1.
Carriage
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A carriage is a wheeled vehicle for people, usually horse-drawn, litters and sedan chairs are excluded, since they are wheelless vehicles. The carriage is especially designed for passenger use and for comfort or elegance. It may be light, smart and fast or heavy, large, Carriages normally have suspension using leaf springs, elliptical springs or leather strapping. A public passenger vehicle would not usually be called a carriage – terms for such include stagecoach, charabanc, working vehicles such as the wagon and cart share important parts of the history of the carriage, as does too the fast chariot. The word carriage is from Old Northern French cariage, to carry in a vehicle, a carriage is sometimes called a team, as in horse and team. A carriage with its horse is a rig, an elegant horse-drawn carriage with its retinue of servants is an equipage. A carriage together with the horses, harness and attendants is a turnout or setout, a procession of carriages is a cavalcade. Some horsecarts found in Celtic graves show hints that their platforms were suspended elastically, four-wheeled wagons were used in prehistoric Europe, and their form known from excavations suggests that the basic construction techniques of wheel and undercarriage were established then. The earliest recorded sort of carriage was the chariot, reaching Mesopotamia as early as 1900 BC, used typically for warfare by Egyptians, the near Easterners and Europeans, it was essentially a two-wheeled light basin carrying one or two passengers, drawn by one to two horses. It is likely that Roman carriages employed some form of suspension on chains or leather straps, in the kingdom of the Zhou Dynasty the Warring States were also known to have used carriages as transportation. With the decline of these civilizations these techniques almost disappeared, the medieval carriage was typically a four-wheeled wagon type, with a rounded top similar in appearance to the Conestoga Wagon familiar from the USA. Sharing the traditional form of wheels and undercarriage known since the Bronze Age, suspension is recorded in visual images and written accounts from the 14th century, and was in widespread use by the 15th century. Carriages were largely used by royalty, aristocrats, and could be decorated and gilded. These carriages were on four wheels often and were pulled by two to four depending on how they were decorated. Wood and iron were the requirements needed to build a carriage. Another form of carriage was the pageant wagon of the 14th century, historians debate on the structure and size of pageant wagons, however, they are generally miniature house-like structures that rest on four to six wheels depending on the size of the wagon. Historians also debate whether or not pageant wagons were built with pivotal axle systems, whether it was a four- or six-wheel pageant wagon, most historians maintain that pivotal axle systems were implemented on pageant wagons because many roads were often winding with some sharp turns. Six wheel pageant wagons also represent another innovation in carriages, they were one of the first carriages to use multiple pivotal axles, pivotal axles were used on the front set of wheels and the middle set of wheels
2.
Postilion
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A postilion rider was the driver of a horse-drawn coach or post chaise, mounted on one of the drawing horses. By contrast, a coachman would be mounted on the vehicle along with the passengers, postilion riders normally rode the left horse of a pair because horses usually were trained only to be mounted from the left. With a double team, either there would be two postilions, one for each pair, or one postilion would ride on the rear horse in order to control all four horses. Postilions typically wore a special rigid boot on their right leg for protection from possible crushing injury due to contact with the wooden shaft. This style of travel was known as posting, the postilions and their horses would be hired from a postmaster at a post house. The carriage would travel from one post house to the next, in practice unless a return hire was anticipated a postilion of a spent team frequently was also responsible for returning them to the originating post house. Posting was once both in England and in continental Europe. In addition to a carriages obvious advantages on long trips it tended to be the most rapid form of passenger travel, individually mounted riders are subject to their personal endurance limits, while posting could continue indefinitely with brief stops for fresh horses and crew. In England, posting declined once railways became a method of transport. The gun detachments of the Kings Troop, Royal Horse Artillery are each driven by a team of three post riders, Officers and Senior Non-Commissioned Officers ride separately. The United States Armys Old Guard Caisson Platoon also rides postilion, as their predecessors did in the 19th Century, the section sergeant, on a separate horse, is in charge of the team and there are 6 other horses teamed together, used at Arlington National Cemetery. Le postillon de Lonjumeau, an 1836 French comic opera by Adolphe Adam and my postillion has been struck by lightning. A comical phrase supposedly found in old-fashioned foreign language phrase books, der Postillon, German satirical news site
3.
