1.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
2.
John Diefenbaker
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John George Diefenbaker, PC, CH, QC was the 13th Prime Minister of Canada, serving from June 21,1957 to April 22,1963. Diefenbaker was born in southwestern Ontario in 1895, in 1903, his family migrated west to the portion of the North-West Territories which would shortly thereafter become the province of Saskatchewan. He grew up in the province, and was interested in politics from a young age, after brief service in World War I, Diefenbaker became a noted criminal defence lawyer. He contested elections through the 1920s and 1930s with little success until he was elected to the House of Commons in 1940. Diefenbaker was repeatedly a candidate for the PC leadership and he gained that party position in 1956, on his third attempt. In 1957, he led the Tories to their first electoral victory in 27 years, Diefenbaker appointed the first female minister in Canadian history to his Cabinet, as well as the first aboriginal member of the Senate. During his six years as Prime Minister, his government obtained passage of the Canadian Bill of Rights and granted the vote to the First Nations, Diefenbaker is also remembered for his role in the 1959 cancellation of the Avro Arrow project. Diefenbaker stood for re-election as party leader at the last moment and he remained an MP until his death in 1979, two months after Joe Clark became the first Tory Prime Minister since Diefenbaker. Diefenbaker was born on September 18,1895, in Neustadt, Ontario, to William Thomas Diefenbaker and his father was the son of German immigrants from Adersbach in Baden, Mary Diefenbaker was of Scottish descent and Diefenbaker was Baptist. The family moved to locations in Ontario in Johns early years. William Diefenbaker was a teacher, and had interests in history and politics. He had remarkable success doing so, of the 28 students at his school near Toronto in 1903, four, including his son, John, the Diefenbaker family moved west in 1903, for William Diefenbaker to accept a position near Fort Carlton, then in the Northwest Territories. In 1906, William claimed a quarter-section,160 acres of undeveloped land near Borden, in February 1910, the Diefenbaker family moved to Saskatoon, the site of the University of Saskatchewan. William and Mary Diefenbaker felt that John and his brother Elmer would have greater opportunities in Saskatoon. John Diefenbaker had been interested in politics from an early age and she told him that it was an impossible ambition, especially for a boy living on the prairies. She would live to be proved wrong, Johns first contact with politics came in 1910, when he sold a newspaper to Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier, in Saskatoon to lay the cornerstone for the Universitys first building. I must get about my work, after graduating from high school in Saskatoon, in 1912, Diefenbaker entered the University of Saskatchewan. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1915, and his Master of Arts the following year, Diefenbaker was commissioned a lieutenant into the 196th Battalion, CEF in May 1916
3.
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
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The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada was a federal political party in Canada with a centre-right stance on economic issues and, after the 1970s, a centrist stance on social issues. The party changed its name to the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in December 1942, in 2003, the party membership voted to dissolve the party and merge with the Canadian Alliance to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada. One member of the Senate of Canada, Elaine McCoy, sat as an Independent Progressive Conservative until 2016, the conservative parties in most Canadian provinces still use the Progressive Conservative name. Some PC Party members formed the Progressive Canadian Party, which has attracted only marginal support, Canadas first Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald, belonged to the Liberal-Conservative Party. But in advance of confederation in 1867, the Conservative Party took in a number of defectors from the Liberals who supported the establishment of a Canadian Confederation. Thereafter, the Conservative Party became the Liberal-Conservative Party until the turn of the twentieth century, the federal Tories governed Canada for over forty of the countrys first 70 years of existence. However, the party spent the majority of its history in opposition as the nations number-two federal party, behind the Liberal Party of Canada. From 1896 to 1993 the Tories formed a government only five times—from 1911 to 1921, from 1930 to 1935, from 1957 to 1963, from 1979 to 1980 and from 1984 to 1993. It stands as the only Canadian party to have won more than 200 seats in a feat it accomplished twice. The last meeting of the Progressive Conservative federal caucus was held in early 2004, the Conservative Party of Canada took power in 2006 and was governed under the leadership of Stephen Harper until 2015, being defeated by the Liberal Party under Justin Trudeau. Between the partys founding in 1867, and its adoption of the Progressive Conservative name in 1942 and it was most commonly known as the Conservative Party. Several loosely associated provincial Progressive Conservative parties continue to exist in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador. As well, a rump of Senators opposed the merger. The Yukon association of the party renamed itself as the Yukon Party in 1990, the British Columbia Progressive Conservative Party changed its name to the British Columbia Conservative Party in 1991. Many Canadians simply continued to refer to the party as the Conservatives, a major weakness of the party since 1885 was its inability to win support in Quebec, estranged significantly by that years execution of Louis Riel. The Conscription Crisis of 1917 exacerbated the issue, the party never fully recovered from the fragmentation of Mulroneys broad coalition in the late 1980s resulting from Anglophone Canadas failure to ratify the Meech Lake Accord. Immediately prior to its merger with the Canadian Alliance, it held only 15 of 301 seats in the Canadian House of Commons, the party did not hold more than 20 seats in Parliament between 1993 and 2003. The Progressive Conservative Party was generally on the centre-right on the political spectrum, from 1867 on, the party was identified with Protestant and, in Quebec, Roman Catholic social values, British imperialism, Canadian nationalism, and constitutional centralism
4.
