1.
History of Ottawa
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By 1914, Ottawas population had surpassed 100,000 and today it is the capital of a G7 country whose metropolitan population exceeds one million. The origin of the name Ottawa is derived from the Algonquin word adawe, the word refers to the Indigenous Peoples who used the river to trade, hunt, fish, camp, harvest plants, ceremonies, and for other traditional uses. The first maps made of the area started to name the river after these peoples. For centuries, Algonquin people have portaged through the waterways of both the Ottawa River and the Rideau River while passing through the area. French explorer Étienne Brûlé was credited as the first European to see the Chaudière Falls in 1610, no permanent settlement occurred in the area until 1800 when Philemon Wright founded his village near the falls, on the north shore of the Ottawa River. Lt. Colonel John By was an officer of the Royal Engineers commissioned by the British Government in 1826 to superintend the construction of the Rideau Canal. The founding was marked by a sod turning, and a letter from Dalhousie which authorized Colonel By to divide up the town into lots. The town developed into a site for the timber, and later sawed lumber trade, causing growth so that in 1854, Bytown was created a city and its present more appropriate name, Ottawa was conferred. Shortly afterward, Queen Victoria chose Ottawa as the capital of Canada, also at this time, increased export sales led it to connect by rail to facilitate shipment to markets especially in the United States. In the early 1900s the lumber industry waned as both supply and demand lessened, growth continued in the 20th century, and by the 1960s, the Greber Plan transformed the capitals appearance and removed much of the old industrial infrastructure. In 2001, the city amalgamated all areas in the former region, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around 10,000 years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The Algonquin people who called the Ottawa River the Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River maintained a route along the Ottawa River for a relatively short time. The word Ottawa is in relation to the Ottawa people, the First Nation who hunted, camped, traded, and traveled in the area, and also lived far to the west along Georgian Bay and Lake Huron. When Étienne Brûlé in 1610 became the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, followed by Samuel de Champlain in 1613, written records show that by 1613 the Algonquins were in control of the Ottawa Valley and the surrounding areas to the west and north. At left is an extract from a map created in 1632 by Samuel de Champlain of the reaches of New France. It shows a portion of the Ottawa River route he took in 1616, with numbers used to indicate sites he visited, significant rapids and aboriginal encampments. Champlain wrote about both the Rideau Falls on the part of the early future town, and the Chaudière Falls in the west. Chaudière was, and still is impassable by any water traffic, so there were portage paths around it on trips from the mouth of the Ottawa River to the lands of the interior, Nicholas Gatineau also traded using the nearby Gatineau River
2.
Bytown
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Bytown is the former name of Ottawa, Ontario, Canadas capital city. It was founded on September 26,1826, incorporated as a town on January 1,1850, the founding was marked by a sod turning, and a letter from Governor General Dalhousie which authorized Lieutenant Colonel John By to divide up the town into lots. Bytown came about as a result of the construction of the Rideau Canal, Bytowns first mayor was John Scott, elected in 1847. Bytown was located where the Rideau Canal meets the Ottawa River, Upper Town, situated to the west of the canal, was situated in the area of the current downtown and Parliament Hill. Lower Town was on the east side of the canal where todays Byward Market, the two areas of town were connected over the Rideau Canal by the Sappers Bridge, constructed in 1827. The town took its name from John By who, as a Colonel in the British Royal Engineers, was instrumental in the construction of the canal. The name Bytown came about, somewhat as a reference during a small dinner party of some officers. The number of houses now built is about 150, most of which are constructed of wood, frequently in a style of neatness, Colonel By laid out the streets of Bytown, a pattern that mostly exists today. Wellington Street, Rideau Street, Sussex and Sparks Street were some of the earliest streets in use, Sappers Bridge actually connected Sparks Street to Rideau Street at that time. Nicholas Sparks owned Bytowns land west of the canal, except for the north of Wellington. The area east of Bank Street to the canal was acquired by the military, Bytown had seen some trouble in the early days, first with the Shiners War in 1835 to 1845, and the Stony Monday Riot in 1849. Some early buildings still stand had been erected in Bytown. In 1826, Thomas McKay was contracted to build the commesariat building, McKay also built Rideau Hall, and parts of the Union Bridge connecting LeBreton Flats to Hull. Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica was also early on in the developing town. The University of Ottawa had its 1846 origins as a college, though administration of Bytown had been conducted by civil authorities since 1828, the town did not become incorporated until much later. Various attempts at incorporation had been initiated since 1845, the Ordnance Department had held lands in the towns core, lands which had been the property of Nicholas Sparks. These lands were considered by many to be blocking economic progress as well as being held for speculative reasons only, when Ordnance eventually returned the lands to Sparks through the Vesting Act, the major obstacle to incorporation was removed. An act of the Legislative Assembly further facilitated the incorporation of municipalities, Richmond Landing was a small settlement started in 1809 with Jehiel Collins store, which preceded Bytown in present day Ottawa
3.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
4.
Ottawa River timber trade
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It was the major industry of the historical colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada and it created an entrepreneur known as a lumber baron. The trade in squared timber and later sawed lumber led to growth and prosperity to communities in the Ottawa Valley. The product was chiefly red and white pine, the industry lasted until around 1900 as both markets and supplies decreased. The industry came about following Napoleons 1806 Continental Blockade in Europe causing the United Kingdom to require a new source for timber especially for its navy, later the U. K. s application of gradually increasing preferential tariffs increased Canadian imports. The first part of the industry, the trade in squared timber lasted until about the 1850s, the transportation for the raw timber was first by means of floating down the Ottawa River, proved possible in 1806 by Philemon Wright. The second part of the industry involved the trade of sawed lumber, the Reciprocity Treaty caused a shift to American markets. The source of timber in Britain changed, where its access to timber in the Baltic region was restored, entrepreneurs in the United States at that time then began to build their operations near the Ottawa River, creating some of the worlds largest sawmills at the time. These men, known as lumber barons, with such as John Rudolphus Booth and Henry Franklin Bronson created mills which contributed to the prosperity. Shortly after 1900, the last raft went down the Ottawa River, supplies of pine were dwindling and there was also a decreased demand. K. Before 1950 many operations began to discontinue, and later mills were completely removed. The industry had contributed greatly to population increases and economic growth of Ontario, Upper and Lower Canadas major industry in terms of employment and value of the product was the timber trade. In 1806, Napoleon ordered a blockade to European ports, blocking Britains access to timber required for the navy from the Baltic Sea, the British naval shipyards were desperately in need of lumber. British tariff concessions fostered the growth of the Canadian timber trade, the British government instituted the tariff on the importation of foreign timber in 1795 in need of alternate sources for its navy and to promote the industry in its North American colonies. The Colonial Preference was first 10 shillings per load, increasing to 25 in 1805 and after Napoleons blockade ended, in 1821 the tariff was reduced to 55 shillings and was abolished in 1842. The United Kingdom resumed its trade in Baltic timber, the change in Britains tariff preferences was a result of Britain moving to Free Trade in 1840. Britain imported 15,000 loads of timber from Canada in 1805, and from the colonies,30,000 in 1807, the reciprocity treaty of 1854 allowed for duty-free export of Ottawa Valleys lumber into the United States. Both the market was changing, as well as the running the businesses. An American September 30,1869 statement showed that lumber was, here are the top 3, lumber,424,232,087 feet, $4,761,357
5.
Rideau Canal
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The Rideau Canal, also known unofficially as the Rideau Waterway, connects the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, on the Ottawa River to the city of Kingston, Ontario, on Lake Ontario. It is 202 kilometres in length, the name Rideau, French for curtain, is derived from the curtain-like appearance of the Rideau Rivers twin waterfalls where they join the Ottawa River. The canal system uses sections of two rivers, the Rideau and the Cataraqui, as well as several lakes, the Rideau Canal is operated by Parks Canada. The canal was opened in 1832 as a precaution in case of war with the United States and it remains in use today primarily for pleasure boating, with most of its original structures intact, operated by Parks Canada. The locks on the open for navigation in mid-May and close in mid-October. It is the oldest continuously operated system in North America. Lawrence River, which would have severed the lifeline between Montreal and Kingston, the British built a number of other canals as well as a number of forts to impede and deter any future American invasions of Canadian territory. The initial purpose of the Rideau Canal was military, as it was intended to provide a secure supply, westward from Montreal, travel would proceed along the Ottawa River to Bytown, then southwest via the canal to Kingston and out into Lake Ontario. The objective was to bypass the stretch of the St. Lawrence bordering New York, the canal also served a commercial purpose. The Rideau Canal was easier to navigate than the St. Lawrence River because of the series of rapids between Montreal and Kingston, as a result, the Rideau Canal became a busy commercial artery from Montreal to the Great Lakes. However, by 1849, the rapids of the St. Lawrence had been tamed by a series of locks, the construction of the canal was supervised by Lieutenant-Colonel John By of the Royal Engineers. Colonel John By decided to create a canal system instead of constructing new channels. This was an approach as it required fewer workers, was more cost effective. The canal work started in the fall of 1826, and it was completed by the spring of 1832, the final cost of the canals construction was £822,804 by the time all the costs, including land acquisitions costs, were accounted for. Given the unexpected cost overruns, John By was recalled to London and was retired with no accolades or recognition for the tremendous accomplishment hed achieved, once the canal was constructed, no further military engagements took place between Canada and the United States. Although the Rideau Canal never had to be used as a supply route. Tens of thousands of immigrants from the British Isles travelled the Rideau in this period, hundreds of barge loads of goods were shipped each year along the Rideau, allowing Montreal to compete commercially in the 1830s and 40s with New York as a major North American port. In 1841, for instance, there were 19 steamboats,3 self-propelled barges and 157 unpowered or tow barges using the Rideau Canal, as many as one thousand of the workers died from malaria, other diseases and accidents
6.