Landau (carriage)
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A landau is a coachbuilding term for a type of four-wheeled, convertible carriage. It was a city carriage of luxury type and it is lightweight and suspended on elliptical springs. It was invented in the 18th century, landau in this sense is first noted in English in 1743 and it was named after the German city of Landau in the Rhenish Palatinate where they were first produced. Lord, Hopkinson, coachmakers of Holborn, London, produced the first English landaus in the 1830s, the soft folding top is divided into two sections, front and rear, latched at the center. These usually lie perfectly flat, but the section can be let down or thrown back while the front section can be removed or left stationary. When fully opened, the top can completely cover the passengers, the landaus center section might contain a fixed full-height glazed door, or more usually a low half-door. A small landau, a coupé with a top, was called a landaulet. A brougham called a brougham-landaulet had a top collapsible from the rear doors backward, a five-glass landau was fitted with a front glass windscreen and two windows on each side. The landau reached its development by the mid-19th century. It was purely a city carriage of luxury type, the low shell of the landau made for maximum visibility of the occupants and their clothing, a feature that makes a landau still a popular choice for Lords Mayor on ceremonial occasions. The Royal Mews contains several different types of landau, seven State Landaus are in regular use, as well as being slightly plainer in ornamentation, the Semi-state Landaus are distinguished from the State Landaus in that they are postilion-driven, rather than driven from the box. The 1902 State Landau was built for the coronation of Edward VII in 1902, unlike the earlier State Landaus, it is postilion-driven. So too are the five Ascot Landaus, smaller and lighter carriages with basket-work sides, the Royal Mews also retains a miniature landau made for the children of George V and designed to be pulled by ponies. The ambassadors suite follows in another State landau, the monarch of Canada has a state landau at his or her disposal in Ottawa for ceremonial processions from Rideau Hall to Parliament Hill. The State Landau was given to Canada in 1911 and was used by the Governor General of Australia. For the Queens Plate in Toronto, the monarch and the family have a private landau owned by the Ontario Jockey Club. Driving, The Development and Use of Horse-Drawn Vehicles, London,1985, berkebile, Don H, Carriage Terminology, A Historical Dictionary, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C.1978
4.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
5.
Charles, Prince of Wales
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Charles, Prince of Wales is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay, he is the heir apparent in British history. He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover, Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. After earning a bachelor of degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons, Prince William later to become Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, in 1996, the couple divorced, following well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year, in 2005, Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles. Charles has sought to raise awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment. As an environmentalist, he has received awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world. His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been criticised by some in the medical community and he has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings. Subsequently, Charles created Poundbury, a new town based on his theories. He has authored a number of books, including A Vision of Britain, A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and he was baptised in the palaces Music Room by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, on 15 December 1948. When Prince Charles was aged three his mothers accession as Queen Elizabeth II made him her heir apparent. As the monarchs eldest son, he took the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince. Charles attended his mothers coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, seated alongside his grandmother, as was customary for upper-class children at the time, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, Charles then attended two of his fathers former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland. He reportedly despised the school, which he described as Colditz in kilts. Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy and he left in 1967, with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C, respectively. Tradition was broken again when Charles proceeded straight from school into university
6.
Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall
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Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, GCVO, CSM, PC, is the second wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, who is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Instead of using the title of Princess of Wales, she uses the title Duchess of Cornwall, in Scotland, she is known as the Duchess of Rothesay. Camilla was born into a family as the eldest child of Major Bruce Shand and his wife, the Honourable Rosalind Cubitt. She was raised in East Sussex and South Kensington, and was educated in England, Switzerland, subsequently, she worked for different firms based in central London, most notably the decorating firm Sibyl Colefax & John Fowler. In 1973, Camilla married British Army officer Andrew Parker Bowles, for many years, Camilla was in a relationship with the Prince of Wales before and after their former marriages. The relationship became highly publicised in the media and attracted worldwide scrutiny, as the Duchess of Cornwall, Camilla assists the Prince of Wales on his official duties. She is also the patron, president and a member of numerous charities, since 1994, she has taken action on osteoporosis, which has earned her honours and awards. She has also raised awareness in areas including rape and sexual abuse, literacy and poverty, Camilla Rosemary Shand was born at Kings College Hospital, London, on 17 July 1947 at 7,00 am. She grew up in the Laines, a house located in Plumpton, East Sussex. Her parents were British Army officer turned businessman Major Bruce Shand and his wife, the Hon. Rosalind and she has one younger sister, Annabel Elliot, and had a younger brother, Mark Shand. Her maternal great-grandmother, Alice Keppel, was a mistress of King Edward VII from 1898 to 1910, on 1 November 1947, Camilla was baptised at Firle Church, Sussex. Her godparents were Hon. Henry Cubitt, Major Neil Speke, Mrs Heathcoat-Amory, Mrs Lombard Hobson, Camillas mother worked for an adoption agency, while her father had different business interests after retiring from the army. He was most notably a partner in Block, Grey and Block, during her childhood years, Camilla became an avid reader due to the influence of her father, who read to her frequently. She grew up with dogs and cats, and, at a young age, according to her, childhood was perfect in every way. Biographer Gyles Brandreth describes her background and childhood, Camilla is often described as having had an Enid Blyton sort of Childhood, in fact, it was much grander than that. The Shands had position and they had help—help in the house, help in the garden and they opened their garden for the local Conservative Party Association summer fête. At the age of five, Camilla was sent to Dumbrells and she left Dumbrells aged ten to attend Queens Gate School in Queens Gate, South Kensington. Her classmates at Queens Gate knew her as Milla, her pupils included the singer Twinkle
7.
Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II
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The Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II was a multinational celebration throughout 2012, that marked the 60th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II on 6 February 1952. Queen Elizabeth is queen regnant of 16 sovereign states, known as Commonwealth realms, the only other time in British history that a monarch celebrated a Diamond Jubilee was in 1897, when Queen Victoria celebrated hers. Commemorative events were held throughout the Commonwealth of Nations, unlike the Queens Silver and Golden Jubilees, when the Queen toured most of her realms around the world, Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, toured only the United Kingdom. Other parts of the Commonwealth were toured by her children and grandchildren as her representatives, the Canadian government announced in April that former prime minister Jean Chrétien would be Canadas representative to the organisation. The Queen attended the final night, on 18 May, the Queen hosted an informal lunch at Windsor Castle for more than twenty current or former monarchs from other countries. In the evening of the day, the Prince of Wales. Criticism was directed at the presence of the King of Bahrain at the lunch, in London, protesters against the King assembled outside Buckingham Palace during the dinner, although he did not attend that event. Google displayed a Google Doodle for the Diamond Jubilee on 2 June, featuring the Queens profile, corgis, heavy rain started during the event and the commemorative airforce flyover at the end was cancelled due to very low cloud base and bad visibility at ground level. Along with almost all members of the Royal Family, various governors-general from the Commonwealth realms other than the UK were in attendance, Pauls Cathedral, also attended by 2,000 other guests. Will Todd’s anthem The Call of Wisdom, commissioned specially for this event, was performed by the Diamond Choir, another reception was held at Londons Guildhall and a luncheon took place at Lancaster House, hosted by the British Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. A reception solely for governors-general was held by the Queen at Buckingham Palace, the lighting of thousands of beacons across the Commonwealth took place on 4 June. The number of beacons was originally set at 2,012, by the date for registrations. The first beacon of the Jubilee was lit on the grounds of Apifoou College in Nukuʻalofa, Tonga, by Tongan girl and Boy Scouts using coconut sheath torches. Other nations, including Kenya, Australia, New Zealand, India, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, the worlds most remote beacon was lit in Tristan da Cunha in the south Atlantic, using invasive, non-native plants to fuel the fire. In the United Kingdom, British servicemen and women wounded in battle, one beacon was lit at Treetops Hotel in Aberdare National Park in Kenya, where the Queen was at the moment of her accession to the throne. The Queen lit the beacon outside Buckingham Palace at 10,30 pm, by inserting a large, specially made, the lighting proceeded until the final beacon was lit in Canada eight hours later. The Queens husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, was hospitalised with an infection on 4 June. Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, stated after visiting his father that the latter was watching the celebrations on television, the Queen visited the Duke the following day
8.
State visit
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Speaking for the host, it is generally called a state reception. State visits are considered to be the highest expression of friendly relations between two sovereign states, and are in general characterised by an emphasis on official public ceremonies. Queen Elizabeth II is the most travelled head of state in the world, however, the Queen has occasionally made some state and official visits representing one of her other Commonwealth realms. A 21-gun salute is fired in honor of the head of state. The playing of the two national anthems by a military band, the guest countrys anthem is usually played first. A review of an honor guard or guard of honour. An exchange of gifts between the two heads of state, a state dinner, either white tie or black tie, is mounted by the hosting head of state, with the visiting head of state being the guest of honor. A visit to the legislature of the host country, often with the head of state being invited to deliver a formal address to the assembled members of the legislature. High-profile visits by the heads of state to host country landmarks such as laying a wreath at a military shrine or cemetery. The staging of cultural events celebrating links between the two nations, the visiting head of state is usually accompanied by a senior government minister, usually by a foreign minister. While the costs of a visit are usually borne by state funds of the host country, most nations host fewer than ten state visits per year. State visits by well-known global leaders, such as Elizabeth II, the President of the United States or the Pope, often draw much publicity and large crowds
9.
