1.
1892 in art
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However, his paintings evoke bitter controversy and after one week the exhibition is closed, Munchs paintings are moved to the Equitable Palast. James McNeill Whistler stages his major retrospective exhibition, Nocturnes, Marines and Chevalet pieces at Goupil & Cies London gallery, fatata te Miti Spirit of the Dead Watching When Will You Marry. 14 May – Marjorie Watson-Williams, English painter,30 May – Fernando Amorsolo, Filipino painter. 31 May – Michel Kikoine, painter,15 July – Walter Benjamin, German philosopher, comparatists and art critic. July 19 – Suzanne Malherbe, French illustrator and designer, July 24 – Marcel Gromaire, French painter. 7 August – Einar Forseth, Swedish artist,16 August – Otto Messmer, American animator. 11 October – Anton Räderscheidt, German painter,16 October – Adolf Ziegler, German painter and politician. 23 November – Romain de Tirtoff, Russian-born French artist and designer,7 December – Stuart Davis, painter
2.
1893 in art
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May 1 – The 1893 Worlds Fair, also known as the Worlds Columbian Exposition, opens to the public in Chicago, USA, with a Romanesque statue of Columbia overlooking the man-made lake. The first United States commemorative postage stamps are issued for the Exposition, among other art exhibits are two bronze calves by Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen. June 14 – Opening of Shelley Memorial at University College, Oxford, june 29 – Unveiling of the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain at Piccadilly Circus in London, with a gilded aluminium statue of Anteros, designed by Alfred Gilbert. Ford Madox Brown completes painting the The Manchester Murals in Manchester Town Hall, the National Sculpture Society is founded in the United States. Alois Riegls Stilfragen, Grundlegungen zu einer Geschichte der Ornamentik is published in Berlin, henri Rousseau gives up his job as a Paris toll collector and moves to a studio in Montparnasse where he lives and paints full-time. December – Unter den Linden in Berlin holds an exhibition of Edvard Munchs work, including six paintings entitled Study for a Series, Love, W. January 30 – Prince Grigory Gagarin, soldier and painter February 21 – John Pettie, painter March 16 – William H
3.
1894 in art
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February – Oscar Wildes play Salome is first published in English, with illustrations by Aubrey Beardsley. April – The Yellow Book begins publication by John Lane and Elkin Mathews – The Bodley Head in London, june 5 – Opening of Racławice Panorama in Lwów. August 23 – Jack Butler Yeats marries fellow artist Mary Cottenham White, the Della Robbia Pottery is established as part of the Arts and Crafts movement by Harold Rathbone and Conrad Dressler in Birkenhead, England. Lucien Pissarro sets up the Eragny Press in England, bernard Berenson publishes The Venetian Painters of the Renaissance, with an Index to their Works
4.
1895 in art
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January 1 – Alphonse Muchas lithographed poster for the play Gismonda starring Sarah Bernhardt is posted in Paris. Bernhardt is so satisfied with its success that she gives Mucha a six-year contract, april 13 – The Russian Museum is established in Saint Petersburg by Nicholas II. April 30 – First Venice Biennale opens, july 3 – Paul Gauguin leaves France to settle permanently in Polynesia. October – Edvard Munch exhibits a series of his Love paintings in Christiania. November – Paul Cézanne has his first solo exhibition, at the Paris gallery of Ambroise Vollard, bernard Berenson publishes Lorenzo Lotto, An Essay in Constructive Art Criticism. P. H. Emerson publishes his last photographic book, Marsh Leaves, M. H. de Young Memorial Museum opened in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. W. Godward Mischief And Repose The Muse Erato At Her Lyre Winslow Homer – Cannon Rock George W. L
5.
1896 in art
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January 24 – Painter Sir Frederic Leighton is created 1st Baron Leighton in the peerage of the United Kingdom one day before his death in London of angina pectoris. February – Edvard Munch moves to Paris and concentrates on printmaking, december – Walter Crane publishes Of The Decorative Illustration of Books, Old and New. A bout of typhoid fever puts an end to Maurice de Vlamincks career as a cyclist, william Merritt Chase founds Parsons The New School for Design as the Chase School of Art in Greenwich Village, New York. At Giverny Claude Monet begins painting his Mornings on the Seine series, interior design gallery Maison de lArt Nouveau opens in Paris. Max Beerbohm publishes Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen in London, his first collection of drawings, bernard Berenson publishes Florentine Painters of the Renaissance. The Royal Society of Miniature Painters, Sculptors and Gravers is founded, hubert von Herkomer is made a knight in the United Kingdom
6.
1897 in art
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April 3 – Vienna Secession founded by artists including Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil. May 1 – Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek art museum opened in Copenhagen, may 27 – A Separate Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture is staged at Sukiennice Museum in Main Square, Kraków. August 4 – The Lady of Elche Iberian sculpture is found at LAlcúdia near Elche in Spain, september – Edvard Munch stages a major retrospective in Christiania. October 27 – First meeting of the Society of Polish Artists Sztuka in Kraków, at Giverny, Claude Monet begins painting his Water Lilies series, which will continue until the end of his life. Elbridge Ayer Burbank begins painting portraits of Native Americans in the United States from life, women photographers Zaida Ben-Yusuf and Gertrude Käsebier open portrait studios in New York City. A Book of Fifty Drawings by Aubrey Beardsley is published, bernard Berenson publishes Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance. Ogata Gekkō – Ryu sho ten J. W. and Mrs. I
7.
1900 in art
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Exposition Universelle in Paris helps popularize Art Nouveau style. Alphonse Mucha decorates the Bosnia and Herzegovina Pavilion and collaborates on the Austria-Hungary one, F. Holland Day organizes an exhibition of the New School of American Photography at the Royal Photographic Society in London. The Wallace Collection in London opens to the public, the Zachęta art gallery in Warsaw is completed. Claude Monet stays in London and begins his Houses of Parliament series of paintings, wilhelm von Debschitz and Hermann Obrist found the Lehr- und Versuchsatelier für angewandte und freikunst, an influential art school in Munich. Kenton Florence Fuller – Inseparables J. W. J. W. Waterhouse Destiny The Siren January 5 – Yves Tanguy, painter
8.
1901 in art
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March 12 – Whitechapel Gallery, designed by Charles Harrison Townsend, opens in London as one of the first publicly funded galleries for temporary exhibitions in the city. May 11 – The Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts inaugurates its Palace of Art, julien-Auguste Hervé exhibits his paintings in Paris under the title Expressionismes. Swedish-born painter Carl Oscar Borg enters the United States as a stowaway,28 January – James Richmond Barthé, sculptor. 22 March – Greta Kempton, Austrian-American artist,24 March – Ub Iwerks, American animator, cartoonist and special effects technician. 27 March – Carl Barks, American illustrator and comic book creator,9 June – John Skeaping, English sculptor and equine painter. July 5 – Len Lye, New Zealand-born kinetic sculptor and filmmaker, july 15 – Pyke Koch, Dutch painter. July 31 – Jean Dubuffet, French painter and sculptor, august 29 – Anna Zinkeisen, Scottish-born artist September 14 – Lucien Aigner, Hungcvx arian photographer. October 2 – Alice Prin, French artists model and painter, october 10 – Alberto Giacometti, sculptor
9.
1903 in art
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June 3 – Laura Johnson marries Harold Knight. Isadora Duncan develops free dance, a dance influenced by the ancient Greeks. With the support of Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Jacques Villon, Auguste Rodin and others, koloman Moser and Josef Hoffmann found the Wiener Werkstätte in Vienna. Frederic Dorr Steele produces his first illustrations for Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories in the United States, bernard Berenson publishes The Drawings of the Florentine Painters. Anna Muthesius publishes Das Eigenkleid der Frau, during what is known as his Blue Period, Pablo Picasso paints Portrait of Angel Fernández de Soto Tête de femme, Vieux guitariste aveugle, The Tragedy, and La vie, among others. W. Lindes Sons Camille Pissarro – Self-portrait Sir Edward Poynter – The Cave of the Storm Nymphs Tom Roberts – The Big Picture John Singer Sargent – Mrs. W
10.
1904 in art
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April Octavian Smigelschi is selected to paint the interior decoration of Holy Trinity Cathedral, Sibiu. George Frederic Watts opens the Watts Gallery in the English village of Compton, Guildford, georges Braque leaves the Academie Humbert. Mary Cassatt is awarded the Légion dhonneur by the French government for her services to the arts, British Impressionist painter Wilfrid de Glehn marries American portrait painter Jane Erin Emmet. 13 January – Oliver Messel, English stage designer,14 January – Cecil Beaton, English photographer and stage and costume designer. 22 January – Kimon Evan Marengo, Egyptian-born British cartoonist,6 February – Dorothy Canning Miller American curator. 22 February – Peter Hurd, American artist,2 March – Theodor Seuss Geisel, American illustrator. 17 March – Chaim Gross, Austrian American sculptor,31 March – Đorđe Andrejević Kun, Serbian painter. 15 April Mary Adshead, English painter, arshile Gorky, Armenian-born abstract expressionist painter. April 21 Jean Hélion, French painter, gabriel Loire, French stained glass artist. 24 April – Willem de Kooning, Dutch abstract expressionist painter,2 May – Bill Brandt, German-born British photographer and photojournalist. 11 May – Salvador Dalí, Spanish surrealist artist,14 June – Margaret Bourke-White, American photographer and photojournalist. 2 August – Reg Parlett, English comics artist,11 September – Daniel Brustlein, Alsatian-born illustrator. 23 October – Svetoslav Roerich, Russian painter,13 November – Stephen Bone, English painter. 17 November – Isamu Noguchi, Japanese American artist and landscape architect,18 November – Jean Paul Lemieux, Canadian-American painter 22 November – Miguel Covarrubias, Mexican caricaturist and painter. 30 November – Clyfford Still, American Abstract Expressionist painter,11 December – Felix Nussbaum, German Jewish surrealist painter. 17 December – Paul Cadmus, American painter,21 December – Jean René Bazaine, French painter, stained glass artist and writer. Juan Bautista Garcia, Puerto Rican painter
11.
