1.
1903
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As of the start of 1903, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – Edward VII is proclaimed Emperor of India, January 19 – The first west–east transatlantic radio broadcast is made from the United States to England. February 11 – The Oxnard strike of 1903 becomes the first time in U. S. history that a union is formed from members of different races. February 15 – Morris and Rose Michtom introduce the first teddy bear in the United States, february 17 – El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico becomes part of the United States National Forest System as the Luquillo Forest Reserve. February 23 – Cuba leases Guantánamo Bay to the United States in perpetuity, march 2 – In New York City, the Martha Washington Hotel, the first hotel exclusively for women, opens. March 3 – The British Admiralty announces plans to build a base at Rosyth. March 4 – Beşiktaş J. K. founded, march 5 – The Ottoman Empire and the German Empire sign an agreement to build the Constantinople–Baghdad Railway. March 12 – The University of Puerto Rico is founded, march 14 – The Hay–Herrán Treaty, granting the United States the right to build the Panama Canal, is ratified by the United States Senate. The Colombian Senate later rejects the treaty, april 26 – Atletico Madrid, as well known for professional football club in Spain, officially founded. April 29 – A 30-million-m3 landslide kills 70-90 in Frank, Alberta, april 29 – The 7.0 Ms Manzikert earthquake affects eastern Turkey, leaving 3,500 dead. May 4 – The leading Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary Gotse Delchev is killed in a skirmish with the Turkish army, may 18 – The port of Burgas, Bulgaria opens. May 24 – The Paris–Madrid race for automobiles begins, during which at least eight people are killed, june 11 – Serbian King Alexander Obrenović and Queen Draga are assassinated in Belgrade by the Black Hand organization. June 14 – The town of Heppner, Oregon, is destroyed by a cloud burst that resulted in a flash flood that kills an estimated 238 people. July 1–July 19 – First Tour de France bicycle race, won by Maurice Garin, july 7 – The British take over the Fulani Empire. July 23 – Dr. Ernst Pfenning of Chicago becomes the first owner of a Ford Model A, july 29 – Explosion of a United States Cartridge Company magazine destroys 70 homes killing 22 residents of Tewksbury, Massachusetts. July 30–August 23 – Second Congress of the All-Russian Social Democratic Labour Party held in exile in Brussels, august 2 – The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising, organized by the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization, breaks out in the Ottoman provinces of Macedonia and Adrianople. August 4 – Pope Pius X succeeds Pope Leo XIII as the 257th pope, august 10 – Paris Métro train fire takes place. August 25 – The Judiciary Act is passed in the Australian parliament, september – Texas State University in San Marcos, TX opens its doors as Southwest Texas Normal School
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1901 in the United States
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Events from the year 1901 in the United States. January 10 – In the first great Texas gusher, oil is discovered at Spindletop in Beaumont, january 28 – Baseballs American League declares itself a Major League. February 20 – The Hawaii Territory Legislature convenes for the first time, february 25 – U. S. Steel, the first billion-dollar corporation and at some time the worlds largest producer of steel, is incorporated by industrialist J. P. Morgan. March 2 – The U. S. Congress passes the Platt Amendment, march 4 – United States President William McKinley begins his 2nd term. Theodore Roosevelt is sworn in as Vice President of the United States, april 25 – New York State becomes the first to require automobile license plates. May 3 – The Great Fire of 1901 begins in Jacksonville, may 17 – The U. S. stock market crashes for the first time. May 27 – In New Jersey, the Edison Storage Battery Company is founded, june 12 – Cuba becomes a U. S. protectorate. June 22 to July 31 – The worst heat wave in US history until the 1930s, July 24 – O. Henry is released from prison in Columbus, Ohio after serving 3 years for embezzlement from the First National Bank in Austin, Texas. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt utters the phrase, Speak softly. September 5 – The National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues is formed in Chicago, september 6 – American anarchist Leon Czolgosz shoots U. S. President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. September 14 – Theodore Roosevelt succeeds William McKinley as President of the United States, september 26 – The body of U. S. President Abraham Lincoln is exhumed and reinterred in concrete several feet thick. October 4 – The American yacht Columbia defeats the Irish Shamrock in the Americas Cup yachting race, october 16 – U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt invites African American leader Booker T. Washington to the White House. The American South reacts angrily to the visit, and racial violence increases in the region, october 23 – Yale University celebrates its bicentennial. October 24 – Michigan schoolteacher Annie Taylor goes down Niagara Falls in a barrel, october 29 – In Amherst, New Hampshire, nurse Jane Toppan is arrested for murdering the Davis family of Boston with an overdose of morphine. October 29 – Leon Czolgosz, the assassin of William McKinley, is executed by electrocution, november 1 – Sigma Phi Epsilon is founded in Richmond, Virginia. November 15 – The Alpha Sigma Alpha Fraternity is founded at Longwood University, november 28 – The new state constitution of Alabama requires voters to have passed literacy tests. December 3 – U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt delivers a 20, the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association is established in Chicago. Senator from Colorado from 1957 to 1963 August 3 – John C, bradbury, United States Senator from Maine from 1847 till 1853
4.
