1.
British Cape Colony
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The Cape of Good Hope, also known as the Cape Colony, was a British colony in present-day South Africa and Namibia, named after the Cape of Good Hope. The British colony was preceded by an earlier Dutch colony of the same name, the Dutch lost the colony to Britain following the 1795 Battle of Muizenberg, but had it returned following the 1802 Peace of Amiens. It was re-occupied by the British following the Battle of Blaauwberg in 1806, the Cape of Good Hope then remained in the British Empire, becoming self-governing in 1872, and uniting with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa in 1910. It then was renamed the Cape of Good Hope Province, South Africa became fully independent in 1931 by the Statute of Westminster. In the north, the Orange River, also known as the Gariep River, served as the boundary for some time, from 1878, the colony also included the enclave of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands, both in what is now Namibia. An expedition of the Dutch East India Company led by Jan van Riebeeck established a trading post, van Riebeecks objective was to secure a harbour of refuge for Dutch ships during the long voyages between Europe and Asia. Reflecting the multi-national nature of the trading companies, the Dutch also granted vrijburger status to a number of former Scandinavian and German employees as well. In 1688 they also sponsored the immigration of two hundred French Huguenot refugees who had fled to the Netherlands upon the Edict of Fontainebleau. There was a degree of assimilation due to intermarriage. Many of the colonists who settled directly on the frontier became increasingly independent, known as Boers, they migrated westwards beyond the Cape Colonys initial borders and had soon penetrated almost a thousand kilometres inland. Some Boers even adopted a nomadic lifestyle permanently and were denoted as trekboers, Dutch traders imported thousands of slaves to the Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch East Indies and other parts of Africa. By the end of the century the Capes population swelled to about 26,000 people of European descent and 30,000 slaves. In 1795, France occupied the Seven Provinces of the Netherlands and this prompted Great Britain to occupy the territory in 1795 as a way to better control the seas in order stop any potential French attempt to reach India. The British sent a fleet of nine warships which anchored at Simons Town and, following the defeat of the Dutch militia at the Battle of Muizenberg, the Dutch East India Company transferred its territories and claims to the Batavian Republic in 1798, and ceased to exist in 1799. In 1806, the Cape, now controlled by the Batavian Republic, was occupied again by the British after their victory in the Battle of Blaauwberg. The temporary peace between Britain and Napoleonic France had crumbled into open hostilities, whilst Napoleon had been strengthening his influence on the Batavian Republic. The British, who set up a colony on 8 January 1806, hoped to keep Napoleon out of the Cape, in 1814 the Dutch government formally ceded sovereignty over the Cape to the British, under the terms of the Convention of London. The British started to settle the border of the colony
2.
Colony of Natal
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The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south-eastern Africa. It is now the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa, fierce conflict with the Zulu population led to the evacuation of Durban, and eventually the Boers accepted British annexation in 1844 under military pressure. A British governor was appointed to the region and many emigrated from Europe. The British established a sugar industry in the 1860s. Farm owners had a difficult time attracting Zulu labourers to work on their plantations, as a result of the importation of Indian labourers, Durban became the home to the largest concentration of Indians outside of India. In 1823 Francis Farewell, formerly a lieutenant in the British navy, with merchants of Cape Town. In the brig Salisbury, commanded by James S. King, the voyage was not successful as a trading venture, but Farewell was so impressed with the possibilities of Natal both for trade and colonization that he resolved to establish himself at the port. He went on with ten companions, among them Henry Francis Fynn, all the rest save Farewell and Fynn speedily returned to the Cape, but the two who remained were joined by three sailors, John Cane, Henry Ogle and Thomas Holstead. On the 27th of the same month Farewell declared the territory he had acquired a British possession, Farewell, King and Fynn made independent settlements at various parts of the bay. Both Dr Smith and Uys travelled overland through Kaffraria, and were received by the English living at the bay. The next step was taken by the settlers at the port, who in 1835 resolved to lay out a town, to all these requests no official answer was returned. The settlers had joined in the year named by Allen Francis Gardiner. With the support of the traders he founded a station on the hill overlooking the bay. In 1837 Gardiner was given authority by the British government to exercise jurisdiction over the traders and they, however, refused to acknowledge Gardiners authority, and from the Cape government he received no support. The next wave of immigration consisted of Voortrekkers fleeing British rule in Cape Colony, in May 1838 the Boers took control of the port and soon afterwards established the Natalia Republic. The Republic suffered from disorganized government and poor relations with the Zulus, on 2 December 1841, Sir George Thomas Napier, governor of Cape Colony, issued a proclamation declaring his intent to resume British military occupation of Port Natal. Most of the Voortrekkers left by 1843, Natal was proclaimed a British Colony in 1843, and administered from the Cape Colony in 1844. However, it was not until the end of 1845 that an administration was installed with Martin West as lieutenant-governor that the power of the Boer Volksraad finally came to an end
3.
Orange River Colony
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The Orange River Colony was the British colony created after Britain first occupied and then annexed the independent Orange Free State in the Second Boer War. The colony ceased to exist in 1910, when it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as Orange Free State Province, during the Second Boer War, the British forces entered the territory of the Orange Free State and occupied the capital Bloemfontein on 13 March 1900. The Orange Free State government had moved to Kroonstad during the first months of the war, from the perspective of the Orange Free State, independence was only lost with the ratification of the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902. Therefore, there existed an ambiguous constitutional situation between 6 October 1900 and 31 May 1902, with two entities and two governments. On the British side, Sir Alfred Milner was appointed Administrator of the Orange River Colony on 4 January 1901 and he was sworn in as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Orange River Colony on the same day. The Orangia Unie was formally constituted in May 1906, after months of preparation. A similar organisation, called Het Volk, had formed by the Transvaal Boers in January 1905. The chairman of the Orangia Unie was Abraham Fischer, leading politician of the pre-Boer War period, among the other prominent members were J. B. M. Hertzog, Christiaan de Wet and Martinus Theunis Steyn. A second political party, the Constitutional Party was formed by a group of burghers content with British rule, chairman of the party was Sir John G. Fraser, before the Second Boer War a prominent member of the Volksraad of the Orange Free State. The Constitutional Party had a following in Bloemfontein, but not outside the capital. It is noteworthy that the programmes of the two parties were very similar, the real difference between them being the attitude towards British annexation and Afrikaner influence. In 1905 Lord Selborne, formerly First Lord of the Admiralty, replaced Viscount Milner as high commissioner for South Africa and governor of the Transvaal, Selborne had come to South Africa with a brief to guide the former Boer republics from Crown colony government towards self-government. When Liberal Party came into office in Britain in December 1905 the process was speeded up, Selborne accepted the changed situation, and the experiment proved successful. On 7 January 1907 Selborne released a despatch, known as the Selborne Memorandum, the document had a marked influence on the course of events and together with Selbornes conciliatory approach assisted in reconciling the Dutch and British communities of South Africa. After the elections of 1907, the colony received self-government on 27 November 1907, Abraham Fischer became the first prime minister of the colony. The first Legislative Assembly consisted of members of the Orangia Unie, five Constitutionalists. The first Legislative Council counted five members from the Orangia Unie, five Constitutionalists, in this convention former state president M. T. Under the imperial act by which unification was established the colony entered the Union under the style of the Orange Free State Province, Fischer and Hertzog became members of the first Union government, while A. E. W
4.
Transvaal Colony
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The physical borders of the Transvaal Colony were not identical to the defeated South African Republic, but was larger. In 1910 the entire territory became the Transvaal Province of the Union of South Africa, both the Boer republics, the South African Republic known as ZAR and the Orange Free State were defeated in the Anglo Boer War and surrendered to Britain. That all burghers so surrendering will not be deprived of their property No Civil or Criminal proceedings against burghers for acts of war, the Commission would also feed the homeless and assist with the reconstruction of homes affected by the war. To that end, the crown agrees to a grant of £3,000,000 as well as loans at no interest for two years to be repaid at 3 percent interest over years thereafter. In 1902, with following the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging. The political issue faced depended on what side of politics you stood on, the existing British administrators under Alfred Milner wished to anglicise the population through two main means. One by increasing the English speaking population of the Transvaal and secondly teach the Boer children in English with very little Dutch used, followed by self-rule, the Transvaal Boers political objectives was the restoration of self-rule in the colony and the political environment to be dominated by the Boer. As the war ended the British were faced with a proportion of Boer men as prisoners of war. As the British followed a scorched earth policy in the Transvaal, Boer lands, stock, roman Dutch law was translated into English so the law courts could continue, with some old acts repealed and a considerable amount of new law promulgated by the authorities in Johannesburg. The Resident Magistrate then submitted the names of three members of the district to the Governor for district commission under the magistrate. They would consist of one British subject, and two Boers, one from those who had surrendered early on in the war and one who had fought until the end. Repatriation depots were established in the districts and they were stocked with food, seed, agricultural equipment, transport, plough animals and stone, the rail transport network struggled to compete with the transport of army requirement to maintain a garrison and civilian requirements to repair the colony. All feed for transport animals had to be brought to the depots as process started in the winter of 1902, refugees from the concentration camps and prisoners of war were returned to their districts in a system of drafts. At the depots, they would receive farm equipment, tents and rations to start again, food rations were provided for almost a year. The loan scheme was never going to compensate a person for the actual loss experienced by the war, damage and the reconstruction required varied from district to district, In the larger towns, municipal or health boards were “appointed” to manage them under the resident Magistrate. They had limited functions and the rates they levied were for sanitary functions. The British administrators set out to place most Boer farmers back on their land by March 1903 with nineteen million pounds spent on war damages, grants, the administrators reformed the state agricultural departments to modernise farming in the colony which resulted in a maize and beef surplus by 1908. They also attempted to solve the poor white problem by settling them as tenant farmers on land but lack of capital
5.