1905 in art
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Summer – Henri Matisse and André Derain work together in the French Mediterranean village of Collioure. October – Salon dAutomne in Paris, the colors used by Matisse and others lead the critic Louis Vauxcelles to describe their works derisively as les Fauves. Die Brücke group of German expressionist artists formed in Dresden, léon Bonnat succeeds Paul Dubois as director of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen open the Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession photo art gallery on Fifth Avenue in New York City, opening of the Gibbes Museum of Art in Charleston, South Carolina. Jacob Epstein establishes his studio in London
12.
1906 in art
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September–October – First group exhibition by Die Brücke, in Dresden. Gwen John begins modelling for Auguste Rodin, paula Modersohn-Becker begins a series of nude portraits of herself and of other women and children in Paris. Juan Gris, Amedeo Modigliani and Gino Severini all arrive in Paris, walter Sickert paints music hall scenes in London and Paris. Ferdinand Preiss opens his workshop in Berlin
13.
1907 in art
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The year 1907 in art involved some significant events. February 7 – Vanessa Stephen marries Clive Bell, september – A cast of G. F. Watts sculpture Physical Energy is erected posthumously in Kensington Gardens in London. Henri Matisse begins to teach at the Académie Matisse in Paris, adolphe Valette joins the staff of Manchester Municipal School of Art. Kunsthalle Mannheim designed by Hermann Billing to serve an International Art Exhibition, the Chicago Plan is produced by Daniel Burnham and Edward H. Bennett, and illustrated by Jules Guerin. Bernard Berenson publishes North Italian Painters of the Renaissance, cadmium Red pigment first produced, in Germany. Georges Braque exhibited Viaduc à lEstaque, now at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, simultaneously, there was a retrospective exhibition of 56 works by Paul Cézanne, as a tribute to the artist who died in 1906. W. W. Marie Z. Peto, American trompe-lœil painter November 27 – Paul Ritter, German architectural painter November 28 – Stanisław Wyspiański, Polish dramatist, painter and designer
14.
1908 in art
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February – The Ashcan School give their first and only exhibition, opening at the Macbeth Gallery in New York. March 20–May 2 – Salon des Indépendants in Paris gives rise to the term Cubism, may – Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky produces a color photographic portrait of Leo Tolstoy. July – Allied Artists Association holds its first exhibition, at the Royal Albert Hall in London, july 29 – The Whitworth Art Gallery building in Manchester is formally opened. November – Georges Braque exhibits at Daniel-Henry Kahnweilers Paris gallery, critic Louis Vauxcelles describes him as reducing everything, hugh Lane founds the Dublin City Gallery, the worlds first to display only modern art. Paul Ranson founds the Académie Ranson in Paris, the British Medical Association Building, London, designed by Charles Holden with eighteen controversial nude sculptures by Jacob Epstein, is completed. Wassily Kandinsky settles in the Bavarian town of Murnau am Staffelsee, the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna rejects Adolf Hitlers application to study painting. Australian painter Arthur Streeton marries violinist Nora Clench, W. M. W. February 28 – William Coldstream, English realist painter. July 22 – Claire Falkenstein, American sculptor and painter, august 22 – Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer. August 28 Edith Tudor Hart, born Edith Suschitzky, Austrian-born photojournalist and communist agent in Britain, roger Tory Peterson, American naturalist, ornithologist, artist and educator. August 30 – Leonor Fini, Argentine surrealist painter, september 6 – Korczak Ziolkowski, Polish American sculptor. September 14 – Peter Watson, English arts benefactor October 1 – Nicholas Marsicano, October 21 – Jorge Oteiza, Spanish sculptor, painter, designer and writer. October 27 – Lee Krasner, American abstract expressionist painter, november 4 – EQ Nicholson, born Elsie Q. Myers, English textile designer and painter, november 19 – Gisèle Freund, born Gisela Freund, German-born photographer. December 3 – Victor Pasmore, English artist and architect, december 23 – Yousuf Karsh, Armenian-Canadian photographer. Myron Stout, American abstract painter Umaña, Colombian artist
15.
1909 in art
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February 20 – Filippo Tommaso Marinettis Futurist Manifesto is first published, in the French newspaper Le Figaro. May–June – Claude Monets Water Lilies series of paintings are first exhibited, july 22 – Widowed Irish-born painter John Lavery marries Irish American painter Hazel Martyn. Guillaume Apollinaires first book of poetry is illustrated with woodcuts by André Derain, léon Bakst begins painting scenery for Sergei Diaghilevs Ballets Russes, beginning with Cleopatra. Robert Delaunay begins painting his Saint-Sévrin, City and Eiffel Tower series, lithuanian Jewish sculptor Jacques Lipchitz moves to Paris to study and work. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque create the first works of analytical cubism, sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler established in Düsseldorf. Kunsthalle Mannheim established as a permanent art gallery, reformation Wall created in Geneva by Swiss architects Charles Dubois, Alphonse Laverrière, Eugène Monod and Jean Taillens with figures by French sculptors Paul Landowski and Henri Bouchard. Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky is commissioned by Nicholas II of Russia to begin a record in color photography of his empire, Henri Gaudier meets Sophie Brzeska at the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève in Paris. W. W. Waterhouse – Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May January 16 – Clement Greenberg, January 25 – Joseph Solman, American painter. February 7 – Wilhelm Freddie, Danish painter and sculptor, february 12 – Zoran Mušič, Slovenian- born painter. February 17 – Gertrude Abercrombie, American painter, february 19 – Enrico Donati, Italian- born American Surrealist painter and sculptor. February 26 – Michel Tapié, French artist, critic, curator, march 13 – Reynolds Stone, English wood engraver. March 22 – Milt Kahl, American animator, april 3 – Graham Stuart Thomas, English horticultural artist, author and garden designer. April 30 – F. E. McWilliam, Irish sculptor, may 17 – Giulio Carlo Argan, Italian art historian and politician. June 14 – Ettore DeGrazia, American impressionist, painter, sculptor, june 26 – Wolfgang Reitherman, German-American animator. July 13 – Marie-Thérèse Walter, mistress of Pablo Picasso, september 14 – Peter Scott, English ornithologist, conservationist, painter. September 28 – Al Capp, cartoonist, october 13 – Herblock, political cartoonist. October 28 – Francis Bacon, Irish-born British figurative painter, november 5 – Milena Pavlović-Barili, Serbian painter and poet. November 6 – Herman Rose painter, december 25 – Philip Zec, British political cartoonist
16.
1910 in art
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April 27 – Futurist poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti issues the manifesto Contro Venezia passatista in the Piazza San Marco. Bronze sculptor Robert Kionsek joins the Berlin workshop of Ferdinand Preiss to form the PK firm, czech art historian Antonin Matějček uses the term Expressionism, in opposition to impressionism. Russian composer Alexander Scriabin writes Prometheus, The Poem of Fire, Op.60, a work for piano, orchestra, optional choir. March 18 – May 1 – Salon des Indépendants, Jean Metzinger, Henri Le Fauconnier, Metzinger exhibits Portrait de Guillaume Apollinaire, considered by Apollinaire to be the first cubist portrait. July 15 – October 9 – First International Art Exhibition in Düsseldorf, October 1 – November 8 – Salon dAutomne, Jean Metzinger, Henri Le Fauconnier and Fernand Léger exhibit in Room VIII. This is the Cubist concept of perspective that would tend towards the representation of the total image. November 8 – January 15,1911 – Manet and the Post-Impressionists at the Grafton Galleries in London, organized by Roger Fry, January 29 – Colin Middleton, Irish artist. February 20 – Julian Trevelyan, English printmaker March 10 – David Rose, June 6 – Hélène de Beauvoir, French painter. Beck, American cartoonist and comic book artist, Fernand Fonssagrives, French photographer June 17 – Raymond Poïvet, French cartoonist 14 July – William Hanna, American cartoonist. 22 July – Antonio Rodríguez Luna, Spanish painter,30 July – Edgar de Evia, Mexican-born American photographer. 1 August James Henry Govier, English painter, gerda Taro, born Gerta Pohorylle, German-born war photographer. 19 August – Quentin Bell, English art historian and author,25 August – Dorothea Tanning, American painter. 28 August – Morris Graves, American painter and printmaker,3 September – Kitty Carlisle Hart, American singer, actress and New York State Council on the Arts member. 7 October – Henry Plumer McIlhenny, American, art collector, philanthropist,29 October – Aurélie Nemours, French painter. 28 November – Garrett Eckbo, American landscape architect,2 December – Russell Lynes, American art historian, photographer and author. February 14 – John Macallan Swan, English painter and sculptor March 11 – Willis E
17.
