1.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
2.
1903
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As of the start of 1903, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – Edward VII is proclaimed Emperor of India, January 19 – The first west–east transatlantic radio broadcast is made from the United States to England. February 11 – The Oxnard strike of 1903 becomes the first time in U. S. history that a union is formed from members of different races. February 15 – Morris and Rose Michtom introduce the first teddy bear in the United States, february 17 – El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico becomes part of the United States National Forest System as the Luquillo Forest Reserve. February 23 – Cuba leases Guantánamo Bay to the United States in perpetuity, march 2 – In New York City, the Martha Washington Hotel, the first hotel exclusively for women, opens. March 3 – The British Admiralty announces plans to build a base at Rosyth. March 4 – Beşiktaş J. K. founded, march 5 – The Ottoman Empire and the German Empire sign an agreement to build the Constantinople–Baghdad Railway. March 12 – The University of Puerto Rico is founded, march 14 – The Hay–Herrán Treaty, granting the United States the right to build the Panama Canal, is ratified by the United States Senate. The Colombian Senate later rejects the treaty, april 26 – Atletico Madrid, as well known for professional football club in Spain, officially founded. April 29 – A 30-million-m3 landslide kills 70-90 in Frank, Alberta, april 29 – The 7.0 Ms Manzikert earthquake affects eastern Turkey, leaving 3,500 dead. May 4 – The leading Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary Gotse Delchev is killed in a skirmish with the Turkish army, may 18 – The port of Burgas, Bulgaria opens. May 24 – The Paris–Madrid race for automobiles begins, during which at least eight people are killed, june 11 – Serbian King Alexander Obrenović and Queen Draga are assassinated in Belgrade by the Black Hand organization. June 14 – The town of Heppner, Oregon, is destroyed by a cloud burst that resulted in a flash flood that kills an estimated 238 people. July 1–July 19 – First Tour de France bicycle race, won by Maurice Garin, july 7 – The British take over the Fulani Empire. July 23 – Dr. Ernst Pfenning of Chicago becomes the first owner of a Ford Model A, july 29 – Explosion of a United States Cartridge Company magazine destroys 70 homes killing 22 residents of Tewksbury, Massachusetts. July 30–August 23 – Second Congress of the All-Russian Social Democratic Labour Party held in exile in Brussels, august 2 – The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising, organized by the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization, breaks out in the Ottoman provinces of Macedonia and Adrianople. August 4 – Pope Pius X succeeds Pope Leo XIII as the 257th pope, august 10 – Paris Métro train fire takes place. August 25 – The Judiciary Act is passed in the Australian parliament, september – Texas State University in San Marcos, TX opens its doors as Southwest Texas Normal School
3.
Australian federal election, 1903
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Federal elections were held in Australia on 16 December 1903. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives, and 19 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The election outcome saw a finely balanced House of Representatives, with the three parties each holding around a third of seats − the Protectionists on 26, the Free Traders on 24, additionally, the Watson government was the worlds first Labour Party government at a national level. Independent, Frederick Holder, James Wilkinson Independent, William Trenwith The election saw the Labour party make significant gains outside New South Wales, as a result of Labours gains, the numbers of the three parties in Parliament were very close to equal, leading to unstable governments. Alfred Deakin would describe it as a parliament of three elevens, the Free Trade Party was again led by George Reid. The only significant difference in policy between these parties was on trade issues, the Protectionists sought to protect Australian industry and agriculture by placing tariffs on imports. The Free Traders downgraded the view they had last election of having no tariffs to campaigning on minimal tariffs, the other major party contesting the election was the Labour Party. This election also saw a party, the Tasmanian Revenue Tariff Party gain an MHR. Prior to the 1901 election, the Free Trade Party had been known as the Revenue Tariff Party in some states, however, in 1903 a separate Revenue Tariff Party competed against the FTP in Tasmania. Nevertheless, both of the Revenue Tariff Party members elected joined the Free Trade Party, when the new parliament began sitting. Women were given the vote in all states, following the Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902, like the 1901 election, voting was voluntary and candidates were elected by the First-past-the-post system. Candidates were contesting all 75 House of Representatives and 19 of the 36 Senate seats and this had since changed and there were now single member electorates in both states. The newly created seats were Adelaide, Angas, Barker, Boothby, Grey, Hindmarsh and Wakefield and Bass, Darwin, Denison, Franklin, each state elected six Senators regardless of population. The Senate was elected by bloc voting rather than the current single transferable vote system, half the Senators retired as their terms expired, and there was one casual vacancy. Members in italics did not contest their seat at this election
4.
Monarch
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A monarch is the sovereign head of state in a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state, alternatively, an individual may become monarch by conquest, acclamation or a combination of means. A monarch usually reigns for life or until abdication, if a young child is crowned the monarch, a regent is often appointed to govern until the monarch reaches the requisite adult age to rule. A monarch can reign in multiple monarchies simultaneously, for example, the monarchy of Canada and the monarchy of the United Kingdom are separate states, but they share the same monarch through personal union. Monarchs, as such, bear a variety of titles — king or queen, prince or princess, emperor or empress, archduke, duke or grand duke, Prince is sometimes used as a generic term to refer to any monarch regardless of title, especially in older texts. A king can also be a husband and a queen can be a kings wife. If both people in a reign, neither person is generally considered to be a consort. Monarchy is political or sociocultural in nature, and is associated with hereditary rule. Most monarchs, both historically and in the present day, have been born and brought up within a royal family, different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, agnatic seniority, Salic law, etc. In an elective monarchy, the monarch is elected but otherwise serves as any other monarch, historical examples of elective monarchy include the Holy Roman Emperors and the free election of kings of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In recent centuries, many states have abolished the monarchy and become republics, advocacy of government by a republic is called republicanism, while advocacy of monarchy is called monarchism. A principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the continuity of national leadership. In cases where the monarch serves mostly as a ceremonial figure real leadership does not depend on the monarch, a form of government may in fact be hereditary without being considered monarchy, such as a family dictatorship. Monarchies take a variety of forms, such as the two co-princes of Andorra, positions held simultaneously by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Urgel and the elected President of France. Similarly, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia is considered a monarch despite only holding the position for five years at a time, hereditary succession within one patrilineal family has been most common, with preference for children over siblings, sons over daughters. Other European realms practice one form or another of primogeniture, whereunder a lord was succeeded by his eldest son or, if he had none, by his brother, the system of tanistry was semi-elective and gave weight also to ability and merit. The Salic law, practiced in France and in the Italian territories of the House of Savoy, in most fiefs, in the event of the demise of all legitimate male members of the patrilineage, a female of the family could succeed. Spain today continues this model of succession law, in the form of cognatic primogeniture, in more complex medieval cases, the sometimes conflicting principles of proximity and primogeniture battled, and outcomes were often idiosyncratic
5.
Edward VII
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Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was excluded from political power. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, as king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised and he died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was born at 10,48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace and he was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle and he was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the family throughout his life. As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall, as a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867. In 1863, he renounced his rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on an educational programme devised by Prince Albert. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, Edward did not excel in his studies and he tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent, after the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor was replaced by a personal governor, Robert Bruce. After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, among others, in October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford. Now released from the strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time
6.
Governor-general
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Governor-General or governor general, in modern usage, is the title of an office-holder appointed to represent the monarch of a sovereign state in the governing of an independent realm. Governors-General have also previously been appointed in respect of major colonial states or other territories held by either a monarchy or republic, in modern usage, the term governor-general originated in those British colonies which became self-governing within the British Empire. In these cases, the Crowns representative in the federated Dominion was given the title of governor general. Another non-federal state, Newfoundland, was a Dominion for 16 years with the Kings representative retaining the title of governor throughout this time, since 2016, the title governor-general has been given to all representatives of the sovereign in independent Commonwealth realms. In these countries the governor-general acts as the representative, performing the ceremonial and constitutional functions of a head of state. The only other nation which uses the designation is Iran. In Iran, the authority is headed by a governor general. As such they held the prerogative powers of the monarch. The monarch or imperial government could overrule any governor-general, though this could often be cumbersome, the governors-general are entitled to wear a unique uniform, which are not generally worn today. If of the rank of general, equivalent or above. The report resulting from the 1926 Imperial Conference stated, in other words, the political reality of a self-governing Dominion within the British Empire with a governor-general answerable to the sovereign became clear. British interference in the Dominion was not acceptable and independent country status was clearly displayed, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were clearly not controlled by the United Kingdom. The governor-general, however, is appointed by the monarch. Executive authority is vested in the monarch, though much of it can be exercisable only by the governor-general on behalf of the sovereign of the independent realm. Except in rare cases, the only acts in accordance with constitutional convention and upon the advice of the national prime minister. The governor-general is still the representative of the sovereign and performs the same duties as they carried out historically. In some realms, the monarch could in principle overrule a governor-general, in Australia the present Queen is generally assumed to be head of state, since the governor-general and the state governors are defined as her representatives. However, since the governor-general performs almost all national regal functions, to a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed in Canada as to which officeholder—the monarch, the governor general, or both—can be considered the head of state
7.