South Africa
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South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and it is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, the remaining population consists of Africas largest communities of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a variety of cultures, languages. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the recognition of 11 official languages. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup détat, however, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a role in the countrys recent history. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation, since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the countrys democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the Rainbow Nation to describe the multicultural diversity. The World Bank classifies South Africa as an economy. Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, and the 34th-largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed, nevertheless, South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs, and maintains significant regional influence. The name South Africa is derived from the geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English, since 1961 the long form name in English has been the Republic of South Africa. In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid-Afrika, replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid-Afrika, since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages. Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning south, is a name for South Africa. South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human fossil sites in the world, extensive fossil remains have been recovered from a series of caves in Gauteng Province. The area is a UNESCO World Heritage site and has termed the Cradle of Humankind
6.
1902
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As of the start of 1902, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 The first college bowl game, the Rose Bowl between Michigan and Stanford, is held in Pasadena, California. Nurses Registration Act 1901 comes into effect in New Zealand, making it the first country in the world to require registration of nurses. On January 10, Ellen Dougherty becomes the worlds first registered nurse, January 12 – Uddevalla Suffrage Association is officially dissolved. January 23 – A snowstorm at Mount Hakkoda, northern Honshu, Japan, January 28 – The Carnegie Institution is founded in Washington, D. C. with a $10 million gift from Andrew Carnegie. February 9 – Fire levels 26 city blocks of Jersey City, february 11 – Police and universal suffrage demonstrators are involved in a physical altercation in Brussels. February 15 – The Berlin U-Bahn underground is opened, february 18 – U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt prosecutes the Northern Securities Company for violation of the Sherman Act. February 27 American writer John Steinbeck is born, australian officers Breaker Morant and Peter Handcock are executed for the murder of Boer prisoners of war near Louis Trichardt. March 6 – Real Madrid C. F. is founded as Madrid Football Club, march 7 – Second Boer War, South African Boers win their last battle over the British Army, with the capture of a British general and 200 of his men. March 8 – Jean Sibeliuss Second Symphony is premiered in Helsinki, march 10 – A Circuit Court prevents Thomas Edison from having a monopoly on motion picture technology. April 2 – Electric Theatre, the first movie theater in the United States, april 13 – A new car speed record of 74 mph is set in Nice, France, by Léon Serpollet. April 19 – The 7.5 Mw Guatemala earthquake shakes Guatemala with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII, may 5 – The Commonwealth Public Service Act creates Australias Public Service. May 13 – Alfonso XIII of Spain begins his reign, may 20 – Cuba gains independence from the United States. May 22 – The White Star Liner, SS Ionic, is launched, may 29 – Lord Rosebery opens London School of Economics. May 31 – The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War, june 2 – The Anthracite Coal Strike begins in the United States. June 15 – The New York Central Railroad inaugurates the 20th Century Limited passenger train between Chicago and New York City, june 16 – Australia, Female British subjects win the vote with the Uniform Franchise Act. June 17 – Norwich City Football Club is formed, june 26 – Edward VII institutes the Order of Merit. July 5 – Erik Gustaf Boström returns as Prime Minister of Sweden, july 8 – Service of Reclamation within U. S. Geological Survey
7.
Cape Colony
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The Cape of Good Hope, also known as the Cape Colony, was a British colony in present-day South Africa and Namibia, named after the Cape of Good Hope. The British colony was preceded by an earlier Dutch colony of the same name, the Dutch lost the colony to Britain following the 1795 Battle of Muizenberg, but had it returned following the 1802 Peace of Amiens. It was re-occupied by the British following the Battle of Blaauwberg in 1806, the Cape of Good Hope then remained in the British Empire, becoming self-governing in 1872, and uniting with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa in 1910. It then was renamed the Cape of Good Hope Province, South Africa became fully independent in 1931 by the Statute of Westminster. In the north, the Orange River, also known as the Gariep River, served as the boundary for some time, from 1878, the colony also included the enclave of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands, both in what is now Namibia. An expedition of the Dutch East India Company led by Jan van Riebeeck established a trading post, van Riebeecks objective was to secure a harbour of refuge for Dutch ships during the long voyages between Europe and Asia. Reflecting the multi-national nature of the trading companies, the Dutch also granted vrijburger status to a number of former Scandinavian and German employees as well. In 1688 they also sponsored the immigration of two hundred French Huguenot refugees who had fled to the Netherlands upon the Edict of Fontainebleau. There was a degree of assimilation due to intermarriage. Many of the colonists who settled directly on the frontier became increasingly independent, known as Boers, they migrated westwards beyond the Cape Colonys initial borders and had soon penetrated almost a thousand kilometres inland. Some Boers even adopted a nomadic lifestyle permanently and were denoted as trekboers, Dutch traders imported thousands of slaves to the Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch East Indies and other parts of Africa. By the end of the century the Capes population swelled to about 26,000 people of European descent and 30,000 slaves. In 1795, France occupied the Seven Provinces of the Netherlands and this prompted Great Britain to occupy the territory in 1795 as a way to better control the seas in order stop any potential French attempt to reach India. The British sent a fleet of nine warships which anchored at Simons Town and, following the defeat of the Dutch militia at the Battle of Muizenberg, the Dutch East India Company transferred its territories and claims to the Batavian Republic in 1798, and ceased to exist in 1799. In 1806, the Cape, now controlled by the Batavian Republic, was occupied again by the British after their victory in the Battle of Blaauwberg. The temporary peace between Britain and Napoleonic France had crumbled into open hostilities, whilst Napoleon had been strengthening his influence on the Batavian Republic. The British, who set up a colony on 8 January 1806, hoped to keep Napoleon out of the Cape, in 1814 the Dutch government formally ceded sovereignty over the Cape to the British, under the terms of the Convention of London. The British started to settle the border of the colony
8.
Walter Hely-Hutchinson
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Sir Walter Francis Hely-Hutchinson GCMG was an Anglo-Irish diplomat and colonial administrator. Hely-Hutchinson was the son of Richard Hely-Hutchinson, 4th Earl of Donoughmore and he was appointed Governor of the Cape Colony in 1901, and was the last British governor until the post disappeared when the colony joined the Union of South Africa in 1910. He also acted as High Commissioner to South Africa in 1909 during the absence of Lord Selborne and his son was the composer Victor Hely-Hutchinson
9.
Martinus Theunis Steyn
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Martinus Theunis Steyn was a South African lawyer, politician, and statesman, sixth and last president of the independent Orange Free State from 1896 to 1902. The Steyn family farmed near Winburg on the farm Josephinesdal, Steyn was born on 2 October 1857 on the farm Rietfontein near Winburg in the Orange Free State. His father Marthinus was away from home, after the death of his own father and this was around trip of three months from Winburg to Swellendam in the Cape Colony. As Cecilia, Steyns mother was pregnant with Marthinus Theunis, they thought it saver for her to stay with her sister Gertruida, that was married to Theunis Wessels, in later years his family always called him Theunis. During the Basotho War of 1858, the Steyns was driven from their farm, after the death of Steyns two grandfathers, his Wessels grandmother convinced his father to buy his own farm. They bought the farm Suurfontein/Zuurfontein, on the Modder River, about 13 miles from Bloemfontein and it is on this farm that Steyn spent most of his youth years. It was here that he experienced and came to love the open and it was days of hard work and assisting with everything on the farm. Steyn started his school years in a farm school, on the farm Rooiwal. The school was about forty minutes per horse and the teacher was a Mister Wiggins, another Basoeto War started in 1864. At the age of 16 he left school with his brother Tewie to farm on Zuurfontein, Steyns family lived right across from the then president of the Free State, J. H. Brand, in Bloemfontein. The family formed part of the Dutch families that where socially active, the Steyn home in Bloemfontein, Green Lodge, was the meeting place for the young people of Bloemfontein. According to Judge Buchanans daughter, he was set on convincing Steyns father that they needed to send Steyn to the Netherlands to study law at the Rijks University in Leiden, Leiden University. Steyn and his friend Harry Vels left in May 1877 on the Dunrobin Castle from Port Elizabeth for Cape Town, in Cape Town more passengers, including Rev. J. P. Steyn and Vels did preparatory studies under W. F. P, wisselink at the Gymnasium in Deventer. In September 1879 they would have written their admission exams for the Leiden University, however and this decision was made as they needed an English certificate and training to be allowed to practice law in South Africa. Steyn wrote his admission exam in January 1880 for the Inner Temple in London, Steyn was called to the English bar in November 1882 and shortly afterwards returned to South Africa. After his return to South Africa he set up practice as barrister in Bloemfontein, in 1889 Steyn was appointed state attorney of the Orange Free State. A few months afterwards he became second judge, and in 1893 first puisne judge of the high court
10.
