1.
Boston
–
Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
2.
Massachusetts
–
It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
3.
Boston Red Sox
–
The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Red Sox compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League East division. The Red Sox have won eight World Series championships and have played in 13, founded in 1901 as one of the American Leagues eight charter franchises, the Red Sox home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912. The Red Sox name was chosen by the owner, John I. Taylor, around 1908, following the lead of previous teams that had known as the Boston Red Stockings. Boston was a dominant team in the new league, defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918. Following their victory in the 2013 World Series, they became the first team to win three World Series trophies in the 21st century, including championships in 2004 and 2007. Red Sox history has also marked by the teams intense rivalry with the Yankees. The Boston Red Sox are owned by Fenway Sports Group, which owns the Liverpool F. C. of the Premier League in England. The Red Sox are consistently one of the top MLB teams in road attendance. From May 15,2003 to April 10,2013, the Red Sox sold out every home game—a total of 820 games for a professional sports record. Neil Diamonds Sweet Caroline has become an anthem for the Red Sox, the name Red Sox, chosen by owner John I. Taylor after the 1907 season, refers to the red hose in the team uniform beginning 1908. Sox had been adopted for the Chicago White Sox by newspapers needing a headline-friendly form of Stockings. The team name Red Sox had previously used as early as 1888 by a colored team from Norfolk. The Spanish language media sometimes refers to the team as Medias Rojas, the official Spanish site uses the variant Los Red Sox. The Red Stockings nickname was first used by a team by the Cincinnati Red Stockings. Managed by Harry Wright, Cincinnati adopted a uniform with white knickers and red stockings and earned the famous nickname, the Boston Red Stockings won four championships in the five seasons of the new National Association, the first professional league. Other names were used before Boston officially adopted the nickname Braves in 1912
4.
Cy Young
–
Denton True Cy Young was an American Major League Baseball pitcher. During his 22-season baseball career, he pitched for five different teams, Young established numerous pitching records, some of which have stood for a century. Young compiled 511 wins, which is most in Major League history and 94 ahead of Walter Johnson, Young was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. One year after Youngs death, the Cy Young Award was created to honor the previous seasons best pitcher, in addition to wins, Young still holds the major league records for most career innings pitched, most career games started, and most complete games. He also retired with 316 losses, the most in MLB history, Youngs 76 career shutouts are fourth all-time. He also won at least 30 games in a five times. In addition, Young pitched three no-hitters, including the perfect game in baseball history, first in baseballs modern era. In 1999,88 years after his major league appearance and 44 years after his death. That same year, baseball fans named him to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team, Youngs career started in 1890 with the Cleveland Spiders. After eight years with the Spiders, Young was moved to St. Louis in 1899, after two years there, Young jumped to the newly created American League, joining the Boston franchise. He was traded back to Cleveland in 1909, before spending the two months of his career with the Boston Rustlers. After his retirement, Young went back to his farm in Ohio, Cy Young was the oldest child born to McKinzie Young, Jr. and German American Nancy Mottmiller. The couple had four children, Jesse Carlton, Alonzo, Ella. When the couple married, McKinzies father gave him the 54 acres of land he owned. Young was born in Gilmore, a farming community located in Washington Township, Tuscarawas County. He was christened Denton True Young, Some sources later, and even today, list his middle name erroneously as Tecumseh, apparently as a result of being nicknamed The Chief by teammates. He was raised on one of the farms and went by the name Dent Young in his early years. Young was also known as Farmer Young and Farmboy Young, Young stopped his formal education after he completed the sixth grade so he could help out on the familys farm
5.
