the California Department of Transportation, the following year, Budd authorized the purchase of the Lake Tahoe Wagon Road, making it the first state highway
37.
Henry Gage
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Henry Tifft Gage was an American lawyer, politician and diplomat. A Republican, Gage was elected to a term as the 20th governor of California from 1899 to 1903. Minister to Portugal for several months in 1910, Gage was born on Christmas Day,1852 in Geneva, New York. Relocating with his family to East Saginaw, Michigan, Gage spent his years in Michigan. In 1873 at the age of twenty-one, Gage was admitted to the Michigan Bar, over a year later, Gage relocated to California, settling in Los Angeles. Between 1874 and 1877, Gage was a sheep dealer. In 1877, Gage returned to law, opening his own practice, three years later, Gage married Francesca V. Rains, a great granddaughter of a Californio family. The Gages settled in Bell Gardens at his wifes family home, running as a Republican, Gage was elected as Los Angeles City Attorney in 1881, beginning a slow rise within party ranks. At the 1888 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Gage was chosen as a delegate-at-large during the proceedings, in a speech to the convention, Gage seconded the motion to nominate Levi P. Morton as the partys nomination for the vice presidency. In 1891, President Benjamin Harrison appointed Gage as a prosecutor to prosecute the crew of the Chilean steamer Itata due to the Itata Incident. The U. S. federal government charged the crew with knowingly assisting an illegal arms purchase and its cargo had consisted of weapons purchased for National Congressional insurgent forces fighting in the 1891 Chilean Civil War against President José Manuel Balmaceda. Upon review of the governments case, Gage dropped all charges against Itatas crew. At the state Republican convention that year, Gage was nominated in the first round of voting as the nomination for the governorship. His nomination was largely orchestrated by the Southern Pacific Railroad, who had worked with Gage since the 1870s, in the 1898 state general elections, Gage defeated his Democratic rival, House Representative James G. Maguire by a modest 6. 7%. Other minor candidates in the election included Job Harriman of the Socialist Labor Party of America and Prohibitionist J. E. McComas, Gage was inaugurated as the 20th Governor of California on January 4,1899. In his inauguration speech, Gage spoke at length about foreign policy, viewing with favor the recent results of the Spanish–American War and their effect on Californias economy. The peaceful acquisition of the Hawaiian Islands, extending our empire beyond our Pacific shore, should be followed as a necessity by the annexation of the Philippines. The center of commerce must move westward, in one of his first acts, Gages administration reopened the State Printing Office, closed down earlier by previous governor James Budd in order to cut governmental expenditures
38.
Governor of Colorado
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The Governor of the State of Colorado is the head of the executive branch of Colorados state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Seven people served as governor of Colorado Territory over eight terms, since statehood, there have been 36 governors, serving 41 distinct terms. The longest-serving governors were Richard Dick Lamm and Roy Romer, who served twelve years over three terms. Thus, Peabody served only a few minutes as governor, the current governor is John Hickenlooper, who took office on January 11,2011. The self-proclaimed Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on November 7,1859, Jefferson Territory included all of present-day Colorado, but extended about 3 miles farther east,138 miles farther north, and about 50 miles farther west. The territory was never recognized by the government in the tumultuous days before the American Civil War. The Jefferson Territory had only one governor, Robert Williamson Steele and he proclaimed the territory dissolved on June 6,1861, several months after the official formation of the Colorado Territory, but only days after the arrival of its first governor. For the period before Colorado Territory was formed, see the lists of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Utah Territory, Kansas Territory, the State of Colorado was admitted to the Union on August 1,1876. To serve as governor, one must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen of the United States, and have been a resident of the state for at least two years prior to election. The state constitution of 1876 originally called for election of the governor two years, with their term beginning on the second Tuesday of the January following the election. An amendment passed in 1956, taking effect in 1959, increased terms to four years, originally, there was no term limit applied to the governor, a 1990 amendment allowed governors to succeed themselves only once. There is however no limit on the number of terms one may serve as long as one who has served the two term limit is out of office for four years. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, the lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor until a 1968 amendment to the constitution made it so that they are elected on the same ticket. There are four living former governors of Colorado, the oldest being Roy Romer, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John David Vanderhoof, who died on September 19,2013
39.
Alva Adams (governor)
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For the United States Senator, his son, see Alva B. Alva Adams was an American politician and he was born in Iowa County, Wisconsin. John Adams, his father, was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly and he served four years and two months as the fifth, tenth and 14th Governor of Colorado from 1887 to 1889,1897 to 1899, and briefly in 1905. His last tenure as Governor lasted a little over two months and he and previous Governor James Peabody each declared the other an illegitimate Governor, even though both were involved in illegal electoral practices. Eventually the Republican legislature removed Adams, installed Peabody, who immediately abdicated for his Lt, Governor Jesse Fuller McDonald, and ended the whole ruckus. Adams died in Battle Creek, Michigan at the age of 72, Adams County, Colorado, is named for Alva Adams, and it is believed the city of Alva, Oklahoma is as well. Alva Adams younger brother, William Herbert Billy Adams also served as Governor of Colorado, Alva Adams son, Alva Blanchard Adams, served as United States Senator from Colorado, 1923-1925 and 1933-1941 The Governor Alva Adams Collection at the Colorado State Archives
40.
