1.
1891 in art
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May 10 – Danish sculptor Anne Marie Brodersen marries her compatriot, the classical composer Carl Nielsen, in St Marks English Church, Florence, the couple having first met on March 2 in Paris. June – Sidney Paget produces his first illustrations for Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories in The Strand Magazine, henri Matisse begins his studies at the Académie Julian. Correspondence of Marie Bashkirtseff and Gustave Flaubert is published, paul Gauguin sails to French Polynesia. Impressionist Armand Guillaumin wins 100,000 francs in the French state lottery and is able to devote himself to painting full-time, félix Vallotton makes his first woodcuts. William-Adolphe Bouguereau The Goose Girl Work Interrupted Frank Bramley – For Of Such Is The Kingdom Of Heaven Edward Burne-Jones – Sponsa de Libano Philip Hermogenes Calderon – St. W. W
2.
1892 in art
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However, his paintings evoke bitter controversy and after one week the exhibition is closed, Munchs paintings are moved to the Equitable Palast. James McNeill Whistler stages his major retrospective exhibition, Nocturnes, Marines and Chevalet pieces at Goupil & Cies London gallery, fatata te Miti Spirit of the Dead Watching When Will You Marry. 14 May – Marjorie Watson-Williams, English painter,30 May – Fernando Amorsolo, Filipino painter. 31 May – Michel Kikoine, painter,15 July – Walter Benjamin, German philosopher, comparatists and art critic. July 19 – Suzanne Malherbe, French illustrator and designer, July 24 – Marcel Gromaire, French painter. 7 August – Einar Forseth, Swedish artist,16 August – Otto Messmer, American animator. 11 October – Anton Räderscheidt, German painter,16 October – Adolf Ziegler, German painter and politician. 23 November – Romain de Tirtoff, Russian-born French artist and designer,7 December – Stuart Davis, painter
3.
1893 in art
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May 1 – The 1893 Worlds Fair, also known as the Worlds Columbian Exposition, opens to the public in Chicago, USA, with a Romanesque statue of Columbia overlooking the man-made lake. The first United States commemorative postage stamps are issued for the Exposition, among other art exhibits are two bronze calves by Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen. June 14 – Opening of Shelley Memorial at University College, Oxford, june 29 – Unveiling of the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain at Piccadilly Circus in London, with a gilded aluminium statue of Anteros, designed by Alfred Gilbert. Ford Madox Brown completes painting the The Manchester Murals in Manchester Town Hall, the National Sculpture Society is founded in the United States. Alois Riegls Stilfragen, Grundlegungen zu einer Geschichte der Ornamentik is published in Berlin, henri Rousseau gives up his job as a Paris toll collector and moves to a studio in Montparnasse where he lives and paints full-time. December – Unter den Linden in Berlin holds an exhibition of Edvard Munchs work, including six paintings entitled Study for a Series, Love, W. January 30 – Prince Grigory Gagarin, soldier and painter February 21 – John Pettie, painter March 16 – William H
4.
1894 in art
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February – Oscar Wildes play Salome is first published in English, with illustrations by Aubrey Beardsley. April – The Yellow Book begins publication by John Lane and Elkin Mathews – The Bodley Head in London, june 5 – Opening of Racławice Panorama in Lwów. August 23 – Jack Butler Yeats marries fellow artist Mary Cottenham White, the Della Robbia Pottery is established as part of the Arts and Crafts movement by Harold Rathbone and Conrad Dressler in Birkenhead, England. Lucien Pissarro sets up the Eragny Press in England, bernard Berenson publishes The Venetian Painters of the Renaissance, with an Index to their Works
5.
1895 in art
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January 1 – Alphonse Muchas lithographed poster for the play Gismonda starring Sarah Bernhardt is posted in Paris. Bernhardt is so satisfied with its success that she gives Mucha a six-year contract, april 13 – The Russian Museum is established in Saint Petersburg by Nicholas II. April 30 – First Venice Biennale opens, july 3 – Paul Gauguin leaves France to settle permanently in Polynesia. October – Edvard Munch exhibits a series of his Love paintings in Christiania. November – Paul Cézanne has his first solo exhibition, at the Paris gallery of Ambroise Vollard, bernard Berenson publishes Lorenzo Lotto, An Essay in Constructive Art Criticism. P. H. Emerson publishes his last photographic book, Marsh Leaves, M. H. de Young Memorial Museum opened in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. W. Godward Mischief And Repose The Muse Erato At Her Lyre Winslow Homer – Cannon Rock George W. L
6.
1896 in art
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January 24 – Painter Sir Frederic Leighton is created 1st Baron Leighton in the peerage of the United Kingdom one day before his death in London of angina pectoris. February – Edvard Munch moves to Paris and concentrates on printmaking, december – Walter Crane publishes Of The Decorative Illustration of Books, Old and New. A bout of typhoid fever puts an end to Maurice de Vlamincks career as a cyclist, william Merritt Chase founds Parsons The New School for Design as the Chase School of Art in Greenwich Village, New York. At Giverny Claude Monet begins painting his Mornings on the Seine series, interior design gallery Maison de lArt Nouveau opens in Paris. Max Beerbohm publishes Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen in London, his first collection of drawings, bernard Berenson publishes Florentine Painters of the Renaissance. The Royal Society of Miniature Painters, Sculptors and Gravers is founded, hubert von Herkomer is made a knight in the United Kingdom
7.
1897 in art
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April 3 – Vienna Secession founded by artists including Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil. May 1 – Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek art museum opened in Copenhagen, may 27 – A Separate Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture is staged at Sukiennice Museum in Main Square, Kraków. August 4 – The Lady of Elche Iberian sculpture is found at LAlcúdia near Elche in Spain, september – Edvard Munch stages a major retrospective in Christiania. October 27 – First meeting of the Society of Polish Artists Sztuka in Kraków, at Giverny, Claude Monet begins painting his Water Lilies series, which will continue until the end of his life. Elbridge Ayer Burbank begins painting portraits of Native Americans in the United States from life, women photographers Zaida Ben-Yusuf and Gertrude Käsebier open portrait studios in New York City. A Book of Fifty Drawings by Aubrey Beardsley is published, bernard Berenson publishes Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance. Ogata Gekkō – Ryu sho ten J. W. and Mrs. I
8.
1900 in art
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Exposition Universelle in Paris helps popularize Art Nouveau style. Alphonse Mucha decorates the Bosnia and Herzegovina Pavilion and collaborates on the Austria-Hungary one, F. Holland Day organizes an exhibition of the New School of American Photography at the Royal Photographic Society in London. The Wallace Collection in London opens to the public, the Zachęta art gallery in Warsaw is completed. Claude Monet stays in London and begins his Houses of Parliament series of paintings, wilhelm von Debschitz and Hermann Obrist found the Lehr- und Versuchsatelier für angewandte und freikunst, an influential art school in Munich. Kenton Florence Fuller – Inseparables J. W. J. W. Waterhouse Destiny The Siren January 5 – Yves Tanguy, painter
9.