Paul Kruger
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Stephanus Johannes Paulus Paul Kruger was one of the dominant political and military figures in 19th-century South Africa, and President of the South African Republic from 1883 to 1900. Born near the edge of the Cape Colony, Kruger took part in the Great Trek as a child during the late 1830s. He had almost no education apart from the Bible and, through his interpretations of scripture, in 1863 he was elected Commandant-General, a post he held for a decade before he resigned soon after the election of President Thomas François Burgers. Kruger was appointed Vice-President in 1877, shortly before the South African Republic was annexed by Britain as the Transvaal, Kruger served until 1883 as a member of an executive triumvirate, then was elected President. In 1884 he headed a deputation that brokered the London Convention. Kruger left for Europe as the war turned against the Boers in 1900 and spent the rest of his life in exile, refusing to return home following the British victory. After he died in Switzerland at the age of 78 in 1904, his body was returned to South Africa for a state funeral, the family was of Dutch-speaking Afrikaner or Boer background, of German, French Huguenot and Dutch stock. His paternal ancestors had been in South Africa since 1713, when Jacob Krüger, from Berlin and his mothers family, the Steyns, had lived in South Africa since 1668 and were relatively affluent and cultured by Cape standards. Krugers great-great-uncle Hermanus Steyn had been President of the self-declared Republic of Swellendam that revolted against Company rule in 1795, Bulhoek, Krugers birthplace, was the Steyn family farm and had been Elsies home since early childhood, her father Douw Gerbrand Steyn had settled there in 1809. The Krugers and Steyns were acquainted and Casper occasionally visited Bulhoek as a young man and he and Elsie married in Cradock in 1820, when he was 18 and she was 14. A girl, Sophia, and a boy, Douw Gerbrand, were born before Pauls arrival in 1825 and his mother died when he was eight, Casper soon remarried and had more children with his second wife, Heiletje. Beyond reading and writing, which he learned from relatives, Krugers only education was three months under a tutor, Tielman Roos, and Calvinist religious instruction from his father. In adulthood Kruger would claim to have never read any book apart from the Bible, in 1835 Casper Kruger, his father and his brothers Gert and Theuns moved their families east and set up farms near the Caledon River, on the Cape Colonys far north-eastern frontier. The Cape had been under British sovereignty since 1814, when the Netherlands ceded it to Britain with the Convention of London and they had given little thought to the idea of leaving the Cape. A group of emigrants under Hendrik Potgieter passed through the Krugers Caledon encampments in early 1836, Potgieter envisioned a Boer republic with himself in a prominent role, he sufficiently impressed the Krugers that they joined his party of Voortrekkers. Krugers father continued to give the religious education in the Boer fashion during the trek, having them recite or write down biblical passages from memory each day after lunch. At stops along the journey classrooms were improvised from reeds and grass, the Voortrekkers faced competition for the area they were entering from Mzilikazi and his Ndebele people, a recent offshoot from the Zulu Kingdom to the south-east. Kruger and the small children assisted in tasks such as bullet-casting while the women and larger boys helped the fighting men
11.
Gordon Sprigg
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Sir John Gordon Sprigg, GCMG, PC was a British administrator, politician and four-time prime minister of the Cape Colony. Sprigg was born in Ipswich, England, into a strongly Puritan family and his father was a pastor and his strictly conservative up-bringing had a lifelong effect on Spriggs values. He was educated at Ipswich School, as well as a series of private schools. He started his career in an office, and then switched jobs to become a short-hand writer and reporter. However, his health caused him to emigrate to the Cape Colony in 1858 to recuperate. He managed to acquire a farm in what was known at the time as British Kaffraria. His newly acquired property lay near the Capes frontier, and was surrounded by a large population of non-Christian Xhosa people – whom Sprigg regarded with considerable suspicion. This led him to become concerned about issues of frontier security. In 1869, he became the member of the Cape Parliament for East London, both suggestions were rejected outright by the Prime Minister at the time, John Molteno, a strong advocate of racial and regional unity in the Cape. Sprigg was to remain a federalist for the remainder of his career, as the previous opposition leader, John X. Merriman converted and joined the Molteno government, Sprigg and Paterson became the de facto leaders of the opposition. As the machinations began for bringing the states into the British confederation. Offers of titles and threats of dismissal failed to persuade him to back down, in 1878, Governor Frere appealed to the authority of the British Colonial Office to suspend the elected Cape government, and assumed direct control of the country. Freres first attempts to find a replacement government were unsuccessful, as the Capes most influential local leaders all refused his request to take office, Frere then turned to Sprigg, his closest local ally, and offered him the position of Prime Minister and Colonial Secretary. In spite of the war, Sprigg famously left his family and farm on the border immediately. It was a favour which Frere greatly valued, and, writing to Carnarvon, he praised the important, Frere appointed Sprigg on condition that he supported confederation, so Sprigg dutifully began making arrangements for a Federal Conference in June 1880. However, local Cape opposition to it was so strong and widespread that Sprigg had to give up on the idea, elsewhere in southern Africa, Freres attempts to enforce confederation were sparking wars with the Xhosa, the Zulu Kingdom, the Pedi and the Transvaal Republic. A consequence of this was that Sprigg was Prime Minister during the disastrous First Boer War and this period also saw massive spending on defence and the accumulation of a large government debt. In response, Sprigg revived the deeply unpopular hut tax which had been terminated by his predecessor, at the time of taking office, Sprigg faced a parliament which was overwhelmingly supportive of the previous government which Frere had deposed
12.
Breaker Morant
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Harry Breaker Harbord Morant was an Anglo-Australian drover, horseman, bush poet, and military officer. Lt. Morant was found guilty and sentenced to death, Morant and Peter Handcock were then court-martialed for the murder of the Rev. Carl August Daniel Heese, a South African-born Minister of the Berlin Missionary Society. Rev. Heese had spiritually counseled the Dutch and Afrikaner victims at Elim Hospital, indignantly vowed to inform Morants commanding officer, despite having left a written confession in their cell, Lts. Morant and Handcock have become folk heroes in modern Australia and their court-martial and death have been the subject of books, a stage play, and an award-winning Australian New Wave film adaptation by director Bruce Beresford. Upon its release in 1980, Beresfords film both brought Morants life story to an audience and hoisted the images of the accused officers to the level of Australian icons. Morant and Handcock as scapegoats or even as the victims of judicial murder, attempts continue, with wide public support, to obtain a posthumous pardon or even a new trial. In a 1999 interview, Beresford expressed a sense of regret that his film is widely viewed as a story about poor Australians who were framed by the Brits. The feeling still prevails that not all the guilty parties were dealt with - the notorious Captain Taylor being the most obvious one of all and she died in 1899 when Morant was in Adelaide, South Australia, preparing to embark for military service in South Africa. Despite his humble origins, Morant could easily pass for a member of the British upper class, according to The Northern Miner and The Bulletin, Murrant emigrated to Australia in 1883 and arrived aboard the S. S. Waroonga at Townsville, Queensland. Although Morant has often described as an Australian, his former defence counsel. In a letter to The Sydney Morning Herald on 16 June 1923, Maj. Thomas wrote, Morant was not an Australian, he was an Englishman, at the time, and until as late as 1948, all Australians were in fact, British subjects. After his arrival, Murrant adopted the name Harry Harbord Morant, over the next 15 years, he drifted through Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia. He gained a reputation as a hard-drinking, womanising bush poet and he was one of the few who managed to ride the notorious buckjumper Dargins Grey in a race that became a roughriding legend. He then drifted around for some time until he found work as a bookkeeper, Morant enlisted with the Second Contingent of the South Australian Mounted Rifles at Adelaide. Morant was reportedly invited to visit the residence of South Australian governor. After completing his training, he was appointed lance corporal and his regiment embarked for the Transvaal on 27 February 1900, in many respects, the terrain and climate of South Africa is remarkably similar to that of outback Australia, so Morant was in his element. His superb horsemanship, expert bush skills, and educated manner soon attracted the attention of his superiors, a letter written on 23 January 1901 was sent to Admiral Sir George Morant by the Mount Nelson Hotel in Cape Town alleging that Sgt. Morant had stayed there in November 1900, while claiming to be the Admirals son, the Breaker had further passed himself off as a war correspondent for the Daily Telegraph and had left without discharging his liability of £16, 13s
13.
Peter Handcock
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Peter Joseph Handcock was an Australian-born Veterinary Lieutenant in the Bushveldt Carbineers during the Boer War in South Africa. After a court martial, Handcock was convicted and executed for war crimes and his punishment has been controversial in Australia. Handcock was born near Bathurst, New South Wales, and was apprenticed to a blacksmith at age 12 and he worked as a blacksmith with the Railways Department. Married at 21, he had three children and he served in South Africa with the 1st New South Wales Mounted Rifles, and was promoted to Farrier-Sergeant. When the NSWMR returned home he obtained a commission in the Bushveldt Carbineers as Veterinary, although the defendants were found guilty of killing these enemy combatants, they were acquitted of murdering a German missionary, Reverend C. A. D. In 2010, petitions were submitted for the review of the convictions of Handcock, the Bushveldt Carbineers and the Pietersburg Light Horse by William Woolmore ISBN 0-9579752-0-1 For an Australian War Memorial, Peter Handcock Lieutenant Peter Handcock
14.
Louis Trichardt
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Louis Trichardt is a town at the foot of the Soutpansberg mountain range in the Limpopo province of South Africa. It is named after the voortrekker leader Louis Tregardt and it is the centre of the Makhado Local Municipality, which comprises 16,000 km² with a total population of 270,000. Louis Trichardt is located in a region where litchis, bananas, mangoes. The national road N1 runs through the town, Louis Trichardt is 437 kilometres from Johannesburg and one hours drive from the Zimbabwean border at Beitbridge. Louis Trichardt was known as Makhado for a short period, vleifontein, Elim, Tshikota, Madombidzha, Makhado Park and Dzanani surrounds the town at all directions. The mayor of the town is F. D, like many other towns in South Africa, Louis Trichardt had its origins in Voortrekker settlement of the area. Two groups of Trekkers reached the Soutpansberg mountain range in 1836, one under the leadership of Louis Tregardt, Van Rensburg decided to lead his group to Sofala, Mozambique, but his entire party was killed en route. Trigardt and his group stayed near the mountain, camping near what became the town of Louis Trichardt. They planted crops and started exploring the area northwards in an attempt to locate Van Rensburg and his group. After spending a year in the area, they decided to head for the fort at Delagoa Bay, other trekkers soon settled nearby, at Schoemansdal, clashing with the Venda people who dwelt there. The town of Trichardtsdorp was finally founded in February 1899, the Trekkers settled on the northern part of what would later become a town while the Venda people resided at the southern part, about 800 meters apart. When the Trekkers decided to build a town they moved the Venda people and their area grew over the years and was shared amongst two chiefs. The area is known as Ha-Sinthumule/Kutama or simply Dzanani 2. Amongst the youth the name Western is fairly popular, as emphasizes that the area is far west of the Venda tribe, here are the villages’ names, Louis Trichardt has a subtropical climate. The winters are characterised by mild afternoons and cool evenings, winters usually last from June to August. Summers experience warm and often humid temperatures with the occasional afternoon thunderstorm, most of Louis Trichardts rainfall occurs in the summer months, from November to March. The last few years have seen some water restrictions put in place by the municipality due to drought in the area. Louis Trichardt is located in the lowveld, the area consists of savannah as well as high rainfall areas
15.