Liberal Party of Canada
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The Liberal Party of Canada, colloquially known as the Grits, is the oldest federal political party in Canada. The party espouses the principles of liberalism, and generally sits at the centre of the Canadian political spectrum, the Liberal Party is traditionally positioned to the left of the Conservative Party of Canada and to the right of the New Democratic Party. During the beginning of the 21st century, the party lost a significant amount of support, in the present times, the Liberal party has favoured a variety of big tent policies from both right and left of the political spectrum. It also legalized same-sex marriage and allowed the use of cannabis for medical purposes, during the 2015 election, the Liberal partys proposed policies included, Cut the middle class tax bracket from 22% to 20.88 per $100 to $1. In the 29 years after Canadian confederation, the Liberals were consigned to opposition, with the exception of one stint in government. Alexander Mackenzie was able to lead the party to power for the first time in 1873, Mackenzie subsequently won the 1874 election, and served as Prime Minister for an additional four years. However the party was able to build a solid support base in Ontario. The Liberals would spend the next 18 years in opposition, in their early history, the Liberals were the party of continentalism and opposition to imperialism. The Liberals also became identified with the aspirations of Quebecers as a result of the hostility of French Canadians to the Conservatives. It was not until Wilfrid Laurier became leader that the Liberal Party emerged as a modern party, Laurier was able to capitalize on the Tories alienation of French Canada by offering the Liberals as a credible alternative. Laurier was able to overcome the reputation for anti-clericalism that offended the still-powerful Quebec Roman Catholic Church. In English-speaking Canada, the Liberal Partys support for reciprocity made it popular among farmers, Laurier led the Liberals to power in the 1896 election, and oversaw a government that increased immigration in order to settle Western Canada. Lauriers government created the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta out of the North-West Territories, there was no national membership of the party, an individual became a member by joining a provincial Liberal party. The new organization allowed individuals to join the national Liberal Party for the first time. No national convention was held, however, until 1948, the Liberal Party held only three national conventions prior to the 1950s – in 1893,1919 and 1948). Over time, provincial Liberal parties in most provinces were separated from provincial wings of the federal party, by the 1980s, the National Liberal Federation was officially known as the Liberal Party of Canada. Under Laurier, and his successor William Lyon Mackenzie King, the Liberals promoted Canadian sovereignty, after the King–Byng Affair of 1926, the Liberals argued that the Governor General of Canada should no longer be appointed on the recommendation of the British government. The decisions of the Imperial Conferences were formalized in the Statute of Westminster, which was passed in 1931
5.