ByWard Market
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ByWard Market is a district in Lower Town located east of the government and business district, surrounding the market buildings and open-air market on George, York, ByWard and William Streets. The district is bordered on the west by Sussex Drive and Mackenzie Avenue and it stretches northwards to Cathcart Street, while to the south it is bordered by Rideau Street. The name refers to the old By Ward of the City of Ottawa, the district comprises the main commercial part of the historic Lower Town area of Ottawa. According to the Canada 2011 Census, the population of the area was 3,063, the market itself is regulated by the City of Ottawas Markets Management group, which also operates the smaller west-end Parkdale Market. The market building is open year-round, and open-air stalls are operated in the warmer months offering fresh produce, traditionally, the ByWard Market area has been a focal point for Ottawas French and Irish communities. The large Catholic community supported Notre Dame Cathedral, one of the largest and oldest Roman Catholic churches in Ottawa, the shape of the cathedral was taken into account in the design of the National Gallery of Canada, which was built across Sussex Drive. The ByWard Market has constantly been an area of change, adapting to the increasingly cosmopolitan nature of downtown Ottawa. Recently, a multitude of restaurants and specialty food stores have sprouted around the market area, a four-block area around the market provides the most dense concentration of eating places, bars and nightclubs in the National Capital Region. The areas beyond this zone also offer boutiques and restaurants in abundance, having acquired a reputation as the citys premier bar district, Byward Market is thronged at night with university students and other young adults. Over the years the city has developed a series of five small, human-scale, open air courtyards, immediately east of Sussex Drive and these cobblestone courtyards are filled with flowers, park benches, fountains and sculptures. Several of the houses surrounding them are historic buildings, at the other extreme on the west side of Sussex Drive is the United States Embassy. The buildings design, by noted architect David Childs, was controversial in Ottawa. Others complained that the structure overshadowed the historic market, the neighbourhood is today markedly heterogeneous, being visited by a mix of young professionals, many families and some homeless people. At one time, the area had a serious prostitution problem, the area is mainly English-speaking but there exists a significant francophone population as well. The Market is located in proximity to the downtown, to the Rideau Centre shopping mall, to Parliament Hill. It was out of this project that the small community of Bytown grew into a flourishing commercial. Colonel By prepared plans for two sites, one on the west side of the Rideau canal, which was known as Upper Town. The land was cleared and surveyed, both villages were laid out in a grid system and divided into building lots
7.
Parliament Hill
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Parliament Hill, colloquially known as The Hill, is an area of Crown land on the southern banks of the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa, Ontario. Its Gothic revival suite of buildings is the home of the Parliament of Canada and has elements of national symbolic importance. Parliament Hill attracts approximately 3 million visitors each year, law enforcement on parliament hill and in the parliamentary precinct is the responsibility of the Parliamentary Protective Service. Since 2002, an extensive $1 billion renovation and rehabilitation project has been underway throughout all of the precincts buildings, Parliament Hill is a limestone outcrop with a gently sloping top that was originally covered in primeval forest of beech and hemlock. After Ottawa—then called Bytown—was founded, the builders of the Rideau Canal used the hill as a location for a military base, a large fortress was planned for the site, but was never built, and by the mid 19th century the hill had lost its strategic importance. On 7 May, the Department of Public Works issued a call for proposals for the new parliament buildings to be erected on Barrack Hill. After the entries were narrowed down to three, Governor General Sir Edmund Walker Head was approached to break the stalemate, and the winners were announced on 29 August 1859. The team of Thomas Stent and Augustus Laver, under the pseudonym of Stat nomen in umbra, won the prize for the second category, $300,000 was allocated for the main building, and $120,000 for each of the departmental buildings. Ground was broken on 20 December 1859, and the first stones laid on 16 April of the following year, the construction of Parliament Hill became the largest project undertaken in North America to that date. By early 1861, Public Works reported that $1,424,882, two years later, the unfinished site hosted a celebration of Queen Victorias birthday, further cementing the areas position as the central place for national outpouring. The site was still incomplete when three of the British North American colonies entered Confederation in 1867, with Ottawa remaining the capital of the new country, thus, the offices of parliament spread to buildings beyond Parliament Hill even at that early date. The British military gave a nine-pound naval cannon to the British army garrison stationed in Ottawa in 1854 and it was purchased by the Canadian government in 1869 and fired on Parliament Hill for many years as the Noonday Gun. By 1876, the structures of Parliament Hill were finished, along with the surrounding fence, fire destroyed the Centre Block on 3 February 1916. Eleven years later, the new tower was completed and dedicated as the Peace Tower, the Queen was back on Parliament Hill on 17 April 1982, to issue a royal proclamation of the enactment of the Constitution Act that year. In April 1989, a Greyhound Lines bus with 11 passengers on board travelling to New York City from Montreal was hijacked by an armed man, a standoff with police ensued and lasted eight hours, though three shots were fired, there were no injuries. The following year, Queen Elizabeth IIs Golden Jubilee was marked on 13 October, on 22 October 2014, several shooting incidents occurred around Parliament Hill. A gunman, after shooting a Canadian Army soldier mounting the ceremonial guard at the National War Memorial. There, he was killed in a shootout with RCMP officers, the gunman also injured one House of Commons constable, who was shot in the foot
8.
Ottawa Electric Railway
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Ottawa Electric Railway Company was a streetcar public transit system in the city of Ottawa, Canada, part of the electric railway streetcars that operated between 1891 and 1959. Prior to this, starting in 1866, public transportation was provided by Ottawa City Passenger Railway Company, the O. E. R. was taken over by the Ottawa Transportation Commission in 1948, which was itself succeeded by OC Transpo in 1973. Preceding the use of streetcars, Ottawas first public transportation system was the operation of a horsecar system. Tramway service began in July 1870, under the Ottawa City Passenger Railway Company, which was incorporated on August 15,1866. The O. C. P. R. was financed largely by the estate of Thomas McKay, in 1871, Reynolds sold his streetcar company interest to Thomas Keifer. The horse-drawn streetcars travelled back and forth from New Edinburgh to the Chaudière Bridge, the trams for passengers and freight had a line extending from Rideau Falls in New Edinburgh, to Sussex, Sparks, Wellington, Duke and the Suspension Bridge. The service provided sleighs in the winter and had 273,000 passengers in its first year of operation, in 1891, it had four miles of track,25 horses and 15 employees. The Ottawa City Passenger Railway Company had tram cars holding 20 passengers which were made of wood with bench seats, the company applied to the city to convert to electricity but was refused, and later it proposed a merger of two companies. A new company, Ottawa Electric Railway Company, would appear on the scene in the early 1890s, Ottawas first electric lights operated near the Chaudière Falls in 1882, and in 1885, electric lighting came to the city streets under Ottawa Electric Light Company. Thomas Ahearn, born in LeBreton Flats, also became an important figure in the years of electricity in Ottawa. Ahearn had been an operator, and in 1892 filed patents for both an electric oven and a system of warming cars by means of electrically heated water. Ahearn formed a partnership with Warren Y, Soper, and for years the office of Ahearn and Soper was on Sparks Street. Ahearn merged existing companies Ottawa Electric Light Company, and Ahearns company, Chaudière Electric Light and Power Company, with a third company and it became part of Ahearns Ottawa Light, Heat and Power Company, which eventually was taken over by Ottawa Hydro. In 1901, Ottawa Electric Railway Company built a 2, 000-foot canal just north of the Britannia Boathouse Club to generate Hydroelectric power on the Deschênes Rapids. Today, the main and inner harbour provide 250 wet moorings, fuel and pumpout facilities, the horsecar was providing public transportation for Ottawa into the 1890s when, for a short time, electric streetcars were also employed. Initially Thomas Ahearns new company started streetcar operations until it was merged with the existing horsecar company, in 1890 Mayor Howland of Toronto offered to provide Ottawa with an electric streetcar service. He backed out and Ahearn stepped in, and he along with Soper petitioned the city in order to obtain the franchise and they succeeded, and got granted a 20-year charter for on November 5,1890, city council gave them permission to operate an electric railway. They formed a company on February 13,1891 called the Ottawa Electric Street Railway Company, on June 25,1891 the first electric street cars began operation in a display of five streetcars with Ahearn and Soper as drivers
9.