John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun
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He is best known for his brief and controversial tenure as the first Governor-General of Australia. When he became Governor-General, he was 40 years old and he remains the youngest person to have held office, he is also the shortest-lived. In Australia he is remembered as Lord Hopetoun, Hope was born at South Queensferry, West Lothian in Scotland, the eldest son of the 6th Earl of Hopetoun and Ethelred Anne Hope. He was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, where he passed out in 1879 and he later explained the affairs of the family estate, to which I succeeded at 13, seemed to call for my personal attention. Subsequently, he devoted his attentions to managing the more than seventeen thousand hectares of family estate located around the Firth of Forth and he married, in London on 18 October 1886, girl-next-door Hersey Alice Eveleigh-de Moleyns, a Scots-born Irish aristocrat then aged 19. They would have two sons and a daughter, a daughter died in infancy. Their elder son Victor would become Viceroy and Governor-General of India, after having declined the governorship of Madras and the governor-generalship of Australia. In 1883, Hope became Conservative whip in the House of Lords and served as a Lord in Waiting to Queen Victoria from June 1885 to January 1886, from 1887 to 1889 he was also appointed Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. In 1889 he was appointed Governor of Victoria, where he served until 1895 and his appointment came amidst a general stylistic change in colonial governors. Reflecting Britains more flamboyant pride in Empire, Australian colonial governors began to display a new colour, increased interest in Empire had spurred the appearance of young and wealthy aristocrats in place of previous career administrators. Hopetouns time as Governor was in keeping with the emerging style. He rapidly developed a reputation for entertaining and spectacular vice-regal galas. Hopetouns term coincided with a number of serious difficulties being faced by the colonies, the economic boom in the colony was reversed by the Great Crash in 1891, leading to a decade of depression, bank failures, industrial action and political instability. In contrast to the troubles faced during this period by other colonial governors, however, the reality of the 1890s was that colonial governors had lost much of their administrative and political power, instead assuming more figurative and representative roles. Hopetouns term also coincided with the important years of the movement in Victoria. The economic crash and resultant political and social problems laid bare the inefficiencies of the colonial system, Hopetoun was an active supporter of the movement, appearing at numerous banquets and giving speeches in its favour. At one such banquet he even offered to return to Australia as their first governor-general should Federation be implemented, upon leaving the governorship and returning to the United Kingdom in 1895, Hopetoun was a widely popular figure in Victoria and New South Wales. After his return to the United Kingdom he was made a councillor, was appointed Paymaster-General in the Salisbury government from 1895 to 1898
8.
Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron Tennyson
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Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron Tennyson GCMG, PC was a British peer and the second Governor-General of Australia. He was the son of Alfred, Lord Tennyson, the most popular and prominent poet of late Victorian England. Hallam Tennyson was born at Chapel House, Twickenham, in Surrey, England and his career aspirations ended when his parents age and ill-health obliged him to leave Cambridge to become their personal secretary. The idea of going into politics was also abandoned and it was partly for Hallams benefit that Alfred Tennyson accepted a peerage in 1884, the year Hallam married Audrey Boyle. On his fathers death in 1892, he inherited the title Baron Tennyson and his Tennyson, a Memoir was published in 1897. It was this connection, as well as the Tennyson name and he was still in this position when the Governor-General of Australia, the Earl of Hopetoun, resigned suddenly in May 1902. Tennyson was the senior state Governor and thus became acting Governor-General upon Hopetouns departure on 17 July, there were some doubts about his ability to fill the job on a permanent basis since he had little experience of politics. But he had made an impression in Australia through his modesty and frugality. In January 1903 he accepted the post for, at his own suggestion, the new Governor-General was popular and got on with Australians far better than his predecessor had done. But problems arose through the ambiguity of his position, the Prime Minister, Alfred Deakin, insisted that the Governor-Generals official secretary must be appointed and paid by the Australian government. The British government objected because this would mean that the Governor-General could not carry out what was seen in London as his role in supervising the Australian government. As a result, relations between Deakin and Tennyson grew tense, Deakin suspected that Tennyson was reporting on him to London and trying to interfere on matters of policy, such as the naval agreement between Britain and Australia. For this reason Deakin did not encourage Tennyson to seek an extension of his one-year term, none of this was known to the public and Tennyson left Australia in January 1904 to universal expressions of approval. He spent the rest of his life in the Isle of Wight and his wife died in 1916, and in 1918 he married again. Tennysons second wife was the daughter of an English family long prominent in India, mary Emily Prinsep was the daughter of Charles Robert Prinsep, born in India and later the owner of a large nutmeg plantation in Singapore. Tennyson was May Prinseps second husband, her first husband was Andrew Hichens, the National Portrait Gallery has eight photographs of May Prinsep, taken by her relation Julia Margaret Cameron on the Isle of Wight. He died at his house, Farringford in Freshwater on the Isle of Wight in December 1928, a large oil portrait of Tennyson hangs in Admiralty House, Kirribilli. Tennysons coat of arms is painted in the foyer of Government House
9.
Prime minister
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A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss members of the cabinet. In most systems, the minister is the presiding member. In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the minister is the presiding and actual head of government. In such systems, the head of state or the head of states official representative usually holds a ceremonial position. The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise powers that are constitutionally vested in the crown. The first actual usage of the prime minister or Premier Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers, the term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, however, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century, the monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII, William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I, Clarendon under Charles II and these ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as the minister, the chief minister, the first minister and finally the prime minister. The power of ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the skills of holding high office. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, when the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse, Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful, late in Annes reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power. The monarch could no longer any law or impose any tax without its permission. It is at point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge. A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714, George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government
10.
Edmund Barton
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Sir Edmund Barton, GCMG, PC, KC was an Australian politician and judge. He served as the first Prime Minister of Australia from 1901 to 1903, Barton first became an MP in 1879, in the Parliament of New South Wales. No party won a majority, however, he was able to form government with support from the Australian Labor Party, Barton resigned as Prime Minister in 1903 to become a judge of the High Court of Australia, serving until his death in 1920. Barton was born in the Sydney suburb of Glebe, the child of English parents William Barton, a stockbroker. He was baptised at St James Church, Sydney on 4 July 1849 and he graduated with first-class honours and the University Medal in classics from the University of Sydney, where he also demonstrated considerable skill as a cricketer in batting, but not in fielding. He was also a founding member of the Sydney Rowing Club. Barton became a barrister in 1871, on a cricketing trip to Newcastle in 1870 he met Jane Mason Ross, whom he married in 1877. In 1879, Barton umpired a cricket match at Sydney Cricket Ground between New South Wales and an English touring side captained by Lord Harris. In 1876 Barton stood for the Legislative Assembly in the poll of the graduates of the University of Sydney and he was defeated again for the same seat in 1877, but won in August 1879. When it was abolished in 1880, he became the member for Wellington, from November 1880 to 1882, at this stage he considered it almost unnecessary to point out his support for free trade. In 1882, he became Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and he was aged only 33, and was the youngest person to have been chosen presiding officer of any Australian legislative chamber. In 1884 he was elected President of the University of Sydney Union, in 1887, he was appointed to the Legislative Council at the instigation of Sir Henry Parkes. In January 1889, he agreed to being appointed Attorney-General in George Dibbss Protectionist government and this government lasted only until March, when Parkes formed a government again. Barton was a supporter of federation, which became a serious political agenda after Henry Parkes Tenterfield Oration. At the convention he made clear his support for the principle that trade, shall be absolutely free in a federal Australia. He also advocated that not just the house but also the upper house should be representative. He also took part in producing a constitution, which was substantially similar to the Australian Constitution enacted in 1900. He topped the poll and subsequently voted with Parkes, but refused to take a position in his minority government, after the Labor Party withdrew support and the government fell in October 1891, Parkes persuaded him to take over the leadership of the Federal movement in New South Wales
11.
Alfred Deakin
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Alfred Deakin was a leader of the movement for Australian federation and later the second Prime Minister of Australia. Deakin was a contributor to the establishment of liberal reforms in the colony of Victoria. He also played a part in establishing irrigation in Australia. Throughout the 1890s Deakin was a participant in conferences of representatives of the Australian colonies that were established to draft a constitution for the proposed federation and he played an important role in ensuring that the draft was liberal and democratic and in achieving compromises to enable its eventual success. Between conferences, he worked to popularise the concept of federation and he then fought hard to ensure acceptance of the proposed constitution by the Government of the United Kingdom. As Prime Minister, Deakin completed a significant legislative program that makes him, with Labors Andrew Fisher, Deakin resigned from Parliament prior to the 1913 election, with Joseph Cook winning the Liberal Party leadership ballot. Alfred was born on 3 August 1856, Deakin worked as a storekeeper, water-carter and general carrier and then became a partner in a coaching business and later manager of Cobb and Co in Victoria. In 1871 he graduated with good passes in history, algebra and Euclid and basic passes in English and he began evening classes in law at the University of Melbourne, while working as a schoolteacher and private tutor. Deakin graduated in 1877 and began practising as a barrister, but had difficulty in obtaining briefs, in May 1878, he met David Syme, the owner of the Melbourne daily The Age, who paid him to contribute reviews, leaders and articles on politics and literature. In 1880, he became editor of The Leader, The Ages weekly, during this period Syme converted him from supporting free trade to protectionism. He became active in the Australian Natives Association and began to practise vegetarianism, the radical Premier, Graham Berry, offered him the position of Attorney-General in August, but Deakin turned him down. In 1882, Deakin married Elizabeth Martha Anne Browne, daughter of a well-known spiritualist and they lived with Deakins parents until 1887, when they moved to Llanarth, in Walsh Street, South Yarra. They had three daughters, Ivy, Stella and Vera by 1891, in 1883 Deakin became Commissioner for Public Works and Water Supply, and in 1884 he became Solicitor-General and Minister of Public Works. In 1885 Deakin secured the passage of the colonys pioneering Factories and Shops Act, enforcing regulation of employment conditions, in December 1884 he went to the United States to investigate irrigation, and presented a report in June 1885, Irrigation in Western America. Percival Serle described this report as a piece of accurate observation. In June 1886, he introduced legislation to nationalise water rights, in 1885, Deakin became Chief Secretary and Commissioner for Water Supply and from 1890 Minister for Health and, briefly, Solicitor-General. In 1889, he became the member for the Melbourne seat of Essendon and Flemington, in 1890 the government was brought down over its use of the militia to protect non-union labour during the maritime strike. In addition, Deakin lost his fortune and his fathers fortune in the property crash of 1893, in 1892, he unsuccessfully defended the mass murderer Frederick Bailey Deeming and assisted the defence in the 1893–94 libel trial of David Syme
12.