Louis St. Laurent
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Louis Stephen St. Laurent PC CC QC was the 12th Prime Minister of Canada, from 15 November 1948 to 21 June 1957. He was a Liberal with a base in the Catholic francophone community. His foreign policy initiatives transformed Canada from an isolationist ex-colony with little role in world affairs to a middle power. The contrast with Mackenzie King was not dramatic – they agreed on most policies, St. Laurent had more hatred of communism, and less fear of the United States. He was neither an idealist nor an intellectual, but an eminently moderate. His English had a noticeable Irish brogue, while his gestures were French and he received degrees from Séminaire Saint-Charles-Borromée and Université Laval. He was offered, but declined, a Rhodes Scholarship upon this graduation from Laval in 1905, in 1905 he married Jeanne Renault with whom he had two sons and three daughters. St-Laurent worked as a lawyer from 1905 to 1941, also becoming a professor of law at Université Laval in 1914, St-Laurent practised corporate and constitutional law in Quebec and became one of the countrys most respected counsel. He served as President of the Canadian Bar Association from 1930 to 1932, St-Laurents father, a Compton shopkeeper, was a staunch supporter of the Liberal Party of Canada and was particularly enamoured with Sir Wilfrid Laurier. When Laurier led the Liberals to victory in the 1896 election, however, while an ardent Liberal, Louis remained aloof from active politics for much of his life, focusing instead on his legal career and family. It was not until he was nearly 60 that St-Laurent finally agreed to enter politics when Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King appealed to his sense of duty in late 1941. King had been in his infancy when he witnessed the Conscription Crisis of 1917 during World War I. No Quebec or francophone members of Kings cabinet or government were willing to step into the role, on these recommendations, King recruited St. Laurent to his World War II cabinet as Minister of Justice, Lapointes old post, on 9 December. St. Laurent agreed to go to Ottawa out of a sense of duty, but only on the understanding that his foray into politics was temporary, in February 1942, he won a by-election for Quebec East, Lapointes old riding. St-Laurent supported Kings decision to introduce conscription in 1944, despite the lack of support from other French Canadians and his support prevented more than a handful of Quebec Liberal Members of Parliament from leaving the party, and was therefore crucial to keeping the government and the party united. King came to regard St-Laurent as his most trusted minister and natural successor, in this role, St-Laurent represented Canada at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference and San Francisco Conference that led to the founding of the United Nations. This force he proposed would be used in situations that called for both tact and might to preserve peace or prevent combat. In 1956, this idea was actualized by St-Laurent and his Secretary of State for External Affairs Lester B. Pearson in the development of UN Peacekeepers that helped to put an end to the Suez Crisis
6.
Lester B. Pearson
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He was the 14th Prime Minister of Canada from 22 April 1963 to 20 April 1968, as the head of two back-to-back Liberal minority governments following elections in 1963 and 1965. During Pearsons time as Prime Minister, his Liberal minority governments introduced universal health care, student loans, the Canada Pension Plan, the Order of Canada, and his Liberal government also unified Canadas armed forces. Pearson convened the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, and he kept Canada out of the Vietnam War, Pearson was born in Newtonbrook in the township of York, Ontario, the son of Annie Sarah and Edwin Arthur Pearson, a Methodist minister. He was the brother of Vaughan Whitier Pearson and Marmaduke Pearson, the family lived in the Methodist manse at the corner of Spruce St. and Catherine St. The home still exists but is in private hands, the Methodist church in downtown Aurora became the United Church of Canada. The church was demolished following a fire in 2014. Rev. Pearson was a member of the Aurora Rugby team where young Mike apparently got his inspiration, Pearson graduated from Hamilton Collegiate Institute in Hamilton, Ontario, in 1913 at the age of 16. Later that same year, he entered Victoria College at the University of Toronto and he was later elected to the Pi Gamma Mu social sciences honour societys chapter at the University of Toronto for his outstanding scholastic performance in history and psychology. After Victoria College, Pearson won a scholarship to study at St Johns College, Oxford, at the University of Toronto, he became a noted athlete, excelling in rugby union, and also playing basketball. He later also played for the Oxford University Ice Hockey Club while on a scholarship at the University of Oxford, Pearson also excelled in baseball and lacrosse as a youth. His baseball talents as an infielder were strong enough for a summer of semi-pro play with the Guelph Maple Leafs of the Ontario Intercounty Baseball League, Pearson toured North American with a combined Oxford and Cambridge Universities lacrosse team in 1923. After he joined the University of Toronto History Department as an instructor, he helped to coach the U of Ts football and he played golf and tennis to high standards as an adult. When World War I broke out in 1914, Pearson volunteered for service as an orderly with the University of Toronto Hospital Unit. In 1915, he entered service with the Canadian Army Medical Corps as a stretcher bearer with the rank of private. During this period of service he spent two years in Egypt and in Greece and he also spent time in the Serbian Army as a corporal and a medical orderly. Pearson learned to fly at an air training school in Hendon and he survived an aeroplane crash during his first flight. In 1918, Pearson was hit by a bus in London during a blackout and he was sent home to recuperate. It was as a pilot that he received the nickname of Mike, thereafter, Pearson would use the name Lester on official documents and in public life, but was always addressed as Mike by friends and family
7.