1902 in the United States
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Events from the year 1902 in the United States. January 8 – A train collision in the New York Central Railroads Park Avenue Tunnel kills 17, injures 38, january 28 – The Carnegie Institution is founded in Washington, DC with a $10 million gift from Andrew Carnegie. February 18 – U. S. President Roosevelt prosecutes the Northern Securities Company for violation of the Sherman Act, February 22 – Senators Benjamin Tillman and John L. McLaurin, both of South Carolina, have a fist fight while Congress is in session. Both Tillman and McLaurin are censured by the Senate on February 28, February - The Yellow Fever Commission announces that the disease is carried out by mosquitoes March 10 – A Circuit Court prevents Thomas Edison from having a monopoly on motion picture technology. April 2 – Electric Theatre, the first movie theater in the United States, opens in Los Angeles, april 7 - The Texas Oil Company Texaco is founded. May 15 – It is claimed that in a field outside Grass Valley, California, there is no surviving evidence to verify this claim. May 20 – Cuba gains independence from the United States, june 2 – The Anthracite Coal Strike begins in the United States. June 15 – The New York Central railroad inaugurates the 20th Century Limited passenger train between Chicago and New York City, New York, june 17 – The Newlands Reclamation Act funds irrigation projects for the arid lands of 17 states in the American West. July 1 – The Philippine Organic Act becomes law and it provided that the lower house of the Philippine legislature would be elected after the insurrection ended. July 4 – The Philippine–American War ends, july 10 – The Rolling Mill Mine disaster in Johnstown, Pennsylvania kills 112 miners. August 22 – Theodore Roosevelt becomes the first American President to ride in an automobile when he rides in a Columbia Electric Victoria through Hartford, september 19 – Shiloh Baptist Church disaster,119 people are killed during a stampede at the church in Birmingham, Alabama. October 21 – In the United States, a strike by the United Mine Workers ends. October 24 – Delta Zeta Sorority is founded at Miami University in Oxford, November 30 – American Old West, The second-in-command of Butch Cassidys Wild Bunch gang, Kid Curry Logan, is sentenced to 20 years hard labor. December – The Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903 occurs, in which Britain, Germany and this prompts the development of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. The Potawatomi Zoo opens in South Bend, progressive Era Lochner era Philippine–American War February 13 – Blair Moody, United States Senator from Michigan from 1951 till 1952. July 4 – George Murphy, United States Senator from California from 1965 till 1971, February 18 – Charles Lewis Tiffany, founder of Tiffany & Co. August 10 – James McMillan, Canadian-born U. S, Senator from Michigan from 1889 to 1902 October 26 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton, suffragist November 27 – George S. Sabin, U. S. Senator from Minnesota from 1883 to 1889 List of American films of 1902 American Annual Cyclopaedia
5.
1904 in the United States
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Events from the year 1904 in the United States.37 mph. January 16 – The first large-scale bodybuilding competition in America takes place at Madison Square Garden in New York City, February 7 – The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, Maryland destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. February 23 – For $10 million, the United States gains control of the Panama Canal Zone, April 8 – Longacre Square in Midtown Manhattan is renamed Times Square after The New York Times. April 30 – The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Worlds Fair opens in St. Louis, may 4 – U. S. Army engineers begin work on The Panama Canal. May 5 – Pitching against the Philadelphia Athletics, Cy Young of the Boston Americans throws the first perfect game in the era of baseball. May 30 – Alpha Gamma Delta womens fraternity is founded at Syracuse University in Syracuse, june 15 – A fire aboard the steamboat General Slocum in New York Citys East River kills 1,021. July 1 – The third Modern Olympic Games opens in St. Louis, Missouri, july 23 – In St. Louis, Missouri, the ice cream cone is invented during the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. October 1 – Phi Delta Epsilon, the medical fraternity, is founded by Aaron Brown. October 17 – Amadeo Giannini founds the Bank of Italy in San Francisco, october 19 – Polytechnic University of the Philippines is founded as Manila Business School through the superintendence of the American C. A. October 27 – The first underground line of the New York City Subway opens, november 8 – U. S. presidential election,1904, Republican incumbent Theodore Roosevelt defeats Democrat Alton B. December 10 – The Pi Kappa Phi Fraternity is founded at the College of Charleston in South Carolina, december 30 – The East Boston Tunnel opens. December 31 – In New York City, the first New Years Eve celebration is held in Times Square, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints President Joseph F. Smith issues a Second Manifesto against polygamy. Stuyvesant High School is founded in New York City, the Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls, now Bethune-Cookman University, is founded. Senator from Idaho from 1945 to 1951 April 20 – Bob Bartlett, senator from Alaska from 1959 to 1968 May 17 – John J. Williams, U. S. Senator from Georgia from 1873 to 1880 and from 1891 to 1897 January 20 – Maria Louisa Bustill, schoolteacher, mother of Paul Robeson February 15 – Mark Hanna, U. S. Shoup, U. S. Senator from Idaho from 1890 to 1901 List of American films of 1904 Domestic Chronology, Statistician and Economist, San Francisco, Louis P. McCarty,1905, media related to 1904 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
6.