Hooper (coachbuilder)
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Hooper & Co. was a British coachbuilding company based in Westminster London. From 1805 to 1959 it was a successful maker, to special order. The company was founded as Adams and Hooper in 1805 and held a warrant from 1830, building elegant horse-drawn carriages, supplying them to King William IV, Queen Victoria. They moved into motor bodies at the turn of the 20th century, the first royal car, a Hooper body on a Daimler chassis, was delivered to Sandringham on 28 March 1900. It was painted brown with red lines, a livery which continued for the royal family well into the twentieth century. Hooper specialized in the top tier of the market, building the most luxurious bodies possible without consideration of cost. The models were not sporty, as the company specialized in stately, coach customers included the Marquis of Londonderry and the Marquis of Crewe. Car body customers included the Kings of Spain, Norway, Portugal and Siam, the Shah of Persia, in 1911, Hooper built an extension onto their Kings Road works, due to increased customer demand. Their London showroom, opened 1896, was on the corner of St James Street and Bennet Street and it included a vehicle lift so that coaches and cars could be displayed at first floor. The alterations are likely to have been overseen by Francis Hooper, architect, during World War I, Hooper turned to aircraft manufacture, eventually producing Sopwith Camels at the rate of three a day. With peace, the returned to coachbuilding. They weathered the Great Depression of the 1930s far better than most coachbuilders, even building a factory in Acton. In the peak year of 1936, more than 300 bodies were built, in 1938 Hooper acquired rivals Barker who were in receivership. Hooper was acquired by The Daimler Company in 1940, becoming part of the BSA industrial group, post war, Hooper became famous for making a series of outrageously-bodied large Daimlers for Lady Docker, the wife of the BSA chairman. This seasons extravagant new Docker Daimler was exhibited each October at the London Motor Show, cast alloy was first used about 1933 in door and windscreen pillars where the fight between roof and scuttle structures tended to cause cracking. Hoopers the coachbuilders, whose Rolls-Royce seven-seater limousine, at £9,185, is the most expensive car at the Motor Show, are celebrating their 150th anniversary in a dignified way. The atmosphere in their St Jamess street showrooms is halfway between that of a tailors and the waiting-room of a distinguished physician. The quiet, unruffled representatives of the firm at the Hooper stand at Earls Court give an impression of solid continuity
10.
Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra
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The coronation of Edward VII and his wife Alexandra as King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the British Empire took place at Westminster Abbey, London, on 9 August 1902. Originally scheduled for 26 June of that year, the ceremony had been postponed at short notice. The success of Victorias Golden and Diamond Jubilees had created the expectation that Edwards coronation would be an expression of the status as a great imperial power. In December 1901, an Executive Coronation Committee was formed, whose leading member, Viscount Esher, Esher had been responsible for organising the Diamond Jubilee in 1897 and was one of the driving forces behind the renewed enthusiasm for royal ceremonial. The position of Director of Music was given to Sir Frederick Bridge, the organist and choirmaster at Westminster Abbey, the first Abbey organist since Henry Purcell to be given that role. Bridge had successfully transformed the quality of music at the Abbey and had directed the music at the Golden Jubilee, by the time of his accession, the 59-year-old Edward was overweight and fond of large meals and cigars. He launched himself into his new role, but his first busy months on the throne were bedevilled by a succession of illnesses and injuries. On 23 June, three days before the set for the coronation, the King and Queen returned from Windsor Castle to Buckingham Palace in preparation. Foreign journalists noted that he appeared worn and pale and was leaning heavily on his cane and that evening, the King and Queen hosted a formal dinner for seventy British and overseas royal guests. On the following day at 12 noon, a telegram marked OFFICIAL was dispatched around the Empire, with the news that the coronation was postponed, shortly afterwards, a bulletin was released from Edwards medical team, stating that The King is suffering from perityphlitis. The condition on Saturday was so satisfactory that it was hoped that with care His Majesty would be able to go through the Coronation ceremonies, on Monday evening a recrudescence became manifest, rendering a surgical operation necessary today. It was undersigned by, among others, Lord Lister and Sir Frederick Treves, on 26 June itself, a solemn service of intercession was held at St Pauls Cathedral, which was attended by many of the British and foreign dignitaries who were in London for the coronation. Organised by Sir Thomas Lipton,500,000 dinners were served to Londoners on 5 July at 800 locations around the capital, the King personally contributed £30,000 towards the cost and there were donations by commercial companies and wealthy individuals. Many people had intended to watch the procession, and rooms along the planned route had been rented out at high rates for the expected day of the coronation. The postponement of the led to many demands for refunds on the rental contracts, giving rise to the Coronation cases. One unintended effect of the postponement was the departure of the delegations, they didnt return for the rescheduled ceremony. This made the coronation a celebration of the British race united by the influence of the Imperial Crown according to J E C Bodley. Among the 8,000 guests at the Abbey were the ministers of the British Dominions, thirty one rulers of the Indian Princely States, the Sultan of Perak
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