Canadian federal election, 1957
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The Canadian federal election of 1957 was held June 10,1957, to select the 265 members of the House of Commons of Canada. The Liberal Party had governed Canada since 1935, winning five consecutive elections, under Prime Ministers William Lyon Mackenzie King and Louis St. Laurent, the government gradually built a welfare state. During the Liberalss fifth term in office, the opposition parties depicted them as arrogant, controversial events, such as the 1956 Pipeline Debate over the construction of the Trans-Canada Pipeline, had hurt the government. St. Laurent, nicknamed Uncle Louis, remained popular, in 1956, Tory leader George A. Drew unexpectedly resigned due to ill health, in his place, the PC party elected the fiery and charismatic Diefenbaker. The Tories ran a campaign centred on their new leader, who attracted crowds to rallies. The Liberals ran a campaign, and St. Laurent made few television appearances. Uncomfortable with the medium, the Prime Minister read his speeches from a script, abandoning their usual strategy of trying to make major inroads in Liberal-dominated Quebec, the Tories focused on winning seats in the other provinces. They were successful, though gained few seats in Quebec. The Tories had last governed Canada under R. B. Bennett, the Liberals won five consecutive majorities between 1935 and 1953. The Liberals worked closely with the service and their years of dominance saw prosperity. When Mackenzie King retired in 1948, he was succeeded by his Minister of Justice, Louis St. Laurent, an adept politician, St. Laurent projected a gentle persona and was affectionately known to many Canadians as Uncle Louis. In actuality, St. Laurent was uncomfortable away from Ottawa, was subject to fits of depression, St. Laurent led the Liberals to an overwhelming triumph in the 1949 election, campaigning under the slogan You never had it so good. The Liberals won a fifth successive mandate in 1953, with St. Laurent content to exercise a highly relaxed leadership style, with over twenty years of parliamentary majorities, Liberal ministers did as they wished with little regard for the opposition parties. The Mackenzie King and St. Laurent governments laid the groundwork for the welfare state, if we wanted to get away with it, who would stop us. At the start of 1956, the Tories were led by former Ontario premier George A. Drew, Drew was the fifth man to lead the Tories in their 21 years out of power. None had come close to defeating the Liberals, the best performance was in 1945, the Liberals, though, had won 125 seats, and maintained their majority. In the 1953 election, the PC party won 51 seats out of the 265 in the House of Commons, subsequently, the Tories picked up two seats from the Liberals in by-elections, and the Liberals lost an additional seat to the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
8.
Canadian federal election, 1958
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The Canadian federal election of 1958 was the 24th general election in Canadas history. It was held to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 24th Parliament of Canada on March 31,1958 and it transformed Prime Minister John Diefenbakers minority into the largest majority government in Canadian history and the second largest percentage of the popular vote. Diefenbaker seized on the remark by describing a series of classified Liberal Cabinet documents stating that the economy would face a downturn in that year and this contrasted heavily with the Liberals 1957 campaign promises. While the Liberals finished only four points behind the Tories in Quebec. Nevertheless, the 25 seats the Liberals won in Quebec accounted for more than half of their decimated caucus, a collapse in support for the Social Credit Party which lost all 19 of its seats. This allowed the Tories to pick up not only Social Credit seats, notably, the Tories swept all seventeen seats in Alberta, where they had previously held just three seats to Social Credits thirteen. The election proved to be the start of a decline for Social Credit. It would never seriously challenge the PCs dominance in the West again, notes, Previous refers to standings at previous election, not to standings in the House of Commons at dissolution. * The party did not nominate candidates in the previous election, bryden Electoral Results by Party, on Parliament of Canada site
9.
