1.
Jimmy Duncan (rugby union)
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James Duncan was a New Zealand rugby union footballer, coach and referee. He was born in Dunedin, New Zealand and he appeared for Otago before being selected to play for New Zealand in 1897. He captained New Zealand for the first time against Wellington in 1901 and he captained New Zealand in its first Test, against Australia, in 1903. That was also his last game for New Zealand, Duncan then moved to coaching, coaching New Zealand in its first home test, against Great Britain, in 1904. In 1905 he was selected to coach the New Zealand team to tour the Northern Hemisphere and his appointment as coach was unpopular, and most of the coaching ended up being done by team members Billy Stead and Dave Gallaher instead. In 1908 he refereed a Test between New Zealand and the Anglo-Welsh, Duncan is credited with naming the position five-eight, as there was already positions half-back and three-quarters, he came up with the name according to the fraction between them. All Blacks The Original All Blacks Jimmy Duncan at AllBlacks. com
2.
Billy Wallace
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William Joseph Billy Wallace was a New Zealand rugby union footballer and foundryman. He was a member of the legendary 1905 Original All Blacks, Wallace won his first Test cap for New Zealand on 15 August 1903 against Australia. In total he played 51 matches for the All Blacks including 11 internationals, following the death of Loftus Armstrong in 1959, Wallace held the distinction of being the oldest living All Black. Wallace died in Wellington in 1972 and was buried at Karori Cemetery
3.
Australia national rugby union team
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The Australian national rugby union team is the representative side of Australia in rugby union. Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups, and have won the World Cup on two occasions, in 1991 beating England in the final, and in 1999 when their opponents in the final were France. Australia also lost in the final after extra time to England in the 2003 competition, Australia are governed by the Australian Rugby Union. Eleven former Australian players have been inducted into either the International Rugby Hall of Fame or the IRB Hall of Fame, three are members of the International Hall only, four are members of the IRB Hall only, and four are members of both Halls of Fame. In 1882 the Southern Rugby Football Union toured New Zealand, the New Zealand national team toured New South Wales in 1884 – defeating New South Wales in all three matches, and winning all nine matches on tour. The first tour by a British team took place in 1888, a British Isles team toured Australia and New Zealand, though no Test matches were played. Although they had representatives from all four nations, the players were drawn mainly from England. The tour was not sanctioned by the Rugby Football Union as it was organised by entrepreneurs, in 1899 the first officially sanctioned British Isles team toured Australia. Four Tests were played between Australia and the British Isles, the Australian team for the first Test match consisted of six players from Queensland and nine from New South Wales. The first Test was played at the Sydney Cricket Ground and won 13–3 by Australia, the first Test between Australia and New Zealand was played on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Despite Australia losing 22–3, this tour improved rugbys popularity in Australia and helped to increase attendances at matches in Sydney. In 1907 the New South Wales Rugby League was formed and star player Dally Messenger left the Rugby union for the rival code, the next year the first Australian team to tour the British Isles left Sydney. Newspapers in England initially gave the team the name Rabbits, the Australian players thought this nickname derogatory and replaced it with Wallabies. Australias last Test before First World War was against New Zealand in July 1914, the war had a very negative effect on rugby union in Australia. This resulted in all but closed down in New South Wales. In Queensland regular competitions did not commence again until 1928 and this caused many players to switch to rugby league – which did not cease playing during the war. War hero Sir Edward Weary Dunlop also played for Australia before World War II and he played on the side that was the first to win the Bledisloe Cup. The first Test to following World War Two was played at Carisbrook, Australia did not win on the three match tour, beaten 20–0 by New Zealand Maori, and then losing 14–10 to the All Blacks the following week
4.
New Zealand national rugby union team
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The New Zealand national rugby union team, commonly called the All Blacks, represent New Zealand in mens rugby union, which is regarded as the countrys national sport. The side has won the last two Rugby World Cups, in 2011 and 2015, as well as the tournament in 1987. They have a 77% winning record in test match rugby, and are the international side with a winning record against every opponent. Since their international debut in 1903, they have lost to only six of the 19 nations they have played in test matches, since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003, New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined. The All Blacks are statistically the best side to have played the game, New Zealand competes with Argentina, Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship. The All Blacks have won the fourteen times in the competitions twenty-one-year history. As of the end of 2016 competition, they hold the Bledisloe Cup, which is contested annually with Australia, New Zealand have achieved a Grand Slam four times –1978,2005,2008 and 2010. Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame, All Black coaches have won World Rugby Coach of the Year nine times since the awards 2001 launch. The teams first match was in 1884, and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney, the following year they hosted their first ever home test, a match against a British Isles side in Wellington. This was followed by a 34-game tour of Europe and North America in 1905, New Zealands early uniforms consisted of a black jersey with a silver fern and white knickerbockers. By the 1905 tour, they were wearing all black, except for the silver fern, the team perform a haka – a Māori challenge or posture dance – before each match. The haka performed has traditionally been Te Rauparahas Ka Mate, although since 2005 Kapa o Pango is often performed, the first recorded game in New Zealand took place in May 1870 in Nelson between the Nelson club and Nelson College. The first provincial union, the Canterbury Rugby Football Union, was formed in 1879, NSW did not face a New Zealand representative team but played seven provincial sides – the tourists won four games and lost three. Two years later the first New Zealand team to travel overseas toured New South Wales, a privately organised British team, which later became the British and Irish Lions, toured New Zealand in 1888. No test matches were played, and the only played provincial sides. The British players were mainly from Northern England, but there were representatives from Wales. The first officially sanctioned New Zealand side toured New South Wales in 1893, the following year New Zealand played its first home international game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The teams first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, a representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905
5.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
6.