Igor Gouzenko
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Igor Sergeyevich Gouzenko was a cipher clerk for the Soviet Embassy to Canada in Ottawa, Ontario. He defected on September 5,1945 – just three days after the end of World War II – with 109 documents on Soviet espionage activities in the West and this forced Prime Minister Mackenzie King to call a Royal Commission to investigate espionage in Canada. Gouzenko exposed Joseph Stalins efforts to steal nuclear secrets, and the technique of planting sleeper agents, the New York Times described Gouzenkos actions as having awakened the people of North America to the magnitude and the danger of Soviet espionage. Gouzenko was born to a Ukrainian family on January 13,1919, in the village of Rogachovo near Dmitrov, at the start of World War II, he joined the military where he trained as a cipher clerk. In 1943, he was stationed in Ottawa, where for two years he enciphered outgoing messages and deciphered incoming messages for the GRU and his position gave him knowledge of Soviet espionage activities in the West. In September 1945, hearing that he and his family were to be sent home to the Soviet Union and dissatisfied with the quality of life, Gouzenko walked out of the embassy door carrying with him a briefcase with Soviet code books and deciphering materials. He initially went to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, but the RCMP officers on duty refused to believe his story. He then went to the Ottawa Journal newspaper, but the night editor was not interested. Terrified that the Soviets had discovered his duplicity, he went back to his apartment, Gouzenko, hidden by a neighbour, watched through the keyhole as a group of Soviet agents broke into his apartment. They began searching through his belongings, and only left when confronted by Ottawa police, the next day Gouzenko was able to find contacts in the RCMP who were willing to examine the evidence he had removed from the Soviet embassy. Gouzenko was transported by the RCMP to the secret World War II Camp X, while there, Gouzenko was interviewed by investigators from Britains internal security service, MI5 and by investigators from the US Federal Bureau of Investigation. It has been alleged that, though the RCMP expressed interest in Gouzenko, even with Gouzenko in hiding and under RCMP protection, King reportedly pushed for a diplomatic solution to avoid upsetting the Soviet Union, still a wartime ally and ostensible friend. Gouzenko and his wife Svetlana, they told him, had appeared at the office of Justice Minister Louis St. Laurent with documents unmasking Soviet perfidy on Canadian soil and it was like a bomb on top of everything else, King wrote. Kings diaries assembled after his death were missing a volume for November 10 to December 31,1945, according to Library. Robertson told the Prime Minister that Gouzenko was threatening suicide, but King was adamant that his government not get involved, robertson ignored the prime ministers wishes and authorized granting asylum to Gouzenko and his family, on the basis that their lives were in danger. In February 1946 word got out in the media that Soviets operated a spy network in Canada in which Canadians gave classified information to the Soviet government, Gouzenkos defection ushered in the modern era of Canadian security intelligence. Among those convicted were Fred Rose, who was the only Communist Member of Parliament in the Canadian House of Commons, Sam Carr, the Communist Partys national organizer, and scientist Raymond Boyer. Chapman was later acquitted, the judge in her case announced that No case has made out and, as far as this trial is concerned
10.
1985 Turkish embassy attack in Ottawa
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On 12 March 1985, agents of the Armenian Revolutionary Army attacked the Turkish embassy in Ottawa, Canada. The storming of the embassy began shortly before 7 a. m. when three militants in a moving truck arrived at the embassy gate. They scaled the security gate and began shooting at the bulletproof security hut, security officer Claude Brunelle, a 31-year-old student from the University of Ottawa, was on duty. As soon as the attack began, Brunelle called in the emergency code and he fired four shots at the gunmen and took two shots in the chest, which killed him instantly. Once inside, they began rounding up hostages, including the wife of the Turkish ambassador, his teen-age daughter, the police response was almost immediate. Within three minutes, officers were on the scene, four hours later, the gunmen released all hostages and surrendered – they tossed out their weapons and came out of the building with their hands up, asking only that they not be shot by police. The gunmen, who said they were members of the Armenian Revolutionary Army told Ottawa police they blasted their way into the Turkish embassy “to make Turkey pay for the Armenian genocide of 1915. The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia quickly took credit for the attack, four months later, in August 1982, the embassys military attaché – Col. Atilla Altıkat – was shot to death as he drove to work. The Justice Commandos Against Armenian Genocide claimed responsibility, in addition, other attacks by Armenians on Turkish targets, particularly diplomats, occurred in other countries during 1973-1994. Chahe Philippe Arslanian, a lawyer for two of the accused, said that his clients were “not guilty, “Its evident that surely it was not a criminal act, but a political act, Mr. Arslanian told reporters. A year later, on October 14,1986, the three men went on trial, an Ontario Supreme Court jury deliberated for 8½ hours before finding Mr. Noubarian, Mr. Marachelian, and Mr. Titizian guilty of first-degree murder. Mr. Justice David Watt imposed the sentence of life imprisonment with no possibility of parole for 25 years. After the jury gave its verdict and was dismissed, Mr. Noubarian told the court that what the three did sprang from the ideals we shared. ”“However, something undesirable and regrettable happened and Mr. Brunelle died, resulting in the clouding of our aims and our goals and also resulting in our persecution. But imprisoning individuals would not harm the Armenian cause, individuals are mortal, but the Armenian nation lives and as long as it lives it will always demand its rights. In February 2005 the National Parole Board of Canada decided to allow one of the men, Mr. Marachelian, the board granted him two visits over the following six months, during which he had to be accompanied by a corrections officer. Marachelian and Noubarian were released from prison on February 19,2010, rafi Titizian was also released during April 2010 and sent to Armenia on the day of his release to join his family living in Armenia. The attack on the Turkish Embassy was an international embarrassment for Canada. For years, foreign diplomats in Ottawa had asked the Canadian government for better security, Turkey declared Ottawa to be one of the most dangerous places in the world for Turkish diplomats
11.
O-Train
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The O-Train is a light rail transit system in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The systems name was proposed by Acart Communications, an Ottawa advertising agency working for OC Transpo, the name O-Train was based on the classic Duke Ellington signature tune Take the A Train, which refers to a New York City Subway service. Because Ottawa is effectively a bilingual city, the name had to work in both English and French, in French, it is pronounced similarly to au train. It survived an internal OC Transpo naming competition and was adopted soon after, due to the construction of a second light rail line, the Confederation Line, the O-Train name was extended to both rail transit services and the original service was renamed as the Trillium Line. Trains pass each other on the track via three passing zones, two of which are between stations and the third of which is located at Carleton Station. The Confederation Line, a rail line under construction running east-west from Blair to Tunneys Pasture connecting to a transitway at each terminus. With the exception of three downtown stations, the line will run on the surface. The system uses low-floor diesel multiple unit trains and it is legally considered a mainline railway despite its use for local public transport purposes, and is more like an urban railway rather than a metro or tramway. On July 12,2006, Ottawa City Council voted in favour of awarding the North-South expansion to the Siemens/PCL/Dufferin design team, the proposed extension, which was not undertaken, would have replaced the Trillium Line with an electric tram system running on double track. Much of the route would have run through the undeveloped Riverside South area to allow a new suburb to be constructed in the area south of the airport. The line would not have connected to the airport, the diesel-powered Talents would have been replaced with electric trams more suitable for on-street operation in the downtown area, by the Siemens S70 Avanto. Other bids had proposed the Bombardier Flexity Swift and a Kinki Sharyo tram, the estimated cost of the North-South expansion would have been just under $780 million, making the project the largest in the Citys history since the Rideau Canal project. 4. 5% of the project cost was expected to come from the property tax base. The City also requested studies on an extension of the railway from the proposed University of Ottawa terminus through to Hurdman Station, the north-south expansion planning process became a source of great controversy. It was an issue in the 2006 municipal election. The incumbent mayor Bob Chiarelli had long been the main advocate for rail in Ottawa. He called for the light rail project to be scrapped. Mayoral candidate Alex Munter supported light rail, but argued that the plan would do little to meet Ottawas transit needs and he wanted to cut the Barrhaven leg, and start work on an East-West line
12.
Hull, Quebec
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Hull is the central district and oldest part of the city of Gatineau, Quebec, Canada. It is located on the west bank of the Gatineau River, as part of the Canadian National Capital Region, it contains offices for twenty thousand civil servants. It is named after Kingston upon Hull in the United Kingdom, Hull is a former municipality in the Province of Quebec and the location of the oldest non-native settlement in the National Capital Region. Wright brought his family, five families and twenty-five labourers. But soon after, Wright and his family took advantage of the large lumber stands, originally the place was named Wrights Town, and the name Wrightville survives as the name of a neighborhood in Hull. The Gatineau River, like the Ottawa River, was much the preserve of the draveurs. Ottawa was founded later, as the terminus of the Rideau Canal built under the command of Col. John By as part of fortifications and its greater distance from the Canada–US border also left the new parliament less vulnerable to foreign attack. Hull was noted for its nightlife during the years 1917 to 2000, prohibition on the sale of alcohol in Ontario began in 1916, and continued until the repeal of the Ontario Temperance Act in 1927. Hulls proximity to Ontario made it a convenient place for people from Ottawa to consume alcohol, as a result, in May 1918, Hull enacted local laws prohibiting the sale of alcohol. This led to a increase in bootlegging in Hull. In 1919, a local plebiscite repealed Hulls prohibition laws, causing Hulls drinking establishments to once again thrive as a result of the prohibition in neighbouring Ontario. Most of Hulls bars were located near the Alexandra Bridge to Ottawa, which a local newspaper called. A newspaper in the 1920s stated, these taverns, which are Hulls sole attraction, are not bar rooms, but barn-like, dim rooms in old buildings. During the early 1940s—when bars in Ontario closed at 1 am, an official inquiry in the 1940s found that gambling houses and illegal bars in Hull were receiving protection from corrupt local politicians, who also encouraged police not to arrest prostitutes. During World War II, Hull, along various other regions within Canada, such as the Saguenay, Lac Saint-Jean. Hulls prison was simply labeled with a number and remained unnamed just like Canadas other war prisons, the prisoners of war were sorted and classified into categories by nationality and civilian or military status. In this camp, POWs were mostly Italian and German nationals, during the Conscription Crisis of 1944 the prison eventually included Canadians who had refused conscription. Also, prisoners were forced into hard labour which included farming the land, the Macdonald-Cartier Bridge was constructed in 1965, pushing many of Hulls bars to streets north
13.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
14.