1911 in art
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February 2 – First issue of Franz Pfemferts Die Aktion. June 10 – Rembrandt House Museum opened in Amsterdam, poet and art critic Guillaume Apollinaire and his friend Pablo Picasso are questioned over the theft. Creation of Der Blaue Reiter Group, creation of the Camden Town Group. Wassily Kandinsky publishes Über das Geistige in der Kunst, Insbesondere in der Malerei, rayonism developed in Russia by Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova. English wood engraver Gwen Darwin marries French painter Jacques Raverat, the term Cubism is first used in English. May 11 – A Futurist exhibition in Milan is the first of efforts by the group to make its theories concrete, one-man show by Eugeniusz Żak at Galerie Druet. Lydia Field Emmet – Olivia Albert Gleizes Portrait de Jacques Nayral La Chasse Le Chemin, Paysage à Meudon J. W. February 10 – Mallica Reynolds, Jamaican painter, sculptor, march 4 – Ilona Harima, Finnish painter. March 17 – David Park, American painter, march 23 – Roger Hilton, English painter. May 14 – Carl Abrahams, Jamaican painter, may 25 – Will Barnet, American painter, printmaker. July 15 – Juliet Pannett, English portrait artist, august 10 – Bruce Ariss, American artist. September 2 – Romare Bearden, American painter, printmaker, october 9 – Joe Rosenthal, American Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer. November 11 – Roberto Matta, Chilean painter, november 25 – Roelof Frankot, Dutch painter. December 25 – Louise Bourgeois, French-born painter and sculptor
18.
1912 in art
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January 5 – Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet, designed by Edward Gordon Craig, opens. December 24 – William Zorach marries Marguerite Thompson, in Paris, Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger publish the first major treatise on Cubism, Du Cubisme, followed by André Salmons La jeune peinture française including Histoire anecdotique du cubisme. Ludwig Meidner begins producing his Apocalyptic Landscapes, march – Exhibition of Italian Futurism transfers from Paris to the Sackville Gallery in London, organised by Robert René Meyer-Sée. Second Post-Impressionist Exhibition organized by Roger Fry in London, René Lalique and Maurice Marinot independently stage the first exhibitions of their glasswares. Fernand Léger Grade Crossing La Fumée Woman in Blue Wyndham Lewis – Smiling Woman Ascending a Stair J. B, george With Riding Crop Pablo Picasso Still Life with Chair Caning Violon et raisins Violon, verre, pipe et encrier Charles A
19.
1902 in architecture
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The year 1902 in architecture involved some significant events. July 14 - St Marks Campanile in Venice collapses, the only casualty is a cat. December 13 - St. Josephs Catholic Church in Krebs, Oklahoma, date unknown Work begins on Trmals Villa in Prague, designed by Jan Kotěra. Ganga Singh decides that the palace should be named in memory of his father Maharaja Lall Singh, the Villa Lejeune and the France-Lanord and Lombard Apartment Buildings in Nancy are designed by Émile André. May 26 - Nożyk Synagogue, Warsaw, Poland September 15 - West Baden Springs Hotel in Indiana, flatiron Building in New York City, designed by Daniel Burnham and Frederick Dinkelberg. Wiener Stadtbahn railway system in Vienna, with Art Nouveau stations designed by Otto Wagner, wallpaper factory for Arthur Sanderson & Sons in Chiswick, London, designed by Charles Voysey. The Cologne Stadttheater, designed by Carl Moritz, batumi Cathedral of the Mother of God is completed. All Saints Church, Brockhampton-by-Ross, England, designed by William Lethaby, the Biet Apartment Building in Nancy, designed by Georges Biet and Eugène Vallin The House with Chimaeras in Kiev, Ukraine, designed by Vladislav Gorodetsky. Santa Justa Lift in Lisbon, Portugal, engineered by Raoul Mesnier du Ponsard, royal Gold Medal - Thomas Edward Collcutt. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Henri Prost
20.
1902 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1902. January 5 The political drama Dantons Death by Georg Büchner, receives its première, first performance of George Bernard Shaws controversial 1893 play Mrs. Warrens Profession at a private club in London. April – Mark Twain purchases a home in Tarrytown, New York, june 4 – Mark Twain receives an honorary doctorate of literature degree from the University of Missouri. June 16 – Bertrand Russell writes to Gottlob Frege informing him of the problem that will become known as Russells paradox. July 1 – The Romanian language literary review Luceafărul begins publication in Budapest, september 9 – P. G. Wodehouse leaves his job at the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Company in London to become a freelance writer. Early October – Beatrix Potters self-illustrated childrens book The Tale of Peter Rabbit is first published in an edition by Frederick Warne & Co in London. By the end of the year it sells 28,000 copies, October 5 – Thousands attend the funeral of French novelist Émile Zola at the Cimetière de Montmartre, Paris, they include Alfred Dreyfus, given special permission by Mme Zola to attend. November 4 – J. M. Barries comedy The Admirable Crichton is premièred at the Duke of Yorks Theatre in London, irving, Henry Kemble and Irene Vanbrugh and running for an extremely successful 828 performances. December 5 – Leo Tolstoys drama The Power of Darkness is premièred at the Moscow Art Theatre by Konstantin Stanislavski with some success, although he is self-critical. December 18 – Maxim Gorkys drama The Lower Depths – Scenes from Russian Life is premièred at the Moscow Art Theatre with Stanislavski directing and starring, the Irish Literary Theatre project ends. Poet Ștefan Petică publishes the cycle Fecioara în alb, which marks a maturing of Romanian Symbolism, crevedia, Romanian poet, novelist and journalist. A. Henty, English historical novelist Nobel Prize for Literature, Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen
21.
1902 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1902. April 30 – Claude Debussys opera Pelléas et Mélisande is premiered at the Opéra-Comique in Paris, june 9 – the first complete performance of Gustav Mahlers Symphony No.3 is given in Krefeld. June 26 - Composer Hubert Parry receives a baronetcy in the 1902 Coronation Honours, another composer, Charles Villiers Stanford, is knighted. December 1 – Carl Nielsen conducts the premiėre of his Symphony No,2, The Four Temperaments, in Copenhagen Lead Belly begins performing. Thomas S. Allen Because w. Edward Teschemacher m. Guy dHardelot Bill Bailey Wont You Please Come Home w. m, hughie Cannon Come Down Ma Evenin Star w. Robert B. Smith m. John Stromberg Could You Be True To Eyes Of Blue If You Looked Into Eyes Of Brown, will D. Cobb & Gus Edwards Didnt Know Exactly What To Do w. Frank Pixley m. Charles Shackford The Gambling Man w. William Jerome m, jean Schwartz The Glow Worm w. Lilla Cayley Robinson Heinz Bolten-Backers m. Paul Lincke Happy Hooligan m. Theodore Morse Have You Seen My Sweetheart In His Uniform Of Blue. Gus Edwards Heidelberg Stein Song w. Frank Pixley m, Gustav Luders I Just Cant Help From Lovin That Man w. Andrew B. Sterling & Vincent P. Bryan m. Harry von Tilzer I Sing A Little Tenor w. Harry Linton m. John Gilroy I Went To See Them March Away w. S. E. Keisser m. R. J. Jose I Wonder Why Bill Bailey Dont Come Home w. m. Frank Fogerty, Matt C. Woodward & William Jerome If Money Talks It Aint On Speaking Terms With Me w. m, J. Fred Helf Ill Be There Mary Dear w. Andrew B. Sterling m. Harry von Tilzer Ill Be Waiting In The Gloaming, Sweet Genevieve w. m. J. Fred Helf Ill Be Your Rain-beau w. Ed Gardinier m. J. Fred Helf Ill Wed You In The Golden Summertime w. Alfred Bryan m. Stanley Crawford Im The Man Who Makes The Money In The Mint w. m. Will D. Cobb & Gus Edwards Im Unlucky w. William Jerome m, jean Schwartz Ive Been Sleeping On The Floor All Night w. m. T. W. Connor In Dear Old Illinois by Paul Dresser In Silence w. Sydney Rosenfeld m. A. Baldwin Sloane In The City Of Sighs And Tears w. Andrew B. Kerry Mills In The Good Old Summer Time w. Ren Shields m. George Evans, introduced by Blanche Ring in the musical The Defender. In The Sweet Bye And Bye w. Vincent P. Bryan m. Harry Von Tilzer In The Valley Of Kentucky w. m, tony Stanford Its A Nice Little Cosy Kitchen w. m. T. W. Connor Its Got To Be A Minstrel Show Tonight w. Ren Shields m. George Evans Jennie Lee w. Arthur J. Lamb m. Harry Von Tilzer Just Cant Help From Lovin That Man w. Andrew B
22.