Election
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An election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century, Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. This process is used in many other private and business organizations. Electoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoral systems where they are not in place, psephology is the study of results and other statistics relating to elections. To elect means to choose or make a decision, and so other forms of ballot such as referendums are referred to as elections. Elections were used as early in history as ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and throughout the Medieval period to select rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor, in Vedic period of India, the raja of a gana was apparently elected by the gana. The raja belonged to the noble Kshatriya varna, and was typically a son of the previous raja, however, the gana members had the final say in his elections. The Pala king Gopala in early medieval Bengal was elected by a group of feudal chieftains, such elections were quite common in contemporary societies of the region. In Chola Empire, around 920 CE, in Uthiramerur, palm leaves were used for selecting the village committee members, the leaves, with candidate names written on them, were put inside a mud pot. To select the members, a young boy was asked to take out as many leaves as the number of positions available. This was known as the Kudavolai system, ancient Arabs also used election to choose their caliph, Uthman and Ali, in the early medieval Rashidun Caliphate. Questions of suffrage, especially suffrage for minority groups, have dominated the history of elections, males, the dominate cultural group in North America and Europe, often dominated the electorate and continue to do so in many countries. Early elections in such as the United Kingdom and the United States were dominated by landed or ruling class males. However, by 1920 all Western European and North American democracies had universal male suffrage. Despite legally mandated universal suffrage for males, political barriers were sometimes erected to prevent fair access to elections. The question of who may vote is an issue in elections. In Australia Aboriginal people were not given the right to vote until 1962, suffrage is typically only for citizens of the country, though further limits may be imposed. However, in the European Union, one can vote in municipal elections if one lives in the municipality and is an EU citizen, the nationality of the country of residence is not required
13.
Monarchy of Australia
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The monarchy of Australia is a form of government in which a hereditary king or queen serves as the nations sovereign. The present monarch is Elizabeth II, styled Queen of Australia and she is represented in Australia by the governor-general, in accordance with the Australian constitution and letters patent from the Queen. In each of the states, the monarch is represented by a governor, the Australian monarch, besides reigning in Australia, separately serves as monarch for each of 15 other Commonwealth nations known as realms. This developed from the colonial relationship between these countries and the United Kingdom, but they are now independent of each other and are legally distinct. Likewise, on all matters relating to any Australian state, the monarch is advised by the ministers of the Crown of that state, the British government is thus considered a foreign power in regard to Australias domestic and foreign affairs. The sovereigns Australian title is currently Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. Typically, the monarch is styled King or Queen of Australia and is addressed as such when in Australia or performing duties on behalf of Australia abroad, prior to 1953, the title had simply been the same as that in the United Kingdom. Australia, however, wished to have the United Kingdom mentioned as well, thus, the resolution was a title that included the United Kingdom but, for the first time, also separately mentioned Australia and the other Commonwealth realms. The passage of a new Royal Style and Titles Act by the Parliament of Australia put these recommendations into law, Queen Elizabeth II signed her assent at Government House, Canberra, on 19 October 1973. Australia does not pay any money to the Queen, either for personal income or to support the royal residences outside Australia, only when the Queen is in Australia does the Australian government support her in the performance of her duties. This rule applies equally to members of the Royal Family. Succession is according to British laws that have incorporated into Australian law. By adhering to the Statute of Westminster in 1942, Australia agreed to change its rules of only in agreement with the UK. Parallel proclamations are made by the governors in each state, regardless of any proclamations, the late sovereigns heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she continues to reign until death. The legal personality of a component of the Australian state is expressed by reference to the sovereign. In criminal prosecutions, the state as a party is named as The Queen—for instance. However, the prosecutors themselves are referred to as representing the Crown, more commonly and conveniently, however, the entity is referred to directly—for example, as The Commonwealth or The State of New South Wales or simply New South Wales
14.
Governor-General of Australia
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The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the Australian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The Governor-General is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia, when travelling abroad, the Governor-General is seen as the representative of Australia, and of the Queen of Australia, so is treated as a head of state. The Governor-General is supported by a staff headed by the Official Secretary to the Governor-General, a Governor-General is not appointed for a specific term, but is generally expected to serve for five years subject to a possible short extension. Since 28 March 2014, the Governor-General has been General Sir Peter Cosgrove, from Federation in 1901 until 1965,11 out of the 15 Governors-General were British aristocrats, they included four barons, three viscounts, three earls, and one prince. Since then, all but one of the Governors-General have been Australian-born, as of 2017, only one Governor-General, Dame Quentin Bryce, was a woman. The selection of a Governor-General is a responsibility for the Prime Minister of Australia, the candidate is approached privately to confirm whether they are willing to accept the appointment. The prime minister advises the monarch to appoint his nominee. This has been the procedure since November 1930, when James Scullins proposed appointment of Sir Isaac Isaacs was fiercely opposed by the British government, Scullin was equally insistent that the monarch must act on the relevant prime ministers direct advice. Both of these appointments had been agreed to despite British government objections, despite these precedents, George V remained reluctant to accept Scullins recommendation of Isaacs and asked him to consider Field Marshal Sir William Birdwood. However, Scullin stood firm, and, on 29 November, the King agreed to Isaacss appointment and this right to not only advise the monarch directly, but also to expect that advice to be accepted, was soon taken up by all the other Dominion prime ministers. This, among other things, led to the Statute of Westminster 1931, having agreed to the appointment, the monarch then permits it to be publicly announced in advance, usually several months before the end of the current Governor-Generals term. During these months, the person is referred to as the Governor-General-designate, the actual appointment is made by the monarch. Governors-General have during their tenure the style His/Her Excellency the Honourable, since May 2013, the style used by a former Governor-General is the Honourable, it was at the same time retrospectively granted for life to all previous holders of the office. From the creation of the Order of Australia in 1975, the Governor-General was, ex officio, Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order, and therefore became entitled to the post-nominal AC. In 1986 the Letters Patent were amended again, and Governors-General appointed from that time were again, ex officio, until 1989, all Governors-General were members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and thus held the additional style the Right Honourable for life. The same individuals were also usually either peers, knights, or both, in 1989, Bill Hayden, a republican, declined appointment to the British Privy Council and any imperial honours. Dame Quentin Bryce was the first Governor-General to have had no title or pre-nominal style. Until 2015, the honour continued after the retirement from office of the Governor-General, formerly, the Governor-General automatically became a knight or dame upon being sworn in
15.
Prime Minister of Australia
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The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia, almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed minister was John Gorton. Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable for life, the senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia. The Prime Minister is, like ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to hand in the commission, in the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Despite the importance of the office of minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply Prime Minister, except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry, Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies, in August 1941 Menzies resigned as prime minister. In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly and his deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as prime minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader, Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australias shortest-serving prime minister. Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December, the governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader
16.
Chief Justice of Australia
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The Chief Justice of Australia is the informal title for the presiding justice of the High Court of Australia and the highest-ranking judicial officer in the Commonwealth of Australia. The incumbent is Susan Kiefel, the first woman to hold the office, the Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under, the Judiciary Act 1903, with the first appointments to the High Court commencing on 5 October 1903. The Chief Justice is first among equals among the Justices of the High Court, all Justices, including the Chief Justice, are appointed by the Governor-General of Australia, on the advice of the federal government. They can be removed only by the Governor-General, on a request from both houses of the parliament, although this has never been done. Since 1977, appointment has been until the retirement age of seventy. The Chief Justice often acts as the Governor-Generals deputy, especially at such as the opening of Parliament after an election. Chief Justice Samuel Griffith was several times consulted by Governors-General of Australia on the exercise of the reserve powers, the Chief Justice also administers the Oath of Allegiance to the Monarch and an Oath of Office to the Governor-General-designate when he or she takes up his or her appointment. Chief Justice Sir John Latham was absent from the office when he served from 1940 to 1941 as Australias first ambassador to Japan, Sir George Rich was Acting Chief Justice in Lathams absence
17.