Jimmy Collins
–
James Joseph Collins was an American professional baseball player. He played fourteen seasons in Major League Baseball, Collins was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1945. Collins was especially regarded for his defense, as of 2012, he is second all-time in putouts by a third baseman behind Brooks Robinson. At the plate, Collins finished his career with 65 home runs,1055 runs scored,983 RBI, Collins was also the first manager of the Boston Red Sox franchise, then known as the Boston Americans. He was the manager in the first-ever World Series, as Boston defeated the Pittsburg Pirates in the 1903 World Series. Jimmy Collins was born in Niagara Falls, New York, after graduating St. Josephs Collegiate Institute he went to work for the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad and played baseball in the Buffalo City League. Collins began his baseball career with the minor league Buffalo Bisons of the Eastern League. That season, he was used primarily as a shortstop, batting.286 in 76 games, in 1894, Collins was moved to the outfield by the Bisons. He batted.352 with nine runs in 125 games. Collins began his league career as a right fielder, playing ten games at the position with the Beaneaters in 1895. On May 19, he was loaned to the Louisville Colonels and he was soon made the teams starting third baseman, batting.279 over the remainder of the season. However, his impact was on defense, where he played in on the grass rather than back to cut down on the number of bunt hits. Collins was returned to the Beaneaters after the 1895 season, joe Harrington was the clubs starting third baseman at the beginning of the season, but Collins soon asserted himself as the starter, and Harrington was released in July. Collins asserted himself as a player in 1897 when he held a.346 batting average. He led the league in putouts and assists as well, a feat he would duplicate in 1900. He followed with an equally impressive 1898 season, in which he hit. 328—seventh in the league—drove in 111 runs and belted a league-high 15 home runs. Following the 1900 season, Collins, who was by now regarded as the best third baseman in the game, was offered the job with the Boston Americans of the new American League. He accepted the job, which came with a salary of $5,500, a $3,500 signing bonus, in 1902, Collins was limited to 108 games by injury, and the Americans finished third
6.
1901 Cleveland Bluebirds season
–
The 1901 Cleveland Bluebirds season was a season in American baseball. It was the franchises first in the majors, being one of the franchises of the American League. Unofficially known as the Blues, the finished seventh out of eight teams. As a result,1900 marked the first year since 1886 during which the city of Cleveland did not have an affiliated with Major League Baseball. During this time, Cleveland had a minor baseball team, known as the Bluebirds or Blues due to their all-blue uniforms. The American League became a major league before the 1901 season, as the American League made the jump to major league status, many players jumped ship, including Cy Young and Nap Lajoie, which led the National League to call them an outlaw league in November 1900. The Cleveland Blues played their first game of the season against the Chicago White Stockings on April 24,1901 and this was the first games in the history of the American League, three other games scheduled that day were rained out. The starting lineup consisted of, Ollie Pickering, Jack McCarthy, Frank Genins, Candy LaChance, Bill Bradley, Erve Beck, Bill Hallman, Bob Wood, and Bill Hoffer. Hoffer allowed seven runs in the first two innings and the Blues failed to recover, as they lost the game 8–2, earning the first loss in American League history. In the second game of the season, Beck hit the first home run in American League history off pitcher John Skopec, on May 9,1901, Earl Moore threw the first no-hitter in the history of the franchise and the American League. The Blues lost to Chicago by a score of 4–2 despite allowing no hits, on May 23, Cleveland scored nine runs with the bases empty and two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning to beat Washington 14–13. Note, Pos = Position, G = Games played, AB = At bats, R = Runs, H = Hits, 2B = Doubles, 3B = Triples, Avg. = Batting average, HR = Home runs, RBI = Runs batted in, SB = Stolen bases Note, G = Games played, AB = At bats, R = Runs, H = Hits, 2B = Doubles, 3B = Triples, Avg. The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, Indians Journal, Year by Year & Day by Day with the Cleveland Indians since 1901
7.
American League
–
The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, or simply the American League, is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball in the United States and Canada. It developed from the Western League, a league based in the Great Lakes states. It is sometimes called the Junior Circuit because it claimed Major League status for the 1901 season,25 years after the formation of the National League. At the end of season, the American League champion plays in the World Series against the National League champion. Through 2016, American League teams have won 64 of the 112 World Series played since 1903, the 2016 American League champions are the Cleveland Indians. The New York Yankees have won 40 American League titles, the most in the history, followed by the Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics. Originally a minor league known as the Western League, the American League later developed into a major league after the American Association disbanded, in its early history, the Western League struggled until 1894, when Ban Johnson became the president of the league. Johnson led the Western League into major league status and soon became the president of the newly renamed American League, babe Ruth, noted as one of the most prolific hitters in Major League Baseball history, spent the majority of his career in the American League. The American League has one notable difference versus the National League, in 1902, the Milwaukee Brewers moved to St. Louis and were renamed the St. Louis Browns. In 1902, The Cleveland Bluebirds were also renamed the Cleveland Broncos, in 1903, the Broncos were renamed the Cleveland Naps. In 1915, the Naps were renamed the Cleveland Indians, in 1903, the Baltimore Orioles moved to New York and were renamed the New York Highlanders. In 1913, the Highlanders were renamed the New York Yankees, in 1904, the Chicago White Stockings were renamed the Chicago White Sox. In 1908, the Boston Americans were renamed the Boston Red Sox, in 1954, the St. Louis Browns moved to Baltimore and were renamed as the Baltimore Orioles. In 1955, the Philadelphia Athletics moved to Kansas City and were renamed as the Kansas City Athletics, in 1961, the league expanded and added two teams as the Los Angeles Angels and the Washington Senators, expanding the league to 10 teams. The original Senators team moved to Minneapolis/St, Paul in 1961 and were renamed as the Minnesota Twins. The Angels team name changed to the California Angels in 1966, then to the Anaheim Angels in 1997, the Kansas City Royals and the Seattle Pilots were added to the American League, expanding the league to 12 teams. In 1970, the Seattle Pilots moved to Milwaukee and were renamed the Milwaukee Brewers, in 1972, the Washington Senators relocated to the Dallas/Fort Worth area and were renamed the Texas Rangers. In 1977, the league expanded to fourteen teams, when the Seattle Mariners, in 1998, the Tampa Bay Rays was added to the American League and at the same time, the Milwaukee Brewers were switched to the National League, leaving the American League with 14 teams
8.