LeBreton Flats
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LeBreton Flats is a neighbourhood in Somerset Ward in central Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It lies to the west of Centretown neighbourhood, and to the north of Centretown West with Nanny Goat Hill as the dividing line, the Ottawa River forms the western and northern limit, with the western side being a wider area of the river known as Nepean Bay. Originally a residential area, most of the Flats are now taken up by the Canadian War Museum, about half of the total area, on the southern side, is undergoing redevelopment. His acquisition of the flats generated a controversy that simmers to this day, the account, according his detractors, goes as follows. LeBreton bought for the land for £499, before Lord Dalhousie had a chance to purchase the territory, LeBreton then offered to sell the land to Dalhousie for £3000. Dalhousie recognized LeBretons scam and was so infuriated he decided to move the canal to Entrance Bay and this significantly raised the cost of the canal, as it was a longer route and additional locks were now required. At the same time, Dalhousie purchased Barracks Hill as part of the agreement, LeBreton presented Dalhousie with a lengthy written defence against the allegations. These arguments Dalhousie somewhat peremptorily dismissed, entrenching the notion of LeBreton as a swindler in local legend, by the mid-19th century, LeBreton Flats developed into a mixed community to serve the lumber mills on the nearby Chaudière and Victoria Islands. A rail line came in with a station and yards, there was also housing for both the workers and owners, as well as hotels and taverns. The area was ravaged by the Great Fire of 1900, which had started across the river in Hull, the fire destroyed the neighbourhood, leaving many homeless. The area was rebuilt, but the lumber barons relocated their dwellings up into the city proper above the escarpment, in the 1960s, expropriation occurred in order to make room for redevelopment, including offices for the Government of Canada. Ottawa Valley artist Ralph Wallace Burton documented the neighbourhood in his Lebreton Flats series of oil sketches, as a result of disputes over the use of the land and soil contamination from the previous industrial uses, the land remained vacant for over forty years. It was used in the winter for piling snow that had removed from Ottawa streets. As a result of the runoff from this snowpile, the became more contaminated. This situation was remedied with an agency called the National Capital Commission acquiring all title to the land. In May 2005, the new home for the Canadian War Museum was opened on LeBreton Flats as the first component of redevelopment, there are plans to use the remainder of the site for housing, commercial space, offices and parkland. The southern part of LeBreton Flats between Albert Street and Nanny Goat Hill escaped the expropriation of the 1960s, in this area, brick houses and townhouses built immediately following the 1900 fire still exist alongside row housing built in the 1970s. The portion of Lorne Avenue which lies below Nanny Goat Hill is an example of the housing which filled LeBreton prior to the 1960s and is a Heritage District designated by the City of Ottawa, the western portion of the Transitway runs through LeBreton Flats, served by Lebreton Station
15.
Dow's Lake
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Dows Lake in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada is a small man-made lake on the Rideau Canal, situated two kilometres north of Hogs Back Falls in the middle of Ottawa. It is at the end of Preston Street, just south of Carling Avenue. At the south end of the lake is Carleton University, and to the west is the Dominion Arboretum, the lake is named after Abram Dow, an American-born settler who came to Ontario in the early 19th Century and who owned land in this area in 1816. Before the construction of the Canal, this area was known as Dows Great Swamp, the lake was created when a dam was constructed along the north shore to allow flooding for the canal. Originally, the Rideau Canal was to run north from Dows Lake, in past years, the parkland to the north and east was rail yards until the 1940s and the area was mostly industrial. Situated next to the pavilion on the shore is Canadian Forces Reserve Barrack Dows Lake. This installation, opened in 1943, is home to HMCS Carleton a unit of the Canadian Naval Reserve, a rail tunnel, which was formerly owned and operated by Canadian Pacific, passes under the lake. This tunnel replaced a rail line once crossed the lake on the surface. The OC Transpo introduced the O-Train in 2001, a transit system. Unveiled by Princess Margriet of the Netherlands, The Man With Two Hats is a 4.6 metre sculpture by Henk Visch, facing to the lake, it symbolises the historic links between Canada and the Netherlands as well as Princess Margriets birth at the Ottawa Civic Hospital. In May, the park, Commissioners Park, displays tulips planted by the NCC for the annual Canadian Tulip Festival. Over 50 varieties and approximately 300,000 tulips bloom each May along the Rideau Canal, Two scenic drives along the canal pass to either side of the lake. The Queen Elizabeth Driveway, named after the late Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother runs beside the north, the Colonel By Drive, named after the founder of the city, Lieutenant-Colonel John By, runs beside the south side of the lake. At the north end of the lake a pavilion is situated over the water with three restaurants overlooking the water and they are Malones, Lago and Guadala Harrys. Other services of the pavilion include canoe and paddle boat rentals, boat mooring, woods, Shirley E. Jr. Ottawa, The Capital of Canada, Toronto, Doubleday Canada,1980. ISBN 0-385-14722-8 Dows Lake Pavilion Privately run Dows Lake Pavilion
16.
Booth Street
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Booth Street is a major street just to the west of downtown Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. North of Albert Street, Booth Street is designated as a city road which proceeds to the Chaudière Bridge. Once in Gatineau, it becomes Rue Eddy and this northernmost part of the street proceeds through the Lebreton Flats past the Canadian War Museum and the under construction National Holocaust Monument. South of Albert Street Booth is classified as a collector road which enters residential areas. This region has traditionally been home to many of Ottawas immigrants, like Preston Street to the west there is a significant Italian presence, but there are also many other groups such as Chinese and south-east Asians. Booth runs south through Centretown and through an underpass under the Queensway, the road ends at Carling Avenue, just to the north of Dows Lake. Booth Street was named after Canadian lumber king and railway baron John Rudolphus Booth, Carling Avenue Orangeville Street Highway 417 Raymond Street Gladstone Avenue Somerset Street West Elm Street Albert Street Wellington Street City of Ottawa. See map 7 Central Area/Inner City Road Network
17.
Fire break
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A firebreak is a gap in vegetation or other combustible material that acts as a barrier to slow or stop the progress of a bushfire or wildfire. A firebreak may occur naturally where there is a lack of vegetation or fuel, such as a river, Firebreaks may also be man-made, and many of these also serve as roads, such as a logging road, four-wheel drive trail, secondary road, or a highway. In the construction of a firebreak, the goal is to remove deadwood. Various methods may be used to accomplish this initially and to maintain this condition, ideally, the firebreak will be constructed and maintained according to the established practices of sustainable forestry and fire protection engineering also known as best management practices. These goals can be achieved through the use of operating practices. Furthermore, if done properly, the value of products can significantly offset the cost of maintaining the firebreak. In addition, these industries and small businesses are helped by a reduction in the property damages caused by wildfires. The biomass material that is not suitable for dimensioned lumber, is suitable to make woodchips for the industry. Forested areas often contain vast networks of firebreaks, some communities are also using firebreaks as part of their city planning strategy. Depending on the conditions, and the relative effectiveness of a given firebreak. Even then, it is sometimes possible for fire to spread across a seemingly impenetrable divide. During the worst part of the season in southern California. During the 1988 fires in Yellowstone National Park, hot embers managed to cross the Lewis Canyon, the worlds most expensive firebreak was created when the whole of Van Ness Avenue in San Francisco was dynamited to stop the spread of fire resulting from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Firefighting after an earthquake can be challenging, because an earthquake can cause water mains to rupture. Firebreaks, along with backburning, are also the source of the everyday phrase fight fire with fire, a firebreak was also used as a trail for David Sweat, a prison escapee from the Clinton Correctional Facility in New York, trying to enter Canada. Controlled burn Defensible space Fire ecology Firefighting Firewall Fuel ladder Glossary of wildfire terms Wildfire suppression Media related to Firebreaks at Wikimedia Commons
18.