1902 in art
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June – The group Boadicea and Her Daughters by Thomas Thornycroft is cast in bronze and erected on the Victoria Embankment in London. July – Cecil and Wilfred Phillips open the Leicester Galleries in Leicester Square, London, for exhibitions of modern British, september – Paul Cézannes final studio, at Les Lauves, commanding a view of Montagne Sainte-Victoire, is completed. Early October – Beatrix Potters first childrens book The Tale of Peter Rabbit, by the end of the year it sells 28,000 copies. Georges Braque begins his studies at the Academie Humbert, where he meets Marie Laurencin, the studio La Ruche is established in the 15th arrondissement of Paris by the sculptor Alfred Boucher to provide accommodation for impoverished young artists. Claude Monet begins his Water Lilies series of paintings in his garden at Giverny, helen Allingham – View of Blackdown Frank Weston Benson – Eleanor Holding a Shell Pierre Bonnard – The Terrasse Children with Black Dog Thomas Eakins – Self-portrait J. W
10.
1903 in art
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June 3 – Laura Johnson marries Harold Knight. Isadora Duncan develops free dance, a dance influenced by the ancient Greeks. With the support of Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Jacques Villon, Auguste Rodin and others, koloman Moser and Josef Hoffmann found the Wiener Werkstätte in Vienna. Frederic Dorr Steele produces his first illustrations for Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories in the United States, bernard Berenson publishes The Drawings of the Florentine Painters. Anna Muthesius publishes Das Eigenkleid der Frau, during what is known as his Blue Period, Pablo Picasso paints Portrait of Angel Fernández de Soto Tête de femme, Vieux guitariste aveugle, The Tragedy, and La vie, among others. W. Lindes Sons Camille Pissarro – Self-portrait Sir Edward Poynter – The Cave of the Storm Nymphs Tom Roberts – The Big Picture John Singer Sargent – Mrs. W
11.
1904 in art
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April Octavian Smigelschi is selected to paint the interior decoration of Holy Trinity Cathedral, Sibiu. George Frederic Watts opens the Watts Gallery in the English village of Compton, Guildford, georges Braque leaves the Academie Humbert. Mary Cassatt is awarded the Légion dhonneur by the French government for her services to the arts, British Impressionist painter Wilfrid de Glehn marries American portrait painter Jane Erin Emmet. 13 January – Oliver Messel, English stage designer,14 January – Cecil Beaton, English photographer and stage and costume designer. 22 January – Kimon Evan Marengo, Egyptian-born British cartoonist,6 February – Dorothy Canning Miller American curator. 22 February – Peter Hurd, American artist,2 March – Theodor Seuss Geisel, American illustrator. 17 March – Chaim Gross, Austrian American sculptor,31 March – Đorđe Andrejević Kun, Serbian painter. 15 April Mary Adshead, English painter, arshile Gorky, Armenian-born abstract expressionist painter. April 21 Jean Hélion, French painter, gabriel Loire, French stained glass artist. 24 April – Willem de Kooning, Dutch abstract expressionist painter,2 May – Bill Brandt, German-born British photographer and photojournalist. 11 May – Salvador Dalí, Spanish surrealist artist,14 June – Margaret Bourke-White, American photographer and photojournalist. 2 August – Reg Parlett, English comics artist,11 September – Daniel Brustlein, Alsatian-born illustrator. 23 October – Svetoslav Roerich, Russian painter,13 November – Stephen Bone, English painter. 17 November – Isamu Noguchi, Japanese American artist and landscape architect,18 November – Jean Paul Lemieux, Canadian-American painter 22 November – Miguel Covarrubias, Mexican caricaturist and painter. 30 November – Clyfford Still, American Abstract Expressionist painter,11 December – Felix Nussbaum, German Jewish surrealist painter. 17 December – Paul Cadmus, American painter,21 December – Jean René Bazaine, French painter, stained glass artist and writer. Juan Bautista Garcia, Puerto Rican painter
12.
1905 in art
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Summer – Henri Matisse and André Derain work together in the French Mediterranean village of Collioure. October – Salon dAutomne in Paris, the colors used by Matisse and others lead the critic Louis Vauxcelles to describe their works derisively as les Fauves. Die Brücke group of German expressionist artists formed in Dresden, léon Bonnat succeeds Paul Dubois as director of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen open the Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession photo art gallery on Fifth Avenue in New York City, opening of the Gibbes Museum of Art in Charleston, South Carolina. Jacob Epstein establishes his studio in London
13.
1906 in art
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September–October – First group exhibition by Die Brücke, in Dresden. Gwen John begins modelling for Auguste Rodin, paula Modersohn-Becker begins a series of nude portraits of herself and of other women and children in Paris. Juan Gris, Amedeo Modigliani and Gino Severini all arrive in Paris, walter Sickert paints music hall scenes in London and Paris. Ferdinand Preiss opens his workshop in Berlin
14.
1907 in art
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The year 1907 in art involved some significant events. February 7 – Vanessa Stephen marries Clive Bell, september – A cast of G. F. Watts sculpture Physical Energy is erected posthumously in Kensington Gardens in London. Henri Matisse begins to teach at the Académie Matisse in Paris, adolphe Valette joins the staff of Manchester Municipal School of Art. Kunsthalle Mannheim designed by Hermann Billing to serve an International Art Exhibition, the Chicago Plan is produced by Daniel Burnham and Edward H. Bennett, and illustrated by Jules Guerin. Bernard Berenson publishes North Italian Painters of the Renaissance, cadmium Red pigment first produced, in Germany. Georges Braque exhibited Viaduc à lEstaque, now at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, simultaneously, there was a retrospective exhibition of 56 works by Paul Cézanne, as a tribute to the artist who died in 1906. W. W. Marie Z. Peto, American trompe-lœil painter November 27 – Paul Ritter, German architectural painter November 28 – Stanisław Wyspiański, Polish dramatist, painter and designer
15.
1908 in art
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February – The Ashcan School give their first and only exhibition, opening at the Macbeth Gallery in New York. March 20–May 2 – Salon des Indépendants in Paris gives rise to the term Cubism, may – Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky produces a color photographic portrait of Leo Tolstoy. July – Allied Artists Association holds its first exhibition, at the Royal Albert Hall in London, july 29 – The Whitworth Art Gallery building in Manchester is formally opened. November – Georges Braque exhibits at Daniel-Henry Kahnweilers Paris gallery, critic Louis Vauxcelles describes him as reducing everything, hugh Lane founds the Dublin City Gallery, the worlds first to display only modern art. Paul Ranson founds the Académie Ranson in Paris, the British Medical Association Building, London, designed by Charles Holden with eighteen controversial nude sculptures by Jacob Epstein, is completed. Wassily Kandinsky settles in the Bavarian town of Murnau am Staffelsee, the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna rejects Adolf Hitlers application to study painting. Australian painter Arthur Streeton marries violinist Nora Clench, W. M. W. February 28 – William Coldstream, English realist painter. July 22 – Claire Falkenstein, American sculptor and painter, august 22 – Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer. August 28 Edith Tudor Hart, born Edith Suschitzky, Austrian-born photojournalist and communist agent in Britain, roger Tory Peterson, American naturalist, ornithologist, artist and educator. August 30 – Leonor Fini, Argentine surrealist painter, september 6 – Korczak Ziolkowski, Polish American sculptor. September 14 – Peter Watson, English arts benefactor October 1 – Nicholas Marsicano, October 21 – Jorge Oteiza, Spanish sculptor, painter, designer and writer. October 27 – Lee Krasner, American abstract expressionist painter, november 4 – EQ Nicholson, born Elsie Q. Myers, English textile designer and painter, november 19 – Gisèle Freund, born Gisela Freund, German-born photographer. December 3 – Victor Pasmore, English artist and architect, december 23 – Yousuf Karsh, Armenian-Canadian photographer. Myron Stout, American abstract painter Umaña, Colombian artist
16.