Wellington Rugby Football Union
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The Wellington Rugby Football Union are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Wellington. The main stadium is Westpac Stadium which is located in Wellington, the union also represents the Wellington Lions, which is professional rugby union team who compete in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield. Before 2006 the Lions competed in the National Provincial Championship, players from Wellington who are eligible to play in the Super Rugby generally play for the Hurricanes, and traditionally contribute the core of the Hurricanes squad. This position is due to the Wellington basing of the Hurricanes. The reorganisation of provincial rugby in 2006 brought all three provinces into the ITM Cup, the senior Wellington representative team, the Wellington Lions play in the ITM Cup, which replaced the National Provincial Championship in 2006 as the Air New Zealand Cup. The Lions have won the competition four times since its inception in 1976. The titles came in 1978,1981,1986 and most recently in 2000 and their colours are gold and black as shown on the Lions jersey. The Lions play their games at the Westpac Stadium, previously playing at Athletic Park until 1999. In 2014 Wellington lost a record nine straight losses and were relegated to the ITM Cup Championship 2015, the Ranfurly Shield, colloquially known as the Log o Wood, is perhaps the most prestigious trophy in New Zealand domestic rugby. First played for in 1904, the Ranfurly Shield is based on a challenge system, the holding union must defend the Shield in home matches, and if a challenger defeats them, they become the new holder of the Shield. Wellington won the first ever shield challenge winning it from Auckland in 1904 and it wouldnt be until 1914 when Wellington would get the shield back by winning it off Taranaki. This marked the longest time Wellington have held the shield successfully defending it for 15 matches until losing it again to Southland in 1920 and they beat Southland a year later to regain the shield before promptly losing to Hawkes Bay after only 2 matches. Wellington held the shield for one match in 1930 and after losing it to Canterbury they would not regain the shield until 1953. Up until the 1980s Wellington had short stints defending the shield, Wellington lost the shield to Canterbury on 29 August, losing 36–14 at Westpac Stadium. Canterbury then held the shield for 4 defences before losing to Southland on 22 October and it is currently held by Waikato who defeated Hawkes Bay on 9 October 2015 by 36–30. Wellington has a team that are part of the Womens Provincial Championship. Wellington Pride is the team aside from Auckland to have won the Womens Championship. Wellington has played a number of times against touring rugby teams
7.
Athletic Park, Wellington
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Athletic Park was a sports ground used mostly for rugby matches in Wellington, New Zealand. The ground was also the home of New Zealands principal knockout football tournament. It has now been demolished and replaced with a retirement village and it was famous for a very steep grandstand which used to sway a little in the regular strong winds that Wellington is famous for. The stand was unsafe as Wellington is very susceptible to earthquakes, throughout the 1980s several proposals were made to modernise the grounds, but instead a decision was made to build a new stadium. Regardless of Westpac Stadiums location to transport and modern features, it has lacked the atmosphere. This could be due to Athletic Park being Rugby specific, which brought spectators close to the action, Westpac Stadiums flaw of attempting to be both a cricket stadium and rugby stadium has led to dwindling numbers of supporters showing up to rectangular sport in Wellington. The ground hosted many famous Test matches involving the All Blacks including the 43 -6 win over Australia in 1996, Athletic Park also played host to other non-sports events, including a visit by Pope John Paul II in 1986 and various rock concerts. KISS performed a concert in 1980 as part of their Unmasked Tour, in 1983, David Bowie and Dire Straits performed at Athletic Park, with further performances by Dire Straits in 1986 and 1991. Elton John performed 2 concerts there, the first on the 10 March 1982 as part of his Jump Up, Tour and the second was on the 22 February 1984 as part of his Too Low for Zero tour. Eurythmics performed on 28 January 1987 as part of their Revenge Tour, michael Jackson planned to perform a concert on 2 December 1987 during his Bad World Tour, but the performance was cancelled. Those attending chanted for the return of the band, New Zealands Street Talk as the music deteriorated
8.
Rugby union positions
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In the game of rugby union, there are 15 players on each team, comprising eight forwards and seven backs. In addition, there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench, players are not restricted to any single position on the field, although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types. Players that specialise in three positions are called utility players. The scrum, however, must consist of eight players, the front row, the row. The players outside the scrum are called the backs, scrum-half, fly-half, the backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster. Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking, full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers, and have the ability to catch a kicked ball. The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team, the centres key attacking roles are to try and break through the defensive line and link successfully with wingers. The fly-half can be a kicker and generally directs the backline. The scrum-half retrieves the ball from the forwards and needs a quick, forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs. Props push in the scrums, while the hooker tries to hook the ball, locks are tall and jump for the ball at the line-out after the hooker has thrown it in. The flankers and number eight should be the first forwards to a tackle, there are a maximum of 15 players from each team on a rugby field at one time. The players position at the start of the game is indicated by the number on the back of their shirts,1 to 15, the positions are divided into two main categories, forwards and backs. In international matches, there are eight substitutes that can replace a team member. The substitutes, numbered 16 to 23, can take up the position of the player they replace or the on-field players can be shuffled to make room for this player in another position. Typically, the replacement players will have a number that corresponds with their intended replacement position with the numbers from 16 to 20 being forwards and 21 to 23 being backs. There are no personal squad numbers and a players position. Players can also change positions with players on the field during the match, common examples are the fly-half playing the full-backs position in defence or a prop taking the hookers position at line-outs. Different positions on the field suit certain skill sets and body types, each position has certain roles to play on the field, although most have been established through convention rather than law
9.
Auckland Rugby Union
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The Auckland Rugby Union is the governing body for rugby union in a portion of the Auckland Region of New Zealand. Its colours are blue and white in a hooped design. The ARFU govern the running of the Auckland representative team which have won New Zealands first-tier domestic competition National Provincial Championship 16 times—more than any other team and their most recent victory was the 2007 competition. Auckland also acts as a feeder to the Blues, who play in the Super Rugby competition. The union is coached by Paul Feeney the union also administers all club rugby within the region, including the Gallaher Shield, as well, the union is responsible for school rugby. The Auckland Rugby Football Union was officially formed in 1884, when it joined the Canterbury, Wellington, Auckland has been the most successful union in New Zealand rugby history, having won a record 16 ITM Cup titles. Auckland also holds the record for the most Ranfurly Shield wins, successful defences, in 1996, with the advent of professional rugby union, Auckland became the host, and primary feeder, to the Blues, known from 1996–99 as the Auckland Blues. There have been many notable eras in the teams history and it went undefeated for six seasons from 1897, and there was a ground breaking run in the early 1920s under Sir Vincent Meredith. The 1960–63 period, known as the Golden Era, was summed up in The Golden Years written by Don Cameron in 1983, there was also a relatively undisturbed spell of success from 1982 through to the 2007 Air New Zealand Cup victory. Auckland won 16 of the 26 Air New Zealand NPC titles available in that time – a period that included 61 Ranfurly Shield defences, Auckland went undefeated for six seasons from 1897, and there was an undefeated run in the early 1920s under Sir Vincent Meredith. The 1960 to 1963 period, known as the Golden Era, was summed up in The Golden Years written by Don Cameron in 1983. Auckland were the first holders of the Ranfurly Shield in 1902 and have won 153 out of 194 shield matches – the most successful record of any provincial union. Notable periods include from 1905 to 1913, when they defeated 23 successive challenges,1960 and 1963, when 25 challenges were defeated,1985 to 1993, Auckland most recently held the shield between 2007 and 2008, when 5 challenges were defeated. In 1993, Auckland defeated the British Lions by 23–18 during their tour to New Zealand, with six titles in the 1990s, and four so far in the new century, Aucklands domination of the New Zealand rugby landscape continues. The 2007 team is the first since the 1990 side to remain unbeaten in a season and win the Ranfurly Shield and their womens team, known as the Auckland Storm, are the most successful womens team in New Zealand. They are the current National Champions, and have won 13 of the 14 Womens Provincial Championship, among the earliest founding clubs in Auckland were Grafton, Ponsonby and College Rifles, Marist, University, Grammar and Suburbs. He became the sole selector to the Auckland team, leading the side to eight successive Ranfurly Shield wins and he then joined the army at a relatively late age, and was killed in the Passchendaele offensive in 1917 aged 43. His Ponsonby side has dominated the Gallaher Shield, winning it 33 times, the Auckland Rugby Football Union consists of 20 clubs from the Auckland isthmus
10.