Samuel Griffith
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Sir Samuel Walker Griffith GCMG, PC, QC, was an Australian politician, Premier of Queensland, Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia, and a principal author of the Constitution of Australia. Griffith was born in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, the son of the Rev. Edward Griffith. He was the brother of Mary Harriett Griffith, although of Welsh extraction, his forebears for at least three generations had lived in England. The family migrated to Queensland when Samuel was eight, during his course he was awarded the Cooper and Barker scholarships and other prizes. In 1865, he gained the T. S. Mort Travelling Fellowship, Travelling to Europe, he spent some of his time in Italy, and became much attached to the Italian people and their literature. Many years after, he was to become the first Australian translator of Dante, on his return to Brisbane, Griffith studied law and was articled to Arthur Macalister, in one of whose ministries Griffith afterwards had his first portfolio. Griffith was called to the bar in 1867, in 1870, Griffith returned to Sydney to complete an M. A. In the same year, he married Julia Janet Thomson, in 1872 Griffith was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, for East Moreton. Throughout his career he saw himself as a lawyer first and a politician second, Griffith took silk in 1876 as a Queens Counsel. In Parliament he gained a reputation as a liberal reformer and he was Attorney-General, Minister for Education and Minister for Works, and became leader of the liberal party in 1879. His great enemy was the conservative leader Sir Thomas McIlwraith, whom he accused of corruption, Griffith became Premier in November 1883 displacing McIlwraith. Griffiths election as Premier was assisted by auditor-general William Leworthy Goode Drews report on the colonys loans having reached over £13 million, Griffith won the next election largely on his policy of preventing the importation of Kanaka labour from the islands. He passed an act for this purpose, but it was found that the danger of the destruction of the industry was so great that the measure was never made operative. Recruiting was, however, placed under regulations and some of the worst abuses were swept away, Griffith took a special interest in British New Guinea, and was eventually responsible for the sending of Sir William MacGregor there in 1888. Griffith was regarded as an ally of the labour movement. He introduced a bill to trade unions, and declared that the great problem of this age is not how to accumulate wealth. In 1888 his government was defeated, in opposition he wrote radical articles for The Boomerang, William Lanes socialist newspaper. But in 1890 Griffith suddenly betrayed his friends and became Premier again at the head of an unlikely alliance with McIlwraith
18.
Premier of New South Wales
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The Premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature, prior to Federation in 1901 the term Prime Minister of New South Wales was used, Premier was used from 1901. The current Premier is Gladys Berejiklian, the Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party, Berejiklian replaced Mike Baird on 23 January 2017, after Baird resigned as Premier. As of January 2017, nine former Premiers are alive, the oldest being Barrie Unsworth, the most recent premier to die was Tom Lewis on 25 April 2016. List of Premiers of New South Wales by time in office Deputy Premier of New South Wales
19.
John See
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Sir John See, KCMG was a member of the New South Wales Legislature from 26 November 1880 to 15 June 1901, and was then Premier of New South Wales from 1901 to 1904. See was a man of strong character, an excellent business man. See was the son of Joseph See, a farm-labourer, and his wife Mary Ann née Bailey, the Parish Records of his baptism show that he was christened See or Seekings and that his parents/grandparents etc. used both surnames. He was brought to Australia in 1852 by his parents who settled on the Hunter River in New South Wales, on the family move to Australia they no longer used the Seekings surname. After three years at school See worked on the farm, but in 1863 took up land with a brother on the Clarence River. In 1865, following disastrous floods, he went to Sydney, the business flourished under the name of John See and Company. He also became a partner in a coastal shipping company, Nipper and See. See was an investor and became very well known in business circles in Sydney. In 1876, he married Charlotte Mary Matthews, See built a mansion in the Sydney suburb of Randwick and served on Randwick Council as alderman and mayor. He became a director of several companies, a trustee of the Savings Bank of New South Wales. In 1891, his line had 14 steamships when it merged with another line to form the North Coast Steam Navigation Co. Ltd and he remained its joint managing director until his death and he also acquired property throughout the state, including Yester Grange. See entered politics in 1880 as member for Grafton and remained its member until he retired in 1904, in October 1885 he joined the George Dibbs government as Postmaster-General, but Dibbs was defeated before the end of the year. See was not in office again until October 1891 when he became for three years Colonial Treasurer in the third Dibbs ministry. He was in charge of the bill brought in the first protectionist tariff in New South Wales. The whole of his period as Treasurer was marked by much financial stress throughout Australia, from August 1894 until September 1899 Reid was in power, but when William Lyne came in, See was his Colonial Secretary. On Lyne transferring to federal politics in March 1901, See became Premier and his government passed the Industrial Arbitration Act in 1901 and the Female Suffrage Act in 1902. On the other hand, poor conditions and drought forced the government to abandon an ambitious public works program
20.
Premier of Queensland
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The Premier of Queensland is the head of government in the Australian state of Queensland. By convention the Premier is the leader of the party with a majority in the unicameral Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Queensland, the incumbent Premier of Queensland since the 2015 election is Annastacia Palaszczuk of the Australian Labor Party. Under section 42 of the Constitution of Queensland the Premier and other members of Cabinet are appointed by the Governor and are responsible to Parliament. The text of the Constitution assigns to the Premier certain powers, such as the power to assign roles to Assistant Ministers, although ministerial appointments are the prerogative of the Governor of Queensland, in normal circumstances the Governor will make these appointments under the advice of the Premier. A re-elected government will be resworn, with adjustments to the ministry as determined by the Premier, the Premier has an office in the Executive Annexe of Parliament House, Brisbane, which is normally used while Parliament is sitting. At other times the Premiers ministerial office is in 1 William Street, before the 1890s, there was no developed party system in Queensland. Political affiliation labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, before the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, political parties were more akin to parliamentary factions, and were fluid, informal and disorganised by modern standards. As of February 2015, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being Russell Cooper, the most recent premier to die was Wayne Goss, on 10 November 2014. List of Premiers of Queensland by time in office Government of Queensland Politics of Queensland
21.
Robert Philp
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Sir Robert Philp, KCMG was a Queensland businessman and politician who was Premier of Queensland from December 1899 to September 1903 and again from November 1907 to February 1908. Philp was born in Glasgow, Scotland, the son of John Philp, a lime-kiln operator. He emigrated to Brisbane with his parents and siblings in 1862, where his father took a lease on the municipal baths, and later became involved in the cattle and sugar industries. Burns, Philp & Co acted as agents and provisioners for the cane and pastoral industries that sustained Northern Queensland. A royal commission into recruiting practices in 1885 coincided with a downturn in the sugar industry, despite the success of Burns, Philp & Co, Philp made some poor personal investments, such as his loss of £5000 on the Comet mine. Like many others he was affected by the depression of the 1890s. He also owed considerable sums of money to the North Queensland Mortgage & Investment Co. as well as holding a £5000 mortgage with respect to other properties. When the business-friendly McIlwraith government lost office in 1883 it was succeeded by the Liberal government of Samuel Griffith that sought to end the trade in Kanakas. As a prominent businessman who had served several times on the local council Philp was active in bankrolling and supporting candidates in opposition to Griffith and he supported the growing movement for the separation of North Queensland from the rest of the colony. Philp entered the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in 1886 as Member for Musgrave and he supported the North Queensland separatists in their unsuccessful attempts to gain independence, but spent most of his early parliamentary career preoccupied with his business affairs. His seat of Musgrave was abolished and in 1888 he was returned as one of the two members for the electorate of Townsville. His parliamentary activity was mainly in support of North Queensland and his business interests - extending railway links to North Queensland, when the import of Pacific islanders was temporarily halted in 1892 Philp was instrumental in securing its resumption. Philp was a speculator and in 1893 he was forced by debt to resign from the board of directors of Burns. In May of the same year McIlwraith, now governing in coalition with Griffith in what was known as the Continuous Ministry and he held several other ministerial posts, such as Public Instruction, Railways, Public Works and Treasurer until 1899. When the Continuous Ministry was briefly unseated by the Labor government of Anderson Dawson and he codified mining regulations and encouraged the private development of railways throughout the colony. The railway construction process was alleged to be corrupt by the Labor members, dawsons government lasted a week before losing Parliamentary support and Philp, despite his protestations in support of Dickson, was chosen as Premier by his colleagues. The Australian colonies federated in 1901 and the new Prime Minister Edmund Barton immediately ended the trade in Kanakas, by this stage Queensland was severely depleted in revenue, and Federation exacerbated this situation by depriving Queensland of excise and customs funds. Despite a severe drought and the state of the states finances
22.
Arthur Morgan (Queensland politician)
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Sir Arthur Morgan was an Australian politician and Premier of Queensland from 1903 to 1906. Morgan was born in Warwick, Queensland and he is the fourth son of James Morgan and his wife Kate, née Barton. Morgan was educated at a school at Warwick and then joined the staff of the Warwick Argus. Morgan married Alice Augusta Clinton on 26 July 1880, Morgan became a member of the Warwick Municipal Council in 1885 and served as mayor since 1886–1890 and again in 1898. In 1887 he was elected a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for the district of Warwick, in 1899, he was re-elected to this seat, and in that same year was chosen as the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. In 1903, businessman and politician Robert Philp resigned as Premier of Queensland on account of defections from his party, Morgan was asked to lead a combination of a group of liberals and the labor party. He later resigned the speakership, and went on to form a ministry, after that, he held the positions of the premier, chief secretary, secretary for railways, and vice-president of the executive council. Morgans policy of retrenchment made him unpopular, and his alliance with the party was seen as questionable by his former associates. In January 1906, after the death of Sir Hugh Nelson, in 1908 he was appointed to the seat of Lieutenant-Governor of Queensland. He published a manuscript in 1902 entitled Discovery and Development of the Downs, in his later years, Morgans health began to fail, and he died on 20 December 1916. Morgan was survived by his wife, five sons and three daughters, rod Kirkpatrick, Morgan, Sir Arthur, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol.10, MUP,1986, pp 584–585. Morgan, Sir Arthur — Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search Media related to Arthur Morgan at Wikimedia Commons
23.