Road (sports)
–
A road game or away game is a sports game where the specified team is not the host and must travel to another venue. Most professional teams represent cities or towns and amateur sports teams often represent academic institutions, each team has a location where it practices during the season and where it hosts games. When a team is not the host, it must travel to games. Thus, when a team is not hosting a game, the team is described as the team, the visiting team, or the away team. The venue in which the game is played is described as the stadium or the road. The host team is said to be the home team, major sporting events, if not held at a neutral venue, are often over several legs at each teams home ground, so that neither team has an advantage over the other. Occasionally, the team may not have to travel very far at all to a road game. These matches often become local derbies, a few times a year, a road team may even be lucky enough to have the road game played at their own home stadium or arena. This is prevalent in college athletics where many schools will play in regional leagues or groundshare. The related term true road game has seen increasing use in U. S. college sports in the 21st century, while regular-season tournaments and other special events have been part of college sports from their creation, the 21st century has seen a proliferation of such events. These are typically held at sites, with some of them taking place outside the contiguous U. S. or even outside the country entirely. In turn, this has led to the use of true road game to refer to contests played at one home venue. In some association football leagues, particularly in Europe, the teams fans sit in their own section. Depending on the stadium, they will either sit in a designated section or be separated from the home fans by a cordon of police officers. However, in the leagues in England, supporters may be free to mix. When games are played at a site, for instance the FA Cup final in England which is always played at Wembley Stadium. This results in each team occupying one half of the stadium and this is different from other sports, particularly in North America, where very few fans travel to games played away from their home stadium. Home and away fans are not separated at these games
9.
Fred Mitchell (baseball)
–
Frederick Francis Mitchell, born Frederick Francis Yapp, was an American right-handed pitcher, catcher, first baseman and manager in Major League Baseball. He was noted for relieving Hall of Famer Cy Young in the first-ever Red Sox game, Mitchell was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1917, he joined the Chicago Cubs as team president, in his second year at the helm, he won the 1918 National League pennant, losing to the Red Sox in the 1918 World Series. However, in the middle of the 1919 season, he was relieved of his president duties and one year later, he was out of a job. The Boston Braves hired him as manager for the 1921 season, but his success in Chicago did not follow him to his hometown Braves, after he was fired by the Braves, he returned to Harvard University where he had previously coached baseball in 1916. He remained at Harvard for thirty years until his retirement, Mitchell was best known for his excellence in coaching. Mitchell died in Newton, Massachusetts at age 92 and he is buried in Brookside Cemetery in Stow, Massachusetts. Baseball-Reference. com – career managing record and playing statistics
10.