1909 in art
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February 20 – Filippo Tommaso Marinettis Futurist Manifesto is first published, in the French newspaper Le Figaro. May–June – Claude Monets Water Lilies series of paintings are first exhibited, july 22 – Widowed Irish-born painter John Lavery marries Irish American painter Hazel Martyn. Guillaume Apollinaires first book of poetry is illustrated with woodcuts by André Derain, léon Bakst begins painting scenery for Sergei Diaghilevs Ballets Russes, beginning with Cleopatra. Robert Delaunay begins painting his Saint-Sévrin, City and Eiffel Tower series, lithuanian Jewish sculptor Jacques Lipchitz moves to Paris to study and work. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque create the first works of analytical cubism, sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler established in Düsseldorf. Kunsthalle Mannheim established as a permanent art gallery, reformation Wall created in Geneva by Swiss architects Charles Dubois, Alphonse Laverrière, Eugène Monod and Jean Taillens with figures by French sculptors Paul Landowski and Henri Bouchard. Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky is commissioned by Nicholas II of Russia to begin a record in color photography of his empire, Henri Gaudier meets Sophie Brzeska at the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève in Paris. W. W. Waterhouse – Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May January 16 – Clement Greenberg, January 25 – Joseph Solman, American painter. February 7 – Wilhelm Freddie, Danish painter and sculptor, february 12 – Zoran Mušič, Slovenian- born painter. February 17 – Gertrude Abercrombie, American painter, february 19 – Enrico Donati, Italian- born American Surrealist painter and sculptor. February 26 – Michel Tapié, French artist, critic, curator, march 13 – Reynolds Stone, English wood engraver. March 22 – Milt Kahl, American animator, april 3 – Graham Stuart Thomas, English horticultural artist, author and garden designer. April 30 – F. E. McWilliam, Irish sculptor, may 17 – Giulio Carlo Argan, Italian art historian and politician. June 14 – Ettore DeGrazia, American impressionist, painter, sculptor, june 26 – Wolfgang Reitherman, German-American animator. July 13 – Marie-Thérèse Walter, mistress of Pablo Picasso, september 14 – Peter Scott, English ornithologist, conservationist, painter. September 28 – Al Capp, cartoonist, october 13 – Herblock, political cartoonist. October 28 – Francis Bacon, Irish-born British figurative painter, november 5 – Milena Pavlović-Barili, Serbian painter and poet. November 6 – Herman Rose painter, december 25 – Philip Zec, British political cartoonist
17.
1910 in art
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April 27 – Futurist poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti issues the manifesto Contro Venezia passatista in the Piazza San Marco. Bronze sculptor Robert Kionsek joins the Berlin workshop of Ferdinand Preiss to form the PK firm, czech art historian Antonin Matějček uses the term Expressionism, in opposition to impressionism. Russian composer Alexander Scriabin writes Prometheus, The Poem of Fire, Op.60, a work for piano, orchestra, optional choir. March 18 – May 1 – Salon des Indépendants, Jean Metzinger, Henri Le Fauconnier, Metzinger exhibits Portrait de Guillaume Apollinaire, considered by Apollinaire to be the first cubist portrait. July 15 – October 9 – First International Art Exhibition in Düsseldorf, October 1 – November 8 – Salon dAutomne, Jean Metzinger, Henri Le Fauconnier and Fernand Léger exhibit in Room VIII. This is the Cubist concept of perspective that would tend towards the representation of the total image. November 8 – January 15,1911 – Manet and the Post-Impressionists at the Grafton Galleries in London, organized by Roger Fry, January 29 – Colin Middleton, Irish artist. February 20 – Julian Trevelyan, English printmaker March 10 – David Rose, June 6 – Hélène de Beauvoir, French painter. Beck, American cartoonist and comic book artist, Fernand Fonssagrives, French photographer June 17 – Raymond Poïvet, French cartoonist 14 July – William Hanna, American cartoonist. 22 July – Antonio Rodríguez Luna, Spanish painter,30 July – Edgar de Evia, Mexican-born American photographer. 1 August James Henry Govier, English painter, gerda Taro, born Gerta Pohorylle, German-born war photographer. 19 August – Quentin Bell, English art historian and author,25 August – Dorothea Tanning, American painter. 28 August – Morris Graves, American painter and printmaker,3 September – Kitty Carlisle Hart, American singer, actress and New York State Council on the Arts member. 7 October – Henry Plumer McIlhenny, American, art collector, philanthropist,29 October – Aurélie Nemours, French painter. 28 November – Garrett Eckbo, American landscape architect,2 December – Russell Lynes, American art historian, photographer and author. February 14 – John Macallan Swan, English painter and sculptor March 11 – Willis E
18.
1911 in art
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February 2 – First issue of Franz Pfemferts Die Aktion. June 10 – Rembrandt House Museum opened in Amsterdam, poet and art critic Guillaume Apollinaire and his friend Pablo Picasso are questioned over the theft. Creation of Der Blaue Reiter Group, creation of the Camden Town Group. Wassily Kandinsky publishes Über das Geistige in der Kunst, Insbesondere in der Malerei, rayonism developed in Russia by Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova. English wood engraver Gwen Darwin marries French painter Jacques Raverat, the term Cubism is first used in English. May 11 – A Futurist exhibition in Milan is the first of efforts by the group to make its theories concrete, one-man show by Eugeniusz Żak at Galerie Druet. Lydia Field Emmet – Olivia Albert Gleizes Portrait de Jacques Nayral La Chasse Le Chemin, Paysage à Meudon J. W. February 10 – Mallica Reynolds, Jamaican painter, sculptor, march 4 – Ilona Harima, Finnish painter. March 17 – David Park, American painter, march 23 – Roger Hilton, English painter. May 14 – Carl Abrahams, Jamaican painter, may 25 – Will Barnet, American painter, printmaker. July 15 – Juliet Pannett, English portrait artist, august 10 – Bruce Ariss, American artist. September 2 – Romare Bearden, American painter, printmaker, october 9 – Joe Rosenthal, American Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer. November 11 – Roberto Matta, Chilean painter, november 25 – Roelof Frankot, Dutch painter. December 25 – Louise Bourgeois, French-born painter and sculptor
19.