Premier of South Australia
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The Premier of South Australia is the head of government in the state of South Australia, Australia. The Government of South Australia follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of South Australia acting as the legislature, the current Premier is Jay Weatherill, the Leader of the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party. Weatherill replaced Mike Rann on 21 October 2011, after Rann resigned as Premier, before the 1890s when there was no formal party system in South Australia, MPs tended to have historical liberal or conservative beliefs. The liberals dominated government from the 1893 election to 1905 election with the support of the South Australian United Labor Party, Labor took government with the support of eight dissident liberals in 1905 when Labor won the most seats for the first time. The rise of Labor saw non-Labor politics start to merge into various party incarnations, Labor formed South Australias first majority government after winning the 1910 state election, triggering the merger. The 1910 election came two weeks after federal Labor formed Australias first elected majority government at the 1910 federal election, no Country or rural conservative parties emerged as serious long-term forces in South Australian state politics, often folding into the main non-Labor party. There are six living former premiers, the oldest being Steele Hall, the most recent premier to die was John Bannon on 13 December 2015. In the following timeline, the legend includes the Liberal and Democratic Union, the Liberal Union, the Liberal Party of Australia is represented as Liberal only. The grey area represents the duration of Playmander electoral malapportionment, beginning in 1936, in effect until the 1970 election
24.
John Jenkins (Australian politician)
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John Greeley Jenkins was an American-Australian politician. He was Premier of South Australia from 1901 to 1905 and he was subsequently Agent-General for South Australia from 1905 to 1908. Jenkins was the son of Evan Jenkins and Mary Davis of South Wales, was born in Pennsylvania. He was educated at the Wyoming Seminary, Pa. and after working on his fathers farm and he came to South Australia in 1878 as a representative of this company, but presently began importing both American and English books. He was for a manager in South Australia for the Picturesque Atlas of Australasia. In June 1886 he was elected a member of the South Australian House of Assembly for East Adelaide, in March 1891 he became minister of education in the second Playford ministry, and exchanged this for the portfolio of commissioner of public works in January 1892. The ministry resigned in June 1892 and on 20 April 1894 Jenkins was again given this position in the Kingston ministry which remained in office until 1 December 1899 and he was ridiculed from inside and outside of the party, with one critic describing Jenkins as a political acrobat. He also played a role in an agreement between the States about the River Murray, and in continuing attempts to develop the Northern Territory. As chief secretary in Holders government, he was minister for defence and had responsibility for the four South Australian contingents to the South African War. Peake would form the Liberal and Democratic Union for the 1906 election, on 1 March 1905 he resigned to become agent-general for South Australia at London. He gave up the position in 1908 on account of a disagreement with the Price government on the question of a loan and he remained in London and was active in connection with international trade congresses but retained his interest in Australia. He was once described as Australias Unofficial High Commissioner, in 1918 he stood for Putney in an election for the British House of Commons, on behalf of the short-lived right-wing National Party, but was defeated. He had a standing in the city of London. He also revisited Australia with a project for the development of Papua and he died in London, following an operation. He married Jeannie Mary, daughter of W. H. Charlton of Adelaide, who survived him with a son and he published pamphlets on Australian Products, and Social Conditions of Australia, and also edited the Australasian section of the Encyclopaedia Americana. Hundred of Jenkins Jenkins, John Greeley
25.
Premier of Tasmania
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The Premier of Tasmania is the head of the executive government in the Australian state of Tasmania. By convention, the party or political grouping which has majority support in the House of Assembly will nominate its leader to be Premier, the nominated politician is then invited by the Governor of Tasmania to act as their principal adviser. Before the 1890s, there was no party system in Tasmania. Party labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, the current convention of appointing the Premier from the House of Assembly was not generally applied prior to 1920, with Premiers often appointed from the Legislative Council. The incumbent Premier of Tasmania since the 2014 election is Will Hodgman of the Liberal Party of Australia, as of 24 January 2011, eight former premiers are alive, the oldest being Tony Rundle. The most recent premier to die was Sir Angus Bethune, on 27 August 2004, the most recently serving premier to die was Jim Bacon, on 20 June 2004. List of Premiers of Tasmania by time in office Leader of the Opposition Governors of Tasmania PREMIERS OF TASMANIA Parliament of Tasmania
26.
Elliott Lewis
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Sir Neil Elliott Lewis, KCMG, Australian politician, was Premier of Tasmania on three occasions. He was also a member of the first Australian federal ministry, Lewis was born in Hobart, son of Neil Lewis, a merchant, and his wife Anne Maria, née Cox. N. E. Lewis was the grandson of Richard Lewis and nephew of David Lewis, educated at the Hobart High School, Lewis took the diploma of associate of arts with gold medal, and was awarded a Tasmanian scholarship. Lewis then attended Balliol College, Oxford University graduating B. A.1882 and he was admitted as a barrister in London in 1883 and returned to Tasmania where he was admitted as a barrister in December 1885 and commenced a private practice. Lewis was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly at the 1886 election, during this time he represented conservative interests and policies in opposition to liberals such as Philip Fysh, Sir Edward Braddon and Andrew Inglis Clark. He served in Henry Dobsons ministry from 1892 until 1894 as Attorney-General and he was also an ardent federalist, having accompanied his predecessor as Premier, Sir Edward Braddon, as part of the Tasmanian delegation to the 1897–1898 convention. He served in this role until 1903, encouraging producing interests, Lewis was appointed as Minister without Portfolio in the first federal ministry under Edmund Barton in January 1901. However, he decided not to stand for election to the Federal Parliament in March, Lewis and Sir James Dickson are the only people to have held ministerial office in an Australian federal government without ever being a member of the Commonwealth Parliament. Lewis was the last surviving member of the inaugural Barton Cabinet, at the 1903 election, Lewis seat of Richmond was abolished, and he failed to win the new seat of Central Hobart, the only time a Tasmanian premier has been defeated in a general election. Lewis failed in an attempt in 1906, but won one of the Denison seats under the statewide Hare-Clark system at the 1909 election—ironic in light of his ardent opposition to the system. Lewis was to serve in Parliament for another 13 years, Lewis was again Premier of Tasmania in 1909, and again from 1909 to 1912. During these times he held the post of Attorney-General. After leaving politics in 1922, he became Lieutenant-Governor of Tasmania 1933-1935 and was the first president of the Tasmanian Amateur Athletic Association, Lewis was vice-chancellor of the University of Tasmania in 1903-09 and chancellor in 1924-33. Lewis was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 15 May 1901, in preparation of the royal visit of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall. The following year he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and he married, in 1896, Lina Henrietta Youl, daughter of Charles Youl, JP, and granddaughter of Sir James Arndell Youl, KCMG. Australian Commonwealth ministries 1901-2004 Serle, Percival, parliamentary library profile List of Premiers of Tasmania Who Was Who, A & C Black 1920-2008
27.
William Propsting
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William Bispham Propsting, CMG was an Australian politician and member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly, who served as Premier of Tasmania from 9 April 1903 to 11 July 1904. Propsting was born in Hobart, the son of Henry Propsting and he was educated at the Derwent School, Hobart, and went to South Australia in 1879 entering the education department as a pupil teacher. He studied at the college and at the University of Adelaide. He returned to Tasmania in 1886, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1892, in February 1899 Propsting entered politics as member for Hobart in the Tasmanian House of Assembly, and in August 1901 was elected leader of the opposition. He became premier and treasurer on 9 April 1903, his party being known as the democratic party. Propsting resigned on 11 July 1904 and was leader of the opposition until December 1905 and he was then elected a member of the legislative council, and in May 1906 joined the Sir John W. Evans ministry as attorney-general and minister for education. This ministry resigned in June 1909, from April 1916 to August 1922 Propsting was attorney-general and minister for railways in Sir W. H. Lees ministry, and was attorney-general in the Hayes ministry which succeeded it until August 1923. He was elected president of the council in July 1926. Propsting married twice, firstly to Caroline Emma Coles in 1893, and secondly to Lilias Macfarlane in 1925 and he was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1932. Parliamentary library profile D. Nairn Thorp, Propsting, William Bispham, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 11, MUP,1988, pp 302–303
28.