Canadian federal election, 1962
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The Canadian federal election of 1962 was held on June 18,1962 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 25th Parliament of Canada. When the election was called, Progressive Conservative Prime Minister John Diefenbaker had governed for four years with the then-largest majority in the House of Commons in Canadian history. Despite the Diefenbaker governments difficulties, the Liberal Party, led by Lester Pearson, was unable to make up ground in the election to defeat the government. During its term of office, the Diefenbaker government had introduced reforms to social programs, a Canadian Bill of Rights, the Tories tried to defend the decline in the Canadian dollar by pointing out the benefits to the tourism industry, exports, manufacturing and farming, and employment. They denied that the affected the price of bread, beef, gasoline and fruit and vegetables. The Liberals campaigned under the slogan, Take a stand for tomorrow, the Liberals also argued that the steep devaluation in the Canadian dollar was increasing the cost of living for Canadians. The party chose longtime Premier of Saskatchewan Tommy Douglas as its first leader, the new party was able to recover ground lost by the CCF in the 1958 federal election, when it was nearly wiped out. It won almost 50% more votes than the CCF had ever managed, the NDP was shut out in Saskatchewan, its political base, where Douglas failed to win his own seat. Douglass campaign was hurt by chaos in Saskatchewan brought about by the introduction of Medicare, Douglas was forced to enter the House of Commons through a by-election in British Columbia. Despite the initial problems, medicare proved popular, spread throughout the country, social Credit returned to the House of Commons after being shut out in the 1958 election. While leader Robert N. Thompson and three other Socreds were elected in the traditional base in western Canada, the partys real success came in Quebec. Réal Caouette led the partys Quebec wing to victory in 26 ridings, indeed, their win of 30 seats overall represented the partys greatest federal showing ever. They would never again equal, let alone surpass, that number - though the party gained its highest share of the vote in the 1963 election, the Socreds success in Quebec was the result of several factors. Diefenbakers poor French impaired the Tories ability to communicate their message to francophone voters, in 1958, the PCs had successfully compensated for this handicap by utilizing the powerful electoral machine of the Union Nationale government under Maurice Duplessis. By 1962, Duplessis was dead and the Union Nationale was out of government, nevertheless, many francophone Quebecers remained hostile to the Liberal Party. For the first time ever, the land mass of Canada was covered by federal electoral districts. Notes, * Party did not nominate candidates in previous election, X - less than 0. 005% of the popular vote. 1 compared to Labor-Progressive Party results from previous election, xx - less than 0. 05% of the popular vote List of Canadian federal general elections List of political parties in Canada 25th Canadian Parliament
10.
23rd Canadian Parliament
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The 23rd Canadian Parliament was in session from October 14,1957 until February 1,1958. The membership was set by the 1957 federal election on June 10,1957 and it holds the distinction of being the only parliament to be formally opened by Queen Elizabeth II herself, rather than her formal representative, the Governor General. It was controlled by a Progressive Conservative Party minority under Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, the Official Opposition was the Liberal Party, led first by Louis St. Laurent, and then by Lester B. It was the second shortest parliament in Canadian history, see also List of Canadian electoral districts 1952–1966 for a list of the ridings in this parliament. There was only one session of the 23rd Parliament, Following is a full list of members of the twenty-third Parliament listed first by province or territory, electoral districts denoted by an asterisk indicates that district was represented by two members. Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation, members of the House of Commons,1867 to Date, By Parliament. Archived from the original on 2006-05-04, archived from the original on 2005-09-14. Leaders of the Opposition in the House of Commons, archived from the original on 2007-03-11. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006, archived from the original on 2006-09-17
11.
24th Canadian Parliament
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The 24th Canadian Parliament was in session from May 12,1958 until April 19,1962. The membership was set by the 1958 federal election on March 31,1958 and it was controlled by a Progressive Conservative Party majority, which won the largest majority in Canadian history, under Prime Minister John Diefenbaker and the 18th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Liberal Party, led by Lester B, see also List of Canadian electoral districts 1952-1966 for a list of the ridings in this parliament. There were five sessions of the 24th Parliament, Following is a full list of members of the twenty-fourth Parliament listed first by province or territory, electoral districts denoted by an asterisk indicates that district was represented by two members. Important bills of the 24th parliament included, The Canadian Bill of Rights Government of Canada, guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation. Members of the House of Commons,1867 to Date, By Parliament, archived from the original on 2006-05-04. Archived from the original on 2005-09-14, leaders of the Opposition in the House of Commons. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11, archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-09-17
12.
25th Canadian Parliament
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The 25th Canadian Parliament was in session from September 27,1962 until February 6,1963. The membership was set by the 1962 federal election on June 18,1962 and it was controlled by a Progressive Conservative Party minority under Prime Minister John Diefenbaker and the 18th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Liberal Party, led by Lester B and it was the third shortest parliament in Canadian history. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1952-1966 for a list of the ridings in this parliament, there was only one session of the 25th Parliament, Following is a full list of members of the twenty-fifth Parliament listed first by province or territory, then by electoral district. Electoral districts denoted by an asterisk indicates that district was represented by two members, guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation. Members of the House of Commons,1867 to Date, By Parliament, archived from the original on 2006-05-04. Archived from the original on 2005-09-14, leaders of the Opposition in the House of Commons. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11, archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-09-17
13.