Boadicea and Her Daughters
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Boadicea and Her Daughters is a bronze sculptural group in London featuring Boudica, queen of the Celtic Iceni tribe who led an uprising in Roman Britain. It is located to the side of the western end of Westminster Bridge, near Portcullis House and Westminster Pier, facing Big Ben. It is considered the magnum opus of its sculptor, the English artist, Thornycroft worked on it from 1856 until shortly before his death in 1885, sometimes assisted by his son William Hamo Thornycroft, but it was not erected in its current position until 1902. The statue portrays Boudica, Queen of the Iceni tribe of Britons, the chariot is based on Roman models, not native British or Iceni models, and has a scythe blade attached to each wheel. She stands upright, in a gown, with a spear in her right hand. Her daughters with bared breasts crouch in the chariot, one to side of their mother. None of them is holding any reins to control the horses, the statue was commissioned in the 1850s, after Thornycroft made an equestrian statue of Queen Victoria which was exhibited at the Great Exhibition in 1851. The statue was praised by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, Albert intended the monumental statue to be erected over the central arch of Decimus Burtons entrance to Hyde Park, and asked Thornycroft to make a throne upon wheels. Parallels were drawn between the Victoria and Boudica, whose name means victory. Albert lent two horses as models, and the statue bears some resemblance to a young Queen Victoria, Albert died in 1861 before the statue was completed. Thornycroft completed a full model of the work before his death in 1885. A committee was formed to raise funds by subscription, the necessary monies were raised by 1898, and the statue was cast by the founder JW Singer & Sons in Frome for just £2,000, although there was still no site for it to be erected. Thorneycrofts statue was not installed until 1902, more than 17 years after Thornycrofts death and it was erected at Westminster Pier in June 1902, mounted on a large granite plinth by Thomas Graham Jackson. Inscriptions were added to the plinth in 1903, that on the front of the plinth reads BOADICEA/ / QUEEN OF THE ICENI/ WHO DIED A. D. 61/ AFTER LEADING HER PEOPLE/ AGAINST THE ROMAN INVADER. The right side of the plinth contains an inscription with text from William Cowpers poem Boadicea and its plinth is often obscured behind a souvenir stall. It became a Grade II listed building in 1958
23.
Thomas Thornycroft
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Thomas Thornycroft was an English sculptor and engineer. Thornycroft was born at Great Tidnock, near Gawsworth, Cheshire, the eldest son of John Thornycroft and he was educated at Congleton Grammar School and then briefly apprenticed to a surgeon. He moved to London where he spent four years as an assistant to the sculptor John Francis, in 1840 he married Francis daughter, Mary, who was also a sculptor. In 1843 he exhibited Medea about to Slay her Children at the held at Westminster Hall. It led to a commission to make two bronze statues of barons who signed the Magna Carta for the House of Lords, for the Great Exhibition of 1851 Thornycroft made an over-life-sized plaster equestrian statue of Queen Victoria which was much admired by the queen herself and by Prince Albert. He had the familys full co-operation in its creation, the queens horse being sent round to his studio several times during the process. He made several memorials to Prince Albert following his death in 1861, the first to be completed was an equestrian sculpture at Halifax, unveiled in September 1864. He went on to similar works for Wolverhampton and Liverpool. The one at Liverpool, commissioned in 1862 but not completed five years later, was soon paired with an equestrian portrait of Queen Victoria. In 1867 Thornycroft was commissioned to make the group entitled Commerce for the Albert Memorial in Kensington Gardens in London. George Gilbert Scott, the designer of the thought the concept was too complicated. Thornycroft also worked on a representation of Boadicea and Her Daughters, exhibiting a Colossal head of Boadicea. A short biography published that said he had already been working on it for many years at intervals. The sculpture was not, however, cast in bronze until 1902,17 years after his death, when it was installed on plinth on the Victoria Embankment, by Westminster Bridge, London. The figures are shown in a chariot with scythed wheels, drawn by two horses and he exhibited at the Royal Academy between 1839 and 1874. In later life Thomas worked with his older son John Isaac Thornycroft on designs for steam launches, having, in 1864, in 1875, together with Mary and another son, Hamo Thornycroft, he designed the Poets Fountain, near Hyde Park Corner, London. Other works by Thornycroft are in the Old Bailey and in Westminster Abbey, through his daughter, Teresa, he was the grandfather of the poet Siegfried Sassoon. Thomas died in Brenchley, Kent, and was buried in Chiswick Old Church and his other works include, Statue of George Benjamin Thorneycroft, first Mayor of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton
24.
Victoria Embankment
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Victoria Embankment is part of the Thames Embankment, a road and river-walk along the north bank of the River Thames in London. It runs from the Palace of Westminster to Blackfriars Bridge in the City of London, the Victoria Embankments construction started in 1865 and was completed in 1870 under the direction of Joseph Bazalgette. It was a project of the Metropolitan Board of Works, the contractor for the work was Thomas Brassey. The original impetus was the need to provide London with a sewerage system. Another major consideration was the relief of congestion on the Strand, the project involved building out on to the foreshore of the River Thames, narrowing the river. The construction work required the purchase and demolition of much expensive riverside property, the cut-and-cover tunnel for the District Railway was built within the Embankment and roofed over to take the roadway. At ground level, in addition to the new roads, two gardens were laid out. One of these backs onto the government buildings of Whitehall, the gardens contain many statues, including a monument to Bazalgette. The Victoria section was the most complex of the three sections and it was much larger, more complex and more significant to the metropolis than the other two and officially opened on 13 July 1870 by the Prince of Wales and Princess Louise. When people refer to the Embankment they are referring to that portion of it. The total cost of the construction of the Victoria Embankment is estimated to be £1,260,000, the total cost includes the cost of materials used in the construction of the embankment. Construction of the Victoria Embankment proved to be difficult because of the grandness of it, parliament was assured that three years would be ample time to complete the project, which did not hold to be true. They had a labour force along with issues of the architect and property appraiser securing all the wharves and other property needed for access. There was also difficulty in acquiring contract requirement to access to steamboat landings at Westminster. In addition, time and money was lost in experimenting with a new type of cofferdam, in December 1878 Victoria Embankment became the first street in Britain to be permanently lit by electricity. The light was provided by 20 Yablochkov candles powered by a Gramme DC generator,16 March 1879 the system was extended to 40 lamps and 10 October to 55 lamps. Previously the street had been lit by gas, and in June 1884, shell Mex House, the Savoy Hotel and Savoy Place are located between the Embankment and the Strand. London Underground stations along Victoria Embankment are Westminster, Embankment, Charing Cross, Temple, the former Aldwych station was also located nearby
25.
Leicester Galleries
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Leicester Galleries was an art gallery located in London from 1902 to 1977 that held exhibitions of modern British and French artists works. Its name was acquired in 1984 by Peter Nahum, who operates Peter Nahum at the Leicester Galleries, in July 1902, Cecil and Wilfred Phillips opened a gallery in Leicester Square. The following year Ernest Brown joined the organisation, and they became Ernest Brown and Phillips Ltd, the exhibited works of modern British and French painters, including John Lavery, Robert Medley, Mark Gertler and Henry Moore. Works exhibited included drawings, watercolours, paintings, prints and sculptures, every one of the more than 1,400 exhibitions had a printed catalogue. Emerging artists - such as William Roberts, Christopher Nevinson, David Bomberg, henri Matisse, Picasso, Camille Pissarro and Suzanne Eisendieck had their first solo exhibitions in England at Leicester Galleries. It was also known for showcasing and developing the careers of such as Arthur Rackham. The gallery experienced several moves, first to South Audley Street, the last Leicester Galleries show was held in July 1975 and it traded until 1977. In 1984 the gallery name was acquired by Peter Nahum, who operates the Peter Nahum at the Leicester Galleries in Mayfair, selection of works shown at the galleries, Ernest Brown and Phillips Ltd
26.
Leicester Square
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Leicester Square is a pedestrianised square in the West End of London, England. It was laid out in 1670 and is named after the contemporary Leicester House, itself named after Robert Sidney, the square was originally a gentrified residential area, with tenants including Frederick, Prince of Wales and artists William Hogarth and Joshua Reynolds. It became more down-market in the late 18th century as Leicester House was demolished and retail developments took place, several major theatres were established in the 19th century, which were converted to cinemas towards the middle of the next. The square remains a popular tourist attraction, including hosting events for the Chinese New Year, the square has always had a park in its centre, which was originally Lammas land. The parks fortunes have varied over the centuries, reaching near dilapidation in the century after changing ownership several times. It was restored under the direction of Albert Grant, which included the construction of four new statues, the square was extensively refurbished and remodelled for the 2012 London Olympics, costing more than £15m and taking over 17 months to complete. The square lies within an area bound by Lisle Street, to the north, Charing Cross Road, to the east, Orange Street, to the south, and Whitcomb Street, to the west. It is within the City of Westminster, north of Trafalgar Square, east of Piccadilly Circus, west of Covent Garden, the nearest tube station is Leicester Square tube station, which opened in 1906. London bus routes 24,29 and 176 run on nearby Charing Cross Road, the land where Leicester Square now lies once belonged to the Abbot and Convent of Westminster Abbey and the Beaumont family. In 1536, Henry VIII took control of 3 acres of land around the square, the square is named after Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester, who purchased this land in 1630. By 1635, he had himself a large house, Leicester House. The area in front of the house was enclosed, depriving inhabitants of St Martin in the Fields parish of their right to use the previously common land. The parishioners appealed to King Charles I, and he appointed three members of the council to arbitrate. Lord Leicester was ordered to keep part of his land open for the parishioners, the square was laid out to the south of Leicester House and developed in the 1670s. The area was originally residential, with properties laid out in a similar style to nearby Pall Mall. In 1687, the part of the square became part of the new parish of St Anne. The Jocelyn Sidney, 7th Earl of Leicester took ownership of the property in 1728 and it was briefly the residence of Frederick, Prince of Wales from 1742 until Leicesters death the following year. The poet Matthew Prior lived at what is now No.21 around 1700, the magistrate Thomas de Veil, later to found Bow Street Magistrates Court, lived at No 40 between 1729 and 1737, this location is now the Odeon West End
27.