Duncan McGregor
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Duncan McGregor, was a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league footballer. He was a member of the legendary 1905 Original All Blacks and later converted to rugby league when he went on the 1907 New Zealand league tour of Britain and Australia. He stayed in Britain following the 1907–08 tour, and opened a store as well as playing for Merthyr Tydfil RLFC. He returned to New Zealand after five years and continued to be involved in league as an administrator. Duncan McGregor was the son of Alexander McGregor and his wife Barbara McGregor, duncan was born on 16 July 1881 at Kaiapoi. His father Alexander McGregor was a worker, working for the New Zealand Railways Department. HIs father, Alexander McGregor arrived in New Zealand on in and his mother, Barbara Gudex, along with her brother MIchael Gudex left Kindenheim, Germany in 1866 and arrived at Lyttelton on the Mermaid, on 5 January 1867. McGregor made his rugby union debut playing for Canterbury in 1900 when he was just 19. In 1902 he had a season, scoring 17 tries for Canterbury and 2 for South Island in just 10 first class matches. McGregor was subsequently selected for the 1903 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia and won his first Test cap for New Zealand on 15 August 1903 against Australia. He transferred to Wellington in 1904 due to his employment taking him to Petone, McGregor represented Wellington and the North Island and retained his place in the All Blacks in 1904 and in 1905 was selected for the All Blacks tour of Great Britain. While on tour, the British press dubbed him the Flying Scotsman in recognition of his speed, while on tour he scored four times in one match in a Test match against the English. In all first class rugby union McGregor scored 66 tries in just 59 games, in 1907 McGregor joined the professional New Zealand team that toured Great Britain and Australia, this team played the sport now known as rugby league. He was a supporter of the tour from the outset and was one of the tours selectors. However, while on tour, he could not consistently make the first team, McGregor only ended up playing in one of the eight test matches on tour. He opted not to return to New Zealand, instead staying behind in Great Britain to open a store in Gloucestershire. In 1912 he suffered an injury and retired from the game. After returning to New Zealand McGregor stayed involved with rugby league, becoming a referee, in 1920 he was made a life member of the New Zealand Rugby League
11.
Canterbury Rugby Football Union
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The Canterbury Rugby Football Union is the governing body for rugby union in a portion of the Canterbury Region of New Zealand. Its colours are red and black in a hooped design and their most recent victory was the 2015 competition. Canterbury also acts as a feeder to the Crusaders, who play in the Super Rugby competition. The union is coached by Scott Robertson, the union also administers all club rugby within the region, including senior club rugby and school rugby. Canterbury are the current holders of the Ranfurly Shield having won it off Waikato on 28 September 2016 after a 29–23 victory in Hamilton, the Canterbury Rugby Football Union was established in 1879 following a match between South Canterbury and North Canterbury in Timaru. He succeeded in getting Canterbury clubs to adopt the rules in 1876. It had been proposed that the new organisation be the New Zealand Rugby Union, but this was rejected. Canterbury was the first provincial union within New Zealand, with the Wellington Rugby Football Union was formed later that year, by 1890 fourteen provincial unions had been founded within New Zealand. As well as being the oldest union within New Zealand, the CRFU was actually founded before one of the Home Unions – the Welsh Rugby Union was founded in 1881, Canterbury hosted an Otago side that triumphed by a try to nil. The first rugby match at Lancaster Park was played the following year – a ground that would be the home of Canterbury rugby until the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, the occurred only a few years prior to the formation of the New Zealand Rugby Football Union in 1892. The CRFU had originally voted to join the NZRU in 1891, along with the Otago and Southland provinces, the CRFU objected to the requirement that NZRU executive committee members reside in Wellington. South Canterbury had joined the NZRU, and the representative sides did not meet in 1893. As well as this, players from Canterbury were not eligible for selection in the 1893 New Zealand team that toured Australia, the CRFU eventually relented, and in 1894 joined the NZRU, both Otago and Southland joined the following year. In 1904 a sub-union of the South Canterbury Rugby Union was formed around the Ashburton area – the Ashburton Country Rugby Union, in 1905 it came under the umbrella of the CRFU, but split away to become completely independent in 1927. It was renamed the Mid Canterbury Rugby Football Union in 1952, nPC/Air New Zealand Cup/ITM Cup/Mitre 10 Cup,1977,1983,1997,2001,2004,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2015,2016. Ranfurly Shield, 1927–28, 1931–34,1935,1950, 1953–56, 1969–71, 1972–73, 1982–85, 1994–95, 2000–03, 2004–06,2007,2009, 2010–11, 2016–present. In addition to the Mens 1st XV, the CRFU has a number of representative teams for both Men and Women. Their Womens team is part of the Womens Provincial Championship, the Country Cup is the premier club competition over the Canterbury Country region
12.