Hintonburg
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Hintonburg is a neighbourhood in Kitchissippi Ward in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, located west of the Downtown core. It is a historically working-class, predominantly residential neighbourhood, with a commercial strip located along Wellington Street West and it is home to the Parkdale Farmers Market, located along Parkdale Avenue, just north of Wellington. Its eastern border is the O-Train Trillium Line, just west of Preston Street, to the north it is bounded by the transitway, along Scott Street, with Mechanicsville beyond. To the south it is bounded by the Queensway and to the west by Holland Avenue or as far west as Island Park Drive, using the community associations borders, the population of the neighbourhood is 7581. Hintonburg is very mixed in its character, the land use is very mixed, and this is due to its predating land zoning rules. The area has a mix of buildings and recent additions. In its April 2007 issue, enRoute magazine named Hintonburg one of the top ten emerging neighbourhoods in Canada, the same month, Ottawa Magazine said Hintonburg is hot and credits the QUAD arts district as the reason residents think were cool. Then in June 2007, the Financial Times noted that the Burg is thriving again, the area to the north of Wellington is very mixed, and can be characterised as being in transition. Some industry still exists just south of Scott to the west of Parkdale, the north-east area is almost completely residential, of one-hundred-year-old wood clapboard homes, with a small village/enclave nature. Many of the homes are small, reflecting the late 1800s typical workers homes. The area to the south of Wellington is almost entirely residential of brick-veneer wood-frame construction dating to the 1910 to 1920s, to the west of Holland, the area is known as Elmdale. The basic pattern of land-use continues, to the south of Wellington, entirely residential. To the north, mainly residential, with smaller homes close to Scott reflecting the time when a railway ran nearby, the road known as Wellington ends here, and continues west as Richmond Road, at one time leading to the village of Richmond. Commercial activity along this street is predominantly independent businesses and offices, businesses on Wellington are characterised by a mixture of largely proprietor-operated retail and service shops. In the east, Wellington has not completely recovered from its being bypassed in the 1960s, several vacant and/or underutilized properties exist. To the west, Wellington is busier, and commercial activities are thriving due to the proximity of Tunneys Pasture, bars and restaurants have multiplied, especially along the stretch from Parkdale to Holland. The businesses along Wellington have grouped themselves under the banner of Wellington West to promote their businesses, Holland Avenue, a four-lane north-south avenue leading directly south of Tunneys Pasture, has developed a stretch of restaurants and commercial businesses to serve the government complex. At the corner of Holland and Wellington, the Irving Greenberg Theatre Centre was opened in 2007 for live theatre, Parkdale Avenue, a two-lane north-south avenue is a busy road
19.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
20.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
21.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
22.
Britannia Yacht Club
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The Britannia Yacht Club is a private social club, yacht club and tennis club based in Britannia, Ottawa, Ontario. It was founded in 1887 by a group of cottagers, the members have contributed to the sports of yachting and tennis. The non profit corporation celebrated its 125th anniversary in 2012, the main entrance is on Cassels at Bradford Street. BYC is located on an extension of land at the end of Lac Deschênes near the Deschênes Rapids on the Ottawa River. A land block owned by the National Capital Commission on the side of the harbour is leased to the BYC. The area immediately south of the property is occupied by residences of Britannia Bay, to the south and east of the property, the land is owned by the City of Ottawa and is occupied by the Britannia Water Treatment Plant, and the Britannia Conservation area. To the north, is the Town of Aylmer, Quebec across the 800 m span of the Deschênes rapids, the harbour was built from an abandoned power canal, which lay beside the club property. This harbour has been expanded twice since its original development, the harbour water level is controlled by a system of stop logs at its entrance. The harbour is a well-protected basin consisting of a harbour and an inner harbour. There are unlimited dry mooring spaces for ramp-launched boats and for crane-launched keel boats of less than 1,360 kg, BYC is a member of the Ontario Sailing Association, Canadian Power and Sail Squadrons, and the Canadian Yachting Association. Its officers include a Commodore, vice-commodore, rear-commodore, secretary, the BYC is included in the City of Ottawa Inventory of Sports facilities. BYC provides access to 45 kilometres of sailing waters on the Ottawa River, Canadian Hydrographic Service Chart 1550 - Britannia Bay to Chats Falls covers the whole of Lac Deschênes. The BYC offers Social and boating memberships to close to 1,200 members, BYC has a marina with a main and inner Harbour which accommodate 280 Keelboats. For Dinghy sailing, dry sail facilities are provided, BYC offers Tennis, youth and social programs. The Main Harbour, which opens to the Ottawa River, is surrounded by Mauve Cove, Crimson Cove, the Inner Harbour is surrounded by Emerald Cay, Mauve Cove and Crimson Cove. Onshore there is a reserved for the exclusive use of members as well as camping on Baskin’s beach. The Clubhouses dragon sailboat bar, Main Lounge, Bruce Neuk, Sunset Room restaurant and marquis tent provide casual and gourmet dining, Fuller Park is a popular social area for picnics. A range of services for racing and pleasure boaters includes Gasoline, Diesel fuel, Fresh water
23.
Ottawa Valley
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The Ottawa Valley is the valley of the Ottawa River, along the boundary between Eastern Ontario and the Outaouais, Canada. The valley is the transition between the Saint Lawrence Lowlands and the Canadian Shield, because of the surrounding shield, the valley is narrow at its western end, then becomes increasingly wide as it progresses eastward. The underlying geophysical structure is the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben, approximately 1.3 million people reside in the valley, of these the majority, around 80%, reside in Ottawa, the remainder on the north side of the Ottawa River, in Quebec. The total area of the Ottawa Valley is 2.4 million hectares, the National Capital Region area has just over 1.4 million inhabitants in both provinces. The entire Ottawa Valley is Algonquin traditional territory and, like most populated areas of Canada, is presently under land claim, a majority of Algonquins reside on the Quebec side of the border, where all but two Algonquin communities are located. However, there are many Algonquin communities and individuals not recognized as such by the Government of Canada under the Indian Act and these individuals are referred to as Non-Status Indians. Ardoch Algonquin First Nation is one such community located in the Ottawa Valley fighting for the return of their land, after the arrival of European settlers in North America, the first major industry of the Ottawa Valley was fur trading. Later, lumber became the major industry, and it is still important in the far western part where the valley is narrow. Today, the vast majority of the residents live at its eastern end in Ottawa and its suburbs. In the areas of Morrison’s Island and the Allumette Island there were many sites found from the earlier years of the Algonquin First Nations tribes. Many of these sites were found by the late Clyde C, kennedy, who was a student of history, he was very interested in history and worked hard while researching the sites. The items found on the different sites are dated from about five years ago to about two thousand years ago, and are a range of different things from native copper, to spear heads. Petawawa is a located in Renfrew County, in the Ottawa Valley. It was thought to have been first settled by the Agolkin Natives, samuel de Champlain visited this town and it was used as an important location for the Hudsons Bay Company. Many of the first settlers were of Irish, Scottish, in 1865 the township of Petawawa was incorporated because of its rich natural resources and its important military role. It wasnt until Canada Day 1997 that it was recognized as the Town of Petawawa, today it is the home of one of the largest Canadian Forces Land Force Command bases in Canada CFB Petawawa. Pembroke is located in Renfrew County on the Ottawa River and it is known as “the heart of the Ottawa Valley”. It was established in 1828 by pioneers and became a centre for the logging industry, today, it is the largest regional service centre between Ottawa and North Bay
24.
Geography of Ottawa
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This is the outline of the geography of the city of Ottawa, the capital of Canada. Ottawas current borders were formed in 2001, when the city of Ottawa amalgamated with the ten other municipalities within the former Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton. Ottawa is now a single-tiered Census division, home to 870,250 people, the city centre is located at the confluence of the Ottawa and Rideau Rivers. The Ottawa River forms the northern boundary of the city which it shares with the province of Quebecs municipalities of Pontiac. The northern boundary begins in the west at Arnprior and continues east to Rockland, the boundary then turns south in a straight line, separating the former Township of Cumberland and the City of Clarence-Rockland. It then turns west in another straight line separating the former Township of Cumberland with the municipalities of The Nation and it then turns south separating Russell from the former Township of Osgoode. That boundary runs south in a line, then turns west separating Osgoode from the municipality of North Dundas. That boundary runs west in a line before turning north separating Osgoode from the municipality of North Grenville. This is another line, running north until the Rideau River near Kemptville. The boundary follows the River upstream until almost reaching Merrickville, the boundary then runs in a northwest direction in a straight line with a number of jogs. It separates the municipalities of Montague, Beckwith and Mississippi Mills from the townships of Marlborough, Goulbourn, Huntley. What is now Ottawa was once divided geographically into 11 townships, ten of them in the former Carleton and one in the former Russell County. The ten townships of Carleton were Fitzroy, Gloucester, Goulbourn, Huntley, March, Marlborough, Nepean, North Gower, Osgoode, the highest point in the city is 166 m above sea level, and is located 2.6 km SSE of Manion Corners. The lowest point in the city is the Ottawa River, at 44m above sea level
25.
Green Island (Rideau River)
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Green Island in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, is an island at the junction of the Rideau River, just off Sussex Drive in Ottawa at the Rideau Falls at the confluence with the Ottawa River. It is situated in the neighbourhood of New Edinburgh, to the west of the island is the National Research Council, and the Global Affairs Canada, to the east is 24 Sussex Drive and the embassy of France. On either side of the falls are facilities for a power plant. Down the Rideau river are the ruins of a bridge that once led to Ottawas Union Station. The memorial was unveiled by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on July 1,1959 and they have no known grave, or were buried at remote crash sites that are considered to be inaccessible. The National Artillery Monument was unveiled by Major-General Georges P. Vanier on September 21,1959 in Majors Hill Park, the Monument was moved to Green Island in 1997 as part of the National Capital Commission’s restructuring plan. On 24 May 1998, the monument was rededicated on Green Island, on November 11 of each year, a memorial service is held at National Artillery Monument immediately following the national ceremony at the Cenotaph. A wreath is laid by the Colonel Commandant or the Director of Artillery on behalf of The Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery. A sculpture of Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae by Ruth Abernethy was erected in 2015 with his dress as an officer and his medical bag nearby. The statue shows the destruction of the battlefield and, at his feet, Green Island was the location of Old City Hall, of the old city of Ottawa, before the amalgamation of the region in 2001. After considering 36 different locations, Green Island was confirmed as the new location of Ottawa City Hall on January 31,1956, the official sod turning ceremony was held on September 16,1956. City Council held its first meeting at the new location on July 21,1958, princess Margaret officially opened the stone and glass building, which featured a marble spiral staircase leading to the second floor, on August 2,1958. This building remained Ottawa’s City Hall until municipal amalgamation came into effect on January 1,2001, the building of an expensive addition to the city hall, architect of the National Gallery of Canada shortly before the building was decommissioned was a source of controversy in the city
26.