Charles S. Thomas
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Charles Spalding Thomas was a United States Senator from Colorado. Born in Darien, Georgia he attended schools in Georgia and Connecticut. Thomas graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1871 and he moved to Colorado and began to practice in Denver, where he was a city attorney in 1875 and 1876. Thomas served as the 11th Governor of Colorado from 1899 to 1901. In 1913, he was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1912 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Charles J. Hughes, Jr. in 1914, he was reelected to a full term. Thomas served from January 15,1913, to March 3,1921, in 1920, he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection on the Nationalist ticket, receiving only 3% of the vote. In the Sixty-third and Sixty-fourth Congresses, Thomas was chairman of the Committee on Woman Suffrage, and a member of the Committee on Coast Defenses and the Committee on Pacific Railroads. He resumed the practice of law in Denver, where he died on June 24,1934, his remains were cremated, Governor Charles S. Thomas Collection at the Colorado State Archives Retrieved on 18 April 2008. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Charles S. Thomas at Find a Grave
41.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
42.
Lorrin A. Cooke
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Lorrin Alanson Cooke was an American politician and the 57th Governor of Connecticut from 1897 to 1899. Cooke was born in New Marlborough, Massachusetts the Son of Levi Cooke and he was educated at Norfolk Academy in Connecticut, For several years after high school, he taught school in the Norfolk area in the winter and worked on his fathers farm in the summer. By 1850, when Lorrin was nineteen, the Cooke family had moved to Colebrook, as a young farmer, he wanted to learn about and use the latest developments in agriculture. He joined the local society, was elected president. Cooke worked with officials to route a train through the remote Colebrook area, increasing sales as produce was freighted to the big city. His election to the Connecticut General Assembly as the representative from the Town of Colebrook in 1856 and he was married 1858 to Matilda Eunice Webster, and married Josephine Ward in 1870. He had no children with his first wife and three with his second, Edward, Ward, and Edna, in 1885 Cooke became the 42nd Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut. He held that position from 1885 to 1887 and he was a delegate to Republican National Convention from Connecticut in 1892. He served again from 1895 to 1897, Cooke was elected the Governor of Connecticut in 1896, and served from January 6,1897 to January 4,1899. After leaving the office, Cooke remained active in civic events, Cooke died in Winsted, Connecticut on August 12,1902, aged 71 years,128 days. His wife, Josephine, and his daughter, Edna, survived him and he is interred at Center Cemetery, Colebrook, Connecticut. Lorrin A. Cooke at Find a Grave Sobel, Robert, biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978. ISBN 0-313-28093-2 The Political Graveyard National Governors Association Connecticut State Library
43.
George E. Lounsbury
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George Edward Lounsbury was an American politician and the 58th Governor of Connecticut from 1899 to 1901. Lounsbury was born in Poundridge, New York on May 7,1838 and he studied at Yale University and graduated in 1863. He then went to Berkeley Divinity School and graduated in 1866 and he partnered with his brothers, Phineas C. Lounsbury, and founded two successful shoe factories - the Lounsbury Brothers Inc. a shoe factory and Lounsbury, Matthewson, Lounsbury was a member of the Connecticut Senate representing the 12th District from 1894 to 1898. He became the Governor of Connecticut on January 4,1899, during his term, he vetoed many bills that helped to reduce the state deficit. He left office on January 9,1901 and he also was an Episcopal priest. He died on August 16,1904, aged 66, biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978
44.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
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Ebe W. Tunnell
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Ebe Walter Tunnell was an American merchant and politician from Lewes, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, Tunnell was born at Blackwater, Delaware, near Clarksville, now Ocean View, Sussex County, Delaware, son of Nancy J. Long and Stephen Tunnell. After attending the schools at Milford and Lewes, he ran the Blackwater general store started by his grandfather. He moved to Lewes in 1872, and operated a drug and he was one of two Delaware governors who never married. Tunnell was a member of the Delaware House of Representatives in the 1871/72 session and he was the unsuccessful Democratic Party candidate for Governor of Delaware in 1894, losing to the Republican Party candidate, Joshua H. Marvil. Two years later, in 1896, he was elected Governor, defeating the Union Republican Party candidate, James R. Hoffecker, and he served one term as Governor from January 19,1897 until January 15,1901. The Delaware Constitution of 1897, the constitution, was written. It added some representation for New Castle County in the Delaware General Assembly, but reduced the representation of Wilmington and he died at Lewes, and is buried there in the Lewes Presbyterian Church cemetery. Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1, members of the Delaware General Assembly took office the first Tuesday of January. State Representatives have a two-year term, the Governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and has a four-year term. History of the State of Delaware, a History of Delaware Through its Governors. Hall of Governors Portrait Gallery Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States Delaware’s Governors Ebe W
46.
Governor of Florida
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The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
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