Otago Rugby Football Union
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The Otago Rugby Football Union is the official governing body of rugby union for the Otago region of New Zealand. The union is based in the city of Dunedin, and its ground is Forsyth Barr Stadium. The top representative team competes in the ITM Cup, New Zealands top provincial competition, the union was to have been liquidated in March 2012. However a deal involving the Dunedin City Council allowed it to keep operating, the union was founded in 1881, celebrating its 125th year in 2006. Since the inception of the NPC in 1976, Otago have won the competition twice, furthermore, since playoffs were introduced, Otago have made the final on six occasions and the semi-finals on 11 Occasions. In Ranfurly Shield performance, Otago have won 36 of 74 shield matches, with only Auckland, Otago made two more NPC Division 1 finals since their last title in 1998, both in 2001 and 2005 finishing runners-up on both occasions. After 2005 the NPC was revamped into the Air New Zealand Cup, four new teams were promoted from the NPC Second Division into the Air New Zealand Cup. Otago had another season reaching the semi-finals, losing to Waikato 44–15 at Waikato Stadium,2007 began with a 68–7 defeat to Wellington in the Capital. Otago would win five matches to reach the finals where they were beaten by Canterbury 44–6 in Christchurch. 2008 saw Otago win four of their ten matches, however Otago would be the only team to defeat Wellington during the regular season. Otago finished 10th in 2009 and Otago finish 10th once again with five wins from thirteen matches,2010 saw a new adopted name. Otago would be known as the Razorbacks, however Otago won two of thirteen matches and finished with the wooden spoon. 2011 would see Otago placed in the reformatted championship,2011 was a significant year for Otago with the team playing its final season at Carisbrook before the mid-season relocation to the Forsyth Barr Stadium. Also Otagos Tony Brown would play for the Razorbacks, Otago began the season defeating North Harbour 46–29 at Carisbrook. The following week Otago created history by defeating Auckland 32–25 at Eden Park and it was Otagos first win at Eden Park since 1976. Otago started with just as many wins as they had all of the 2010 ITM Cup season, Otago would play Southland in the teams final ever game at Carisbrook, losing 19–12 to the Stags. Manawatu were supposed to be Otagos first new opponents at the Forsyth Barr Stadium, bad weather however would postpone the game to later in the season. Otago played Canterbury in the teams first game at Forsyth Barr Stadium, Canterbury won 29–16 in front of a crowd of 14067
13.
Billy Stead
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Billy Stead, born John William Stead, was a rugby union player born in Invercargill who played for New Zealand, the All Blacks, on their 1905–06 tour. Stead also played provincially for Southland, and later coached various teams, including Southland, a bootmaker by trade, he also co-authored The Complete Rugby Footballer with Dave Gallaher, and was a columnist for the Southland Times, and New Zealand Truth. Billy Stead was born in Invercargill on 18 September 1877, neither Steads primary nor secondary school did much to encourage students to play rugby, but he did manage to get a place in the school team after debuting as a late injury replacement. After joining the club he played for their second and third teams for a couple of years before earning promotion to their side in 1896. He played at First five-eighths for the side, and in his first season earned selected for his province, Stead first played representative rugby for Southland in 1896. He was only 18 at the time, and continued to play for the province until 1908, after representing the South Island in 1903, he was selected for the All Blacks that year. Although he did tour with the team to Australia, he did not play in a Test match until the following year, in his first Test against Great Britain in 1904, Stead captained the side. He was again selected for the All Blacks the following year for their northern hemisphere tour, although he did not participate in the preliminary tour of Australia due to work commitments, Stead did play against Canterbury and then Wellington for the All Blacks. Dave Gallaher was named as the captain, with Stead as vice-captain. On the voyage to Britain, both resigned as captain and vice-captain respectively. They had both been appointed by the New Zealand Rugby Football Union, but believed that the players should have a say in the choice of captain. Stead participated in 29 of the Originals matches, and although he only scored 11 tries for the team, jimmy Hunter, who scored 44 tries on tour, said to him at the Originals 50 year reunion, Without you I was nothing. Stead was considered a tactician, and him missing the teams Wales Test was considered a major factor in their only loss. Before the New Zealand squad left Britain, English publisher Henry Leach asked Stead and Gallaher to author a book on rugby tactics and they finished the task in under a fortnight and were each paid £50. Entitled The Complete Rugby Footballer, the book was 322 pages long and included chapters on tactics and play and it was mainly authored by Stead, a bootmaker, with Gallaher contributing most of the diagrams. Gallaher almost certainly made some contributions to the text, including sections on Auckland club rugby, the book showed the All Blacks tactics and planning to be superior to others of the time, and according to Matt Elliott is marvellously astute, it received universal acclaim on its publication. According to a 2011 assessment by ESPNs Graham Jenkins, it one of the most influential books produced in the realms of rugby literature. After the Originals tour, Steads next All Blacks match was not until 1908 when he captained them twice against the Anglo-Welsh, following the 1908 season, Stead went into semi-retirement, but was persuaded to play for the New Zealand Māori
14.
Taranaki Rugby Football Union
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The Taranaki Rugby Football Union are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Taranaki. The main stadium is Yarrow Stadium which is located in New Plymouth, the union also represents the Taranaki Bulls, which is professional rugby union team who compete in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield. Before 2006 the Bulls competed in the National Provincial Championship, on 25 October 2014 Taranaki won their first ITM Cup, defeating Tasman 36–32 in New Plymouth. This was the first time a team from outside the population centres had won the premier New Zealand domestic rugby competition since Manawatu in 1980. Taranaki has won the NPC second division more than any other Union in New Zealand, Taranaki also plays for the Ryan Wheeler memorial trophy, a trophy played for annually with the Waikato Rugby Union. In 2013, Taranaki changed its Super Rugby allegiance to the Chiefs, after severing ties with the Hurricanes, on May 31,1889 the Hawera club convened a meeting in Hawera, of delegates from the Hawera, Waimate, New Plymouth, Okaiawa, and Eltham clubs. This meeting agreed to form the Taranaki Union, by the turn of the century, Taranaki R. F. U. had produced eleven All Blacks, six of whom toured Great Britain in 1905. Taranaki currently plays in the professional Mitre 10 Cup, which it won in 2014, coastal Rugby and Sports Club, Merger of the Okato Rugby Football Club, the Rahotu Rugby Football Club and the Opunake Rugby Football Club. Eltham Kaponga Rugby Football Club, Merger of the Eltham Rugby Football Club, the Taranaki Rugby Referees Association has the backing of sponsor Farmlands. Each year the TRRA names a Top Five, Top Five after the 2016 season is, Cameron Stone Richard Kelly Will Johnston Max OLeary Trent Mischefski Paul Williams was not considered due to his Super Rugby commitments. These five referees are involved as assistant referees and substitution controllers at the local Mitre 10 Cup, Super Rugby and they are also involved in local development and age-group representative matches as New Zealand Rugby Union have given most of the representative appointments back to the local provinces. The Dean Cup is believed to be the oldest competition trophy still being played for in the sport of rugby union. In 2003 when Whangamomona challenged Strathmore for the cup and the game was played at Yarrow Stadium on 19 April as a curtain raiser to the Hurricanes versus Highlanders Super 12 match. Strathmore were victorious, on occasion, holding on to defend the cup. This is the first time that the Dean Cup has been played for outside of the Eastern Districts. The T. R. F. U. has several teams under its control and their top professional team, the Bulls is coached by Colin Cooper and captained by midfielder Charlie Ngatai. Their traditional colors are amber and black hoops with white shorts and they are also sponsored by Port Taranaki. The Taranaki squad for the 2016 Mitre 10 Cup was announced on 2 August, samoan international Isaia Tuifua was listed as injury cover
15.