1901 in architecture
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The year 1901 in architecture involved some significant events. Federal Court House and Post office for the Upper Midwest, the modern-day Landmark Center, St. Paul, Minnesota, Philadelphia City Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, designed by John McArthur, Jr. is completed, the worlds tallest occupied masonry building. Stolp Town Hall, in modern-day Słupsk, Poland, designed by Karl Zaar with Rudolf Vahl, is opened, union Station, designed by Daniel Burnham and W. Pierce Anderson, is commissioned. Germantown Junction station, North Philadelphia, designed by Theophilus P. Chandler Jr. is completed, moscow Vindavsky railway station, designed by Stanislav Brzhozovsky, is opened. Wardenclyffe Tower in Shoreham, New York, designed by Nikola Tesla, willits House in Highland Park, Illinois, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Deanery Garden in Sonning, England, designed by Edwin Lutyens with garden by Gertrude Jekyll, is completed, langer House in Vienna, designed by Jože Plečnik, is completed. Whitechapel Art Gallery in east London, designed by Charles Harrison Townsend, is opened, horniman Museum in south London, designed by C. Harrison Townsend, is completed. The Génin-Louis Grain Shop in Nancy, designed by Henry Gutton, the Vaxelaire Department Store in Nancy, designed by Émile André and Eugène Vallin, is completed. Jakarta Cathedral in the Dutch East Indies, completed by M. J. Hulswit following a design of 1891 by Pastor Antonius Dijkmans, is consecrated. The Glasgow International Exhibition is held with new architecture by James Millar and Charles Rennie Mackintosh and transplanted mock Tudor cottages from Port Sunlight
20.
1901 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1901. April 18 - Contralto Mariska Horvath marries politician J. Frank Aldrich, enrique Granados founds the Academia Granados in Spain. Geraldine Farrar makes her operatic debut, percy Grainger makes his recital debut. Thirteen-year-old Agustín Barrios begins attending university in Asunción on a music scholarship, aint That A Shame w. John Queen m. Walter Wilson All That Glitters Is Not Gold w. George A. Norton m. James W. Casey Any Old Place I Can Hang My Hat Is Home Sweet Home To Me w. William Jerome m, jean Schwartz At The Pan-I-Marry-Can w. Harry Dillon m. John Dillon Baby Mine w. Raymond A. Browne m, John N. Klohr Blaze Away m. Coon. by Leo Friedman & Gene Jefferson The Country Girl w. Stanislaus Stange m. Julian Edwards Davy Jones Locker w. m. H. W. Petrie Dont Put Me Off At Buffalo Any More w. William Jerome m. Jean Schwartz Down Where The Cotton Blossoms Grow w. Andrew B, sterling m. Harry Von Tilzer Eyes Of Blue, Eyes Of Brown w. m. Sterling Flora, I Am Your Adorer w. Vincent P. Bryan m. Charles Robinson The Fortune Telling Man w. m, Bert Williams & George Walker Go Way Back And Sit Down w. Elmer Bowman m. Ben Jansen He Ought To Have A Tablet In The Hall of Fame w. Arthur L. Robb m, John Walter Bratton Hello Central, Give Me Heaven w. m. Charles K. Harris Hiawatha w. James ODea m, high Society Porter Steele Hoity-Toity w. Edgar Smith m. Hughie Cannon I Love You Truly w. m. Carrie Jacobs-Bond I Want To Be A Lidy w. George Dance m. George Dee If You Love Your Baby, gus Edwards Im Tired w. William Jerome m. Jean Schwartz In The Shade Of The Palm w. m, leslie Stuart The Invincible Eagle March w. m. John Philip Sousa It Seems Like Yesterday w. Frederic Ranken m, isidore Witmark Ive Grown So Used To You w. m. Thurland Chattaway Josephine, My Jo w. Cecil Mack m. J. Tim Brymn Just A-Wearyin For You w. Frank Lebby Stanton m. Carrie Jacobs-Bond The Maiden With The Dreamy Eyes w. James Weldon Johnson & Bob Cole m. J. Rosamond Johnson Mamie, gus Edwards Mighty Lak A Rose w. Frank Lebby Stanton m. Ethelbert Nevin My Castle On The Nile w. Bob Cole & James Weldon Johnson m. J. Rosamond Johnson My Japanese Cherry Blossom w. Edgar Smith m, John Stromberg My Lady Hottentot w. William Jerome m. Harry von Tilzer My Lonesome Little Louisiana Lady w
21.
Whitechapel Gallery
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The Whitechapel Gallery is a public art gallery on the north side of Whitechapel High Street, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It exhibits the work of artists, as well as organising retrospective exhibitions. The Whitechapel Gallery exhibited Pablo Picassos Guernica in 1938 as part of an exhibition organised by Roland Penrose to protest against the Spanish Civil War. This has doubled the size of the Gallery and nearly tripled the available exhibition space. The Gallery plays a role in Londons cultural landscape and is pivotal to the continued growth of east London as one of the world’s most vibrant contemporary art quarters. Since 1923, art has been presented alongside education, a not-for-profit educational charity, the Whitechapel has pioneered artists’ residencies in schools and other education innovations that have been adopted as models across the UK and internationally. The Whitechapel reopened on 4 April 2009 after a two-year project, the work cost approximately £13.5 million and was partly funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund. A tapestry based on Pablo Picassos Guernica, loaned by the United Nations, was included in the exhibition by Goshka Macuga. As part of the expansion, a new Archive Gallery, a reading room, the archives catalogue the very conception of the gallery, as well as the complete directors files of correspondence which reveal the reasons behind key decisions in the Gallerys history. Whitechapel Gallery Gallery website Greg Whitfield, Review of Janet Cardiff, George Bures Miller, includes a good photograph of the Gallery interior
22.
Charles Harrison Townsend
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Charles Harrison Townsend was an English architect. He was born in Birkenhead, educated at Birkenhead School and articled to the Liverpool architect Walter Scott in 1870 and he moved to London with his family in 1880 and entered partnership with the London architect Thomas Lewis Banks in 1884. Townsend became a member of the Art Workers Guild in 1888 and he remained an active member of both organisations throughout his career and was elected Master of the Art Workers Guild in 1903. These buildings are identified with the Art Nouveau or Arts and Crafts styles. Service calls him a “rogue” architect, pevsner describes the buildings as without question the most remarkable example of a reckless repudiation of tradition among English architects of the time
23.
Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo
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Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo was an Italian neo-impressionist painter. He was born and died in Volpedo, in the Piedmont region of northern Italy, Pellizza was a pupil of Pio Sanquirico. He used a divisionist technique in which a painting is created by juxtaposing small dots of paint according to color theory. His most famous work, Il Quarto Stato, has become a symbol for progressive and socialist causes in Italy. The painting is shown during the credits of Bernardo Bertoluccis film 1900 and is currently housed at the Museo del Novecento in Milan. An earlier version is held in the Pinacoteca di Brera, Pellizza hanged himself in 1907, after the deaths of his wife and son
24.