Montagne Sainte-Victoire
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Its highest point is the Pic des mouches at 1,011 metres, this is not however the highest point in Bouches-du-Rhône, which is instead found in the Sainte-Baume massif. The Croix de Provence is a feature of the mountain. At a height of 19 metres, this cross, although not placed at the highest point of the mountain, the mountain is celebrated for its many appearances in a series of paintings by Paul Cézanne, who could see it from near his house in nearby Aix-en-Provence. Originally called montagne de la Victoire, the became known by Christians in the Middle Ages as Sainte-Venture. In the 13th century, a chapel was constructed at the summit and it was not until the 17th century that the mountain gained its current name. In 1989 a fire ravaged over 50 km² of the south face. Much work has been done to promote reforestation, but the amount of vegetation, particularly conifers, access to the mountain is now largely restricted during the summer. However, during the periods of free access, the Saint-Victoire massif is a destination for hiking, climbing, paragliding and, to a lesser extent. Around 700,000 walkers use its paths every year
28.
Beatrix Potter
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Helen Beatrix Potter was an English writer, illustrator, natural scientist, and conservationist best known for her childrens books featuring animals, such as those in The Tale of Peter Rabbit. Born into a household, Potter was educated by governesses. She had numerous pets and spent holidays in Scotland and the Lake District, developing a love of landscape, flora and fauna, in her thirties, Potter published the highly successful childrens book, The Tale of Peter Rabbit. Potter began writing and illustrating childrens books full-time, with the proceeds from the books and a legacy from an aunt, in 1905 Potter bought Hill Top Farm in Near Sawrey, a village in the Lake District, which at that time was in Lancashire. Over the following decades, she purchased additional farms to preserve the unique hill country landscape, in 1913, at the age of 47, she married William Heelis, a respected local solicitor from Hawkshead. Potter was also a breeder of Herdwick sheep and a prosperous farmer keenly interested in land preservation. Potter wrote about 30 books, the best known being her 24 childrens tales and she died of pneumonia and heart disease on 22 December 1943 at her home in Near Sawrey at age 77, leaving almost all her property to the National Trust. She is credited with preserving much of the land that now constitutes the Lake District National Park. Potters books continue to sell throughout the world in many languages with her stories being retold in song, film, ballet, and animation, and her life depicted in a feature film and television film. Potters paternal grandfather, Edmund Potter, from Glossop in Derbyshire, owned what was then the largest calico printing works in England, and later served as a member of parliament. Beatrixs father, Rupert William Potter, was educated at Manchester College by the Unitarian philosopher Dr. James Martineau and he then trained as a barrister in London. Rupert practised law, specialising in equity law and conveyancing and he married Helen Leech on 8 August 1863 at Hyde Unitarian Chapel, Gee Cross. Helen was the daughter of Jane Ashton and John Leech, a cotton merchant. Helens first cousin was Harriet Lupton – the sister of Thomas Ashton, Beatrixs parents lived comfortably at 2 Bolton Gardens, West Brompton, where Helen Beatrix was born on 28 July 1866 and her brother Walter Bertram on 14 March 1872. Both parents were talented, and Rupert was an adept amateur photographer. Rupert had invested in the market and by the early 1890s was extremely wealthy. Potters family on both sides were from the Manchester area and they were English Unitarians, associated with dissenting Protestant congregations, influential in 19th century England, that affirmed the oneness of God and that rejected the doctrine of the Trinity. Beatrix was educated by three able governesses, the last of whom was Annie Moore, just three years older than Beatrix, who tutored Beatrix in German as well as acting as ladys companion
29.
The Tale of Peter Rabbit
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He escapes and returns home to his mother, who puts him to bed after dosing him with camomile tea. The tale was written for five-year-old Noel Moore, son of Potters former governess Annie Carter Moore and it was revised and privately printed by Potter in 1901 after several publishers rejections, but was printed in a trade edition by Frederick Warne & Co. in 1902. The book was a success, and multiple reprints were issued in the immediately following its debut. It has been translated into 36 languages, and with 45 million copies sold it is one of the books of all time. Since its release the book has generated considerable merchandise for children and adults, including toys, dishes, foods, clothing, and videos. Potter was one of the first to be responsible for such merchandise when she patented a Peter Rabbit doll in 1903, the story focuses on a family of anthropomorphic rabbits. The widowed mother rabbit cautions her young against entering the garden of a man named Mr. McGregor, telling them, your Father had an accident there. Her three daughters obediently refrain from entering the garden, going down the lane to pick blackberries, Peter ends up eating more than is good for him and goes looking for parsley to cure his stomach ache. Peter is spotted by Mr. McGregor and loses his jacket and he hides in a watering can in a shed, but then has to run away again when Mr. McGregor finds him, and ends up completely lost. After sneaking past a cat, Peter sees the gate where he entered the garden from a distance and heads for it, with difficulty he wriggles under the gate, and escapes from the garden, but he spots his abandoned clothing being used to dress Mr. McGregors scarecrow. After returning home, a sick Peter is sent to bed by his mother, while his well-behaved sisters receive a sumptuous dinner of milk, the story was inspired by a pet rabbit Potter had as a child, which she named Peter Piper. Through the 1890s, Potter sent illustrated story letters to the children of her former governess, in 1900, Moore, realizing the commercial potential of Potters stories, suggested they be made into books. Potter embraced the suggestion, and, borrowing her complete correspondence, Potter biographer Linda Lear explains, The original letter was too short to make a proper book so added some text and made new black-and-white illustrations. and made it more suspenseful. These changes slowed the narrative down, added intrigue, and gave a sense of the passage of time. Then she copied it out into an exercise book. As Lear explains, Potter titled The Tale of Peter Rabbit and Mr. McGregors Garden and sent it to publishers, including Frederick Warne & Co. who nearly a decade earlier had shown some interest in her artwork. Some publishers wanted a book, others a longer one. But most wanted coloured illustrations which by 1900 were both popular and affordable, the several rejections were frustrating to Potter, who knew exactly how her book should look and how much it should cost
30.
Frederick Warne & Co
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Frederick Warne & Co is a British publisher famous for childrens books, particularly those of Beatrix Potter, and for its Observers Books which have gained a cult following. Frederick Warne & Co was founded in 1865 by London bookseller and publisher, the business was a replacement of an earlier association between Warne and George Routledge, who went on to found his own publishing company, Routledge. Toward the end of the century, Frederick Warne had retired, Warne was among the six publishers whom Beatrix Potter submitted her first book, the story of a rabbit called Peter. Like the other five firms, Warne turned the proposal down, but the people at the firm changed their minds, when they saw the privately published copy in 1901. They said they would publish the book, as long as the illustrations were drawn in colour, the next year, Warne published THE TALE OF PETER RABBIT, and by Christmas it had sold 20,000 copies. This began a forty year partnership which saw the publication of twenty two additional little books, Beatrix Potter was engaged to marry Norman Warne, her editor and the youngest of the three Warne brothers. However, he died tragically in 1905, only a few weeks after their engagement. Harold and she continued to produce one or two new Little Books each year for the next eight years until her marriage in 1913 to William Heelis. Potter, who had no children, left the rights to her works to Warne upon her death, the company continued to publish them, it also brought out several biographical works about its most renowned author. Over the years, Warne also expanded its publishing, issuing among others the world-famous Observer books. In 1983, Warne was bought by Penguin books and it began developing classic book-based childrens character brands. The merchandising program was expanded from a base of thirty-five licenses to more than four hundred by the late 1990s, over the years, Warne acquired a variety of other classic books. A major motion picture about the life of Beatrix Potter Miss Potter, starring Renée Zellweger as Beatrix Potter, while the company no longer exists as an independent company, it continues to exist as an imprint of Penguin Group. The company will be collaborating with Sony Pictures Animation and Animal Logic to produce the upcoming Peter Rabbit film, as mentioned earlier, Warne printed twenty three books written by Beatrix Potter. These books were written about animals, and were written from 1902-1930. Here is the list of her books, the links to their Wikipedia pages, the aim of these books were to interest the observer. They were called the Observers books and these books were very popular amongst children. Over the past few years they have become very popular collector items, for the dedicated collector this could be a lifetimes work as there are over 800 variations, some of which are now very rare. The values of the books can vary from 50p to hundreds of pounds and they all include a variety of topics, which include hobbies, art, history, wildlife and many more
31.