Ottawa River
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The Ottawa River, is a river in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. For most of its length, it defines the border between two provinces. It is a tributary of the St. Lawrence River. The river rises from its source in Lake Capimitchigama, in the Laurentian Mountains of central Quebec, from there its route has been used to define the interprovincial border with Ontario. From Lake Timiskaming, the river flows southeast to Ottawa and Gatineau, the Ottawa River drains into the Lake of Two Mountains and the St. Lawrence River at Montreal. The river is 1,271 kilometres long, it drains an area of 146,300 square kilometres,65 percent in Quebec and the rest in Ontario, with a mean discharge of 1,950 cubic metres per second. The average annual mean waterflow measured at Carillon dam, near the Lake of Two Mountains, is 1,939 cubic metres per second, with average annual extremes of 749 to 5,351 cubic metres per second. Record historic levels since 1964 are a low of 529 cubic metres per second in 2005, the river flows through large areas of deciduous and coniferous forest formed over thousands of years as trees recolonized the Ottawa Valley after the ice age. Generally, the coniferous forests occur on old sand plains left by retreating glaciers, the deciduous forests, dominated by maple, beech, oak and ash occur in more mesic areas with better soil. The vast areas of pine were exploited by early loggers, later generations of logging removed hemlock for use in tanning leather, leaving a permanent deficit of hemlock in most forests. Associated with the logging and early settlement were vast wild fires which not only removed the forests, consequently, nearly all the forests show varying degrees of human disturbance. Tracts of older forest are uncommon, and hence they are considered of importance for conservation. The Ottawa River has large areas of wetlands, the Westmeath sand dune/wetland complex is significant for its relatively pristine sand dunes, few of which remain along the Ottawa River, and the many associated rare plants. Shirleys Bay has a biologically diverse shoreline alvar, as well as one of the largest silver maple swamps along the river, like all wetlands, these depend upon the seasonal fluctuations in the water level. High water levels help create and maintain silver maple swamps, while low water periods allow many rare plants to grow on the emerged sand. There are five principal vegetation types. One is swamp, mostly silver maple, there are four herbaceous vegetation types, named for the dominant plant species in them, Scirpus, Eleocharis, Sparganium and Typha. Which type occurs in a location depends upon factors such as substrate type, water depth, ice-scour
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Greenbelt (Ottawa)
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The Greenbelt is a 203.5 square kilometres crescent of land within the present-day boundaries of the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, in which real estate development is strictly controlled. It begins at Shirleys Bay in the west and extends to Greens Creek in the east,149.5 square kilometres of the greenbelt is owned and managed by the National Capital Commission and the rest is held by other federal government departments and private interests. The greenbelt was proposed by Jacques Gréber in 1950 as part of his plan for Ottawa. Its original purpose included the prevention of urban sprawl, as well as to open space for the future development of farms, natural areas. At the time, the greenbelt was intended to circumscribe an area large enough for the accommodation of some 500,000 persons, the inner limit was chosen by considering what area could be economically provided with municipal services. As a result, the Greenbelt no longer surrounds Ottawa, today, land cover within the current Greenbelt comprises mainly forest, wetland, and fields - all with mixed use for recreation, conservation, farming, research, forestry. It also includes limited urban development, including government buildings and the Ottawa/Macdonald-Cartier International Airport, to date, the Ottawa Greenbelt is among the largest urban parks in the world. The Greenbelts success in curbing urban sprawl is difficult to measure because it is not known what the city would have looked like without it, as Ottawa had a population of 859,704 in 2005, it has clearly grown beyond what Gréber planned that the greenbelt should hold. Greenbelt detractors commonly reference the city of Kanata, which lies just to the west of the greenbelt. Proponents, however, point out that Kanata was planned as a separate, other areas of major development beyond the greenbelt are historical towns in their own right which grew outside the planning area of Ottawa. Half a century later, it is hard to know whether the greenbelt delayed the popularity of these towns as bedroom communities, more recently, Barrhaven in the southwest and new developments in the southeast are developing quickly beyond the greenbelt. The City of Ottawa is undergoing an Official Plan Review which, among other things, all views expressed in White Paper are those of the City of Ottawa and not those of the National Capital Commission which owns and operates the Greenbelt. The City of Ottawa has identified more than 13,700 acres of the Greenbelt, worth about $1.6 billion, that could be developed, then Environment Minister Jim Prentice, opposed development in what he considered an important part of the citys heritage. Prentice vowed to fight any such move, 45°28′00″N 75°34′35″W Hornets Nest soccer fields –11 soccer fields and an air-supported dome for indoor soccer. 45°26′35″N 75°34′35″W Pine View Golf Course – 36-hole public golf course 45°25′50″N 75°35′50″W Mer Bleue Conservation Area –33 km² sphagnum peat bog. There are some 20 km of walking trails, including a 1.2 km boardwalk, stunted black spruce, tamarack, together with bog rosemary, blueberry, and cottongrass, are some of the unusual species that have adapted to the acidic waters of the bog. The Mer Bleue bog got its name from the morning fogs that make it appear as a blue sea. 45°24′00″N 75°30′00″W Pine Grove Forest –12 km² of mixed-use forest for hiking, wildlife reserve, and forestry
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Architecture of Ottawa
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The architecture of Ottawa is most marked by the citys role as the national capital of Canada. This gives the city a number of structures designed to represent the federal government. It also means that as a city dominated by government bureaucrats, much of its architecture tends to be formalistic, however, the city is also marked by Romantic and Picturesque styles of architecture such as the Parliament Buildings gothic revival architecture. While the political capital, Ottawa has always heavily influenced from the larger cities of Toronto. This has held true in architecture, and over its history Ottawa has followed the architectural trends popular in Canada. The city is thus a mix of different styles, varying based on what era a building or neighbourhood was constructed in. While founded in the nineteenth century, few buildings survive from that era. Much of the downtown was also transformed in the 1960s and 1970s. The general stereotype of Ottawa architecture is that it is staid, Ottawa Citizen architecture critic Rhys Phillips has echoed these concerns, saying that Ottawa looks like some tired little Prairie town on its last legs. Unlike several other national capitals, such as Paris and Washington, Ottawa was never built to a master plan. However, several commissions have played a role in determining the shape of the city, colonel By envisioned building several grand boulevards but the difficulties of expropriation and demolition prevented this from happening. In the late 1880s, Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier developed a 50-year vision of the future development. In 1913, Sir Robert Borden appointed the Sir Henry Holt Commission which was the first to state the need for a national capital region and also the removal of railway lines from the downtown core. Twenty years later, the Federal District Commission and Prime Minister Mackenzie King urged the government to acquire land. In 1939, King invited Jacques Gréber to create a plan for the city. Grébers Plan has mostly been implemented and still affects the city today, in 1958, the National Capital Commission replaced the Federal District Commission. As a federal agency, the NCC worked along with the many municipal governments on the Ontario. The NCC continues to have a role in planning and does have a long range plan for how to showcase the region as a national capital
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Demographics of Ottawa
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In 2011, the population of the city of Ottawa was 883,391, an 8. 8% increase from 2006. The population of the metropolitan area was 1,215,735. In 2001, females made up 51. 2% of the amalgamated Ottawa population, youths under 15 years of age comprised 18. 9% of the total population, while those of retirement age comprised 11. 4%. Between 1987 and 2002,131,816 individuals relocated to the city, foreign immigration plays a significant role in Ottawas population growth. Bilingualism in Ottawa became official policy in 2002, making all municipal services available in both of Canadas official languages. Nearly 300,000 people, or 37% of Ottawas population and those who identify their mother tongue as English constitute 62.4 percent, while those with French as their mother tongue make up 14.2 percent of the population. An additional 20.4 percent list languages other than English and these include Arabic, Chinese, Spanish, Italian, and many others. The Algonquian languages have been spoken for centuries by the Indigenous peoples and subsequently by the French coureurs des bois, starting in the mid-1800s, Irish settlers of the Ottawa valley develop a distinct dialect referred to as Ottawa Valley Twang. Traces of Valley Twang although rare, can still be heard in the more isolated areas. Members of visible minority groups constitute 23.7 percent, while those of Aboriginal origin make up 2. 1% of the total population. The largest visible minority groups are, Black Canadians,5. 7%, Chinese Canadians,4. 0%, South Asians,3. 9%, smaller groups include Southeast Asians, Filipinos, Latin Americans, and West Asians. In the 2011 Canadian census,65.4 percent of the population belonged to Christian denominations, the most common being Roman Catholicism at 38. 4%. Non-Christian religions are very well established in Ottawa, the largest being Islam,6. 7%, Hinduism,1. 4%, Buddhism,1. 3%. Approximately one percent of people living in Ottawa, or 8740 persons in 2011, the largest three groups in rank order are Sikhs, Unitarians and Bahais, followed by Pagan and Wiccan. These five groups together comprise nearly three quarters of the number of members of Other Religions. Those with no religious affiliation represent 21. 8%, of which approximately 4. 8% are atheist, agnostic, others who listed a religion or no religious affiliation may also be part of this group
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Sport in Ottawa