The Fourth Estate (painting)
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The Fourth Estate is a famous picture painted by Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo in 1901, originally entitled The Path of Workers. The painting is an icon of the century, showing striking workers. Not only does it depict a scene of social life – a strike – it is a symbol, the people, with equal space being given to a woman with a baby in her arms, are moving towards the light. The composition of the painting is balanced in its shapes and vibrant in its light and it can be viewed at the Museo del Novecento in the Arengario palace near Duomo square in the centre of Milan. An earlier version, however, was held in the Pinacoteca di Brera, the initial credits of Bernardo Bertoluccis 1900 are displayed over a zoom out of this picture
25.
John Collier (painter)
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The Honourable John Maler Collier OBE RP ROI was a leading English artist, and an author. He painted in the Pre-Raphaelite style, and was one of the most prominent portrait painters of his generation, both his marriages were to daughters of Thomas Henry Huxley. He studied painting at the Munich Academy where he enrolled on 14 April 1875 at the age of 25, Collier was from a talented and successful family. His grandfather, John Collier, was a Quaker merchant who became a Member of Parliament and his father was created the first Lord Monkswell. He was also a member of the Royal Society of British Artists, John Colliers elder brother, the second Lord Monkswell, was Under-Secretary of State for War and Chairman of the London County Council. In due course, Collier became a part of the family of Thomas Henry Huxley PC. Collier married two of Huxleys daughters and was on terms of friendship with his son, the writer Leonard Huxley. Colliers first wife, in 1879, was Marian Huxley and she was a painter who studied, like her husband, at the Slade and exhibited at the Royal Academy and elsewhere. After the birth of their child, a daughter, she suffered severe post-natal depression and was taken to Paris for treatment where, however, she contracted pneumonia. Colliers daughter by his first marriage, Joyce, was a portrait miniaturist, in 1889 Collier married Madys younger sister Ethel Huxley. Until the Deceased Wifes Sisters Marriage Act 1907 such a marriage was not possible in England, by his second wife he had a daughter and a son, Sir Laurence Collier, who was the British Ambassador to Norway 1941–51. Colliers range of subjects was broad. In 1893, for example, his subjects included Lovelace Stamer, Bishop of Shrewsbury, Sir John Lubbock FRS, A N Hornby and his commissioned portrait of the Duke of York as Master of Trinity House in 1901, and the Prince of Wales were his major royal portraits. The latter work was hung in Durbar Hall, Jodhpur, Rajputana, thorley and the Provost of Eton. Clark reports a total of thirty-two Huxley family portraits during the half-century after his first marriage, a photocopy of John Colliers Sitters Book can be consulted in the Heinz Archive and Library, National Portrait Gallery. This is the artists own record of all his portraits, including name of subject, date, fee charged. His entry in the Dictionary of National Biography compares his work to that of Frank Holl because of its solemnity, the Dictionary of Portrait Painters in Britain up to 1920 describes his portraits as painterly works with a fresh use of light and colour. Sixteen of John Colliers paintings are now in the collections of the National Portrait Gallery in London, four of the National Portrait Gallery paintings were in December 1997 on display, John Burns, Sir William Huggins, Thomas Huxley and Charles Darwin
26.
Thomas Eakins
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Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins was an American realist painter, photographer, sculptor, and fine arts educator. He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important artists in American art history and he painted several hundred portraits, usually of friends, family members, or prominent people in the arts, sciences, medicine, and clergy. Taken en masse, the offer an overview of the intellectual life of Philadelphia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, individually. These active outdoor venues allowed him to paint the subject which most inspired him, in the process he could model the forms of the body in full sunlight, and create images of deep space utilizing his studies in perspective. Eakins also took a keen interest in the new technologies of motion photography, No less important in Eakins life was his work as a teacher. As an instructor he was an influential presence in American art. Eakins was a figure whose work received little by way of official recognition during his lifetime. Since his death, he has been celebrated by American art historians as the strongest, most profound realist in nineteenth-, Eakins was born and lived most of his life in Philadelphia. He was the first child of Caroline Cowperthwait Eakins, a woman of English and Dutch descent, and Benjamin Eakins, Benjamin Eakins grew up on a farm in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, the son of a weaver. He was successful in his profession, and moved to Philadelphia in the early 1840s to raise his family. Thomas Eakins observed his father at work and by twelve demonstrated skill in precise line drawing, perspective, and he was an athletic child who enjoyed rowing, ice skating, swimming, wrestling, sailing, and gymnastics—activities he later painted and encouraged in his students. Eakins attended Central High School, the public school for applied science and arts in the city. He studied drawing and anatomy at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts beginning in 1861, for a while, he followed his fathers profession and was listed in city directories as a writing teacher. His scientific interest in the body led him to consider becoming a surgeon. Eakins then studied art in Europe from 1866 to 1870, notably in Paris with Jean-Léon Gérôme, being only the second American pupil of the French realist painter, famous as a master of Orientalism. He also attended the atelier of Léon Bonnat, a realist painter who emphasized anatomical preciseness, a method adapted by Eakins. A letter home to his father in 1868 made his aesthetic clear, She is the most beautiful thing there is in the world except a naked man, already at age 24, nudity and verity were linked with an unusual closeness in his mind. Yet his desire for truthfulness was more expansive, and the home to Philadelphia reveal a passion for realism that included, but was not limited to
27.
Portrait of Leslie W. Miller
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Portrait of Leslie W. Miller is a 1901 painting by Thomas Eakins, Goodrich catalogue #348. It is in the permanent collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, professor Leslie William Miller was an artist, educator, and principal of the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art for forty years, 1880–1920. He was born in Brattleboro, Vermont, and studied at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts and he graduated from the Massachusetts Normal Art School in 1874, and worked as a portrait painter. He returned to MNAS to teach, and completed a degree in 1880. The Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art had been chartered in 1876, and was housed in Memorial Hall, the art gallery from the 1876 Centennial Exposition. The school began classes in Fall 1777, in a building at 312 North Broad Street, Miller came to Philadelphia in Summer 1880 as PMSIAs first principal, at the same time that Eakins was teaching at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Miller registered for PAFAs life classes in February 1881, colleagues in Philadelphias artistic circles, Eakins and Miller became close friends. Miller was a member of the American Philosophical Society, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and he was an honorary member of Philadelphias T-Square Club, and of the Philadelphia chapter of the American Institute of Architects. In 1892, the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb moved to a campus in the Germantown section of Philadelphia. The following year, its vacant buildings at Broad & Pine Streets were bought by the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Arts trustees, and renovated for the art schools needs. Former student Charles Sheeler recalled Eakins visiting PMSIA to work on the portrait, One day a little man. His trousers were tucked into short leather boots and fitted so snugly as to make the braces over his dark sweater superfluous, neither his appearance nor his manner offered a clew as to the reason for his visit. A few days later he returned and passed to the life-class room, knotholes in the board partition were used at intervals and permitted us to satisfy our curiosity. The stocky little man was beginning a portrait of the principal of the school, Leslie Miller, and before long the plan of the picture was indicated. The subject was to be portrayed standing easily with one hand in his trousers pocket, the name was not familiar to us. Of the perspective drawings described by Sheeler, only one is known to survive and he signed the painting at Millers feet. In the nearly life-sized, full-length portrait, Miller is depicted as if lecturing to a class, the paintings eye level is unusually high and the color range limited, leading the viewer to Millers face. Its informality makes this a formal portrait
28.