Georges Braque
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Georges Braque was a major 20th-century French painter, collagist, draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. His most important contributions to the history of art were in his alliance with Fauvism from 1906, braque’s work between 1908 and 1912 is closely associated with that of his colleague Pablo Picasso. Their respective Cubist works were indistinguishable for many years, yet the quiet nature of Braque was partially eclipsed by the fame, georges Braque was born on 13 May 1882 in Argenteuil, Val-dOise. He grew up in Le Havre and trained to be a house painter, however, he also studied artistic painting during evenings at the École des Beaux-Arts, in Le Havre, from about 1897 to 1899. In Paris, he apprenticed with a decorator and was awarded his certificate in 1902, the next year, he attended the Académie Humbert, also in Paris, and painted there until 1904. It was here that he met Marie Laurencin and Francis Picabia, Braques earliest works were impressionistic, but after seeing the work exhibited by the artistic group known as the Fauves in 1905, he adopted a Fauvist style. The Fauves, a group that included Henri Matisse and André Derain among others, Braque worked most closely with the artists Raoul Dufy and Othon Friesz, who shared Braques hometown of Le Havre, to develop a somewhat more subdued Fauvist style. In 1906, Braque traveled with Friesz to LEstaque, to Antwerp, in May 1907, he successfully exhibited works of the Fauve style in the Salon des Indépendants. The 1907 Cézanne retrospective at the Salon dAutomne greatly affected the artists of Paris. Braques paintings of 1908–1912 reflected his new interest in geometry and simultaneous perspective and he showed this in the painting Houses at lEstaque. Beginning in 1909, Braque began to work closely with Pablo Picasso who had been developing a similar proto-Cubist style of painting. At the time, Pablo Picasso was influenced by Gauguin, Cézanne, African masks, Picasso celebrates animation, while Braque celebrates contemplation. Thus, the invention of Cubism was a joint effort between Picasso and Braque, then residents of Montmartre, Paris and these artists were the styles main innovators. After meeting in October or November 1907, Braque and Picasso, in particular, both artists produced paintings of monochromatic color and complex patterns of faceted form, now termed Analytic Cubism. In 1912, they began to experiment with collage and Braque invented the papier collé technique, French art critic Louis Vauxcelles used the terms bizarre cubiques in 1908 after seeing a picture by Braque. He described it as full of little cubes, the term Cubism, first pronounced in 1911 with reference to artists exhibiting at the Salon des Indépendants, quickly gained wide use but Picasso and Braque did not adopt it initially. Art historian Ernst Gombrich described Cubism as the most radical attempt to stamp out ambiguity and to one reading of the picture—that of a man-made construction. The Cubist style spread quickly throughout Paris and then Europe, the two artists productive collaboration continued and they worked closely together until the beginning of World War I in 1914, when Braque enlisted with the French Army
32.
Marie Laurencin
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Marie Laurencin was a French painter and printmaker. She became an important figure in the Parisian avant-garde as a member of the Cubists associated with the Section dOr, Laurencin was born in Paris, where she was raised by her mother and lived much of her life. At 18, she studied painting in Sèvres. She then returned to Paris and continued her art education at the Académie Humbert, during the early years of the 20th century, Laurencin was an important figure in the Parisian avant-garde. She became romantically involved with the poet Guillaume Apollinaire, and has often been identified as his muse, in addition, Laurencin had important connections to the salon of the American expatriate and famed lesbian writer Natalie Clifford Barney. She had heterosexual and lesbian affairs, the couple subsequently lived together briefly in Düsseldorf. After they divorced in 1920, she returned to Paris, where she achieved success as an artist until the economic depression of the 1930s. During the 1930s she worked as an art instructor at a private school and she lived in Paris until her death. Laurencins works include paintings, watercolors, drawings, and prints and she is known as one of the few female Cubist painters, with Sonia Delaunay, Marie Vorobieff, and Franciska Clausen. Her work lies outside the bounds of Cubist norms in her pursuit of a specifically feminine aesthetic by her use of pastel colors, Laurencin continued to explore themes of femininity and what she considered to be feminine modes of representation until her death. Her works include paintings, watercolors, drawings, and prints, in 1983, on the one hundredth anniversary of Laurencins birth, the Musée Marie Laurencin opened in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. The museum is home to more than 500 of her works, women Artists in Interwar France, Framing Femininities, Aldershot, Ashgate,2011. Marie Laurencin, London - Paris, Flammarion,1977 Groult, Marie Laurencin, Paris, Mercure de France,1987 Kahn, Elizabeth Louise. Marie Laurencin, Une Femme Inadaptée in Feminist Histories of Art Ashgate Publishing,2003, kyuryudo & Paris, Hazan,1981 Marchesseau, Daniel. Marie Laurencin, Catalogue raisonné de lœuvre gravé, Tokyo, éd, Marie Laurencin, Catalogue raisonné de lœuvre peint,2 vol. Musée Marie Laurencin,1985 &1999 Marchesseau, Daniel, Marie Laurencin, Cent Œuvres du musée Marie Laurencin, Martigny, Fondation Pierre Gianadda,1993 Marchesseau, Daniel, Marie Laurencin, Paris, Musée Marmottan Monet / Hazan,2013 Otto, Elizabeth. Memories of Bilitis, Marie Laurencin beyond the Cublist Context, Pierre, José. com Musée Marie Laurencin, Japan
33.
Francis Picabia
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Francis Picabia was a French avant-garde painter, poet and typographist. After experimenting with Impressionism and Pointillism, Picabia became associated with Cubism and his highly abstract planar compositions were colourful and rich in contrasts. He was one of the major figures of the Dada movement in the United States. He was later associated with Surrealism, but would soon turn his back on the art establishment. Francis Picabia was born in Paris of a French mother and a Cuban father who was an attaché at the Cuban legation in Paris and his mother died of tuberculosis when he was seven. Some sources would have his father as of aristocratic Spanish descent, whereas others consider him of non-aristocratic Spanish descent, financially independent, Picabia studied under Fernand Cormon and others at the École des Arts Decoratifs in the late 1890s. Fernand Cormon took him into his academy at 104 boulevard de Clichy, from the age of 20, he lived by painting, he subsequently inherited money from his mother. In the beginning of his career, from 1903 to 1908, little churches, lanes, roofs of Paris, riverbanks, wash houses, lanes, barges—these were his subject matter. Some however, began to question his sincerity and said he copied Sisley, or that his cathedrals looked like Monet, from 1909, he came under the influence of those that would soon be called Cubists and later form the Golden Section. The same year, he married Gabrielle Buffet, around 1911 Picabia joined the Puteaux Group, members of which he met at the studio of Jacques Villon in Puteaux, a commune in the western suburbs of Paris. There he became friends with artist Marcel Duchamp and close friends with Guillaume Apollinaire, other group members included Albert Gleizes, Roger de La Fresnaye, Fernand Léger and Jean Metzinger. From 1913 to 1915 Picabia traveled to New York City several times and took part in the avant-garde movements. The magazine 291 devoted an issue to him, he met Man Ray, Gabrielle and Duchamp joined him, drugs and alcohol became a problem. He suffered from dropsy and tachycardia and these years can be characterized as Picabias proto-Dada period, consisting mainly of his portraits mécaniques. He continued the periodical with the help of Marcel Duchamp in the United States, in Zurich, seeking treatment for depression and suicidal impulses, he had met Tristan Tzara, whose radical ideas thrilled Picabia. Picabia, the provocateur, was back home, Picabia continued his involvement in the Dada movement through 1919 in Zürich and Paris, before breaking away from it after developing an interest in Surrealist art. He denounced Dada in 1921, and issued an attack against Breton in the final issue of 391. The same year, he put in an appearance in the René Clair surrealist film Entracte, the film served as an intermission piece for Picabias avant-garde ballet, Relâche, premiered at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, with music by Erik Satie
34.
La Ruche
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La Ruche was an artists residence in the Montparnasse district of Paris. As well as to artists, La Ruche became a home to the array of drunks, misfits. At La Ruche the rent was cheap, and no one was evicted for non-payment. When hungry, many would wander over to artist Marie Vassilieffs soup kitchen for a meal, the Russian painter Pinchus Kremegne got off the train at the Gare de lEst with three rubles in his pocket. The only words in French he knew was the phrase Passage Dantzig, in the history of mankind, like Montparnasse or Montmartre, few places have ever housed such artistic talent as could be found at La Ruche. Today, works by some of these desperately poor residents and their friends sell well. La Ruche went into decline during World War II, and by the time of the 1968 real estate boom and its interior is not open to the general public, although the exterior of La Ruche alone is worth a visit. Paintings, sculptures, photographs from its heyday and films showing some of its residents may be viewed at the Musée du Montparnasse,21 av du Maine, another Wild-Goose Chase – No Sign of the Beehive Guillaume, Françoise and Modigliani at La Ruche – Adventures In Montparnasse
35.