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Sport in Ottawa, Canadas capital, has a history dating back to the 19th century. Several non-professional teams also play in Ottawa, including the Ottawa 67s junior hockey team and other semi-professional, Ice hockey began in Ottawa with the Stanley Cup in 1893. The city dominated the world during the first quarter of the 20th century. The original Ottawa Senators were one of the members of the National Hockey League which was founded in 1917. The team folded during the Great Depression in 1934, and moved to St. Louis to become the St. Louis Eagles, the Senators returned to the National Hockey League in 1992. They play at the Canadian Tire Centre in Kanata, in junior hockey the city is represented by the Ottawa 67s of the Ontario Hockey League. The team began play in 1967, Canadas centennial year, Ottawa played host to the Memorial Cup tournament in 1972 and 1999. Ottawa also played host to the 2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, Ottawa also has a minor hockey program, and plays host to the Bell Capital Cup each year. The city is home to five teams in the Central Junior Hockey League, four teams in the Eastern Ontario Junior Hockey League and two teams in the Eastern Ontario Junior C Hockey League. The Ottawa Rough Riders were a Canadian Football League team that was founded in 1876, five years later, a CFL expansion franchise was granted to the City of Ottawa. The team, called the Ottawa Renegades, began play in 2002, less than two years later, in March 2008, a new franchise was awarded to the Ottawa Sports and Entertainment Group, led by Jeff Hunt, to begin play in 2010. The franchise was conditional upon reconstruction of Frank Clair Stadium, leading to a delay for the team. The third iteration of professional football in Ottawa, the Ottawa Redblacks, began play in 2014, the University of Ottawa Gee-Gees football teams have won two Vanier Cups with their first in 1975 and then again in 2000. Carleton University also had a team from 1945–1998, but the program was cancelled after the 1998 season. There have since been efforts to revive the program, with the team being approved for Ontario University Athletics membership beginning in 2013. The rivalry between the two schools was heated, and the game between the two teams was known as the Panda Game. The city also has two junior teams, the Ottawa Sooners play in the Canadian Junior Football League while the Ottawa Junior Riders play in the Quebec Junior Football League. Both Carleton University and the University of Ottawa sport varsity mens teams, the CIS Mens Basketball Championship has been held in Ottawa from 2008 to 2010 and since 2013
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Ice hockey in Ottawa
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Ottawa ice hockey clubs date back to the first decade of recorded organized ice hockey play. The mens senior-level Ottawa Hockey Club is known to have played in a Canadian championship in 1884, today, Ottawa hockey clubs are represented in all age brackets, in both mens and womens, in amateur and professional. Precursor games of ice hockey are known to have played in Ottawa. The 1850s medal pictured was presented to a tournament champion. The illustration on the medal depicts two players, the sticks are field hockey sticks and the game was played with a ball. The medal is in the collection of the City of Ottawa archives, james Creighton, the organizer of the first recorded organized game in 1875 moved to Ottawa and helped develop the game. He worked as a law clerk for the Senate chamber of the Parliament of Canada, another important figure in the development of the game in Ottawa was P. D. Ross, the publisher of the Ottawa Journal, and later trustee of the Stanley Cup. The Ottawa Hockey Club, formed in 1883, the club played its first competitive matches in the Montreal Winter Carnival tournament of 1884, and helped form the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada in 1886. The team went into hiatus from 1887 until 1889, when the new Rideau Skating Rink opened and they would re-enter play in 1890, in the Ontario Hockey Association. Ottawa HC were the first winners in the OHA, from 1890 to 1893 and they left the OHA after that season in a dispute over the location of playoffs for the Cosby Cup. This schism lead to organization of hockey in Ontario where the ODMHA is responsible for eastern Ontario rather than the OHA. When Lord Stanley was named Governor-General to Canada, he and his sons and daughter developed a keen interest in hockey and his sons played on a team called the Rideau Hall Rebels. On March 8,1889, the first recorded organized ice hockey match took place at Rideau Skating Rink. In 1894, Ottawa HC played in the first Stanley Cup playoffs against the Montreal Victorias, in 1897 Ottawa HC rival Ottawa Capitals would play in Stanley Cup challenge against Montreal Victorias. In 1901, the Ottawa Hockey Club won its first Canadian championship in the Canadian Amateur Hockey League, in 1902, the Ottawa Hockey Club first used the nickname Senators. In 1903, the Ottawa Senators won their first Stanley Cup at the Deys Arena, the individual players each received a silver nugget, and the team picked up the nickname of the Silver Seven. From 1903 to 1906, the Silver Seven would defeat all challengers in Stanley Cup play, in 1908, the Ottawa Victorias would challenge the Montreal Wanderers for the Stanley Cup. Losing a two-game playoff, they were the last amateur team from Ottawa to challenge for the Cup, in 1909, the Ottawa Cliffsides were the first champions of the Allan Cup, by virtue of winning the Inter-provincial Hockey League
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Ottawa Paramedic Service
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Ottawa Paramedic Service is a uniformed municipal public safety agency providing Emergency and nonemergency Paramedic care to residents and visitors of city of Ottawa, Ontario. It is the sole, licensed, statutory provider and is operated directly by the city, the Service is an independent third service provider. This means that it is part of the Emergency and Protective Services department of the city but functions as an independent, the Ottawa Paramedic Service operates in compliance with legislation and licensing standards overseen by the government of Ontario. It also provides routine, non-emergency transports and emergency paramedic coverage for special events and it is the only service provider permitted to service Medical emergency calls in the City of Ottawa. Early History for Ottawa, The first known Ottawa hospital was created in 1827 by Lt. Col. John By who was commissioned to build the canal and this military hospital most likely had some form of ambulance, but no records or documentation can support its use. The population of Ottawa was only a few thousand, and it did not have a service since no general hospital existed. Elizabeth Bruyere opened the Ottawa General hospital on May 10,1845, located at 169 St. Patrick Street, it contained 7 beds. Their first patient transport was completed by the sisters on the same day, mother Bruyere faced her first Typhus outbreak in 1847 which led to the construction of an emergency hospital. Many Irish immigrants in that year were escaping Ireland’s potato famine, more than 3,000 Irish immigrants passed through Ottawa in that year causing disease rates to sky rocket. In this outbreak 172 patients of the 532 patients died, even more devastating were 17 out of 21 nurses became infected while providing care but were able to recover. Mother Bruyere and the sisters would remove the deceased to the graveyard at night and this placed an enormous strain on Ottawa’s infant health care system. City of Ottawa Gets Involved, The first known reference is in the City of Ottawa by-laws and was possibly enforced earlier than 1890. This method would have been most effective in the years since officers patrolled the streets. Our First Public Ambulance, The first designated and public ambulance operator was the Women’s Humane Society that began shortly after their inception in 1888. Seeing a need in the Ottawa community, an ambulance was purchased for the conveyance of injured persons and children. ”In addition to their hand ambulance, they also became advocates for heroism. Each year, awards for Bravery were given out to members of the public who put their lives in danger for another, the Ottawa Humane Society also raised funds to have large waterproof banners with resuscitation instructions and rescue buoys were put in the most frequent drowning sites. In under ten years, it was clear that providing ambulance services for the City of Ottawa was too large of a service for the Humane Society. With the final report given on the condition of their ambulance, the City of Ottawa accepted on October 6,1890 to purchase a contagious disease ambulance
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Ottawa Fire Services
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Ottawa Fire Services protects the lives, property and environment of the people who live, work and visit the City of Ottawa. Service personnel are trained to respond to a wide variety of emergency and non-emergency incidents including fires, rescues. The departments headquarters is located on Carling Ave, like most North American fire departments, the Ottawa Fire Services is organized in a paramilitary fashion. The current Chief of the department is Gerry Pingitore, serving Under Pingitore are three Deputy Chiefs, four Platoon Chiefs, five Division Chiefs, four Rural Sector Chiefs and twenty District Chiefs. At the station level, each station has a Captain for each of the four platoons. Each truck in the fleet is under the command of either a Captain or Lieutenant, for rural paid-on-call stations, each station has a station Captain and four Lieutenants. The current Ottawa Fire Services came into existence in 2001 with the amalgamation of nine fire departments from Ottawa, there are 45 fire stations located across Ottawa, including 16 Paid On-Call stations and 5 composite stations. The stations are assigned to 9 district operations units, on Friday September 3,2010, Chief deHooge announced that a three-year trial testing the use of 24-hour shift rotations would begin in January 2011. In Canada twelve of the fifteen largest fire departments are using the 24-hour shift rotation, in 2015, the department phased out their SCBAs, and replaced them with the MSA Firehawk M7XT with Rescue Belt II system and Ultra Elite facepiece. Ottawa Paramedic Service Vancouver Fire and Rescue Services Ottawa Police Service Ottawa By-law Services Ottawa Fire Services Bibliography
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Hydro Ottawa