Namaqualand
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Namaqualand is an arid region of Namibia and South Africa, extending along the west coast over 1,000 kilometres and covering a total area of 440,000 square kilometres. It is divided by the course of the Orange River into two portions – Little Namaqualand to the south and Great Namaqualand to the north. Little Namaqualand is within the Namakwa District Municipality and forms part of Northern Cape Province, a typical municipality is Kamiesberg Local Municipality. Great Namaqualand is in the Karas Region of Namibia, Great Namaqualand is sparsely populated by the Namaqua, a Khoikhoi people who traditionally inhabited the Namaqualand region. Some of the prominent towns in this area are Springbok, being the capital of this region, as well as Kleinzee and Koiingnaas. This area is rich in alluvial diamonds deposited along the coast by the Orange River. Oranjemund is another mining town along this coast, situated in Namibia, as the name suggests, it is at the mouth of the Orange River which forms the border between South Africa and Namibia. The town of Alexander Bay is located 5 kilometres away opposite the river on the South African side and is linked to Oranjemund by the Ernest Oppenheimer Bridge. This is known throughout South Africa as the Namaqualand daisy season, as a region, it has one of the highest percentages of Afrikaans speakers in the world, with over 95% of the population speaking the Afrikaans language. The original Khoekhoe language of the Nama people, with its system of click sounds. Letterklip Namaqualand Railway Peace in Africa Namakwa Region – Northern Cape Tourism Namakwa District Municipality
16.
Okiep
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Okiep is a small town in the Northern Cape province of South Africa, and was in the 1870s ranked as having the richest copper mine in the world. The town is on the site of a spring that was known in the Khoekhoe language of the Nama people as U-gieb and was spelled as Ookiep. Early settlers in the Cape Colony heard rumours of mountains in the north-west that were rich in copper. Governor Simon van der Stel was inclined to believe these tales when, in 1681, van der Stel himself led a major expedition in 1685 and reached the fabled mountains on 21 October. Three shafts were sunk and revealed a rich lode of copper ore - the shafts exist to this day, for almost 200 years nothing was done about the discovery, largely because of its remote location. The explorer James Alexander was the first to follow up on van der Stels discovery, in 1852 he examined the old shafts, discovered some other copper outcrops and started mining operations. Prospectors, miners and speculators rushed to the area, but many companies collapsed when the difficulties became apparent. The first miners were Cornish, and brought them the expertise of centuries of tin-mining in Cornwall. The ruins of the buildings constructed as well as the stonework of the bridges and culverts of the railway built to transport the ore to Port Nolloth. The Namaqualand Railway started operating in 1876 and lasted for 68 years, carrying ore to Port Nolloth and returning with equipment and provisions. The carriages were pulled by mules and horses, which were later replaced by steam locomotives - the last of these. Nowadays road transport is used to convey the ore to the railhead at Bitterfontein, the other principal mines of the area are at Carolusberg and Nababeep. The village of Concordia with a garrison of 100 men, surrendered a day after the siege started, on 4 May 1902 a British relief column arrived from Port Nolloth and ended the siege. A ruined blockhouse is still visible on a hill north-east of the town, Cape Copper Company Medal for the Defence of Ookiep Media related to Okiep at Wikimedia Commons
17.
Namaqualand 0-4-2ST Pioneer
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The Namaqua Copper Company 0-4-2ST Pioneer of 1901 was a South African steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Cape of Good Hope. The Namaqua United Copper Company was formed to take over the Namaqua Copper Company from 1 January 1888 and, on 14 May 1888, it was reconstructed as the Namaqua Copper Company. In 1889, the built an 7 1⁄2-mile long branch line from Braakpits Junction, near Ookiep. The line was opened to traffic on 23 April 1889, Braakpits Junction was on the Namaqualand Railway of the Cape Copper Company, which ran from Port Nolloth on the West Coast to the copper mines around Ookiep. A tramway line was constructed from Flat Mine to the Companys most important mine at Tweefontein, as well as branch lines to the Company stores at Concordia. At the Port Nolloth end of the Namaqualand Railway, a line was also built to serve the Company store at Port Nolloth. Trains were mule-hauled from the beginning, Copper ore from the Namaqua Copper Companys mines and other Company traffic made use of the Cape Copper Company line between Braakpits Junction and Porth Nolloth. Until the Namaqua Copper Company acquired its own 8 ton capacity mainline trucks, goods, by 1906, the company had a fleet of thirty trucks. The assets of the Namaqua Copper Company were sold in 1932 and 1933, the Namaqua Copper Company acquired its first steam locomotive from Dick, Kerr & Company in 1901. It was named Pioneer and was constructed as a wood-burning 0-4-0 saddle-tank engine with a chimney which contained a spark arrester. The locomotive had a rack mounted on top of the tank. Whether these modifications were carried out pre-delivery by Dick, Kerr or post-delivery by the company is not known. In all, the Namaqua Copper Company had five locomotives by 1907, the 7-ton engine Pioneer being the first, a 9-ton locomotive named Volunteer followed in 1902. Three 12-ton locomotives named Muleteer, Buccaneer and Reindeer were delivered in 1903, May 1905 and these locomotives replaced the mules on the Namaqua Copper Company mainline to Braakpits Junction. The locomotive Pioneer was too light for work on the Companys mainline to Braakpits Junction and was placed in service on the tramway to Tweefontein and it gained its place in history during the Second Boer War, when it was commandeered by Boer forces. Towards the end of the Second Boer War, the Cape of Good Hope was invaded by Boer commandos and, on 4 April 1902, the garrison of Ookiep consisted of some 900 men, mostly employees of the Cape Copper Company, three-quarters of whom were coloured. A chain of blockhouses and other defensive positions had been prepared and early in the siege, however, when the departure of Smuts with a British safe-conduct to the deliberations at Vereeniging heralded the end of the war, the siege became little more than a good-humoured blockade. On 1 May 1902, the commandos launched an attack on Ookiep, the protective defences at Ookiep consisted of a barbed wire fence which was erected across the railway line at Braakpits Junction, just north of the town
18.
Boer
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Boer is the Dutch and Afrikaans word for farmer. As used in South Africa, it was used to denote the descendants of the Dutch-speaking settlers of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 18th century. For a long time the Dutch East India Company controlled this area, in addition the term was applied to those who left the Cape Colony during the 19th century to settle in the Orange Free State, Transvaal, and to a lesser extent Natal. They left the Cape primarily to escape British rule and get away from the constant border wars between the British imperial government and the tribes on the eastern frontier. The Dutch East India Company had been formed in the Dutch Republic in 1602, in 1648 one of their ships was stranded in Table Bay, and the shipwrecked crew had to forage for themselves on shore for several months. The result was that in 1652, a Dutch expedition led by surgeon Jan van Riebeek constructed a fort, landing at Table Bay, Van Riebeek took control over Cape Town, the settlement developed during the previous 10 years. In 1671 the Dutch first purchased land from the native Khoikhoi beyond the limits of the built by Van Riebeek. They formed a class of a class of vrijlieden, also known as vrijburgers, a large number of vrijburgers became independent farmers and applied for grants of land, as well as loans of seed and tools, from the Company administration. Political refugees from the wars in France, following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, they were settled at Stellenbosch, Drakenstein, Franschhoek. The influence of small body of immigrants on the character of the Dutch settlers was marked. The Company in 1701 directed that only Dutch should be taught in the schools and this resulted in the Huguenots assimilating by the middle of the 18th century, with a loss to the community in the use and knowledge of French. The little settlement gradually spread eastwards, and in 1754 the country as far as Algoa Bay was included in the colony, at this time the European colonists numbered eight to ten thousand. They possessed numerous slaves, grew wheat in sufficient quantity to make it a commodity crop for export, but their chief wealth was in cattle. Through the latter half of the 17th and the whole of the 18th century, the administration of the Dutch East India Company was extremely despotic. Its policies were not directed at development of the colony, the effect of this tyranny was inevitable, it drove men to desperation. They fled from oppression, and even before 1700 trekking began, in 1789, so strong had feeling amongst the burghers become that delegates were sent from the Cape to interview the authorities at Amsterdam. After this deputation, some reforms were granted. It was largely to escape oppression that the farmers trekked farther and farther from the seat of government, the company, to control the emigrants, established a magistracy at Swellendam in 1745 and another at Graaff Reinet in 1786
19.