Wairarapa Bush Rugby Football Union
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The Wairarapa Bush Rugby Football Union was formed in 1971 with the amalgamation of the Wairarapa Rugby Football Union and Bush Rugby Football Union. The Wairarapa Bush team play in the Heartland Championship from Memorial Park and they were the inaugural winners of the Meads Cup after beating Wanganui 16-14 on 21 October 2006. Wairarapa Bush won the 2nd division North Island in 1981, 3rd division in 2005, Wairarapa Bush have never held the Ranfurly Shield but Wairarapa held the shield in 1927,1928 and 1950. Wairarapa Bush were beaten 96-10 by Canterbury in a Ranfurly Shield challenge in July 2006, in July 2015 Wairarapa Bush challenged Hawkes Bay for the Shield but were defeated 58–7. Wairarapa Bush along with Wellington, Horowhenua-Kapiti, East Coast, Poverty Bay, Hawkes Bay, Manawatu, there have only been six players selected for the All Blacks whilst playing their club rugby in Wairarapa Bush
16.
Dave Gallaher
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Under Gallahers leadership the Originals won 34 out of 35 matches over the course of tour, including legs in France and North America, the New Zealanders scored 976 points and conceded only 59. Before returning home he co-wrote the classic rugby text The Complete Rugby Footballer with his vice-captain Billy Stead, Gallaher retired as a player after the 1905–06 tour and took up coaching and selecting, he was a selector for both Auckland and New Zealand for most of the following decade. Born in Ramelton, Ireland, Gallaher migrated to New Zealand with his family as a small child, after moving to Auckland, in 1895 he joined Ponsonby RFC and was selected for his province in 1896. In 1901–02 he served with the New Zealand Contingent in the Anglo-Boer War and he first appeared on the New Zealand national team for their unbeaten tour of Australia in 1903, and played in New Zealands first ever Test match, against Australia in Sydney. The Originals Gallaher captained during 1905–06 helped to cement rugby as New Zealands national sport, during the First World War, Gallaher enlisted in the New Zealand Division to fight in Europe. He was killed in 1917 at the Battle of Passchendaele in Belgium and he has since been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame, International Rugby Hall of Fame, and the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame. James was a widower who had married Maria in 1866, a year after the death of his first wife, James had two children from his first marriage, and David was the seventh from his marriage to Maria. The couple had three children after David, but of their ten offspring, three died in infancy. The couples other offspring were, Joseph, Isabella, James, Maria, Jane, Thomas, William, Oswald, David was baptised as a Presbyterian in the First Ramelton Meeting House on 8 January 1874. After the struggling in his business in Ramelton, James decided to emigrate with his family to New Zealand as part of George Vesey Stewarts Katikati Special Settlement scheme. In May 1878 the Gallaghers – minus the sick James Patrick who at eight weeks old was too weak to make the trip – sailed from Belfast on the Lady Jocelyn for Katikati in the Bay of Plenty. On arriving in New Zealand, the family altered their surname to Gallaher in an effort to reduce confusion over its spelling and pronunciation. The Gallaher couple and their six children arrived in Auckland after a three-month voyage and it had been hoped that James would be employed as the agent for the Donegal Knitting Company in New Zealand, which was to be established by Lord George Augusta Hill. But Hill died unexpectedly and his successor did not support the initiative, in January 1886 David spent a week in Auckland hospital undergoing surgery to treat stunted muscles in his left leg which had led to curvature of his spine. His mother became sick that year, and in 1887 lost her teaching position. His mothers condition worsened and she died of cancer on 9 September 1887, with a father in his seventies, the 13-year-old David was compelled to leave school so he could help his brothers to support the family. He took a job with a stock and station agent. The older Gallaher children had to work to prevent the authorities from putting their younger siblings up for adoption
17.
George Nicholson (rugby player)
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George Nicholson was a New Zealand rugby union footballer who played for New Zealand – the All Blacks – between 1903 and 1907. He played club rugby in Auckland for the City club, before making his debut for Auckland in 1901. After playing for the North Island in 1902, he was selected for New Zealands tour of Australia in 1903 where he played in the All Blacks first ever Test match – against Australia in Sydney. The following year he was selected for New Zealand when they played a one-off Test against the British Isles who were touring New Zealand, in 1905 and 1906 he was selected for the All Blacks tour of Europe and North America. This was the first New Zealand national team to tour the Northern Hemisphere, and played 20 matches during the trip, but did not appear in any internationals. After returning to New Zealand he switched clubs to Ponsonby in 1907, after retiring from rugby he was involved in the sport as a referee, selector and administrator. George William Nicholson was born in Auckland on 3 August 1878, after being educated at Newton East School, Nicholson played club rugby for the City club in Aucklands competition. He was selected for Auckland in 1901, and in 1902 played for the North Island in the inter-island match, the following year he was selected for the tour of Australia. During the tour one Test match was played against Australia – New Zealands first ever –, archived from the original on 26 March 2013. Dave Gallaher – The Original All Black Captain
18.
George Tyler (rugby union)
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George Alfred Tyler was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented New Zealand – the All Blacks – between 1903 and 1906. He played in New Zealands first seven Test matches, including all five Tests on the pioneering Original All Blacks 1905–06 tour of the British Isles and he played club rugby for City in Auckland, and was selected for his province between 1899 and 1911. Playing at hooker, Tyler played for the City club in Auckland, from there he was selected for Auckland starting in 1899, and continued to represent his province until 1911. Tyler was first selected for New Zealand for their 1903 tour of Australia, Tyler played in all eleven of the sides matches, including the game against Wellington immediately before their departure. The team won all ten of their Australian matches, including winning their first ever Test match – against Australia in Sydney, Tyler was one of only four players, and only two forwards, that played all ten matches. The following year Tyler played for Auckland in the first ever Ranfurly Shield match – which Auckland lost to Wellington and he then played for New Zealand in their first ever home Test match – against the British Isles. The British side were touring New Zealand and Australia, and had gone through their Australian-leg unbeaten before facing New Zealand in Wellington, the New Zealanders won 9–3 to inflict the first defeat on the British. A week later Tyler was in the Auckland team that faced the tourists, the result was an even more comprehensive victory, with Tyler and the other forwards dominating their opponents. He was selected for the tour to the British Isles. The side played five Tests – against Scotland, Ireland, England, Wales, the only loss of the 35 match tour matches was the Welsh Test match, a narrow and controversial 3–0 loss. Tyler appeared in 23 of the matches, but is most notably remembered for shaking the hands with King Edward VII. Eight of the All Blacks met King Edward VII while visiting a show in Islington, with the monarch shaking Tylers hand. He was selected for the All Blacks again in 1907, and he continued to play rugby for Auckland until 1911, and was also involved in swimming, rowing and yachting. Tyler died at his home in Auckland on 15 April 1942, dave Gallaher – The Original All Black Captain
19.