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Hydro Ottawa is a regulated electricity distribution company operating in the City of Ottawa and the Village of Casselman in Ontario, Canada. Hydro Ottawa was formed in 1834 when the fire was born, in 1882, Electric lighting in Ottawa started in at Youngs mill in Lebreton Flats. A year later, the House of Commons and the Senate were illuminated, the first electric street lighting in Canada occurred on Victoria Day,1884 when the Peterborough Light and Power Company lit 17 arc lights on George Street in Peterborough Ontario. In 1885, the Royal Electric Company set up street lighting systems in Charlottetown and St. Johns, Ottawa had originally intended on using this company to light the citys streets, however, council contracted Ottawa Electric Light Company to install 165 arc lamps on the citys streets. That company, which had as a one of its founders Francis Clemow. Pattee, had built a station which used a water-powered generator. In May 1885, the streets of Ottawa were lit by electricity, in 1887, the Chaudière Electric Light and Power Company was formed by Thomas Ahearn, a local man and partner of Ahearn & Soper, formed in the early 1880s. In 1890, there were two electrical providers, Ottawa Electric Light Company, and Ahearns company, Chaudière Electric Light, the following decades would see a continuous struggle between the City of Ottawa and Thomas Ahearn regarding the supplying of electricity to the city. In 1899, a charter was granted by the city to Consumers Electric, in 1905, The City purchased Consumers Electric for $200,000, ending Ahearns ongoing attempts at acquiring the company. They renamed it Municipal Electric Department which was the public electricity provider. In 1908 Ahearn & Soper bought the Ottawa Gas Company, and with the Ottawa Electric Company formed the Ottawa Light, Heat and this parent holding company wholly owned the two previous companies and would refer to Ottawa Electric as its Ottawa Electric division well into the new century. This meant that there were no longer outside shareholders to Ottawa Electric, in 1920 Ottawa Light, Heat and Power Company Limited acquired the assets of The Ottawa Power Company, Limited which included the power plant at Victoria Island erected in 1900. In 1950 Ottawa Hydro acquired the Ottawa Light, Heat and Power Company, Limited, Hydro Ottawa was formed in 2000 when five municipal local distribution companies were merged, Gloucester Hydro, Goulbourn Hydro, Kanata Hydro, Nepean Hydro and Ottawa Hydro. In May 2002, Casselman Hydro also became a part of Hydro Ottawa, Ottawa Hydro Electric Company Building is a Heritage building in Ottawa located at 109 Bank Street, on the south-east corner of Albert Street. It was designated as under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act in 1992, beattie to design this Art Deco style office building in 1934. It was Ottawa Hydros headquarters until 1957, Hydro Ottawa provides electricity supply to its customers, by taking electricity from the provincial grid and distributing it to homes and businesses. Hydro Ottawa also offers programs to help customers conserve electricity
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Ottawa Police Service
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The Ottawa Police Service serves the City of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The OPS roots come from the formation of the Bytown Association in 1847, in 1855 Roderick Ross was the first Chief Constable for the newly formed City of Ottawa. Over time, neighbouring municipalities also formed their own forces, including Eastview in 1913. As a precursor to future amalgamations, the Vanier Police was absorbed by the Ottawa Police in 1984, in 1995, the Ottawa, Nepean and Gloucester police forces amalgamated to form the Ottawa-Carleton Regional Police Service. The service area of the new force was extended to those portions of Ottawa-Carleton that had previously policed by the Ontario Provincial Police. The service was given its current name in 2001, to reflect the amalgamation of Ottawa-Carletons constituent municipalities into the new City of Ottawa, over the course of Ottawas history, the Police forces have lost 14 officers in the line of duty. The Chief of Police Charles Bordeleau, formerly Deputy Chief of Operations, to have become a Senior Constable, an officer had to have had ten years service and have successfully completed the Sergeants promotional exam. With very rare exceptions, all Police Officers receive their three-month police training and Basic Constables diploma at the Ontario Police College, located in Aylmer Ontario. New Police Recruits are hired as 4th Class Constables, and without any training or discipline issues, a 1st Class Constable has a base salary pretax of approximately $81,000, not including overtime and off duty court time. This pay rate is the norm compared to other Police Services found within Ontario, security services at Parliament Hill and all embassies in Ottawa are handled by the Parliamentary Protective Service and Royal Canadian Mounted Police, not the OPS. The Ontario Provincial Police patrols Ottawas main provincial highways, the Canadian Forces deploy their own Military Police to patrol Department of National Defence property. Before the 1997 semi-privatization of Class 1 Canadian airports, these services were provided by the RCMP to Transport Canada, in April 2007, the Ottawa Police Services Board granted special constable status to Transit Law Enforcement Officers employed by the City of Ottawa Transit Services. OPS works in partnership with Transit Special Constables who provide many front-line supplemental police services in cooperation with the Ottawa Police, in the same way, some of the Safety Forces of Carleton University are sworn as Special Constables and hold limited police powers on campus grounds. OPS has five stations and 19 community policing centres. The unit is staffed with officers and special constables. Special Constables are sworn-in pursuant to section 53 of Police Services Act which confers Peace Officer status, Special Constables have the powers of a Police Officer when in the execution of their duties. The Ford Taurus deployed by the Ottawa Police Service have the Police Interceptor will offer a choice of V-6s, a naturally aspirated 3. 5-liter V-6 and an EcoBoost turbocharged 3. 5-liter V-6. Both are promised to more power in police trim than their respective civilian forms of 265 hp for the unboosted motor and 365 for the twin-turbo EcoBoost
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Ottawa Public Library
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The Ottawa Public Library is the library system of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and is the largest bilingual library in North America. The library was founded in 1906 with a donation from the Carnegie Foundation, in January 2005, it upgraded three branches to Windows XP. The rest received that operating system by April of that year, in March 2014, Windows 7 was rolled out and the software was upgraded to Office 2007, but WordPerfect is now absent. Children accounts are filtered, while adults have the option of choosing unfiltered or filtered Internet access, later, they added Wi-Fi hotspots at their branches. It is also possible to free downloadable e-books, Zinio magazines, audiobooks. The citys active Local Council of Women took up the cause of a library for all. They announced, just before the election of 1896, that the mansion of George Perley, however, the city voted down the motion to build a library, as well as another motion to build a firehall, the city just didnt have any money to spare for luxuries. Only in 1901, when letters were mailed to Andrew Carnegie, Carnegie replied that he would offer $100,000 to the city to build the library if they provided a site and a pledge of $7,500 a year to maintain it. They eventually agreed in January 1903, and within a few years the library was built, several of the Corinthian columns from the old Carnegie library survive in the Rockeries in Rockcliffe Park, a rock garden maintained by the National Capital Commission. The library now has branches spread throughout urban and rural Ottawa. Today, the library is divided into district branches Nepean Centrepointe, Cumberland and Greenboro, community branches such as Sunnyside, Ruth E. Dickinson and Carlingwood and several rural branches. Patrons throughout the new city have greatly benefited from the 2001 merger as they can now easily order almost items from another branch, ordering items via the library website for pickup at a local branch has been very popular, with over 5 million visitors to the website in 2007. The new system is centralized, which has meant a loss of decision-making power in many ways, including the choice of books for purchase. Patrons can however suggest items for the library to purchase, the current CEO of OPL is Danielle McDonald. The OPL is governed by a board of fourteen members appointed by the City of Ottawa, six city councillors. The Library is funded mainly by the city through local tax revenues, some revenue also comes from the province, and traditional library sources of fees, fines, and fundraising. The library system has 2.3 million items,91. 7% percent of which are books, the library also has a large audio-visual collection including DVDs, CDs, VHS tapes and downloadable books and music. Since Ottawa has a significant francophone population, a portion of the collection is in French
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Ottawa Tool Library
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Ottawa Tool Library is a not for profit tool lending public library system based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The OTL offers standard, group, individual and gift memberships, the Ottawa Tool Library is a project of The Society for Social Ingenuity, a registered Canadian non-profit organization based in Ottawa. The OTL was cofounded by Bettina Vollmerhausen and Frederic Sune, the goal is to put tools in the hands of people who want them to do their projects. The mission is to engage and empower the community to participate in sharing resources by providing access to tools and skills for everybody. The OTL open house, scheduled for Aug. 22nd,2015, will be held at 250 City Centre, OTL is co-located with Maker Space North, which is for startups building at the intersection of hardware and software. The OTL is governed by a Board who is responsible for the planning, financial stability. The tool library adapted Share Starters free Tool Library Starter Kit which includes start up guidelines, frequently asked questions, the library uses Local Tools from myTurn. com, PBC, a web-based inventory management system to track tool library members and to automatically display the tool availability online. The library has 301+ specialized tools from power drills and ladders to pressure washers and roto-tillers to loan to community members with all skill levels welcomed, the types of equipment include, garden tools, kitchen tools, hand tools, and power tools. The OTL is seeking cash donations as well as, hand tools, power tools, garden tools, the Ottawa Tool Library offers affordable workshops open both to Tool Library members and the public on tool related skills and projects. In the Intro to Tools workshop, participants built a box, while in Routers 101. Tool Advocacy, for the complete and timely return of all borrowed tools, staff also seeks compensation for lost tools and tools returned late. Tool Maintenance, performing maintenance and repairs on all equipment to ensure good condition. This function is performed by volunteers and community service workers. Ottawa Tool Library is located at 250 City Centre, Tool donations can be borrowed from this location, and volunteers are welcomed to help keep this community resource going in Ottawa. Volunteer opportunities include, engraving, marking, cleaning, sharpening tools, organizational tasks, label making and data input, cataloging
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Ottawa portal