Jan Smuts
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Field Marshal Jan Christiaan Smuts OM, CH, ED, PC, KC, FRS was a prominent South African and British Commonwealth statesman, military leader and philosopher. In addition to holding various posts, he served as prime minister of the Union of South Africa from 1919 until 1924. Smuts subsequently lost the 1948 election to hard-line Afrikaners who created apartheid and he continued to work for reconciliation and emphasised the British Commonwealth’s positive role until his death in 1950. He led a Boer Commando in the Second Boer War for the Transvaal, during the First World War, he led the armies of South Africa against Germany, capturing German South-West Africa and commanding the British Army in East Africa. From 1917 to 1919, he was one of the members of the British Imperial War Cabinet. He became a marshal in the British Army in 1941. He was the man to sign both of the peace treaties ending the First and Second World Wars. A statue of him stands in Parliament Square and he was born on 24 May 1870, at the family farm, Bovenplaats, near Malmesbury, in the Cape Colony. His parents, Jacobus Smuts and his wife Catharina, were prosperous, traditional Afrikaner farmers, long established, Jan was quiet and delicate as a child, strongly inclined towards solitary pursuits. During his childhood, he went out alone, exploring the surrounding countryside, this awakened a passion for nature. As the second son of the family, rural custom dictated that he would remain working on the farm, however, in 1882, when Jan was twelve, his elder brother died, and Jan was sent to school in his brothers place. Jan attended the school in nearby Riebeek West and he made excellent progress here, despite his late start, and caught up with his contemporaries within four years. He moved on to Victoria College, Stellenbosch, in 1886, at Stellenbosch, he learned High Dutch, German, and Ancient Greek, and immersed himself further in literature, the classics, and Bible studies. His deeply traditional upbringing and serious outlook led to isolation from his peers. However, he made outstanding academic progress, graduating in 1891 with double First-class honours in Literature and Science. During his last years at Stellenbosch, Smuts began to cast off some of his shyness and reserve, and it was at time that he met Isie Krige. On graduation from Victoria College, Smuts won the Ebden scholarship for overseas study and he decided to travel to the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom to read law at Christs College, Cambridge. Smuts found it difficult to settle at Cambridge, he felt homesick and isolated by his age, worries over money also contributed to his unhappiness, as his scholarship was insufficient to cover his university expenses
20.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established as a sovereign state on 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. The growing desire for an Irish Republic led to the Irish War of Independence, Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, and the state was consequently renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Britain financed the European coalition that defeated France in 1815 in the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire thereby became the foremost world power for the next century. The Crimean War with Russia and the Boer wars were relatively small operations in a largely peaceful century, rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the states formation continued up until the mid-19th century. A devastating famine, exacerbated by government inaction in the century, led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland. It was an era of economic modernization and growth of industry, trade and finance. Outward migration was heavy to the colonies and to the United States. Britain also built up a large British Empire in Africa and Asia, India, by far the most important possession, saw a short-lived revolt in 1857. In foreign policy Britain favoured free trade, which enabled its financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries, as in South America. Britain formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century, when it began to cooperate with Japan, France and Russia, and moved closer to the United States. A brief period of limited independence for Ireland came to an end following the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the British governments fear of an independent Ireland siding against them with the French resulted in the decision to unite the two countries. This was brought about by legislation in the parliaments of both kingdoms and came into effect on 1 January 1801, however, King George III was bitterly opposed to any such Emancipation and succeeded in defeating his governments attempts to introduce it. When the Treaty of Amiens ended the war, Britain agreed to return most of the territories it had seized, in May 1803, war was declared again. In 1806, Napoleon issued the series of Berlin Decrees, which brought into effect the Continental System and this policy aimed to eliminate the threat from the British by closing French-controlled territory to foreign trade. Frances population and agricultural capacity far outstripped that of the British Isles, Napoleon expected that cutting Britain off from the European mainland would end its economic hegemony. The Spanish uprising in 1808 at last permitted Britain to gain a foothold on the Continent, after Napoleons surrender and exile to the island of Elba, peace appeared to have returned. The Allies united and the armies of Wellington and Blucher defeated Napoleon once, simultaneous with the Napoleonic Wars, trade disputes, arming hostile Indians and British impressment of American sailors led to the War of 1812 with the United States. The war was little noticed in Britain, which could devote few resources to the conflict until the fall of Napoleon in 1814, American frigates inflicted a series of defeats on the Royal Navy, which was short on manpower due to the conflict in Europe
21.
Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener
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His term as Commander-in-Chief of the Army in India saw him quarrel with another eminent proconsul, the Viceroy Lord Curzon, who eventually resigned. Kitchener then returned to Egypt as British Agent and Consul-General, in 1914, at the start of the First World War, Kitchener became Secretary of State for War, a Cabinet Minister. Kitchener died on 5 June 1916 when HMS Hampshire sank west of the Orkney Islands and he was making his way to Russia in order to attend negotiations when the ship struck a German mine. He was one of more than 600 killed on board the ship, Kitchener was born in Ballylongford near Listowel, County Kerry, in Ireland, son of army officer Henry Horatio Kitchener and Frances Anne Chevallier. His father had recently bought land in Ireland under a scheme to encourage the purchase of land after selling his commission. They then moved to Switzerland where the young Kitchener was educated at Montreux, then at the Royal Military Academy, pro-French and eager to see action, he joined a French field ambulance unit in the Franco-Prussian War. His father took him back to England after he caught pneumonia after ascending in a balloon to see the French Army of the Loire in action. Commissioned into the Royal Engineers on 4 January 1871, his service in France had violated British neutrality, and he was reprimanded by the Duke of Cambridge, the commander-in-chief. He served in Palestine, Egypt, and Cyprus as a surveyor, learned Arabic, Sir Walter Kitchener, had also entered the army, and was Governor of Bermuda from 1908 to 1912. In 1874, at age 24, Kitchener was assigned by the Palestine Exploration Fund to a mapping-survey of the Holy Land, replacing Charles Tyrwhitt-Drake, who had died of malaria. Conder and Kitchener’s expedition became known as the Survey of Western Palestine because it was confined to the area west of the Jordan River. The survey collected data on the topography and toponymy of the area, as well as local flora, the results of the survey were published in an eight-volume series, with Kitchener’s contribution in the first three tomes. This survey has had an effect on the Middle East for several reasons, The ordnance survey serves as the basis for the grid system used in the modern maps of Israel. The collection of data compiled by Conder and Kitchener are still consulted by archaeologists, the survey itself effectively delineated and defined the political borders of the southern Levant. For instance, the border between Israel and Lebanon is established at the point in upper Galilee where Conder and Kitchener’s survey stopped. In 1878 having completed the survey of Western Palestine, Kitchener was sent to Cyprus to undertake a survey of newly acquired British protectorate. Then in 1879 he became vice-consul in Anatolia, in 1883 Kitchener became a Freemason. On 4 January 1883 Kitchener was promoted to captain, given the Turkish rank bimbashi, Egypt had recently become a British puppet state, its army led by British officers, although still nominally under the sovereignty of the Khedive and his nominal overlord the Sultan of Turkey
22.
Kroonstad
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Kroonstad is the third-largest city of the Free State province of South Africa and lies two hours drive from Gauteng. Kroonstad was established in 1855 by the Irish pioneer Joseph Orpen, while Kroon means crown, this was in fact the name of a horse that had drowned in the nearby ford. A lover of animals, Orpen had witnessed the incident, similarly, the ford in question came to be known as Kroondrift. It is the second largest urban centre in the Northern Free State, Kroonstad is the centre of a rich agricultural district, producing maize, wheat, dairy and meat products and wool. The Bloemhoek Dam lies just east of the city and supplies much of its water needs, a caravan park and many more camp sites on the banks of the willow-lined Vals River are frequented by anglers and watersport enthusiasts. Horse riding, gliding and hiking trails are also available, Kroonstad lies directly on top of the N1, and bypasses the city to the east. Other regional roads in the city are the R34 to Odendaalsrus, the R76 to Steynsrus, the R721 to Vredefort, Kroonstad is an important railway junction from cape town to Johannesburg via Bloemfontein. Kroonstad is served by an airport with no passenger flights. Construction is currently underway with the aim of developing it into a regional airport, shopping in Kroonstad is characterised by typical high street shopping. The development of the new Kroonstad Waterfront mall is underway, other shopping centres in the city are Panorama Plaza, Shoprite and PicknPay centres. Kroonstad is said to be one of the Free State’s loveliest cities and lies on the banks of the Vals River and it is situated in an area characterised by open spaces and an abundant variety of vegetation that makes it particularly beautiful. Kroonstad is a quaint city that serves as a stop over en route between Johannesburg and Bloemfontein, lying as it does at virtually the halfway mark. Today, as an important administrative, agricultural and educational centre, sporting facilities of all kinds are well catered for as the headquarters of the SA Jukskei Council has been established here since 1951. The city is rich in historical sights, several buildings and statues, a former concentration camp. Kroonstad is an important agricultural centre in the Free State with a predominantly agricultural-orientated economy served by a modern toll-road. This brings the PWV Region within two hours drive from Kroonstad as well as being accessible from the North West, Bloemfontein, a blockhouse south of city is a reminder of later stages of the Second Boer War. Stone corbelled huts, refuges for the inhabitants of the region. In addition, San rock art and fossils are present in the region, by 1931, the Kroonstad municipal council had assumed a coat of arms
23.
Zulu people
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The Zulu are a Bantu ethnic group of Southern Africa and the largest ethnic group in South Africa, with an estimated 10–11 million people living mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Small numbers also live in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Tanzania and Mozambique, the Zulu were originally a major clan in what is today Northern KwaZulu-Natal, founded ca.1709 by Zulu kaMalandela. In the Nguni languages, iZulu means heaven, or weather, at that time, the area was occupied by many large Nguni communities and clans. Nguni communities had migrated down Africas east coast over centuries, as part of the Bantu migrations probably arriving in what is now South Africa in about the 9th century, the Zulu formed a powerful state in 1818 under the leader Shaka. Shaka, as the Zulu King, gained an amount of power over the tribe. On 11 December 1878, agents of the British delivered an ultimatum to 11 chiefs representing Cetshwayo, the terms forced upon Cetshwayo required him to disband his army and accept British authority. Cetshwayo refused, and war followed January 12,1879, during the war, the Zulus defeated the British at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January. The British managed to get the hand after the Battle at Rorkes Drift. After Cetshwayos capture a month following his defeat, the British divided the Zulu Empire into 13 kinglets, the sub-kingdoms fought amongst each other until 1883 when Cetshwayo was reinstated as king over Zululand. This still did not stop the fighting and the Zulu monarch was forced to flee his realm by Zibhebhu, one of the 13 kinglets, Cetshwayo died in February 1884, killed by Zibhebhus regime, leaving his son, the 15-year-old Dinuzulu, to inherit the throne. In-fighting between the Zulu continued for years, until Zululand was absorbed fully into the British colony of Natal, under apartheid, the homeland of KwaZulu was created for Zulu people. In 1970, the Bantu Homeland Citizenship Act provided that all Zulus would become citizens of KwaZulu, KwaZulu consisted of a large number of disconnected pieces of land, in what is now KwaZulu-Natal. By 1993, approximately 5.2 million Zulu people lived in KwaZulu, the Chief Minister of KwaZulu, from its creation in 1970 was Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi. In 1994, KwaZulu was joined with the province of Natal, Inkatha YeSizwe means the crown of the nation. In 1975, Buthelezi revived the Inkatha YaKwaZulu, predecessor of the Inkatha Freedom Party and this organization was nominally a protest movement against apartheid, but held more conservative views than the ANC. For example, Inkatha was opposed to the struggle. Inkatha was initially on good terms with the ANC, but the two came into increasing conflict beginning in 1976 in the aftermath of the Soweto Uprising. The modern Zulu population is evenly distributed in both urban and rural areas
24.