17th Canadian Ministry
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The Seventeenth Canadian Ministry was the cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Louis St-Laurent. It governed Canada from 15 November 1948 to 21 June 1957, including the end of the 20th Canadian Parliament, as well as all of the 21st, the government was formed by the Liberal Party of Canada. Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation
14.
Cabinet of Canada
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The Cabinet of Canada is a body of ministers of the Crown that, along with the Canadian monarch, and within the tenets of the Westminster system, forms the government of Canada. For practical reasons, the Cabinet is informally referred to either in relation to the minister in charge of it or the number of ministries since Confederation. The current cabinet is the Trudeau Cabinet, which is part of the 29th Ministry, the interchangeable use of the terms cabinet and ministry is a subtle inaccuracy that can cause confusion. This body of ministers of the Crown is the Cabinet, which has come to be the council in the phrase Queen-in-Council, the prime minister thereafter heads the Cabinet. The governor general appoints to the Cabinet persons chosen by the prime minister—John A, throughout the 20th century, Cabinets had been expanding in size until the Cabinet chaired by Brian Mulroney, with a population of 40 ministers. Cabinet itself—or full Cabinet—is further divided into committees, other Cabinet committees include, Operations, Social Affairs, Economic Growth and Long-Term Prosperity, Foreign Affairs and Security, Environment and Energy Security. Each committee is chaired by a minister whose own portfolio normally intersects with the mandate of the committee he or she is chairing. The most important minister, following the premier, is the Minister of Finance, while other high-profile ministries include foreign affairs, industry, justice, there are also a few duties which must be specifically performed by, or bills that require assent by, the Queen. Public inquiries and Royal Commissions are also called through a Royal Warrant issued by the Queen or Governor-in-Council, all Cabinet meetings are held behind closed doors and the minutes are kept confidential for thirty years, Cabinet members being forbidden from discussing what transpires. Decisions made must be unanimous, though this occurs at the prime ministers direction. However, the Cabinets collective influence has been seen to be eclipsed by that of the prime minister alone, savoie quoted an anonymous minister from the Liberal Party as saying Cabinet had become a kind of focus group for the Prime Minister, while Simpson called cabinet a mini-sounding board. Coyne wrote in 2015, Cabinet does not matter and it does not govern, that is the job of the prime minister, and of the group of political staff he has around him, and of the bureaucracy beyond them. John Robson criticised the use of the ministers name to identify the Cabinet. Each party in Her Majestys Loyal Opposition creates a shadow cabinet, with each member thereof observing and critiquing one or more actual Cabinet portfolios and offering alternative policies. Its members are often, but not always, appointed to a Cabinet post should the leader of their party be called to form a government, the Liberal Party of Canada won the federal election of October 19,2015 with a majority of seats in the House of Commons. The Cabinet was sworn-in on November 4, with Justin Trudeau appointed as prime minister, initially, five members of Cabinet were appointed by orders-in-council on November 4 as ministers of state, but styled without the traditional of state in their titles. These were the Ministers of Science, Small Business and Tourism, Sport and Persons with Disabilities, Status of Women, Ministers are listed according to the Canadian order of precedence, Notes Reference to current cabinet ministers Cabinet Minister responsibilities
15.