Joseph Farquharson
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Joseph Farquharson DL RA was a Scottish painter, chiefly of landscapes. He is most famous for his winter landscapes, often featuring sheep. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland and died at Finzean, Aberdeenshire, Joseph Farquharson combined a long and prolific career as a painter with his inherited role as a Scottish laird. He painted in oils and water colours. His mother, a beauty, was an Ainslie. His father Francis was a doctor and laird of Finzean, Joseph was educated in Edinburgh and permitted by his father to paint only on Saturdays using his fathers paint box. When Joseph reached the age of 12, Francis Farquharson bought his son his first paints, Farquharson trained at the Trustees Academy in Edinburgh during the 1860s. The Painting Laird studied first under Peter Graham R. A. Graham, a popular Scottish Landscape painter, remained a close friend and his influence on Farquharson is unmistakable. His first exhibit at the Royal Academy, Days Dying Glow, was in 1873, much like other leading Aberdeen artists John Philip and William Dyce, he bypassed Edinburgh and Glasgow in favour of London in order to win a wider audience and patrons. His first major portrait, Miss Alice Farquhar, was exhibited in 1884, Farquharson is most famous for his works portraying sheep and his finest works often include a human figure. Men and women of Scotland going about their everyday labors are frequently depicted in dramatic landscapes, nearly all the early works were inspired by his rural surroundings and he went on to make snow scenes his trademark. Other subjects he painted were burns and fly fishing. Farquharson was most adept at capturing the warmth and light of sun rises, the watershed in his career was marked by three or four winters spent from 1880 onwards in Paris. There he studied under Carolus-Duran, an admirer of Velázquez, Carolus-Duran taught his students to use the brush straight away and think in terms of form and colour. As a result, Farquharsons work was characterized by richly handled paint. Many of his paintings were completed in the north east of Scotland at his beloved Finzean, in 1885 he went to North Africa. Among the works created during the subsequent 8 years were The Egyptian and these paintings are excellent but often go forgotten today. The unusual titles of many of Farquharsons paintings stand out and are sometimes long, many of them were taken from poems by Burns, Milton, Shakespeare and Gray
29.
Beneath the Snow Encumbered Branches
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The Shortening Winters Day Is Near a Close is a 1901 oil on canvas work by Scottish painter Joseph Farquharson. Its whereabouts were unknown between it going on display in 1901 and the 1960s, when it was bought by a private collector. It reappeared on public display again in 2008, when it was sold at auction and it is currently held at Lady Lever Art Gallery, Liverpool, England with the title, The Shortening Winters Day Is Near a Close. It has become known, as its likeness is used on a popular Hallmark Christmas card. Painter and Laird Joseph Farquharson owned a 20, 000-acre estate at Finzean, Royal Deeside, Aberdeenshire and this in turn had led to his nickname of Frozen Mutton Farquharson. He had a hut built on wheels, which contained a stove to keep him from getting too cold whilst he was out painting. The painting went on display in 1901 at the Royal Academy, card company WN Sharpe purchased the rights to use the painting in greetings cards in the 1970s. The company later was acquired by the Hallmark Cards company, which continues to own these rights, in 2008, Hallmarks Jo Marchbank said, This painting is one of our most popular Christmas cards. It is probably something to do with the unique atmosphere Farquharson creates, over the course of its use as a design on Christmas cards, it is thought to have been reproduced hundreds of thousands of times. The painting was resold at auction in 2008, having hung in its owners sitting room since she originally purchased it in the 1960s. She had decided to sell it because she was moving into living quarters. In December 2009, Gyles Brandreth presented a piece on the history of the painting for BBC One’s The One Show, the painting, like Farquharson’s other landscapes, was painted on his estate at Finzean, Royal Deeside. One of his descendants, Angus Farquharson, later said that he thought he had found the spot at Finzean where the painting was created. The painting itself is an oil on canvas work, measuring 20 inches high and 31 inches wide, the shepherd in the painting was actually an employee of Farquharson whom he had asked to pose for the image
30.
Stanhope Forbes
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Stanhope Alexander Forbes RA, was an artist and a founding member of the influential Newlyn school of painters. He was often called the father of the Newlyn School, Forbes was born in Dublin, the son of Juliette de Guise Forbes, a French woman, and William Forbes, an English railway manager, who was later transferred to London. He had a brother named William, who, like his father, was a railway manager, William worked for the London, Brighton. He was married in the summer of 1889 to fellow painter Elizabeth Armstrong at Newlyns St Peters Church and their first home was at the Cliffs Castle cottage, which overlooked the sea. They had a son named Alexander, nicknamed Alec, the couple had a home built for the family in Higher Faughan, Penzance. In 1915, Forbes remarried friend and previous student Maudie Palmer, during the First World War Forbes son Alec served under the Duke of Cornwalls Light Infantry. Alec died on the battlefield in August,1916, Forbes died in Newlyn on 2 March 1947 at the age of 89. He was buried in the churchyard of Sancreed Parish Church, schooled at Dulwich College, he studied art under John Sparkes who later taught at South Kensington School of Art. His father then worked for the Luxembourg Railway and after a period of poor health Forbes was removed from Dulwich College and this also afforded additional time to draw. After the end of the Franco-Prussian War, the Forbes returned to London, Dulwich College professor John Sparkes helped influence William Forbes of his sons artistic talent, Stanhope Forbes then attended Lambeth School of Art. By 1878 he attended the Royal Academy under Sir Frederic Leighton, fellow students at the academy included Arthur Hacker, Henry Herbert La Thangue and Solomon J. Solomon. He participated in his first exhibition there, Forbes returned to Ireland for a few months to visit Dr. Andrew Melville, family friend and Queens College professor. While there the men shared their appreciation of art and Forbes painted landscapes of the Galway area and he also received his first commission for a portrait. Back in London and at the age of 18, he received commission for a portrait of a doctors daughter. It was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1879 and he then studied at the private atelier of Léon Bonnat in Clichy, Paris from 1880 to 1882. Henry Herbert La Thangue who also attended Dulwich College, Lambeth School of Art and the Royal Academy came to Paris, too, Arthur Hacker, a friend from the Royal Academy joined Forbes at Bonnats atelier. In 1881 Forbes and La Thangue went to Cancale, Brittany and painted en plein air, like Jules Bastien-Lepage, of Brittany, Mrs. Lionel Birch wrote, In that most beautiful and interesting portion of France, there seemed to be found everything that an artist could desire. Here was a dear to all who love that which is old and quaint, time-honoured
31.