Second Boer War
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The Second Boer War, usually known as the Boer War and also at the time as the South African War, started on 11 October 1899 and ended on 31 May 1902. Great Britain defeated two Boer states in South Africa, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State, Britain was aided by its Cape Colony, Colony of Natal and some native African allies. The British war effort was supported by volunteers from the British Empire, including Southern Africa, the Australian colonies, Canada, India. All other nations were neutral, but public opinion in them was largely hostile to Britain, inside Britain and its Empire there also was significant opposition to the Second Boer War. The British were overconfident and under-prepared, the Boers were very well armed and struck first, besieging Ladysmith, Kimberley, and Mafeking in early 1900, and winning important battles at Colenso, Magersfontein and Stormberg. Staggered, the British brought in numbers of soldiers and fought back. General Redvers Buller was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener and they relieved the three besieged cities, and invaded the two Boer republics in late 1900. The onward marches of the British Army were so overwhelming that the Boers did not fight staged battles in defense of their homeland, the British quickly seized control of all of the Orange Free State and Transvaal, as the civilian leadership went into hiding or exile. In conventional terms, the war was over, Britain officially annexed the two countries in 1900, and called a khaki election to give the government another six years of power in London. However, the Boers refused to surrender and they reverted to guerrilla warfare under new generals Louis Botha, Jan Smuts, Christiaan de Wet and Koos de la Rey. Two more years of attacks and quick escapes followed. As guerrillas without uniforms, the Boer fighters easily blended into the farmlands, which provided hiding places, supplies, the British solution was to set up complex nets of block houses, strong points, and barbed wire fences, partitioning off the entire conquered territory. The civilian farmers were relocated into concentration camps, where very large proportions died of disease, especially the children, then the British mounted infantry units systematically tracked down the highly mobile Boer guerrilla units. The battles at this stage were small operations with few combat casualties The war ended in surrender, the British successfully won over the Boer leaders, who now gave full support to the new political system. Both former republics were incorporated into the Union of South Africa in 1910, the conflict is commonly referred to as simply the Boer War, since the First Boer War is much less well known. Boer was the term for Afrikaans-speaking white South Africans descended from the Dutch East India Companys original settlers at the Cape of Good Hope. It is officially called the South African War and it is known as the Anglo-Boer War among some South Africans. In Afrikaans it may be called the Anglo-Boereoorlog, Tweede Boereoorlog, in South Africa it is officially called the South African War
25.
Treaty of Vereeniging
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This settlement provided for the end of hostilities and eventual self-government to the Transvaal and the Orange Free State as colonies of the British Empire. The Boer republics agreed to come under the sovereignty of the British Crown, on 9 April 1902, with safe passage guaranteed by the British, the Boer leadership met at Klerksdorp, Transvaal. On 12 April, a ten-man Boer delegation went to Melrose House in Pretoria, Kitchener was astounded but forwarded the proposal to London, knowing it would not be accepted but wanted the dialogue between the two parties to continue. Alfred Milner joined the negotiations on 14 April but he was hostile to the Boers and wanted an unconditional surrender, on 15 May, the commandos elected 30 delegates from each pre-war republic and they met at Vereeniging. The terms were rejected by Kitchener and Milner with the two of them disagreeing on the direction of the future, with the former seeking reconciliation, the debate between the Boer generals and British delegation would continue for days. The British made concessions which included the Cape rebels only being disenfranchised for five years, the Orange River and the Transvaal colonies would first be administered by a British military administration, then by civilians and then at some point in the future via self-government. At around 2pm on 31 May 1902 a vote was called and 54 delegates voted yes to the terms of the treaty, on the same day the Boer leaders returned to Kitchener at Melrose House in Pretoria and the peace treaty was signed. To eventually give the Transvaal and the Orange Free State self-government, to avoid discussing the native enfranchisement issue until self-government had been given. To pay the Afrikaners £3,000,000 in reconstruction aid, the Union gained relative independence under the 1926 Imperial Conference and the 1931 Statute of Westminster. The country became a republic in 1961 therefore severing all connections with Great Britain, the country rejoined the Commonwealth in 1994. Although the treaty is named after the town of Vereeniging in Transvaal, where the negotiations took place. Pretoria Convention History of South Africa Military history of South Africa Francis William Reitz Jan Smuts in the Boer War Davenport, the soul of a nation, Constitution-making in South Africa. The Peace Negotiations between the Governments of the South African Republic and the Orange Free State, and the Representatives of the British Government at Project Gutenberg
26.
Melrose House
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Melrose House is a stately mansion and museum located on Burgers Park in Pretoria, South Africa. Built in 1886 by the prosperous Pretoria businessman George Jesse Heys and it was named after the famous Melrose Abbey in Scotland. Melrose House gained fame during the Second Boer War when Lord Roberts requisitioned it as the headquarters for the British forces after Pretoria was invaded in June 1900, for more than 18 months, instructions for the British forces in the field were issued from here. The use of the house as a military headquarters ended when the Treaty of Vereeniging, today the elegant mansion is a historic house museum. It is an example of the transition from Victorian to Edwardian architectural styles, the interior is characterised by colourful stained glass windows, paintings by English artists, carpets in rich colours, ornate ceilings and fireplaces, as well as valuable porcelain ornaments. The majority of these belonged to the Heys family itself. Notably the museum contains the room and the table on which the Treaty of Vereeniging was signed, annual antique markets are held on the premises. Official website Melrose House 360 degree Virtual Tour on Visit Pretoria
27.
Pretoria
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Pretoria is a city in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. It is one of the three capital cities, serving as the seat of the executive branch of government. Pretoria is the part of the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality which was formed by the amalgamation of several former local authorities including Centurion. There have been proposals to change the name of Pretoria itself to Tshwane, the elder Pretorius had become a national hero of the Voortrekkers after his victory over Dingane and the Zulus in the Battle of Blood River. The elder Pretorius also negotiated the Sand River Convention, in which Britain acknowledged the independence of the Transvaal and it became the capital of the South African Republic on 1 May 1860. The founding of Pretoria as the capital of the South African Republic can be seen as marking the end of the Boers settlement movements of the Great Trek, during the First Boer War, the city was besieged by Republican forces in December 1880 and March 1881. The peace treaty ended the war was signed in Pretoria on 3 August 1881 at the Pretoria Convention. The Second Boer War resulted in the end of the Transvaal Republic, the city surrendered to British forces under Frederick Roberts on 5 June 1900 and the conflict was ended in Pretoria with the signing of the Peace of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902. The Pretoria Forts were built for the defence of the city just prior to the Second Boer War, though some of these forts are today in ruins, a number of them have been preserved as national monuments. The Boer Republics of the ZAR and the Orange River Colony were united with the Cape Colony, Pretoria then became the administrative capital of the whole of South Africa, with Cape Town the legislative capital and Bloemfontein served as the judicial capital. Between 1910 and 1994, the city was also the capital of the province of Transvaal, on 14 October 1931, Pretoria achieved official city status. When South Africa became a republic in 1961, Pretoria remained its administrative capital and it lies at an altitude of about 1,339 m above sea level, in a warm, sheltered, fertile valley, surrounded by the hills of the Magaliesberg range. Pretoria has a subtropical climate with long hot rainy summers and short cool to cold. The city experiences the typical winters of South Africa with cold, clear nights, although the average lows during winter are mild it can get bitterly cold due to the clear skies, with nighttime low temperatures in recent years in the range of 2 to −5 °C. The average annual temperature is 18.7 °C, rain is chiefly concentrated in the summer months, with drought conditions prevailing over the winter months, when frosts may be sharp. Snowfall is a rare event, snowflakes were spotted in 1959,1968 and 2012 in the city. During a nationwide heatwave in November 2011, Pretoria experienced temperatures that reached 39 °C, similar record-breaking extreme heat events also occurred in January 2013, when Pretoria experienced temperatures exceeding 37 °C on several days. The year 2014 was one of the wettest on record for the city, a total of 914 mm fell up to the end of December, with 220 mm recorded in this month alone
28.
Mahatma Gandhi
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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights, the honorific Mahatma —applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa—is now used worldwide. In India, he is also called Bapu and Gandhiji and he is unofficially called the Father of the Nation. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi attempted to practise nonviolence and truth in all situations, and he lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand-spun on a charkha. He ate simple food, and also undertook long fasts as a means of both self-purification and social protest. Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab, eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to promote religious harmony, the last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 when he was 78, also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan. Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating, among them was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest. Mahatma Gandhis birthday,2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday and his father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi, served as the diwan of Porbandar state. The Gandhi family originated from the village of Kutiana in what was then Junagadh State, in the late 17th or early 18th century, one Lalji Gandhi moved to Porbandar and entered the service of its ruler, the Rana. In 1831, Rana Khimojiraji died suddenly and was succeeded by his 12-year-old only son, as a result, Rana Khimojirajjis widow, Rani Rupaliba, became regent for her son. She soon fell out with Uttamchand and forced him to return to his village in Junagadh. While in Junagadh, Uttamchand appeared before its Nawab and saluted him with his hand instead of his right. In 1841, Vikmatji assumed the throne and reinstated Uttamchand as his diwan, in 1847, Rana Vikmatji appointed Uttamchands son, Karamchand, as diwan after disagreeing with Uttamchand over the states maintenance of a British garrison. Although he only had an education and had previously been a clerk in the state administration
29.