Wellington
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Wellington is the capital and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with 405,000 residents. It is at the tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range. Wellington is the population centre of the southern North Island and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region. It is the worlds windiest city, with a wind speed of over 26 km/h. Situated near the centre of the country, Wellington was well placed for trade. In 1839 it was chosen as the first major planned settlement for British immigrants coming to New Zealand, the settlement was named in honour of the Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo. As the nations capital since 1865, the New Zealand Government and Parliament, Supreme Court, despite being much smaller than Auckland, Wellington is also referred to as New Zealands cultural capital. The city is home to the National Archives, the National Library, architectural sights include the Government Building—one of the largest wooden buildings in the world—as well as the iconic Beehive. Wellington plays host to artistic and cultural organisations, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. It has an urban culture, with many cafés, restaurants. One of the worlds most liveable cities, the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world, Wellingtons economy is primarily service-based, with an emphasis on finance, business services, and government. It is the centre of New Zealands film and special effects industries, Wellington ranks as one of New Zealands chief seaports and serves both domestic and international shipping. The city is served by Wellington International Airport, the third busiest airport in the country, Wellingtons transport network includes train and bus lines which reach as far as the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa, and ferries connect the city to the South Island. Wellington takes its name from Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo, his title comes from the town of Wellington in the English county of Somerset. One of the founders of the settlement, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, reported that the settlers took up the views of the directors with great cordiality, in Māori, Wellington has three names. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is signed by raising the index, middle and ring fingers of one hand, palm forward, to form a W, and shaking it slightly from side to side twice. The citys location close to the mouth of the narrow Cook Strait leads to its vulnerability to strong gales, legends recount that Kupe discovered and explored the district in about the 10th century. The earliest date with hard evidence for Maori living in New Zealand is about 1280, European settlement began with the arrival of an advance party of the New Zealand Company on the ship Tory on 20 September 1839, followed by 150 settlers on the Aurora on 22 January 1840
20.
New South Wales Waratahs
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The New South Wales Waratahs (/ˈwɒrətɑːz/ or /ˌwɒrəˈtɑːz/, referred to as the Waratahs, are an Australian rugby union team representing the majority of New South Wales in the Super Rugby competition. The Riverina and other parts of the state, are represented by the Brumbies. The name and emblem comes from the waratah, the flower for New South Wales. Their home ground is Allianz Stadium in Sydney, some matches are also held at ANZ Stadium. The NSWRU was established in 1874, and the very first club competition took place that year, by 1880 the SRU had over 100 clubs in its governance in the metropolitan area. In 1882 the first New South Wales team was selected to play Queensland in a two-match series, NSW would go on to win both the games. That same year the first NSW touring squad was selected to go, in 1907, several of the New South Wales rugby union teams players defected to play for the New South Wales rugby league team against a visiting rebel New Zealand rugby team. This was essentially the birth of rugby league in Australia, during World War I, the NSW Rugby Unions ceased senior competition. The Queensland body however would not reform until 1929, which saw NSW have more responsibilities for Australian rugby, in 1921 the Waratahs toured New Zealand again, and out of their 10 fixtures, won nine games, including the Test. They won 24 and drew two of their 31 official matches, seven members of this 1927/8 side were from the Drummoyne Rugby Club. Upon returning home, were greeted with a parade through Sydney, matches against Queensland would soon resume also. The 1930s were a successful time for NSW. The height of the success of NSW is best represented by the defeat of the South African Springboks in 1937 at the SCG, in 1963 the Sydney Rugby Union was established for the growth of the game in the city area. The NSW Rugby Union would celebrate its 100th anniversary in 1974, as part of the anniversary celebrations, a match was played at the SCG on 18 May against the All Blacks, though the Waratahs lost nil to 20. In their inaugural Super 12 season of 1996, the Waratahs won just under half of their games, finishing mid table, the following season of 1997 saw the Waratahs end in a 9th place, winning four fixtures. The Waratahs won four fixtures the next season and they won five games in the 2000 season and the Tahs finished their season in 9th place. In 2001 after replicating their 2000 performance, the Waratahs were still out of reach of finals contention, in 8th position. 2002 was a record breaking season for the Waratahs, as the team won eight out of their 11 season games, however, in the final game of the regular season the Waratahs lost 96–19
21.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
22.
Sydney Cricket Ground
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The Sydney Cricket Ground is a sports stadium in Sydney, Australia. It is used for Test cricket, One Day International cricket, Twenty20 cricket and Australian rules football, as well as rugby league football. It is the ground for the New South Wales Blues cricket team, the Sydney Sixers of the Big Bash League. It is owned and operated by the Sydney Cricket Ground Trust that also manages the Sydney Football Stadium located next door, until the 44,000 seat Football Stadium opened in 1988, the Sydney Cricket Ground was the major rugby league venue in Sydney. Part sandhills, part swamp and situated on the fringe of the city, it was used as a rubbish dump in the 1850s. In 1851, part of the Sydney Common south of Victoria Barracks was granted to the British Army for use as a garden and its first user was the 11th North Devonshire Regiment which flattened and graded the southern part of the rifle range adjacent to the Barracks. In the next couple of years, the teams from Victoria Barracks combined themselves into a permanent organisation. The ground therefore became known as the Garrison Ground when it was first opened in February 1854, in the late 1860s another part of the Sydney Common, the area west of the Garrison Ground to the then Dowling Street, was opened for public recreation. It was named Moore Park after the Mayor of Sydney, Charles Moore, as well as the location of Sydneys first zoo, Moore Park was a regular venue for games between Sydney rugby clubs Sydney University and the Wallaroos. Sydney at the time was a small, dense city and best navigated on foot and it was not liked so much by cricketers because it was too far from the city. When the commander of the Sydney garrison, Lieutenant-Colonel John Richardson, aligned his soldiers to the East Sydney Cricket Club, in 1870 British troops left Victoria barracks and the future of the Civil and Military Ground became uncertain. However, with the closure of the Albert Ground in the 1870s, in 1875 the NSW Government began to upgrade the ground. In 1876, the ground was dedicated by Governor Sir Hercules Robinson, Driver himself was a prominent MP and solicitor for the City of Sydney Council. The Minister for Lands, Thomas Garrett, was also supportive, two trustees were appointed by the government and one by the NSWCA. The close relationship between the Trust and the NSWCA is evidenced by the fact that they pooled funds for the six years. The militarys link with the ground was finally severed when John Richardson, One conflict in 1904, over the Trusts plan to hold a cycling event which clashed with a cricket match, ended up in court. The NSWCAs influence was reduced even further over the years due to changes in the way the State Government appointed trustees. On opposite sides of the ground to the stands two spectator mounds were built and they became known as The Hill and the Paddington Hill
23.