15th arrondissement of Paris
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The 15th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France, also called Arrondissement de Vaugirard. Situated on the Rive Gauche of the River Seine and sharing the Montparnasse district with the 6th and 14th arrondissements, the Tour Montparnasse – the tallest skyscraper in Paris – and the neighbouring Gare Montparnasse are both located in the 15th arrondissement, at its border with the 14th. It is also home to the convention center Paris expo Porte de Versailles, the loi du 16 juin 1859 decreed the annexation to Paris of the area between the old Wall of the Farmers-General and the wall of Thiers. The communes of Grenelle, Vaugirard, and Javel were incorporated into Paris in 1860, as in all the Parisian arrondissements, the fifteenth is made up of four administrative quarters. To the south, quartier Saint-Lambert occupies the site of the village of Vaugirard. The geography of the area was particularly suited to wine-making, as well as quarrying, in fact, many Parisian monuments, such as the École Militaire, were built from Vaugirard stone. The village, not yet being part of Paris, was considered by Parisians to be a suburb, pleasant for country walks or its cabarets. In 1860 Vaugirard was annexed to Paris, along with adjoining villages, to the east, quartier Necker was originally an uninhabited space between Paris and Vaugirard. The most well-known landmarks in the area are the Gare Montparnasse train station, the area around the train station has been renovated and now contains a number of office and apartment blocks, a park, and a shopping center. Finally, the contains a number of public buildings, the Lycée Buffon. To the north, quartier Grenelle was originally a village of the same name, the whole area broke off from the commune of Vaugirard in 1830, becoming the commune of Grenelle, which was in turn annexed to Paris in 1860. A century later, a number of apartment and office towers were built along the Seine, to the west, quartier Javel lies to the south of Grenelle plain. In addition, to the south of the highway, an extension of the 15th, formerly an aerodrome at the beginning of the 20th century, is now a heliport, a gym. The early airfield here has been encroached upon by development and a sports centre. The Sécurité Civile has a detachment there close to maintenance facilities, customs facilities are available and especially busy during the Salon dAeronautique airshows held at Le Bourget on the other side of the city. The land area of this arrondissement is 8.502 km2, the peak of population of Pariss 15th arrondissement occurred in 1962, when it had 250,551 inhabitants. Since then it has lost approximately one-tenth of its population, but it remains the most populous arrondissement of Paris, with 144,667 jobs at the same census, the 15th is also very dense in business activities. Musée Pasteur Musée du Service des Objets Trouvés Musée Bourdelle Musée Mendjisky specializing in school of Paris artists, Musée Jean Moulin, French Resistance – Church of Notre-Dame de la Salette in Paris Beaugrenelle Shopping Center
36.
Alfred Boucher
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A French sculptor, Alfred Boucher, mentor to Camille Claudel and friend of Auguste Rodin. Born in Bouy-sur-Ovin, he was the son of a farmhand who became the gardener of the sculptor Joseph-Marius Ramus and he won the Grand Prix du Salon in 1881 with La Piété Filiale. He then moved to Florence for a period and was a favourite sculptor of presidents and royalty such as George I of Greece. He provided inspiration and encouragement to the generation of sculptors such as Laure Coutan. The latter was depicted in Camille Claudel lisant by Boucher and later she herself sculpted a bust of her mentor, before moving to Florence and after having taught Claudel and others for over three years, Boucher asked Auguste Rodin to take over the instruction of his pupils. This is how Auguste Rodin and Claudel met and their tumultuous, ever generous and philanthropic, he founded the studio La Ruche in Montparnasse in 1902 to help young artists. He received the Grand Prix de sculpture de lExposition Universelle in 1900 and he died in Aix-les-Bains at the age of 84. Volubilis by Alfred Boucher Camille Claudel révélée…, sculpture by Alfred Boucher and Auguste Rodin, Nogent-sur-Seine, Agora Michel Baroin, May 2003
37.
Claude Monet
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Monets ambition of documenting the French countryside led him to adopt a method of painting the same scene many times in order to capture the changing of light and the passing of the seasons. From 1883 Monet lived in Giverny, where he purchased a house and property, Claude Monet was born on 14 November 1840 on the fifth floor of 45 rue Laffitte, in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. He was the son of Claude Adolphe Monet and Louise Justine Aubrée Monet. On 20 May 1841, he was baptized in the parish church, Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, as Oscar-Claude. Despite being baptized Catholic, Monet later became an atheist, in 1845, his family moved to Le Havre in Normandy. His father wanted him to go into the familys ship-chandling and grocery business and his mother was a singer, and supported Monets desire for a career in art. On 1 April 1851, Monet entered Le Havre secondary school of the arts, locals knew him well for his charcoal caricatures, which he would sell for ten to twenty francs. Monet also undertook his first drawing lessons from Jacques-François Ochard, a student of Jacques-Louis David. On the beaches of Normandy around 1856 he met fellow artist Eugène Boudin, Boudin taught Monet en plein air techniques for painting. Both received the influence of Johan Barthold Jongkind, on 28 January 1857, his mother died. At the age of sixteen, he left school and went to live with his widowed, childless aunt, when Monet traveled to Paris to visit the Louvre, he witnessed painters copying from the old masters. Having brought his paints and other tools with him, he would go and sit by a window. Monet was in Paris for several years and met other painters, including Édouard Manet and others who would become friends. After drawing a low number in March 1861, Monet was drafted into the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year period of military service. His prosperous father could have purchased Monets exemption from conscription but declined to do so when his son refused to give up painting. While in Algeria Monet did only a few sketches of scenes, a single landscape. In a Le Temps interview of 1900 however he commented that the light, after about a year of garrison duty in Algiers, Monet contracted typhoid fever and briefly went absent without leave. Following convalescence, Monets aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete a course at an art school and it is possible that the Dutch painter Johan Barthold Jongkind, whom Monet knew, may have prompted his aunt on this matter
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Water Lilies (Monet series)
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Water Lilies is a series of approximately 250 oil paintings by French Impressionist Claude Monet. The paintings depict Monets flower garden at his home in Giverny, many of the works were painted while Monet suffered from cataracts. Among his other series are his Haystacks. During the 1920s, the state of France built a pair of rooms at the Musée de lOrangerie as a permanent home for eight water lily murals by Monet. The exhibit opened to the public on 16 May 1927, a few months after Monets death, sixty water lily paintings from around the world were assembled for a special exhibition at the Musée de lOrangerie in 1999. On 19 June 2007, one of Monets water lily paintings sold for £18.5 million at a Sothebys auction in London. On 24 June 2008 another of Monets water lily paintings, Le bassin aux nymphéas, sold for almost £41 million at Christies in London, almost double the estimate of £18 to £24 million. In May 2010, it was announced that the 1906 Nymphéas work would be auctioned in London in June 2010, the sale took place on 23 June 2010 at the auction house and the painting attracted bids of up to £29 million, but it ultimately failed to sell. On 6 May 2014, one of the Water Lilies paintings was auctioned at Christies, New York City for $27 million
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Giverny
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Giverny is a commune in the Eure department in northern France. It is best known as the location of Claude Monets garden, Giverny sits on the right bank of the River Seine where the river Epte meets the Seine. The village lies 80 km from Paris, west and slightly north, a settlement has existed in Giverny since neolithic times and a monument uncovered attests to this fact. Archeological finds have included bootees dating from Gallo-Roman times and to the earlier 1st, the town was known in ancient deeds as Warnacum. The cultivation of grapes has been an occupation of the inhabitants of Giverny since Merovingian times, the village church dates from the Middle Ages and is built partially in the Romanesque style, though additions have since been made. The village has remained a rural setting with a modest population and has since seen a boom in tourism since the restoration of Monets house. Claude Monet noticed the village of Giverny while looking out of a train window and he made up his mind to move there and rented a house and the area surrounding it. In 1890 he had money to buy the house and land outright. Monet lived in the house with its famous pink crushed brick façade from 1883 until his death in 1926 and he and many members of his family are interred in the village cemetery. Beginning around 1887, a number of American Impressionist artists settled to work in Giverny, drawn by the landscapes, the atmosphere. These included Willard Metcalf, Louis Ritman, Theodore Wendel, soon many American extended their visits from summer through the entire year. American painter Theodore Earl Butler married Monets stepdaughter and sometime-model Suzanne Hoschedé there in 1892, frederick Carl Frieseke spent every summer from 1906 through 1919 in a residence next door to Monets. The term Decorative Impressionism was coined in 1911 to describe Friesekes work, in December 1910, six of the Giverny artists were given a show at the Madison Gallery in New York which termed them The Giverny Group. World War I largely marked the end of the art colony, the house became a popular tourist attraction, particularly in the summer when the flowers are in bloom. The Hôtel Baudy was a center of life in the Giverny heyday. It is now still a café and restaurant, with period decoration, communes of the Eure department Katherine M. Bourguignon, Impressionist Giverny
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Christopher Whall