Durban
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Durban is the largest city in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal. Durbans metropolitan municipality ranks third among the most populous areas in South Africa after Johannesburg. It is also the second most important manufacturing hub in South Africa after Johannesburg and it forms part of the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality. Durban is famous for being the busiest port in South Africa and it is also seen as one of the major centres of tourism because of the citys warm subtropical climate and extensive beaches. It is the largest city in KwaZulu-Natal which is the 2nd most populous province in South Africa and it has the highest number of dollar millionaires added per year of any South African city with the number rising 200% between 2000 and 2014. In May 2015, Durban was officially recognised as one of the New7Wonders Cities together with Vigan, Doha, La Paz, Havana, Beirut, archaeological evidence from the Drakensberg mountains suggests that the Durban area has been inhabited by communities of hunter-gatherers since 100,000 BC. He named the area Natal, or Christmas in Portuguese, accompanying Farewell was an adventurer named Henry Francis Fynn. Fynn was able to befriend the Zulu King Shaka by helping him to recover from a wound he suffered in battle. As a token of Shakas gratitude, he granted Fynn a 30-mile strip of coast a hundred miles in depth. During a meeting of 35 European residents in Fynns territory on 23 June 1835, it was decided to build a town and name it dUrban after Sir Benjamin dUrban. The Voortrekkers established the Republic of Natalia in 1838, with its capital at Pietermaritzburg, piet Retief, leader of the Voortrekkers in Natal, negotiated with the Zulu King, Dingane, in order to obtain land for their farming purposes. After negotiations were concluded, Dingane however reneged and had Retief, thereafter the Zulus attacked and killed more than 500 Voortrekkers at Retiefs laager. The Voortrekkers retaliated and broke Dinganes power at the Battle of Blood River, the force arrived on 4 May 1842 and built a fortification that was later to be The Old Fort. On the night of 23/24 May 1842 the British attacked the Voortrekker camp at Congella, the attack failed, and the British had to withdraw to their camp which was put under siege. A local trader Dick King and his servant Ndongeni were able to escape the blockade and rode to Grahamstown, the reinforcements arrived in Durban 20 days later, the Voortrekkers retreated, and the siege was lifted. Fierce conflict with the Zulu population led to the evacuation of Durban, a British governor was appointed to the region and many settlers emigrated from Europe and the Cape Colony. The British established a sugar industry in the 1860s. Farm owners had a difficult time attracting Zulu labourers to work on their plantations, as a result of the importation of Indian labourers, Durban has the largest Asian community on the African continent, and has the largest Indian population outside of India
30.
Mumbai
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Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named a world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies, during the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development, during the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon Indias independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State, in 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India and it is also home to some of Indias premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses Indias Hindi and Marathi film and television industry, Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, in 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia. This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning good little bay, in 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu, Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include, Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, Boon Bay, and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial diwan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in the Indian statewise official languages of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, the Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. According to Slate magazine, they argued that Bombay was a corrupted English version of Mumbai, Slate also said The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in the Marathi language, the term has been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands, Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and it is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited
31.
James Stevenson-Hamilton
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James Stevenson-Hamilton served from 1902–1946 as the first warden of South Africas Sabi Nature Reserve, which was expanded under his watch and became Kruger National Park in 1926. The Tsonga people nicknamed him Skukuza because he has removed them from their land which is known today as Skukuza in Southern Kruger. Skukuza Airport is also named in honour of Stevenson-Hamilton, who is regarded as a champion of wildlife Conservation in South Africa, James Stevenson-Hamilton was born in Dublin, Ireland on 2 October 1867. As the eldest of nine children, he was the heir to the family title and home at Fairholm. He was educated at Rugby and Sandhurst and opted for a career in the military, serving as part of the 6th Dragoon Guards, He saw active service with the Inniskillings in Natal in 1888. In 1898, he joined the Cape-to-Cairo expedition under the leadership of Major Alfred St. Hill Gibbons. After they had Tried to steam up the Zambesi in flat bottomed launches and fought their way well beyond the Kariba Gorge, they had to abandon their boats, Stevenson-Hamilton then trekked across Northern Rhodesia to the Kafue. After the expedition, he returned to the military and fought in the Second Anglo-Boer War and he was promoted to Brevet Major in November 1900. Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger, commonly known as Paul Kruger, was the President of the South African Republic from 1883 to 1902 and it was he who first pleaded “for setting aside certain areas where game could be protected and where nature could remain unspoilt as the Creator made it. In 1891, Kruger managed to amend existing laws. After managing to declare other smaller areas as game reserves, on 26 March 1898, after the end of the Anglo-Boer War and the death of Paul Kruger, the reserve had almost been forgotten until Lord Milner re-issued the proclamation for the reserve. In 1902, Sir Godfrey Lagden, the newly appointed Commissioner for Native Affairs in South-Africa, as a bachelor, a man of means and a professional soldier, Lagden deemed him fit for the job even though the post was viewed as unusual and unheard of. He then moved his headquarters from Crocodile-Bridge to Sabi-Bridge and appointed two rangers, including Harry Wolhuter, and together they trained native rangers, after this, what he did is now a matter of history. He trained his rangers, thinned out the lions and the dogs, declared war on the poachers. He also became the magistrate, customs collector and border guard and his focus then went back to Johannesburg and Pretoria where he started to convince companies in the vicinity to lend him land, eventually giving him a huge block in a remote corner of Transvaal. By doing this, he created the space that is today as Kruger National Park. Extending the reserve from the original 1,200 square miles to 14,000 square miles, in this larger protected area, wildlife could roam freely from the Crocodile River to the Limpopo River. In 1912, he first presented his idea for the nationalization of the reserve to then Minister of Foreign Affairs Jan Smuts
32.
Kruger National Park
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Kruger National Park is one of the largest game reserves in Africa. The administrative headquarters are in Skukuza, areas of the park were first protected by the government of the South African Republic in 1898, and it became South Africas first national park in 1926. To the west and south of the Kruger National Park are the two South African provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga, in the north is Zimbabwe, and to the east is Mozambique. It is now part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, a park that links Kruger National Park with the Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe. The park is part of the Kruger to Canyons Biosphere an area designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization as an International Man, the park has nine main gates allowing entrance to the different camps. The area was a home of the Tsonga people, from Skukuza in the South, Manyeleti in the Centre and Makuleke in the North, the Tsonga people became a victim of forced removal from the Kruger National Park between 1899 and 1926. The last Tsonga people in the park were removed during the 1960s at Makuleke in the Pafuri triangle, in 1895, Jakob Louis van Wyk introduced in the Volksraad of the old South African Republic, a motion to create the game reserve which would become the Kruger National Park. That motion, introduced together with another Volksraad member by the name of R. K and this park would later be known as the Sabi Game Reserve and was expanded into the Kruger National Park in 1926. The park was created to control hunting and protect the diminished number of animals in the park. James Stevenson Hamilton became the first warden of the reserve in 1902, the reserve was located in the southern one-third of the modern park. Shingwedzi Reserve, named after the Shingwedzi River and now in northern Kruger National Park, was proclaimed in 1903, in 1926, Sabie Game Reserve, the adjacent Shingwedzi Game Reserve, and farms were combined to create Kruger National Park. During 1923, the first large groups of tourists started visiting the Sabie Game Reserve, the tourist trains used the Selati railway line between Komatipoort on the Mozambican border and Tzaneen in Limpopo Province. The tour included a stop at Sabie Bridge and a short walk, escorted by armed rangers. It soon became a highlight of the tour and it gave support for the campaign to proclaim the Sabie Game Reserve as a national park. After the proclamation of the Kruger National Park in 1926, the first three tourist cars entered the park in 1927, jumping to 180 cars in 1928 and 850 cars in 1929. Warden James Stevenson-Hamilton retired on 30 April 1946, after 44 years as warden of the Kruger Park and its predecessor and he was replaced by Colonel J. A. B. Sandenbergh of the South African Air Force, during 1959, work commenced to completely fence the park boundaries. Work started on the boundary along the Crocodile River and in 1960 the western and northern boundaries were fenced, followed by the eastern boundary with Mozambique
33.
Cecil Rhodes
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Cecil John Rhodes PC was a British businessman, mining magnate and politician in South Africa, who served as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896. An ardent believer in British imperialism, Rhodes and his British South Africa Company founded the southern African territory of Rhodesia, South Africas Rhodes University is also named after him. Rhodes set up the provisions of the Rhodes Scholarship, which is funded by his estate, the son of a vicar, Rhodes grew up in Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire, and was a sickly child. He was sent to South Africa by his family when he was 17 years old in the hope that the climate might improve his health. He entered the trade at Kimberley in 1871, when he was 18. His De Beers diamond company, formed in 1888, retains its prominence into the 21st century, Rhodes entered the Cape Parliament in 1880, and a decade later became Prime Minister. After Rhodess death in 1902, at the age of 48, at the time of his death he was already a very controversial figure. One of Rhodess primary motivators in politics and business was his belief that the Anglo-Saxon race was, to quote his will. Most histories of South Africa covering the last decades of the century are contributions to the historiography of Cecil Rhodes. According to McFarlane, the aforementioned historiography may be divided into two categories, chauvinistic approval or utter vilification. Rhodes was born in 1853 in Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire, England and he was the fifth son of the Reverend Francis William Rhodes and his wife Louisa Peacock Rhodes. His father was a Church of England clergyman who was proud of never having preached a sermon longer than 10 minutes and his siblings included Francis William Rhodes, who became an army officer. His father therefore determined to send him abroad to try the effect of a sea voyage, Herbert had already set up as a planter in Natal, South Africa, so Cecil was despatched on a sailing vessel to join Herbert in Natal. The voyage to Durban took him seventy days, and on 1 September 1870 he first set foot on African soil and his familys hope was that the climate would improve his health. They expected he would help his older brother Herbert who operated a cotton farm, when he first came to Africa, Rhodes lived on money lent by his aunt Sophia. After a brief stay with the Surveyor-General of Natal, Dr. P. C, sutherland, in Pietermaritzburg, Rhodes took an interest in agriculture. He joined his brother Herbert on his farm in the Umkomazi valley in Natal. The land was unsuitable for cotton, and the venture failed, in October 1871, 18-year-old Rhodes and his brother Herbert left the colony for the diamond fields of Kimberley
34.