Bathurst, New South Wales
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Bathurst /ˈbæθəst/ is a regional city in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. It is approximately 200 kilometres north-west of Sydney and is the seat of the Bathurst Regional Council, Bathurst is the oldest inland settlement in Australia and had an estimated population of 36,013 as at June 2015. Bathurst is often referred to as the Gold Country as it was the site of the first gold discovery, today education, tourism and manufacturing drive the economy. The internationally known racetrack Mount Panorama is a landmark of the city, Bathurst has an historic city centre with many buildings remaining from the gold rush period of the mid to late 1800s. The median age of the population is 34.0 years, which is particularly young for a regional centre. Population growth has reached 1. 6% per annum over the five years until 2010 and this growth over recent years has resulted in increased urban development including retail precincts, sporting facilities, housing estates and expanding industrial areas. Bathurst is located on the edge of the Great Dividing Range in the Macquarie River plain. The city is located adjacent to the Macquarie River which is part of the Murray-Darling basin, the city is protected by a levee bank to protect the city from occasional flood events. Mount Panorama is located 3 kilometres from the CBD and effectively within the city limits, it is 877 metres AMSL, Bathurst is located adjacent to the Great Western Highway which begins in the centre of the city of Sydney and finishes at Bathurst. Within the city, two state highways start, the Mitchell Highway to Bourke and the Mid-Western Highway to Hay. Bathurst is located approximately mid-way along a road route from Canberra and Goulburn to Mudgee. Bathurst is also located on the Main Western Railway line that starts at Sydney Central Station, the Macquarie River divides Bathurst with the CBD located on the western side of the river. Four road bridges and two bridges span the river within the city area. Two physical components comprise the Bathurst region, the Bathurst Basin and they are drained by the Macquarie, Turon, Fish and Campbells Rivers to the north and Abercrombie and Isabella Rivers to the south. The central basin area of the Bathurst area is mainly granite soils while in the north area sandstone, conglomerates, greywacke, siltstones, limestones and minor volcanos predominate. The south is more complex geology with siltstones, sandstones, greywacke, shales and chert, basalt and granite intrusions and embedded volcanic, underlying Bathurst is the dominant feature of Bathurst granite and at Mount Panorama and Mount Stewart basalt occurs. Due to its elevation, Bathurst has a highland climate. Bathurst is in Australias cool temperate zone which is defined as having mild to warm summers
24.
Queensland Reds
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The Queensland Reds is the rugby union team for the Australian state of Queensland that competes in the Southern Hemispheres Super Rugby competition. Prior to 1996 they were a team selected from the rugby union club competitions in Queensland. From 1996 to 2005 they were one of three Australian teams competing in the Super 12 competition, alongside the New South Wales Waratahs, Queensland finished as minor premiers in 1996 and 1999. From 2006 to 2010, they competed in the expanded Super 14 competition as one of four Australian sides, beginning in 2011, they are one of five Australian sides in the expanded and renamed Super Rugby, winning the competition in its first season in its new format. In 2012 they finished first in the Australian conference, however, it was reported that the game was soon varied to suit the preferences of the local players, and “rugby, with Brisbane variations, was the game played”. Most of these games were played at the Queens Park (now part of the City Botanic Gardens, however, in 1882, a Brisbane FC representative arranged a Rugby match against the Sydney Wallaroos Rugby club, after the NSWRU offered to pay all costs associated with the match. The following years saw rapidly increasing popularity of the Rugby game, as Rugby historian Sean Fagan noted, The defining moment in the code battle came with the 1886 Queensland side, who defeated NSW for the first time in Sydney. “The success of this team won the day for rugby game in Queensland. In 1883, the first inter-colonial match in Brisbane took place, in 1896 the first Queensland team departed for a tour of New Zealand, where they played New Zealand at Athletic Park in Wellington on 15 August, losing 9 to nil. In 1899 Queensland recorded their first win against an international team, the Queensland team remained a representative team selected solely from the rugby union clubs within the state, until the advent of the Super rugby competition in the 1990s. With the start up of league as well as World War I, Queensland rugby was dormant for a number of years. In 1928 the QRU was re-formed, and the GPS competition, the game struggled during World War II, but growth was nonetheless apparent, with the advent of the Queensland Junior Rugby Union and the Country Rugby Union. In 1950 the QRU secured the Normanby Oval at nominal rent from Brisbane Grammar School, before they moved into Ballymore Stadium in 1966, in 1980 Queensland defeated the All Blacks, which was their first win against New Zealand. The match was played at Ballymore on 6 July and Queensland won 9 to 3, two seasons later centenary celebrations took place, with Queensland defeating New South Wales 41 to 7 in the celebratory match. The first Super 10 was held in 1993, Queensland were grouped in Pool A alongside Auckland, Natal, Western Samoa and Otago. Queensland finished with five points, in fourth place, the subsequent Super 10 competition of 1994 saw Queensland finish at the top of Pool A on 13 points, edging out North Harbour on for and against differential to finish at the top. The Queensland Reds went on to play the winner of Pool B, South African side, the Reds won the final,21 points to 10 at Kings Park Stadium in Durban. The following season was more successful for the Reds, who were playing in Pool B for the 1995 season
25.