Premier of Western Australia
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The Premier of Western Australia is the head of the executive branch of government in the Australian state of Western Australia. The Premier has similar functions in Western Australia to those performed by the Prime Minister of Australia at the national level, subject to the different Constitutions. The incumbent Premier of Western Australia is Mark McGowan who won the 2017 state election and was sworn in on 17 March 2017 by Governor Kerry Sanderson as the 30th Premier of Western Australia. The premier must be a member of one of the two Houses of the Parliament of Western Australia, and by convention the premier is a member of the lower house, the Legislative Assembly. He or she is appointed by the governor on the advice of the lower house, consequently, the premier is almost always the leader of the political party or coalition of parties with the majority of seats in the lower house. The office of premier of Western Australia was first formed in 1890, the Constitution of Western Australia does not explicitly provide for a premier, and the office was not formally listed as one of the executive offices until the appointment of Ross McLarty in 1947. Nonetheless, John Forrest immediately adopted the title on taking office as first premier of Western Australia in 1890, John Forrest was the only premier of Western Australia as a self-governing colony. Following the Federation of Australia in 1901, Western Australia became an Australian state, Party politics began in Western Australia with the rise of the Labor party in 1901. By 1904, the party system was entrenched in Western Australian politics, since then the premiers have been associated with political parties. Western Australias constitution contains nothing to preclude the premier being a member of the upper house, historically and by convention, however, the premier is a member of the Assembly. During the economic boom of the 1980s, the Western Australian government became involved with a number of large businesses. A succession of deals were made between the government and businesses, and these ultimately caused great losses for the state, a subsequent royal commission found evidence of widespread corruption. Three former premiers were found to have acted improperly and two of them, Ray OConnor and Brian Burke, were jailed and this scandal became popularly known as WA Inc. As of 4 April 2017, seven former premiers are alive, the oldest being Peter Dowding, the most recent premier to die was Ray OConnor, on 25 February 2013, aged 86. He served as premier for a month before resigning after no seat could be found. b Prior to the 1904 election, no organised political parties existed, walter Kingsmill served as Acting Premier during this time
29.
Walter James
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Sir Walter Hartwell James KCMG, KC, was the fifth Premier of Western Australia and an ardent supporter of the federation movement. James was born in Perth, in what was then the British colony of Western Australia and he was educated at Perth Boys School and later at Perth High School. After his fathers death, his mother remarried to George Randell, James was thus the step-brother of Ernest Randell, who later played cricket for Western Australia. In his youth, James worked as a jackaroo at De Grey Station in the Pilbara and he was articled to George Leake in 1883, and was admitted to the Western Australian bar in 1888. Shortly afterwards he went into partnership with Leake, James also played football for the Rovers Football Club in the West Australian Football Association. He later served as secretary of the Association, on 21 June 1892, he married Eleanora Marie Gwenifryd Hearder. From 1890 to 1896, James represented Central Ward on Perth City Council, in 1894 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly seat of East Perth. James sat in the Legislative Assembly as an independent, and was a consistent opponent of John Forrests government. He was an advocate for social reform, working for womens suffrage over a long period. He became a member of the Western Australian Liberal Association. James was also strongly in favour of federation, and campaigned heavily with George Leake and he was a member of the Western Australian delegation to the Federal Conventions of 1897 and 1898, and in May 1898 he helped found the Federal League. On 28 June 1901, James was appointed minister without portfolio in the first Leake government, after Leake died in late June 1902, James was appointed Premier and Attorney-General on 1 July. As premier, James fought for the states interests against an aggressive Commonwealth executive, James also tried but failed to reform the franchise, he achieved only the abolition of plural voting, and an increase in Goldfields representation. On 22 September 1904, James resigned from parliament to take up an appointment as Agent-General for Western Australia in London and he was appointed Knight Bachelor on 28 June 1907. After returning to Perth from London, he devoted himself to his legal practice, in 1910 he contested the Legislative Assembly seat of Beverley at a by-election, but was unsuccessful. In 1909, James was appointed to a Royal Commission to enquire into the establishment of a university in Perth, when the University of Western Australia was established, he became a founding member. He continued to serve the university for many years, and was elected pro-Chancellor on 19 August 1929 and Chancellor on 17 March 1930, in 1931, James was elevated to KCMG. In 1932, he declined an offer from Premier James Mitchell to become Lieutenant-Governor of Western Australia, in 1936, he accepted an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws
30.
Premier of Victoria
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The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the government in the Australian state of Victoria. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Victoria, and is the leader of the party able to secure a majority in the Legislative Assembly. Responsible government came to the colony of Victoria in 1855, between 1856 and 1892, the head of the government was commonly called the Premier or the Prime Minister, but neither title had any legal basis. The head of government always held another portfolio, usually Chief Secretary or Treasurer, the first head of government to hold the title of Premier without holding another portfolio was William Shiels in 1892. The incumbent Premier of Victoria since the 2014 election is Daniel Andrews of the Australian Labor Party, as of September 2016, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being John Cain. The most recent premier to die was Joan Kirner, on 1 June 2015, department of Premier and Cabinet, Victoria Deputy Premier of Victoria List of Premiers of Victoria by time in office ABC News - Premiers of Victoria
31.
William Irvine (Australian politician)
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Sir William Hill Irvine, GCMG, Irish born-Australian politician and judge, was the 21st Premier of Victoria. Irvine was born in Newry in County Down, Ireland, into a Scottish-Presbyterian family and he soon became a leading Melbourne barrister. In 1894, Irvine was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as a liberal and he was Attorney-General 1899–1900 and 1902–03 and Solicitor-General in 1903. He succeeded George Turner as leader of the Victorian Liberals, but was more conservative than either Turner or the federal Protectionist Party leader. In 1902 he displaced the more liberal Alexander Peacock and became Premier and Treasurer, holding office until 1904, in 1906, Irvine was elected to the Australian House of Representatives for the seat of Flinders. First elected as an independent Protectionist, he became a member of Deakins Commonwealth Liberal Party in 1908 and he was Attorney-General in Joseph Cooks Liberal government of 1913–14. He was considered a potential Prime Minister of Australia, but his manner and hard-line conservatism made him unacceptable to many Liberals. Recognising this, Irvine accepted the appointment as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria and he held this position from 1918 until 1935. He was knighted KCMG in 1914 and made GCMG in 1936, a keen motorist, he was a founding member of the Royal Automobile Club of Victoria and was its patron from 1938 through 1943. In 1932 a painting of Irvine by Ernest Buckmaster won the Archibald Prize, Australias best-known portrait prize
32.
Governor of New South Wales
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The Governor of New South Wales is the viceregal representative of the Australian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, in the state of New South Wales. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, the Governor is appointed by the queen on the advice of the Premier of New South Wales, for an unfixed period of time—known as serving At Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the norm. The current Governor is retired General David Hurley, who succeeded Dame Marie Bashir on 2 October 2014, the office has its origin in the 18th-century colonial governors of New South Wales upon its settlement in 1788, and is the oldest continuous institution in Australia. The office of Governor is required by the New South Wales Constitution Act,1902, besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor-designate. The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct the governor-designate as a Companion of the Order of Australia. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The premier may therefore recommend to the Queen that the remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor may also resign and three have died in office, furthermore, if the Lieutenant Governor becomes incapacitated while serving in the office of Governor, the next most senior judge of the Supreme Court is sworn in as the Administrator. Between 1788 and 1957, all governors were born outside of New South Wales and were members of the Peerage. Taylor once noted that out and governing New South Wales became the British aristocracys abiding consolation. Coincidentally the first Australian-born Governor, Sir John Northcott on 1 August 1946, was also the first Australian-born Governor of any state, the first Governors were all military officers and the majority of governors since have come from a military background, numbering 19. Samuels was the first governor in New South Wales history without either a political, public service or military background, the first woman to hold this position is also the first Lebanese-Australian governor, Dame Marie Bashir. In this capacity, the governor will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council, the Governor alone is constitutionally mandated to summon parliament. The governor grants Royal Assent in the Queens name, legally, if the governor withholds the Queens assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No modern viceroy has denied Royal Assent to a bill, with most constitutional functions delegated to Cabinet, the governor acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. He or she will host members of Australias royal family, as well as foreign royalty, also as part of international relations, the governor receives letters of credence and of recall from foreign consul-generals appointed to Sydney. The governor is also tasked with fostering unity and pride, the governor also traditionally serves as Honorary and Regimental Colonel in the Royal New South Wales Regiment and as Honorary Air Commodore of No.22 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force. Since 1946, the governor has also always made the Chief Scout of New South Wales
33.