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One of Whalls best known dictums was the design of the window must relate to the architecture of the frame. In 1863 he was sent to Rossall School in Lancashire, the drawing master there was William Coulter of the Royal Hibernian Academy. He left Rossall School in 1865, and in 1867 enrolled as a probationer at the Royal Academy Schools, on 8 January 1868 he was admitted as a student there - which was incidentally a professional path taken against his parents wishes. In 1874 Whall met the designer, A. H. Mackmurdo, founder of the Century Guild, and through him Selwyn Image, in 1875 and 1876 he exhibited at the Royal Academy. In 1878 in Lucca he converted to Catholicism, before going to Italy he had sought work as a portrait painter and as a studio assistant to other artists, but had had little success. When he returned to London in 1879, almost penniless, he was befriended by the Rosminian Order of Charity at St Ethelredas Church in Ely Place, Holborn and became a lay member of that Order. At St Ethelredas he designed the windows in the upper chapel. He carried out designs during this period for several stained glass makers including John Hardman Trading Co, Ltd as well as James Powell and Sons. Whalls career as an independent designer and maker of stained glass began in the late 1880s and this coincided with the emergence of the Arts and Crafts Movement through bodies such as the Art Workers Guild and the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society, in both of which he was active. Indeed through James Powell and Sons he was to exhibit at that Societys exhibitions at the New Gallery in 1888 and 1889, the architects with whom he was to work at Holy Trinity Church, Sloane Street, John Dando Sedding and Henry Wilson were also prominent within the Movement. It was John Dando Sedding who was to give Whall his first independent commission, for the Lady Chapel East window of St Marys church in Stamford, Lincolnshire. Whall’s participation in the activities of the Arts and Crafts Movement came soon after a life-changing event that had taken place in 1887. During his time at Dorking, Whall was assisted by Louis Davis and Reginald Hallward, at various times, particularly in the 1880s and 1890s, Whall was commissioned to design windows by James Powell and Sons. In 1922 in conjunction with his daughter Veronica he formed the company of Whall & Whall Ltd. which carried on long after his death. There are two windows in St Peters Church in Swinton, near Manchester which Clare Hartwell and Nikolaus Pevsner attribute to Whall and Whall in their volume The Buildings of England. They describe the windows, which are situated at the West end of the North Aisle and he was elected to the Art Workers Guild in 1889 and served as Master in 1912. He participated in the Ghent International Exhibition in 1912 and that in Paris in 1914 and his work was shown at the Royal Academys Arts and Crafts Exhibition of 1916. His pupils and colleagues included his daughter Veronica Whall, a good example of his daughters work is her window in the Lady Chapel of Our Lady of Grace and St Teresa of Avila Church in Chingford, London
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Christopher Whall works in Gloucester Cathedral
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Christopher Whall works in Gloucester Cathedral is a narrative list of works that Christopher Whall executed for Gloucester Cathedral. Mans Fallen State- The Fall and Deprivation of Paradise and this was the first window to be completed and at the top of the window are fragments of old glass found during restoration work in 1895. In this window Whall takes his inspiration from the Creation Story from the Old Testament, the inscription reads-I will put enmity between thee and the woman and between thy seed and her seed. In the left hand light Whall depicts Eve with a child beside her, an image of this window is shown above. The memorial note was designed by Veronica Whall and inserted into the window in 1928 recording that the window was given in memory of Henry Bruton, the Restoration in the Sacrament of the Eucharist. This three-light window links to the Mans Fallen State window opposite and through the death and resurrection of Christ we have gone full circle and man and God are now reconciled. Now Adam and Eve are clothed and kneel as though in contrition, Man has been restored through the sacrifice of Christ and the Sacrament of the Gospel is the message and in the centre of his composition Whall depicts wheat stalks and vine leaves. Window was donated in memory of Archdeacon John William Sheringham, when Archdeacon he had raised a large amount of money for the Cathedrals restoration. This being the first large window on the North Nave side of the Lady Chapel, the Childhood of The Blessed Virgin Mary. This being the large window on the North Nave side. The Annunciation 1901 The window was given by Baron de Ferrieres of Cheltenham, the inscription reads Erected to the glory of God for the beautifying of His House in heartfelt gratitude for 75 years of continued and undeserved mercies. Notice the little stained glass windows in the lights, a window within a window. This being the first large window on the South Nave side,1902 A note in the glass points out that this is one of four windows inserted 1900–02 when Dr. Spence was dean. This is the large window on the south nave side. 1909 This window was given by William Long J. P. of Gloucester in memory of his wife Anne, Window 5. This being the large window on the North side of the Chancel. The Reconciliation of Man to God through the Incarnation.1909 This window was given in memory of Charles James Monk by his daughters, in the bottom right-hand corner of the window are Monks Arms and the motto Fortifier, Fideliter. Monk was an M. P. for Gloucester, Chancellor of Bristol diocese from 1855 and his father James Henry Monk was Bishop of Gloucester 1830-1836 and of Gloucester and Bristol until his death in 1856. Another of Whall’s works in Gloucester Cathedral is the magnificent South African War Memorial window and he asks us to notice the map hanging over the edge of the table and says that with the help of opera glasses the ancient names of the towns may be read
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George Frederic Watts
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George Frederic Watts OM RA was an English Victorian painter and sculptor associated with the Symbolist movement. He said I paint ideas, not things, Watts became famous in his lifetime for his allegorical works, such as Hope and Love and Life. These paintings were intended to form part of an epic symbolic cycle called the House of Life, Watts was born in Marylebone, London on the birthday of George Frederic Handel, to the second wife of a poor piano-maker. The former put him off conventional religion for life, while the latter was an influence on his art. He first exhibited at the Academy in 1837 and he also began his portraiture career, receiving patronage from his close contemporary Alexander Constantine Ionides, who later came to be a close friend. He came to the eye with a drawing entitled Caractacus. Watts won a first prize in the competition, which was intended to promote narrative paintings on patriotic subjects, also while in Italy Watts began producing landscapes and was inspired by Michelangelos Sistine Chapel and Giottos Scrovegni Chapel. Leaving Florence in April 1847 for what was intended to be a return to London. In consequence most of his works are conventional oil paintings. In his studio he met Henry Thoby Prinsep and his wife Sara, Watts thus joined the Prinsep circle of bohemians, including Saras seven sisters, and Julia Margaret Cameron. One of only two pupils Watts ever accepted was Henrys son Valentine Cameron Prinsep, the other was John Roddam Spencer Stanhope – both remained friends, but neither became a major artist. He also took a trip back to Italy in 1853 and with Charles Thomas Newton to excavate Halicarnassus in 1856–57, via Constantinople. In the 1860s, Watts work shows the influence of Rossetti, often emphasising sensuous pleasure, when she eloped with another man after less than a year of marriage, Watts was obliged to divorce her. These works formed part of a version of the House of Life, influenced by the ideas of Max Müller. Watts hoped to trace the evolving mythologies of the races in a synthesis of spiritual ideas with modern science. To maintain his friendship with the Prinsep family as their children began leaving home, he built The Briary for them near Freshwater, in 1877, his decree nisi from Ellen Terry finally came through, and the Grosvenor Gallery was opened by his friend Coutts Lindsay. This was to prove his ideal venue for the ten years. In 1886, at the age of 69, Watts remarried, to Mary Fraser Tytler, in 1891 he bought land near Compton, south of Guildford, in Surrey
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Physical Energy (sculpture)
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Physical Energy is a bronze sculpture by English artist George Frederic Watts. Watts was principally a painter, but also worked on sculptures from the 1870s, Physical Energy was first cast in 1902, two years before his death, and was intended to be Wattss memorial to unknown worth. Watts said it was a symbol of that restless physical impulse to seek the still unachieved in the domain of material things, the original plaster maquette is at the Watts Gallery, and three large bronze casts are in London, Cape Town, and Harare. Other smaller bronze casts were made after Wattss death. That work was based on equestrian elements of the Elgin Marbles. Watts started work on Physical Energy in 1883, the original 3.5 ton gesso grosso model is at the Watts Gallery at Compton near Guildford. He was assisted by George Thompson and Louis Deuchars, the sculpture depicts a classical naked man on a rearing horse, set on a rectangular wedge-shaped base. His left hand holds the reins, while he shades his eyes from the sun with the right as he looks to the left. It was originally intended to be dedicated to Muhammad, Attila, Tamerlane and Genghis Khan, Watts was reluctant to finalise and cast the work, and continued to modify it. Millais encouraged him to have it cast in 1886, but it was not cast in bronze until 1902, the first full-size bronze cast of the sculpture was made at Alessandro Parlantis foundry in Fulham in 1902. It was claimed to be the largest sculpture ever cast in bronze in Britain, Watts gave the statue to the British Government. It was originally erected at the grave of Cecil Rhodes in the Matopo Hills in Zimbabwe and it now stands at the bottom of the steps at the Rhodes Memorial on Devils Peak above Groote Schuur near Cape Town, South Africa. A second large cast was made in 1905, at A. B. Burtons Thames Ditton Foundry in London, more refined, it weighs 6 tons, and took eighteen months to cast. It was delivered to Londons Kensington Gardens, in September 1907, a third full-size version of Physical Energy was cast in bronze in 1959, from the gesso model used for second cast. It differs slightly, for example, the rein appears on the right, like the first cast, rather than on the left, the British South African Company arranged for the statue to be cast at Leonard Grists Corinthian Bronze Company foundry in London. It was originally located in front of the High Court building in Lusaka in Zambia and it was moved to a racecourse on the outskirts of Salisbury, in Southern Rhodesia. Since 1981, it has stood in the grounds of the National Archives in Harare, several smaller bronze versions were cast posthumously and sold commercially. One was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1904, one example by Wattss assistant, Thomas Wren in 1914, sold by Bonhams for £40,000 in June 2014