Brisbane
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Brisbane is the capital of and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland, and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbanes metropolitan area has a population of 2.35 million, the Brisbane central business district stands on the original European settlement and is situated inside a bend of the Brisbane River, about 15 kilometres from its mouth at Moreton Bay. The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite, one of the oldest cities in Australia, Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples. A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe,28 kilometres north of the business district. The city was marred by the Australian frontier wars between 1843 and 1855, and development was set back by the Great Fire of Brisbane. Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a colony from New South Wales in 1859. During World War II, Brisbane played a role in the Allied campaign. Today, Brisbane is well known for its distinct Queenslander architecture which forms much of the built heritage. It also receives attention for its damaging flood events, most notably in 1974 and 2011. Several large cultural, international and sporting events have held at Brisbane, including the 1982 Commonwealth Games, World Expo 88, the final Goodwill Games in 2001. Prior to white settlement, the Brisbane area was inhabited by the Turrbal and they knew the area that is now the central business district as Mian-jin, meaning place shaped as a spike. The Moreton Bay area was explored by Matthew Flinders. On 17 July 1799, Flinders landed at what is now known as Woody Point, in 1823 Governor of New South Wales Sir Thomas Brisbane instructed that a new northern penal settlement be developed, and an exploration party led by John Oxley further explored Moreton Bay. Oxley discovered, named, and explored the Brisbane River as far as Goodna,20 kilometres upstream from the Brisbane central business district, Oxley recommended Red Cliff Point for the new colony, reporting that ships could land at any tide and easily get close to the shore. The party settled in Redcliffe on 13 September 1824, under the command of Lieutenant Henry Miller with 14 soldiers and 29 convicts. However, this settlement was abandoned after a year and the colony was moved to a site on the Brisbane River now known as North Quay,28 km south, chief Justice Forbes gave the new settlement the name of Edenglassie before it was named Brisbane. Non-convict European settlement of the Brisbane region commenced in 1838, German missionaries settled at Zions Hill, Nundah as early as 1837, five years before Brisbane was officially declared a free settlement. The band consisted of ministers Christopher Eipper and Carl Wilhelm Schmidt and lay missionaries Haussmann, Johann Gottried Wagner, Niquet, Hartenstein, Zillman, Franz, Rode, Doege and they were allocated 260 hectares and set about establishing the mission, which became known as the German Station
26.
Brisbane Exhibition Ground
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The historic Brisbane Showgrounds is located at 600 Gregory Terrace, Bowen Hills, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia and was established in 1875. It hosts almost 300 events each year, with the largest being the Royal Queensland Show, the Brisbane Showgrounds was designed by Claude William Chambers and built by Walls & Juster. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 July 2003, the Brisbane Showgrounds is owned and operated by The Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland. Over 10 days in August, it hosts the Ekka show, throughout the rest of the year, other events can hire spaces in the Brisbane Showgrounds. The site of the Brisbane Showgrounds was originally inhabited by the indigenous Turrbal or Duke of York clan who used the area as a campground, the original European name was Yorks Hollow. The history of the Ekka on the site of the Brisbane Showgrounds dates back to August 1876, the site has been the venue for Queenslands principal agricultural exhibition for 139 years. It remains the home of the annual Royal Queensland Show and is Queenslands premier showground, prior to the establishment of the Brisbane Showgrounds, or Exhibition Grounds, in 1876, the site was part of the Queensland Acclimatisation Societys grounds. At the northwestern corner of the site, fronting Bowen Bridge Road and OConnell Terrace, Queenslands 1876 Intercolonial Exhibition was not the first competitive demonstration of agricultural and industrial progress in the colony. They planned to hold exhibitions at Brisbane, Ipswich, Warwick, Drayton and Gayndah, in rotation, nurseryman Albert John Hockings was instrumental in holding horticultural shows in Brisbane from 1855. These Associations conducted annual exhibitions of agricultural, horticultural, and pastoral produce, prizes were awarded for best exhibits. The object was to encourage the exchange of knowledge and to better farm practice. Associations such as these proliferated in Queensland during the half of the 19th century. In 1874 moves were initiated by Queenslands Chief Inspector of Stock, Patrick Robertson Gordon, to form an agricultural society. He was supported by Gresley Lukin, editor of the Brisbane Courier and the Queenslander, in May 1875 an inaugural meeting, presided over by the Queensland Governor, Sir William Wellington Cairns, was held to form the National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland. At this meeting, use of part of the Queensland Acclimatisation Societys grounds was discussed, the alliance with the Acclimatisation Society was considered to be a sensible arrangement. The Intercolonial Exhibition was intended to promote and showcase the agricultural, pastoral and industrial resources of the whole of Queensland, whether it could be sustained beyond a single exhibition remained to be seen. The first exhibition building was a timber hall with side aisles. It was erected in 1876 along Gregory Terrace near the corner of Bowen Bridge Road, at a cost of £1254, sydney exhibitor Jules Joubert added a rectangular wing to the northern side to increase the extent of his exhibition
27.
Maitland, New South Wales
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It is on the New England Highway about 17 km from its start at Hexham. The city centre is located on the bank of the Hunter River. Surrounding areas include the cities of Cessnock and Singleton local government areas, originally Maitland was a culmination of three separate towns which arose roughly all around the same time. West Maitland, now just Maitland, was a privately founded town grew because of its proximity to the river. The other areas were East Maitland, which was established by the colonial New South Wales government, and Morpeth, another private town founded by Lieutenant Close, each town functioned as if they were separate municipalities. The name, Maitland, was reported in 1885 to have had its name taken from Sir George Maitland, under Secretary for the Colonies, and M. P. for the Borough of Whitchurch, in Hampshire, England. The present city was proclaimed in 1945 with the amalgamation of the three local government areas, the citys boundaries have been increased by incorporating parts of other local government areas since then. West Maitland was founded in 1820 close to the reach of the Hunter River where vessels with a shallow draft could navigate. Nearby Morpeth served as the head of navigation for larger ships, originally the route river route between Morpeth and West Maitland was 26 kilometres, today after various floods and river course changes this has reduced to just 9 kilometres. Maitland was therefore the point at which goods were unloaded for, and distributed to, accordingly, there were large warehouses built, which faced onto the main High Street and backed onto the Hunter River. For almost 20 years until the Victorian gold rush, Maitland was the second largest town in Australia, the arrival of the railway from Newcastle in the 1850s, coupled with the increasing silting of the river and larger ships spelt the end of the traditional river traffic. The first electricity connected in the area was to Maitland Town Hall in 1922, to the Halls front light. The first bridge to link West Maitland with what is now the suburb of Lorn was opened in 1869 and named in honour of the then Governor of New South Wales, the 4th Earl of Belmore. Although the bridge proved vital to the development, the floods of 1893,1913 and 1930 began to heighten the need for a new bridge that could withstand periodic flooding. A second Belmore Bridge, designed to withstand the impact of debris during floods, was adjacent to the 1869 bridge in 1964. The new bridge, which redirected traffic away from St. Andrews Street to a new intersection at the Maitland Court House, is one of the three main river crossings. Maitlands proximity to the Hunter River has resulted in a succession of floods since European settlement, over 200 floods have occurred on the Hunter River since settlement,13 of those higher than the rivers normal peak limit of 10.7 metres. Of these 13, all have had an effect on the city of Maitland
Australia
New Zealand