Paul Gauguin
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Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin was a French post-Impressionist artist. Underappreciated until after his death, Gauguin is now recognized for his use of color. His work was influential to the French avant-garde and many artists, such as Pablo Picasso. Many of his paintings were in the possession of Russian collector Sergei Shchukin and he was an important figure in the Symbolist movement as a painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramist, and writer. He was also a proponent of wood engraving and woodcuts as art forms. Gauguin was born in Paris, France to Clovis Gauguin and Alina Maria Chazal on June 7,1848 and his birth coincided with revolutionary upheavals throughout Europe that year. His father, a 34-year-old liberal journalist, came from a family of petit-bourgeoisie entrepreneurs residing in Orléans and he was compelled to flee France when the newspaper for which he wrote was suppressed by French authorities. Gauguins mother, the 22-year-old Aline Marie Chazal, was the daughter of Andre Chazal, an engraver, and Flora Tristan and their union ended when Andre assaulted his wife Flora and was sentenced to prison for attempted murder. Paul Gauguins maternal grandmother, Flora Tristan, was the daughter of Thérèse Laisnay. Details of Thérèses family background are not known, her father, Don Mariano, was a Spanish nobleman, members of the wealthy Tristan Moscoso family held powerful positions in Peru. Nonetheless, Don Marianos unexpected death plunged his mistress and daughter Flora into poverty, when Floras marriage with Andre failed, she petitioned for and obtained a small monetary settlement from her fathers Peruvian relatives. She sailed to Peru in hopes of enlarging her share of the Tristan Moscoso family fortune and this never materialized, but she successfully published a popular travelogue of her experiences in Peru which launched her literary career in 1838. An active supporter of early socialist societies, Gauguins maternal grandmother helped to lay the foundations for the 1848 revolutionary movements, placed under surveillance by French police and suffering from overwork, she died in 1844. Her grandson Paul idolized his grandmother, and kept copies of her books with him to the end of his life. In 1850, Clovis Gauguin departed for Peru with his wife Alina and he died of a heart attack en route, and Alina arrived in Peru a widow with the 18-month-old Paul and his 2 ½ year-old sister, Marie. Gauguins mother was welcomed by her granduncle, whose son-in-law would shortly assume the presidency of Peru. To the age of six, Paul enjoyed an upbringing, attended by nursemaids. He retained a vivid memory of period of his childhood which instilled indelible impressions of Peru that haunted him the rest of his life
32.
John William Godward
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John William Godward was an English painter from the end of the Neo-Classicist era. He was a protégé of Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, but his style of painting out of favour with the arrival of painters such as Picasso. He committed suicide at the age of 61 and is said to have written in his note that the world is not big enough for myself. His already estranged family, who had disapproved of his becoming an artist, were ashamed of his suicide, no photographs of Godward are known to survive. Godward was born in 1861 and lived in Wilton Grove, Wimbledon and he was born to Sarah Eboral and John Godward. He was the eldest of five children and he was named after his father John and grandfather William. He was christened at St. Marys Church in Battersea on 17 October 271861, the overbearing attitude of his parents made him reclusive and shy later in adulthood. He exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1887, when he moved to Italy with one of his models in 1912, his family broke off all contact with him and even cut his image from family pictures. Godward returned to England in 1921, died in 1922 and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, one of his best known paintings is Dolce far Niente, which was purchased for the collection of Andrew Lloyd Webber in 1995. As in the case of other paintings, Godward painted more than one version. Godward was a Victorian Neo-classicist, and therefore, a follower in theory of Frederic Leighton, the vast majority of Godwards extant images feature women in Classical dress, posed against these landscape features, although there are some semi-nude and fully nude figures included in his oeuvre. In addition, Godward painstakingly and meticulously rendered other important features in his paintings, animal skins, Godwards penchant for creating works of art set in the classical period probably came from the time period in which he was born. The last full-scale classical revival in western painting bloomed in England in the 1860s and flowered there for the next three decades. the-athenaeum. org
33.
Winslow Homer
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Winslow Homer was an American landscape painter and printmaker, best known for his marine subjects. He is considered one of the foremost painters in 19th-century America, largely self-taught, Homer began his career working as a commercial illustrator. He subsequently took up oil painting and produced major studio works characterized by the weight and he also worked extensively in watercolor, creating a fluid and prolific oeuvre, primarily chronicling his working vacations. Born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1836, Homer was the second of three sons of Charles Savage Homer and Henrietta Benson Homer, both from long lines of New Englanders and his mother was a gifted amateur watercolorist and Homers first teacher. She and her son had a relationship throughout their lives. Homer took on many of her traits, including her quiet, strong-willed, terse, sociable nature, her dry sense of humor, Homer had a happy childhood, growing up mostly in then rural Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was a student, but his art talent was evident in his early years. Homers father was a volatile, restless businessman who was looking to make a killing. When Homer was thirteen, Charles gave up the store business to seek a fortune in the California gold rush. When that failed, Charles left his family and went to Europe to raise capital for other schemes that didnt materialize. After Homers high school graduation, his father saw a newspaper advertisement, Homers apprenticeship at the age of 19 to J. H. Bufford, a Boston commercial lithographer, was a formative but treadmill experience. He worked repetitively on sheet music covers and other work for two years. By 1857, his career was underway after he turned down an offer to join the staff of Harpers Weekly. From the time I took my nose off that lithographic stone, Homer later stated, I have had no master, Homers career as an illustrator lasted nearly twenty years. His quick success was due to this strong understanding of graphic design. Before moving to New York in 1859, Homer lived in Belmont and his uncles Belmont mansion, the 1853 Homer House, was the inspiration for a number of his early illustrations and paintings, including several of his 1860s croquet pictures. The Homer House, owned by the Belmont Womans Club, is open for public tours, in 1859, he opened a studio in the Tenth Street Studio Building in New York City, the artistic and publishing capital of the United States. Until 1863, he attended classes at the National Academy of Design, and studied briefly with Frédéric Rondel, in only about a year of self-training, Homer was producing excellent oil work
34.