Prime Minister of Canada
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Canadian prime ministers are styled as The Right Honourable, a privilege maintained for life. The office and its functions are instead governed by constitutional conventions, the prime minister, along with the other ministers in cabinet, is appointed by the governor general on behalf of the monarch. There are no age or citizenship restrictions on the position of prime minister itself, while there is no legal requirement for the prime minister to be a member of parliament, for practical and political reasons the prime minister is expected to win a seat very promptly. However, in rare circumstances individuals who are not sitting members of the House of Commons have been appointed to the position of prime minister, two former prime ministers—Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell—served in the 1890s while members of the Senate. Both, in their roles as Government Leader in the Senate, succeeded prime ministers who had died in office—John A. Macdonald in 1891 and that convention has since evolved toward the appointment of an interim leader from the commons in such a scenario. Prime ministers who are not Members of Parliament upon their appointment have since been expected to seek election to the commons as soon as possible. For example, William Lyon Mackenzie King, after losing his seat in the 1925 federal election, Turner was the last serving prime minister to not hold a commons seat. The Canadian prime minister serves at Her Majestys pleasure, meaning the post does not have a fixed term, once appointed and sworn in by the governor general, the prime minister remains in office until he or she resigns, is dismissed, or dies. Following parliamentary dissolution, the prime minister must run in the general election if he or she wishes to maintain a seat in the House of Commons. Should the prime ministers party subsequently win a majority of seats in the House of Commons, if, however, an opposition party wins a majority of seats, the prime minister may resign or be dismissed by the governor general. This option was last entertained in 1925, however, the function of the prime minister has evolved with increasing power. Caucuses may choose to follow rules, though the decision would be made by recorded vote. Either the sovereign or his or her viceroy may therefore oppose the prime ministers will in extreme, for transportation, the prime minister is granted an armoured car and shared use of two official aircraft—a CC-150 Polaris for international flights and a Challenger 601 for domestic trips. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police also furnish constant personal security for the prime minister, all of the aforementioned is supplied by the Queen-in-Council through budgets approved by parliament, as is the prime ministers annual salary of CAD$170,400. Should a serving or former prime minister die, he or she is accorded a state funeral, John Thompson also died outside Canada, at Windsor Castle, where Queen Victoria permitted his lying-in-state before his body was returned to Canada for a state funeral in Halifax. In earlier years, it was traditional for the monarch to bestow a knighthood on newly appointed Canadian prime ministers. Accordingly, several carried the prefix Sir before their name, of the first eight premiers of Canada, the Canadian Heraldic Authority has granted former prime ministers an augmentation of honour on the personal coat of arms of those who pursued them. To date, former prime ministers Joe Clark, Pierre Trudeau, John Turner, Brian Mulroney, the written form of address for the prime minister should use his or her full parliamentary title, The Right Honourable, Prime Minister of Canada
16.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
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Douglas Harkness
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Douglas Scott Harkness, PC OC GM ED, was a Canadian politician, teacher, farmer and former lieutenant colonel in the Royal Canadian Artillery. He was born in Toronto, Ontario and moved to Calgary and he graduated from the University of Alberta, then farmed and taught school in the vicinity of Red Deer. He taught at Crescent Heights High School until 1939 and he fought during the Second World War from 1940 to 1945, serving in the European theater of war. He was posted to Great Britain, Sicily, Italy and Northwest Europe, in 1943 was awarded the George Medal in recognition of conspicuous gallantry in carrying out hazardous work in a very brave manner. Harkness was aboard a troopship when it was torpedoed transiting from Sicily to England, Harkness was awarded the medal for his organization of the abandonment of the ship. In 1945, Harkness was the officer of the 5th Anti-Tank Regiment of the 4th Armoured Division. After returning from the war, Harkness returned to farming, residing in De Winton, Alberta and he was sworn into the Queens Privy Council for Canada on August 7,1957 as Minister of Agriculture. He was appointed Minister of National Defence, being sworn in on October 11,1960, Harkness precipitated a political crisis when he resigned from cabinet in February 1963 in order to protest Diefenbakers opposition to stationing American nuclear warheads in Canada. The resignation precipitated a split in the cabinet and contributed to the defeat of the government in the 1963 federal election, however, Harkness continued to sit as a Member of Parliament until 1972. He lived in Calgary until his death in 1999, in 1978 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. The Douglas Harkness Community School in Calgary is named in his honour
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Alvin Hamilton