Harry Rawson
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Admiral Sir Harry Holdsworth Rawson GCB GCMG, is chiefly remembered for overseeing the British Benin Expedition of 1897 that burned and looted the city of the Kingdom of Benin, now in Nigeria. No shame was attached to the event at the time, which amounted to a punitive expedition, Harry Rawson was born at Walton-on-Hill, Lancashire on 5 November 1843, the son of Christopher Rawson. He was educated at Eastmans Royal Naval Academy and at Marlborough College, in October 1871 in Cheshire, England, he married Florence Alice Stewart Shaw, daughter of John Ralph Shaw, of Arrowe Park, Cheshire. He was a long-standing Freemason, and served as Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of New South Wales, Rawson joined the Royal Navy in 1857 and took part in the capture of the Taku Forts in 1860 during the Second Opium War. Promoted to Captain in 1877, he was given command of HMS Minotaur and he was the Principal Transport Officer during the Anglo-Egyptian War in 1882. Then, in 1883, he was made Flag Captain to the Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet and, in 1885 and he returned to sea as Captain of HMS Benbow in 1889. From the Benin river, was landed, organized, equipped and provided with transport, five days later the city of Benin was taken, and in twelve days more the men were re-embarked, and the ships coaled and ready for any further service. Rawson was also the officer of the British forces in the Anglo-Zanzibar War, the shortest war in history. For this he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath and he commanded the Channel Squadron from 1898 to April 1901, with HMS Majestic as flagship. He was also a recipient of the Grand Cross of the Military Order of Aviz of Portugal, Order of Hamondiehof Zanibar and Order of Osmanieh of Turkey and Civic Cross of Belgium. In February 1902 Rawson was appointed Governor of New South Wales and he proved so popular that his term was extended. He lived with his family in Cranbrook, Bellevue Hill, the temporary Government House of New South Wales, in March 1905, his wife was in poor health and returned to England with her son Wyatt and a daughter to seek the best medical advice. Her condition deteriorated and in June 1905 Harry Rawson travelled to England to be with her. In the belief she was recovering, the four of them set sail for Australia in December 1905, from 1903 to 1909, his aide-de-camp was Leslie Orme Wilson, later to be Governor of Queensland. Rawson died, two days before his 68th birthday, on 3 November 1910 in London after an operation for appendicitis, the four male colleges of the University of Sydney now compete for the Rawson Cup. This Intercollegiate Cup was donated in 1906 by Sir Harry Rawson when he was Governor of New South Wales, the colleges that compete for the cup are St Johns College, St Andrews College, Wesley College and St Pauls College. Rawson House, one of the two boarding houses at Cranbrook School, Sydney, is named after Sir Harry Rawson, the House was Sir Harrys former residence when he was Governor of New South Wales. Rawson Hall, Norfolk Island – community hall in The Burnt Pine Shopping Centre and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed
34.
Governor of Queensland
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The Governor of Queensland is the representative in the state of Queensland of the Queen of Australia. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, in particular the Governor has the power to appoint and dismiss the Premier of Queensland and all other Ministers in the Cabinet, and issue writs for the election of the state Parliament. The current Governor, Paul de Jersey, was sworn in on 29 July 2014, as from June 2014, The Queen, upon the recommendation of then-Premier Campbell Newman, accorded all current, future and living former Governors the title The Honourable in perpetuity. The Governor of Queensland has resided at Government House, Brisbane since 1910, the mansion, set in 14 hectares of gardens and bushland in the Brisbane suburb of Bardon, is also known as Fernberg. Unlike Fernberg, the original Government House was purpose-built and was used from 1862 to 1910, the office of Governor is established by the Constitution of Queensland. Nevertheless, the Governor retains the powers of the Crown, and has the right to appoint and dismiss Ministers, issue pardons. Sir Joh elected to resign on 1 December 1987, the Governor is head of the Executive Council, a Queensland equivalent to the Federal Executive Council. The Council is composed of ministers from the government of the day, the Chief Justice of Queensland and other judges in the Queensland judicial system are appointed by the Governor acting on the advice of the Executive Council. The first Australian- born Governor of Queensland was Lieutenant-General Sir John Lavarack and his successor, Sir Henry Abel Smith was British. All subsequent governors have been Australian-born, except for Leneen Forde, four former governors of Queensland are alive, the oldest being Leneen Forde. The most recent death of a governor was that of Sir Walter Campbell. Administrators and Lieutenant-Governors are deputy roles generally appointed to carry out the duties of the Governor when the Governor is unavailable, the following are the Administrators and Lieutenant-Governors of Queensland, Official Website of the Governor of Queensland
35.
Herbert Chermside
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Lieutenant General Sir Herbert Charles Chermside GCMG, CB was a British soldier who served as Governor of Queensland from 1902 to 1904. Chermside was born in the town of Wilton in Wiltshire in 1850 and his parents were Rev. Richard Seymour Conway Chermside, rector of Wilton and son of Sir Robert Alexander Chermside, and Emily Dawson. He was a scholar at Eton College and then attended the Royal Military Academy, in 1871, Chermside and several other officers visited Paris during the Paris Commune, and were accused of supporting the Communards, narrowly escaping execution. After a posting in Ireland, he joined Benjamin Leigh Smiths expedition to the Arctic in 1873, in 1876, Chermside was sent to Turkey to work with the Turkish forces after Serbia and Montenegro declared war on the country in July. He was working as a military attaché to Turkey in 1877, after six months with the Turkish boundary commission, he was appointed Military Vice Consul to Anatolia in July 1879. In 1882, Chermside was promoted to captain, and appointed to the British Armys intelligence staff in Egypt and he was transferred to Wadi Halfa in October 1886, and spent the next two years repelling Mahdist incursions at Sarras. Although still a captain in the Royal Engineers, Chermside was brevetted major, in 1888 he returned to consular duties, spending a year in Kurdistan and seven years as military attaché to Constantinople. He then was assigned to reorganise the gendarmerie of the newly-autonomous Cretan State, later taking command of the British troops there, in 1899 Chermside returned to Britain, and was appointed in command of the Curragh Camp in Ireland from January 1900. He was sent to South Africa, however, to command the 14th brigade, in late 1901, he resumed command at the Curragh, but in January the following year was appointed the first post-Federation Governor of Queensland. Chermside arrived in Australia in early March 1902, landing in Fremantle, on arrival he stated to local reporters that one of the first matters to which the Australian Commonwealth should attend, was the formation of a military college. He arrived in Brisbane on 24 March 1902 to find Queensland in the grip of a drought and he immediately volunteered to forgo 15 per cent of his vice-regal salary, and his sacrifice and approachable nature made him a popular figure amongst the Queensland public. Once he had opened the new parliament, Chermside announced his retirement, Herbert Chermside was the second son of the rector of Wilton, Reverend Richard Seymour Conway Chermside, and his wife, Emily Dawson. His paternal grandfather was the military surgeon Sir Robert Chermside, Chermside was married twice, in 1899 to Geraldine Katherine Webb, daughter of W. F. Webb, of Newstead Abbey Notts, and in 1920 to Clementine Maria Reuter. Sir Herbert retired from the British Army in 1907 at the rank of lieutenant general and he died in London, aged 79, on 24 September 1929. Chermside was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1886 and he was also made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1880, upgraded to Knight Commander in 1897 and Knight Grand Cross in 1899. The Brisbane suburb of Chermside is named after him
36.
Governor of South Australia
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The Governor of South Australia is the representative in the Australian state of South Australia of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level. The Governors official residence is Government House, in Adelaide, the states capital, nevertheless, the Governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the Premier. The Westminster system is a form of constitutional monarchy, the first Australian-born Governor of South Australia was Major-General Sir James Harrison, and most subsequent governors have been Australian-born. The first South Australian-born governor was Sir Mark Oliphant, the current governor is Hieu Van Le. The term of the governor, Rear Admiral Kevin Scarce. As from June 2014, the Queen, upon the recommendation of the Premier, accorded all current, future and these people administered the government in the absence of the official governor. Three former governors are alive, the oldest being Sir Eric Neal, the latest-serving former governor to die was Dame Roma Mitchell, on 5 March 2000. The most recent death of a governor was that of Sir Keith Seaman. The Official Website of the Governor of South Australia Previous governors on official website
37.
Governor of Tasmania
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The Governor of Tasmania is the representative in the Australian state of Tasmania of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as the Governor-General of Australia does at the national level. Nevertheless, the Governor retains the powers of the Crown. See Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Governor, the official residence of the Governor is Government House located at the Queens Domain. The first Australian-born Governor of Tasmania was Sir Stanley Burbury, the first Tasmanian-born governor was Sir Guy Green. Since Burbury, all Tasmanian governors have been Australian-born, except for Peter Underwood, on 10 November, Premier Will Hodgman announced that University of Tasmania legal academic Kate Warner would be appointed as the states first female governor. Warner was sworn in on 10 December, between 1804 and 1813, Van Diemens Land was divided along the 42nd parallel, and the two sections governed as separate Lieutenant-Governorships under the Governor of New South Wales. Collins was the officially appointed Lieutenant-Governor—upon his death in 1810. The northern settlement at Port Dalrymple was administered by four Commandants until the settlements were merged to form the colony under the governorship of Thomas Davey in 1813. The colony was called Van Diemens Land until 1856, four former governors are alive, the oldest being Sir Phillip Bennett. The latest-serving former governor to die was Sir Stanley Burbury, on 24 April 1995, the most recently serving governor to die was Peter Underwood, who died in office on 7 July 2014. Governors and Lieutenant Governors of Tasmania Parliamentary Library - Governors of Tasmania
38.