Gustav Klimt
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Gustav Klimt was an Austrian symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Secession movement. Klimt is noted for his paintings, murals, sketches, Klimts primary subject was the female body, and his works are marked by a frank eroticism. In addition to his works, which include allegories and portraits. Among the artists of the Vienna Secession, Klimt was the most influenced by Japanese art, early in his artistic career, he was a successful painter of architectural decorations in a conventional manner. He subsequently accepted no more commissions, but achieved a new success with the paintings of his golden phase. Klimts work was an important influence on his younger contemporary Egon Schiele, Gustav Klimt was born in Baumgarten, near Vienna in Austria-Hungary, the second of seven children—three boys and four girls. His mother, Anna Klimt, had an ambition to be a musical performer. His father, Ernst Klimt the Elder, formerly from Bohemia, was a gold engraver, all three of their sons displayed artistic talent early on. Klimts younger brothers were Ernst Klimt and Georg Klimt, Klimt lived in poverty while attending the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts, where he studied architectural painting until 1883. He revered Viennas foremost history painter of the time, Hans Makart, Klimt readily accepted the principles of a conservative training, his early work may be classified as academic. In 1877 his brother, Ernst, who, like his father, would become an engraver, the two brothers and their friend, Franz Matsch, began working together and by 1880 they had received numerous commissions as a team that they called the Company of Artists. They also helped their teacher in painting murals in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, Klimt began his professional career painting interior murals and ceilings in large public buildings on the Ringstraße, including a successful series of Allegories and Emblems. In 1888 Klimt received the Golden Order of Merit from Emperor Franz Josef I of Austria for his contributions to murals painted in the Burgtheater in Vienna and he also became an honorary member of the University of Munich and the University of Vienna. In 1892 Klimts father and brother Ernst both died, and he had to assume responsibility for his fathers and brothers families. The tragedies also affected his vision and soon he would move towards a new personal style. Historians believe that Klimt with the nuda veritas denounced both the policy of the Habsburgs and the Austrian society, which ignored all political and social problems of that time. In the early 1890s Klimt met Austrian fashion designer Emilie Louise Flöge who was to be his companion until the end of his life and his painting, The Kiss, is thought to be an image of them as lovers. He designed many costumes she created and modeled in his works, during this period Klimt fathered at least fourteen children
35.
Judith and the Head of Holofernes
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Judith and the Head of Holofernes is an oil painting by Gustav Klimt created in 1901. It depicts the character of Judith holding the severed head of Holofernes. When Klimt tackles the theme of Judith, the historical course of art has already codified its main interpretation. In fact, many paintings exist, describing the episode in a manner, especially expressing Judiths courage. Judith appears as Gods instrument of salvation, but the violence of her action cannot be denied and is shown in Caravaggios rendering, as well as those of Gentileschi. Other representations have chosen the subsequent moment, when a dazed Judith holds Holofernes severed head, as Moreau, Klimt deliberately ignores any narrative reference whatsoever, and concentrates his pictorial rendering solely on to Judith, so much so that he cuts off Holofernes head at the right margin. And there is no trace of bloodied sword, as if the heroine would have used a different weapon, the moment preceding the killing — the seduction of Nebuchadnezzars general — seems to coalesce with the conclusive part of the story. Judiths face exudes a mixed charge of voluptuousness and perversion and its traits are transfigured so as to obtain the greatest degree of intensity and seduction, which Klimt achieves by placing the woman on an unattainable plane. The slightly lifted head has a sense of pride, whereas her visage is languid and sensual, with parted lips in between defiance and seduction. Franz A. J. Szabo describes it best as a, “ triumph of the feminine principle over the aggressive masculine one. ”Her half-closed gaze. In 1903, author and critic Felix Salten describes Judith’s expression as one “with a sultry fire in her dark glances, cruelty in the lines of her mouth, the contrast between the black hair and the golden luminosity of the background enhance elegance and exaltation. The fashionable hairdo is emphasized by the motifs of the trees fanning on the sides. Her disheveled dark green, semi-sheer garment, giving the viewer a view of nearly bare torso, in the 1901 version, Judith maintains a magnetic fascination and sensuality, subsequently abandoned by Klimt in his Judith II, where she acquires sharper traits and a fierce expression. She revels in her power and sexuality—so much so, critics mislabeled Klimts Judith as Salome, to stress and reemphasize that the woman was actually Judith and not Salome he had his brother, Georg, make the metal frame for him with “Judith and Holofernes” engraved on it. Book of Judith Judith Beheading Holofernes List of paintings by Gustav Klimt List of Austrian artists and architects Zeri, Federico, Giuditta I, sabarsky, Serge, Gustav Klimt, Drawings, et al. Whitford, Frank, Klimt, Thames and Hudson, gallery of works by Gustav Klimt at Zeno. org iKlimt. com Web Museum Klimt page Klimt Film at the Internet Movie Database High resolution Klimt gallery Klimt — Painter of Women, CH, Cosmopolis
36.
Lithography
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Lithography is a method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone or a plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by German author and actor Alois Senefelder as a method of publishing theatrical works. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material, Lithography originally used an image drawn with oil, fat, or wax onto the surface of a smooth, level lithographic limestone plate. The stone was treated with a mixture of acid and gum arabic, when the stone was subsequently moistened, these etched areas retained water, an oil-based ink could then be applied and would be repelled by the water, sticking only to the original drawing. The ink would finally be transferred to a paper sheet. This traditional technique is used in some fine art printmaking applications. In modern lithography, the image is made of a coating applied to a flexible aluminum plate. The image can be printed directly from the plate, or it can be offset, by transferring the image onto a sheet for printing. In fact, photolithography is used synonymously with offset printing, the technique as well as the term were introduced in Europe in the 1850s. Beginning in the 1960s, photolithography has played an important role in the fabrication, Lithography uses simple chemical processes to create an image. For instance, the part of an image is a water-repelling substance. Thus, when the plate is introduced to a printing ink and water mixture, the ink will adhere to the positive image. This allows a flat print plate to be used, enabling much longer, Lithography was invented by Alois Senefelder in the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1796. In the early days of lithography, a piece of limestone was used. After the oil-based image was put on the surface, a solution of gum arabic in water was applied, during printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and was repelled by the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did the opposite. Lithography works because of the repulsion of oil and water. The image is drawn on the surface of the print plate with a fat or oil-based medium such as a wax crayon, which may be pigmented to make the drawing visible
37.
Edmund Leighton
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Edmund Blair Leighton was an English painter of historical genre scenes, specializing in Regency and medieval subjects. Leighton was the son of the artist Charles Blair Leighton and he was educated at University College School, before becoming a student at the Royal Academy Schools. He married Katherine Nash in 1885 and they went on to have a son and he exhibited annually at the Royal Academy from 1878 to 1920. Leighton was a craftsman, producing highly finished, decorative pictures. It would appear that he left no diaries, and though he exhibited at the Royal Academy for over forty years, the following obituary of Leighton is taken from a magazine published early in 1923. It is one of several publications to have given the year of birth as 1853 instead of the date of 1852. Obituary - The late Edmund Blair Leighton ROI 1853–1922. ’ Since then his highly wrought style was represented at Burlington House until two years prior to his decease. For the past dozen years or so, Mr E Blair Leighton had been a member of the Royal Institute of Oil Painters. He had married in 1885, Miss Katherine Nash, by whom he had, with a daughter, one son, Mr E J Blair Leighton, Edmund Blair Leighton at the Art Renewal Center where Kara Ross is researching and writing the Catalogue Raisonné for Edmund Blair Leighton
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