1901 Detroit Tigers season
–
The 1901 Detroit Tigers season was the Tigers first in Major League Baseball. The team was a member of the American League, which was originally formed as the minor-league Western League. The Tigers finished in place with a record or 74–61. Most of Detroits home games were played at Bennett Park, with Sunday games played at Burns Park due to Detroits blue laws, roscoe Miller led the team in wins and was the Tigers first 20-game winner. His performance headlined a pitching staff that had the third lowest ERA in the American League. Joe Yeager had an ERA of 2.61, for the second best Adjusted ERA+ in the AL, the offense was not as strong however, scoring 741 runs – fifth among the eight teams in the league. The teams best hitters were shortstop Kid Elberfeld and center fielder Jimmy Barrett, the Tigers had played their games at Bennett Park since 1896, but the graduation to a major league meant that there would now be games scheduled on Sundays, which was forbidden by Detroits blue laws. In order to avoid running afoul of this stricture, owner James D. Burns built a ballpark on his own property in Springwells Township, named Burns Park, the Tigers would play their Sunday home games there for the 1901 and 1902 seasons. The following were key dates in the leading up to the Tigers inaugural season. The Detroit Base Ball and Amusement Company was incorporated for the term of 10 years, the stated purposes of the new company were the owning and improving of grounds and parks for base ball, foot ball, field-day sports, picnics and other forms of recreation and amusement. The capital stock was $50,000 in 2000 shares issued to James D. Burns, George Stallings, Kathleen Burns, Belle Stallings and these five also composed the board of directors. The composition of the American League circuit was confirmed as follows, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Chicago, Cleveland, Milwaukee, ten years agreement signed and ground leases placed in Ban Johnsons hands. The following were key dates in the season of the Tigers inaugural season. After years in the Western League, the Tigers were scheduled to take the field for their first official American League game on April 24,1901, a standing room only crowd was anticipated at Bennett Park, but the Tigers inaugural American League game was postponed due to weather. In their first major game, the Tigers played in front of 10,023 fans in Detroit. Detroit entered the ninth inning trailing the Milwaukee Brewers 13–4, but scored 10 runs in the bottom of the inning to win the game. Third basemen Doc Casey started the rally with a ground rule double. The Tigers continued the rally to eventually reduce their deficit to one run
11.
Charles Somers
–
Charles W. Somers was an American executive in Cleveland, Ohios coal industry who also achieved prominence in Major League Baseball. The financial resources from his business interests allowed Somers to become one of the founders of baseballs American League in 1901. At the insistence of league president Ban Johnson, Somers and Jack Kilfoyl, Kilfoyl was Clevelands first team president and treasurer, while Somers was its vice president and main financier. Somers was also the owner of the Boston Red Sox, a team which had no official nickname until 1908. Somers money helped keep some American League teams afloat in their first years, including the St. Louis Browns, Charles Comiskeys Chicago White Sox, Somers sold his interest in the Boston club in 1903 to Henry Killilea. In 1910 Kilfoyl took ill and sold his interest in Cleveland to Somers, facing pressure from the newly formed Federal League, in 1914 Somers transferred his Toledo Mud Hens to Cleveland to share League Park. This was done to keep the Federals out of Cleveland by ensuring there was already a ball game in Cleveland virtually every day of the season, in 1915 the American League team, previously called the Cleveland Naps in reference to player/manager Nap Lajoie, was renamed the Cleveland Indians. Although Somers had kept the Fed at bay, the new league still had its influence and this, combined with poor attendance at League Park, along with other investments that did not work out, put Somers in a precarious financial position. In 1916, although the Fed had disbanded, it was too late to save Somers financially. He went broke with debts exceeding assets of $1.75 million, the creditors did allow him to retain ownership of the Pelicans for sentimental reasons. The Mud Hens returned to Toledo in 1916, after selling the Indians he successfully rebuilt his business investments. At his death in 1934 his estate was worth approximately $3 million and he had a daughter, Dorothy from his first marriage. His second wife, Mary Alice Gilbert, survived him, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, SOMERS, CHARLES W. at ech. case. edu Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, last retrieved on June 26,2008
12.
1901 Chicago White Stockings season
–
The 1901 Chicago White Stockings season was their first season as a major league team, and their second season in Chicago. It was also the season of American League as a major league. The White Stockings had a balanced lineup, which was led by outfielders Dummy Hoy and Fielder Jones. They relied primarily on speed, as Frank Isbell, Sam Mertes, the pitching staff was anchored by Clark Griffith, who went 24–7 with a 2.67 ERA. They won the pennant by four games, in 1900, the Western League changed its name to the American League. It was still officially a minor league, subject to the governing National Agreement, the NL actually gave permission to the AL to put a team in Chicago, and Comiskey moved his St. Paul club to Chicagos South Side. After the season, the AL declined to renew its membership in the National Agreement, after acquiring a number of stars from the older league, including pitcher and manager Clark Griffith, the White Stockings also captured the ALs first major-league pennant the next year, in 1901. May 9,1901, Earl Moore of the Cleveland Blues threw the first no-hitter in the history of the American League against the White Stockings, Chicago beat the Blues by a score of 4–2 despite not having one hit. baseball-almanac. com