Arthur Havelock
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Havelock was born in 1844 in Bath, Somerset, the fifth surviving son of Lieutenant-Colonel William Havelock and Caroline Elizabeth Chaplin, and the nephew of Sir Henry Havelock. The family moved to India in 1844, where his father commanded the 14th Light Dragoons but was killed in action at the Battle of Ramnagar on 22 November 1848. The Havelocks returned to England briefly, but settled in Ootacamund in 1850, in 1860, Havelock entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and on 14 January 1862 was gazetted an Ensign in the 32nd Light Infantry. He was promoted Lieutenant on 10 April 1866, and was stationed at Gibraltar, at Mauritius and he held several key posts in the colonial civil service from 1874, Chief Civil Commissioner of the Seychelles, and Colonial Secretary and Receiver General in Fiji. He returned to England in 1876, and retired from the British Army as a captain in March 1877, Havelock joined the colonial civil service upon leaving the army, and was sent to the West Indies in 1877 as President of Nevis. In 1878, he was transferred to Saint Lucia as the colonys Administrator, in February 1881, Havelock was assigned his first governorship in Sierra Leone and the West African settlements. In addition, he was appointed British consul to Liberia, the area in question was known as the Gallinas territory, an area lying between the Sewa River and the Mano River, and the vague border between Sierra Leone and Liberia had been unsettled for years. The senate refused once more, and although Havelocks diplomacy prevented a bloody conflict, despite the support of the United States, Liberia realised that resisting the British claim was futile, and signed the treaty in London on 22 November 1885. The border was settled in 1903 by a mixed commission from both countries. In 1885, Havelock was appointed Governor of Trinidad, in 1886, he became Governor of Natal, where he dealt with the annexation of Zululand in 1887, and an unsuccessful rebellion led by Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo in 1888. He returned to England in 1889, and served on the international commission in Brussels. He returned to his home of India as Governor of Madras from 1896 to 1900. He was then offered the post of Governor of Tasmania, which he accepted in May 1901 and his health, however, continued to decline and he made the decision to cut short his term as governor to only two-and-a-half years. He notified the premier, William Propsting, of his resignation on 6 January 1904, Havelock returned to England, and retired to Torquay, Devon. On 15 August 1871, he had married Anne Grace, née Norris, Havelock himself died at Bath, Somerset less than six months later on 25 June. He was survived by a daughter
39.
Governor of Western Australia
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The Governor of Western Australia is the representative in Western Australia of the Queen of Australia, Elizabeth II. Furthermore, all Bills passed by the Parliament of Western Australia require the Governors signature before they become Acts, the current governor is Kerry Sanderson, who is the first woman to hold the position. She succeeded Malcolm McCusker in October 2014, until the appointment of Sir James Mitchell in 1948, all governors of Western Australia had been British officials. The Governor of Western Australia is styled Her Excellency during her term in office, in August 2014, three of the four living past governors – John Sanderson, Ken Michael, and Malcolm McCusker – were given the title The Honourable, on the recommendation of the premier. The other living former governor, Michael Jeffery, already held the title and this is a list of Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of Western Australia. Stirling had said of his own position, I believe I am the first Governor who ever formed a settlement without Commission, Laws, Instructions, four former governors are alive, the oldest being Michael Jeffery. The most recent governor to die was Sir Francis Burt, on 8 September 2004, Government House, Perth Government House, Western Australia, The Official Website of the Governor of Western Australia
40.
Frederick Bedford
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Admiral Sir Frederick George Denham Bedford, GCB, GCVO was a senior Royal Navy officer and Governor of Western Australia from 24 March 1903 to 22 April 1909. Bedford joined the Royal Navy at the age of 14, and he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope and West Coast of Africa Station in 1892, in 1894, Admiral Sir Frederick Bedford was involved in an action against Nana Olomu Chief of Benin. Brohomi was burnt down in 1894 by a force of the British Naval Brigade and the Niger Coast Protectorate Force under Sir Frederick Bedford, KCB. It is believed over 500-600 slaves were freed during the operation and he was appointed Junior Naval Lord in 1889 and Second Naval Lord in 1895. In 1899 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the North America and West Indies Station, the squadron under his command visited Jamaica in February 1900. He held the North America post until 15 July 1902, when he was succeeded by Vice-Admiral Sir Archibald Douglas and he acquired Globe Hill Station with Thomas Frederick de Pledge in 1909 for £35,000. A memorial to Admiral Bedford stands in the lobby of the Chapel at Greenwich Hospital. He married Ethel Turner, daughter of E. R. Turner, Esq. of Ipswich, lady Bedford accompanied her husband and was mistress of Admiralty House in Halifax, Nova Scotia, until 1902. She took an interest in benevolent work, and frequently performed as a singer at concerts, the couples son became Vice Admiral Sir Arthur Edward Frederick Bedford KCB CSI, who married Miss Gladys Mort of Sydney, Australia. Two suburbs of Perth are named after Bedford – Bedford and Bedfordale, additionally, a pastoral lease in the Kimberley, Bedford Downs Station, is named after Bedford, as is nearby Mount Bedford. TS Bedford, Australian Navy Cadets - Beach, Chandler B. ed. Bedford, chicago, F. E. Compton and Co
41.
Governor of Victoria
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The Governor of Victoria is the representative in the Australian state of Victoria of its monarch, Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia and is one of the Governors of the Australian states. The governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the federal level. The governors office and official residence is Government House next to the Royal Botanic Gardens, the Governor of Victoria is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier of Victoria. The current Governor of Victoria is former judge Linda Dessau, Victorias first female governor, nevertheless, the governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the premier. The governor of Victoria is appointed by the queen of Australia, on the advice of the premier of Victoria, to act as her representative as head of state in Victoria. The governor acts at the pleasure, meaning that the term of the governor can be terminated at any time by the queen acting upon the advice of the premier. Upon appointment, he or she becomes a viceroy, the governors main responsibilities fall into three categories – constitutional, ceremonial and community engagement. In 1984, the Personal Standard of the Governor of Victoria was changed to the State Flag of Victoria, with the blue background replaced by gold, above the Southern Cross is the Royal Crown. Previously, the used by Victorian governors after 1870 had been the Union Jack with the Badge of the State of Victoria emblazoned in the centre. Between 1903 and 1953, the Tudor Crown was used on the State Flag and Governors Standard, the Governor’s Standard is flown at Government House and on vehicles conveying the governor. The Standard is lowered over Government House when the governor is absent from Victoria, there is also a lieutenant-governor and an administrator. The Chief Justice of Victoria is ex officio the Administrator, unless he or she is the lieutenant-governor, in which case, the lieutenant-governor takes on the responsibilities of the governor when that post is vacant or when the governor is out of the state or unable to act. The administrator takes on those duties if both the governor and lieutenant-governor are not able to act for the above reasons, see Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of governor. Until the appointment of Victorian-born Sir Henry Winneke in 1974, the Governors of Victoria were British, prior to the separation of the colony of Victoria from New South Wales in 1851, the area was called the Port Phillip District of New South Wales. The Governor of New South Wales appointed superintendents of the District, in 1839 Charles La Trobe was appointed superintendent. La Trobe became Lieutenant-Governor of Victoria on separation on 1 July 1851, between 1850 and 1861, the Governor of New South Wales was titled Governor-General of New South Wales, in an attempt to form a federal structure. Until Victoria obtained responsible government in 1855, the Governor-General of New South Wales appointed lieutenant-governors to Victoria, on Victoria obtaining responsible government in May 1855, the title of the then incumbent lieutenant-governor, Captain Sir Charles Hotham, became governor. As of July 2015, four former governors are alive, the oldest being John Landy, the most recent governor to die was Davis McCaughey, on 25 March 2005
42.
George Clarke, 1st Baron Sydenham of Combe
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George Sydenham Clarke, 1st Baron Sydenham of Combe GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, GBE was a British Army officer and colonial administrator. Clarke was born in Lincolnshire, and educated at Haileybury, Wimbledon, Clarke entered the Royal Engineers in 1868, served in the Egyptian Expedition and as Assistant Political officer during the following Sudan expedition. From 1885 until 1892 Clarke was secretary to the Colonial Defence Committee, for which he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1893. He was also secretary to the Royal Commission on Navy and Army Administration in 1888, in the late 1890s he was Superintendent of the Royal Carriage Department at Woolwich. Clarke retired from the army in October 1901, when he had been appointed Governor of Victoria the previous month and he arrived in Melbourne and took the oath of office on 11 December 1901, and served in Australia until 1903. He served in India as Governor of Bombay between 1907 and 1913, a fine statue of his stands at the entrance of that citys Science Centre, located next to the Oval Maidan, South Bombay. After his last term as governor he was a member of the committee issued the Esher Report. The biographer of the Committees chairman describes Clarke as. an insensitive, clumsy, uncouth, Clarke was also the first Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Originally a Liberal, he became increasingly radical in his life and was, in the 1930s. In 1892, while serving as secretary of the Colonial Defence Committee, Clarke published Fortification, Its Past Achievement, Recent Development, the book was influential in shaping the British view of military fortification. Clarke adhered to the Blue Water school of thought saw the Royal Navy as Britains primary defence against invasion. Large scale permanent fortifications built in time were seen as a waste of money. Instead Clarke advocated the use of field fortifications which could be built cheaply and rapidly. His view was based in part on the defence of Plevna in 1877 by Turkish forces using magazine-fed rifles. He found the bombardment had had little effect on the earthwork defences with only 20 of the 300 guns having been dismounted. Returning from the Mediterranean, Clarke was appointed to a group of officers tasked with the planning of British coast defences overseas, sydenham-Clarkes opinions on the strength of field fortifications were largely vindicated by the trench warfare of the First World War. On 1 June 1871, he married Caroline Emily, eldest daughter of General Peregrine Henry Fellowes and she died on 9 December 1908. Their only child, Constance Violet Clarke, was born 26 May 1879 and he married for a second time in 1910, Phyllis Angelina Reynolds, daughter of George Morant of Shirley House, Carrickmacross, and the sister-in-law of his first wifes brother