Paarl
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Paarl is a city with 191,013 inhabitants in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is the third oldest town and European settlement in the Republic of South Africa, due to the growth of the Mbekweni township, it is now a de facto urban unit with Wellington. It is situated about 60 kilometres northeast of Cape Town in the Western Cape Province and is renowned for its scenic beauty and deep viticulture. Paarl is the seat of the Drakenstein Local Municipality, although not part of the Cape Town metropolitan area, Paarl is unusual in South Africa in that the name of the place is pronounced differently in English and Afrikaans. An unusual feature of the name of the town is that Afrikaners customarily attach the definite article to it, people say in die Paarl, Mandela spent three years in prison here living in a private house within the walls. Today, a statue of Mandela stands outside the prison. Paarl hosted a match from the ICC Cricket World Cup 2003, the headquarters of Ceres Fruit Juices are located in the city, although its namesake, Ceres valley and source of much of the fruit, is around one hours drive to the northeast. The district is well known for its Pearl Mountain or Paarl Rock. This huge granite rock is formed by three rounded outcrops that make up Paarl Mountain and has compared in majesty to Uluru in Australia. The area that is now known as Paarl was first inhabited by the Khoikhoi, the Peninsular Khoikhoi people and the Cochoqua people lived in this area divided by the Berg River Valley. The Cochaqua were cattle herding people and among the richest of the Khoi tribes and they had between 16, 000-18,000 members and originally called Paarl Mountain, Tortoise Mountain. The Dutch East India Company under the leadership of Jan van Riebeeck established meat trading relationships with the Khoikhoi people on the Table Bay coastline, gabemma was the Fiscal for the settlement on the shores of Table Bay. The diamonds disappeared from the name and it became simply as Pearl Rock or Pearl Mountain. In 1687, Governor Simon van der Stel gave title to the first colonial farms in the area to free burghers, the following year, the French Huguenots arrived in the Western Cape and began to settle on farms in the area. The fertile soil and the Mediterranean-like climate of this region provided perfect conditions for farming, the settlers planted orchards, vegetable gardens and above all, vineyards. Thus began Paarls long and continuing history as a major wine, the Khoi peoples were defeated in local war and were further decimated by European diseases. The population scattered inland toward the Orange River or became laborers on settler farms, in the 2001 census Paarls population was recorded as being 82,713 people in 20,138 households, in a land area of 32.2 square kilometres. 67. 8% of the inhabitants described themselves as Coloured,21. 2% as White,10. 5% as Black African,85. 5% spoke Afrikaans as their first language,8. 5% spoke Xhosa, and 5. 2% spoke English
35.
South African Class 6J 4-6-0
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The South African Railways Class 6J 4-6-0 of 1902 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Cape of Good Hope. In 1902, fourteen 6th Class bar framed steam locomotives with a 4-6-0 wheel arrangement were placed in service by the Cape Government Railways, in 1912, when they were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered and designated Class 6J. The original 6th Class locomotive had been designed at the Salt River works of the Cape Government Railways in 1892 by H. M. Beatty, the fourteen 6th Class locomotives which were placed in service by the CGR in 1902 were built by Neilson, Reid and Company. The locomotives were identical to the two bar-framed locomotives which had been built by Sharp, Stewart and Company in 1900 and which became the South African Railways Class 6F in 1912. They were visually identifiable as second-generation bar-framed 6th Class locomotives by their running boards and this was most likely to facilitate cleaning of the spark arrestor screens to overcome clogging without having to open the smokebox door. The cover handles were attached to the side by a small chain. Judging from photographs, these covers were removed and the closed off in the SAR era. Four of the locomotives were numbered in the range from 537 to 540 for the Midland System of the CGR, the other ten were numbered 155,160 and in the range from 287 to 294 for the Western System. Of these Western System engine numbers,155 and 160 had been used before on two 6th Class locomotives which had sold to the Oranje-Vrijstaat Gouwerment-Spoorwegen in 1897. When these fourteen locomotives were assimilated into the SAR in 1912, they were renumbered in the range from 635 to 648 and designated Class 6J. The 4-6-0 locomotives became SAR Classes 6, 6A to 6H, 6K and 6L, the 2-6-2 locomotives were designated Class 6Y, the Class 6J has been described as the most successful of the bar-framed 6th Class locomotives. The last Class 6J locomotive was withdrawn from service in Bethlehem in 1972, the table lists the Class 6J works numbers and renumbering. The main picture shows a Class 6J, with conductor Fred Hart, a stoker, driver Jim-Boy Barlow. 1912, judging by the SAR-style cabside number plates, but still with a CGR-style cowcatcher, the first picture below shows Western System 6th Class no. 292, later renumbered to SAR Class 6J no,642, painted in the CGRs green livery on the Capes Dining Car Express Train. It is a photograph which was used as a post card, on which some artistic licence had been used with red wheels. Also illustrated is a first class annual season ticket issued to Mr. W
36.
South African Class 8 4-8-0
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The South African Railways Class 8 4-8-0 of 1902 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Cape of Good Hope. In 1912, when they were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered, the first 8th Class locomotives of the Cape Government Railways were 2-8-0 Consolidation types, designed by H. M. Beatty, the Chief Locomotive Superintendent of the CGR from 1896 to 1910. They entered service in 1901 and were later to become the South African Railways Class 8X, the 23 locomotives of 1902 and 1903 were the first 8th Class locomotives of the CGR to be built with a 4-8-0 Mastodon type wheel arrangement. These locomotives were built by Neilson, Reid and Company in 1901 and 1902, in spite of the difference in wheel arrangement, these Mastodons and the earlier Consolidations of the CGR were all grouped together into the 8th Class. They were conceived as mixed traffic locomotives, equally suitable for goods and they had larger coupled wheels than the CGR 7th Class, bar frames, used saturated steam and had Stephenson valve gear. In service, it was found that the bogies and the 12 inches shorter fixed wheelbase made them steadier and easier riding than their 2-8-0 Consolidation predecessors. The first batch of three locomotives, numbered in the range from 801 to 803, went to the CGRs Western System in 1902. They were delivered with Type XD tenders which had a capacity of 5 long tons 10 hundredweight. These engines were delivered with Type XE1 tenders which had a capacity of 10 long tons. The last batch of ten locomotives, numbered in the range from 773 to 782, arrived in 1903 and these engines were delivered with Type XF tenders which also had a coal capacity of 10 long tons, but a water capacity of 3,000 imperial gallons. When these 23 locomotives were assimilated into the South African Railways in 1912, they were renumbered in the range from 1069 to 1091, the other 4-8-0 locomotives became SAR Classes 8A to 8F and the 2-8-0 locomotives became Classes 8X to 8Z. Of the Class 8 locomotives, five were equipped with superheated boilers,19 inches bore cylinders and outside piston valves. Four locomotives were equipped with superheated boilers,20 inches bore cylinders and inside admission piston valves, the Class 8 and Class 8W works numbers, renumbering and superheating modifications are shown in the table. In SAR service, the Class 8 4-8-0 family of locomotives served on every system in the country and, in the 1920s and their final days were spent in shunting service. By 1972, they were all withdrawn from service, the main picture shows Class 8 no. 1930, as built with slide valves, but with a rebuilt Type XF tender, the following pictures serve to illustrate the original slide valve configuration and the modified piston valve and superheating configuration
37.
South African Class Experimental 2 2-8-0
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The South African Railways Class Experimental 2 2-8-0 of 1902 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Cape of Good Hope. In 1902, the Cape Government Railways placed a single experimental 2-8-0 Consolidation type tandem compound locomotive in service. In 1912, when the locomotive was assimilated into the South African Railways, the first of these experimental engines was delivered by the American Locomotive Company in 1902. Its overall design was based on the CGR’s Schenectady-built 8th Class of the year, later the Class 8X on the South African Railways. It was numbered 804, but was not classified by the CGR and was referred to as the Tandem Compound. In a compound locomotive, steam is expanded in phases, by comparison, in the more usual arrangement of simple expansion, steam is expanded just once in any one cylinder before being exhausted through the smokebox. The tandem compound locomotive first appeared on the American Erie Railroad in 1867, in a tandem compound engine, each pair of high- and low-pressure cylinders drove a common crosshead, connecting rod and crank. The high-pressure cylinders were bolted onto the fronts of the low-pressure cylinders, the hollow piston valves were mounted on the same valve spindle in a common steam chest, with the high-pressure valves arranged for inside admission and the low-pressure valves for outside admission. The firebox had a width of 2 feet 4 1⁄2 inches. The patented type of tandem compound cylinders were arranged outside the bar frame, the high-pressure cylinders, in front, were 13 inches in diameter, while the low-pressure cylinders, arranged behind, were 23 inches in diameter, with a common stroke of 26 inches. Each cylinder, with its valve chest, was cast separately, the high-pressure cylinders were bolted onto the front of the low-pressure cylinders which, in turn, were bolted onto the saddle casting which was fitted to the main bar frame. The valve for the cylinder was arranged for internal admission. A small by-pass valve for the cylinder was contained in the casing of the starting valve. The low-pressure cylinders were provided with by-pass valves. Lubrication of the packing bushes also proved difficult, with the result that the piston rods wore rapidly, comparative tests were carried out between the Tandem Compound and a similar simplex locomotive, and showed no economy in fuel consumption. Beatty was apparently not greatly impressed with the Tandem Compound and it was not long before he had the compound cylinders removed to convert the locomotive to a simplex engine. The locomotive was placed in service on the section of the Cape mainline. In 1912, the locomotive was designated Class Experimental 2 and renumbered to 908 on the SAR and it remained in SAR service only until 1916, when it was withdrawn and scrapped
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