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Alvin Hamilton PC was a Canadian politician. Hamilton led the Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan from 1949 until he was elected to the Canadian House of Commons in the 1957 general election and this election brought the federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada to power under John George Diefenbaker. Born Francis Alvin George Hamilton in Kenora, Ontario, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1938 from the University of Saskatchewan, during World War II, he served with the Royal Canadian Air Force as a navigator and flight lieutenant. He was awarded the Burma Star Decoration, after the war, he ran three times unsuccessfully as the Progressive Conservative candidate for the Canadian House of Commons in the 1945,1949, and 1953 elections. He was elected in 1957 in the riding of QuAppelle and re-elected 4 more times in 1958,1962,1963 and he ran in the riding of Regina East in the 1968 federal election, and lost by 192 votes to the New Democrat candidate. He was elected again in the 1972 federal election in the riding of QuAppelle—Moose Mountain and was re-elected 4 more times in 1974,1979,1980, and 1984. Hamilton served as Minister of Northern Affairs and National Resources in the Diefenbaker cabinet from 1957 to 1960, from 1960 to the 1963 election, when the Diefenbaker government was defeated, Hamilton served as Minister of Agriculture, pioneering wheat sales to the Peoples Republic of China. He was a candidate at the 1967 PC leadership convention, making it to the ballot before dropping out. In 1992, he was bestowed with the title The Right Honourable by Elizabeth II in honour of his service to Canada and this is a rare honour for someone who did not serve as Prime Minister of Canada, Chief Justice of Canada or Governor General of Canada. After, retirement he lived a secluded life in the Ottawa-area town of Manotick where he lived until his death in 2004. On June 28,2007, the newly refurbished Government of Canada Building in downtown Regina, also, one of the reception rooms in the Embassy of Canada to China in Beijing is called the Alvin Hamilton Room. Alvin, a biography of the Honourable Alvin Hamilton, P. C, Alvin Hamilton – Parliament of Canada biography Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada biography
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Davie Fulton
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Edmund Davie Fulton, PC OC QC was a Canadian Rhodes Scholar, politician and judge. Popularly known as E. Davie Fulton and he was born in Kamloops, British Columbia, the son of politician/lawyer Frederick John Fulton and Winnifred M. Davie, daughter of A. E. B. He was the youngest of 4 children and his brother John Moose Fulton distinguished himself in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II. He went missing in action in late 1942, and in 1943 the Kamloops adopted the Moose Squadron in honour of its commander, in 1944 the Kamloops airport was dedicated as Fulton Field. He was brought home from the war by the Conservative Party, in 1949 he introduced legislation to criminalize the publication, distribution, and sale of crime comics. Fulton was convinced by a murder in the Yukon perpetrated by two young teens that the baleful influence of crime comics was at fault. He ran for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada at the 1956 leadership convention, when Diefenbaker led the Tories to victory in the 1957 election, he appointed Fulton to Cabinet as Minister of Justice. As Minister, Fulton was involved in negotiations to patriate the Canadian Constitution, in 1962, he became Minister of Public Works. His cousin, Albert McPhillips, was Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Fisheries around this time and he resigned from Cabinet in 1963, when he decided to leave federal politics and take the leadership of the British Columbia Progressive Conservative Party. His efforts to revive the provincial Tories in BC were a failure, Fulton stood as a candidate at the 1967 federal PC leadership convention, and placed third behind Robert Stanfield and Dufferin Roblin. After losing his seat in the 1968 election, he retired from politics, in 1973, he became a justice on the British Columbia Supreme Court, and served until 1981. From 1986 to 1992, he served as a commissioner on the International Joint Commission, in 1992, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. Davie Fulton – Parliament of Canada biography Order of Canada Citation
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Department of National Defence (Canada)
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The Department of National Defence, commonly abbreviated as DND, is a Canadian government department responsible for defending Canadas interests and values at home and abroad. National Defence is the largest department of the Government of Canada in terms of budget as well as staff and it also is the department with the largest number of buildings. The Department is headed by the Deputy Minister of National Defence, who is the Department’s senior civil servant, the Department of National Defence exists to aid the minister in carrying out his responsibilities within the Defence Portfolio, and provides a civilian support system for the Canadian Armed Forces. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces is a separate and distinct organization from, and is not part of. The Department of National Defence is currently headed by Deputy Minister John Forster, the Department of National Defence was established by the National Defence Act, which merged the Department of Militia and Defence, the Department of Naval Services, and the Air Board. The National Defence Act was passed by the Parliament of Canada on June 28,1922, the Minister of National Defence, as the member of cabinet responsible to Parliament for National Defence, heads the Defence Team. The Department of National Defence is headed by the Deputy Minister of National Defence, under the Deputy Minister are a variety of associate deputy and assistant deputy ministers who are responsible for various aspects of the department. The Deputy Minister is appointed by the Governor General on behalf of the Queen of Canada on the advice of the Prime Minister, there are also a variety of offices and support organizations which report to both the Chief of Defence Staff and the Deputy Minister. The Department is not responsible for all of these organizations itself, the Canadian Forces are a distinct and separate entity from the Department of National Defence
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