1905 in the United States
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Events from the year 1905 in the United States. President, Theodore Roosevelt Vice President, vacant, Charles W. March 10 – In Cleveland, Ohio, March 17 – Franklin D. Roosevelt marries his fifth cousin Eleanor Roosevelt, President Roosevelt, the brides uncle, gives her away. March 20 – Grover Shoe Factory disaster, A boiler explosion, building collapse and fire in Brockton, April 6 – Lochner v. New York, The Supreme Court of the United States invalidates New Yorks 8-hour-day law. April 6–July 19 – The 1905 Chicago Teamsters strike,21 people die and 416 are injured in the violence, merriam leads the Saurian Expedition, a paleontological research mission in northern Nevada. May 10 – The 1905 Snyder, Oklahoma tornado destroys much of Snyder, Oklahoma, may 15 – Las Vegas, Nevada is founded when 110 acres, in what later becomes downtown, are auctioned off. June 1–October 14 – The Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition is held in Portland, Oregon, celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Lewis and Clark expedition. June 24 – The founding convention of the Industrial Workers of the World, A radical workers union, du Bois and William Monroe Trotter establish the Niagara Movement, a precursor to the National Association to the Advancement of Colored People. July 29 – U. S. Secretary of War William Howard Taft has talks with Prime Minister of Japan Katsura Taro, notes from these conversations are later found in 1924 and cause a controversy as it appears to contain U. S. recognition of Japans claims in Korea. September 5 – Russo-Japanese War – Treaty of Portsmouth, In New Hampshire, Russia cedes the island of Sakhalin and port and rail rights in Manchuria to Japan. September 11 –19 die and 48 are seriously injured when the Ninth Avenue Elevated train derails in Manhattan, october 5 – The Wright Brothers third aeroplane stays in the air for 39 minutes with Wilbur piloting. This is the first aeroplane flight lasting over half an hour, december 30 – A bomb kills Frank Steunenberg, ex-governor of Idaho, the case leads to a trial against leaders of the Western Federation of Miners. Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer are banned from the Brooklyn Public Library for setting a bad example, the Institute of Musical Art, now known as the Juilliard School, is founded in New York City. Progressive Era Lochner era Black Patch Tobacco Wars April 9 – J. William Fulbright, Senator from Minnesota from 1940 to 1942 and 1943 to 1949 January 19 – Benjamin F. Rice, United States Senator from Arkansas from 1868 till 1873. February 27 – George S. Boutwell, United States Senator from Massachusetts from 1851 till 1853, March 1 – Edward O. Wolcott, United States Senator from Colorado from 1889 till 1901. March 6 – John Henninger Reagan, United States Senator from Texas, Acting Confederate States Secretary of the Treasury, bate, 23rd Governor of Tennessee from 1883 till 1887 and United States Senator from Tennessee from 1887 till 1905. March 18 – Joseph Roswell Hawley, United States Senator from Connecticut from 1881 till 1905, April 21 – Orville H. Platt, United States Senator from Connecticut from 1879 till 1905. July 1 – John Hay, author, biographer, 37th United States Secretary of State List of American films of 1905 Media related to 1905 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
Theodore Roosevelt
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Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. Born a sickly child with debilitating asthma, Roosevelt successfully overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle and he integrated his exuberant personality, vast range of interests, and world-famous achievements into a cowboy persona defined by robust masculinity. Home-schooled, he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College and his first of many books, The Naval War of 1812, established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer. Upon entering politics, he became the leader of the faction of Republicans in New Yorks state legislature. Returning a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in 1898, the state party leadership distrusted him, so they took the lead in moving him to the prestigious but powerless role of vice presidential candidate as McKinleys running mate in the election of 1900. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously across the country, helping McKinleys re-election in a victory based on a platform of peace, prosperity. Following the assassination of President McKinley in September 1901, Roosevelt succeeded to the office at age 42, making conservation a top priority, he established a myriad of new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nations natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America, where he began construction of the Panama Canal and he greatly expanded the United States Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States naval power around the globe. His successful efforts to end the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize, elected in 1904 to a full term, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies, but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress. Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend, William Howard Taft, to succeed him in the presidency, after leaving office, Roosevelt went on safari in Africa and toured Europe. Returning to the United States, he became frustrated with Tafts approach, failing to win the Republican presidential nomination in 1912, Roosevelt founded his own party, the Progressive, so-called Bull Moose Party, and called for wide-ranging progressive reforms. The split among Republicans enabled the Democrats to win both the White House and a majority in the Congress in 1912, Republicans aligned with Taft nationally would control the Republican Party for decades. Frustrated at home, Roosevelt led an expedition to the Amazon basin. During World War I, he opposed President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war, and offered his military services, although planning to run again for president in 1920, Roosevelt suffered deteriorating health and died in early 1919. Roosevelt has consistently ranked by scholars as one of the greatest American presidents. Historians admire Roosevelt for rooting out corruption in his administration, but are critical of his 1909 libel lawsuits against the World and his face was carved into Mount Rushmore, alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27,1858, at East 20th Street in New York City and he was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart Mittie Bulloch and glass businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr
11.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
12.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
13.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
14.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
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Melville Fuller
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Melville Weston Fuller was the eighth Chief Justice of the United States from 1888 to his death in 1910. Fuller was born in Augusta, Maine, the son of Catherine Martin, both his maternal grandfather, Nathan Weston and paternal grandfather, Henry Weld Fuller were judges. His father was a well-known lawyer and his parents divorced shortly after his birth, and he was raised by Nathan Weston. He attended college at Harvard University for one year before graduating from Bowdoin College and he then spent six months at Harvard Law School, leaving without graduating in 1855. Fuller first studied law under the direction of an uncle, in 1855, he went into partnership with another uncle. He also became the editor of The Age, a leading Democratic newspaper in Augusta, soon he got tired of Maine and moved to Chicago. In 1860, he managed Democrat Stephen Douglas campaign for the Presidency of the United States At the time, railroads had just linked it to the east. Fuller built a law practice in Chicago, within two years, he appeared before the Supreme Court of Illinois in the case of Beach v. Derby. He became an attorney in the city. He first appeared before the United States Supreme Court in the case of Traders Bank v. Campbell. He also argued the case of Tappan v. the Merchants National Bank of Chicago, which was the first case heard by Chief Justice Morrison Waite and he was a minor figure in Illinois politics. In 1876, he made the speech for Thomas Hendricks. After his inauguration as President, Grover Cleveland tried to make Fuller chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission, Cleveland then tried to persuade Fuller to accept appointment as Solicitor General of the United States, but Fuller again declined. In 1886, Fuller was president of the Illinois State Bar Association, on April 30,1888, President Grover Cleveland nominated him for the chief justice position following the death of Morrison R. Waite. Fuller was not the first man to be mentioned as a possible Supreme Court nominee and he had avoided military service during the Civil War, and while serving in the Illinois House of Representatives had attempted to block wartime legislation proposed by Governor Richard Yates. However, he was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 20,1888, by a vote of 41 to 20. He received his commission the same day, Fuller did not take the oath of office until October 8,1888. On the bench, he oversaw a number of memorable or important opinions, the famous phrase Equal Justice Under Law paraphrases his opinion in Caldwell v. Texas,137 U. S.692 where Fuller discussed equal and impartial justice under the law
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Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
17.
David B. Henderson
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David Bremner Henderson, a ten-term Republican Congressman from Dubuque, Iowa, was the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1903. He was the first Congressman from west of the Mississippi River, the last Civil War veteran, the second foreign-born person, Henderson was born in Old Deer, Scotland on March 14,1840. He emigrated to the United States with his parents, who settled in Winnebago County, Illinois. His family soon moved to a farm near Clermont, in Fayette County and he attended the common schools, and the Upper Iowa University at Fayette, Iowa. He served in the Union Army during the Civil War and was wounded twice, once in the neck and later in the leg. He initially enlisted in the Union Army on September 15,1861, as a private in Company C and he was elected and commissioned first lieutenant of that company. In the Battle of Fort Donelson, he was shot in the neck in the charge over the breastworks. After returning to the Regiment in April 1862, he lost one foot and he was discharged on February 26,1863 due to his wounds, and returned to Iowa. He was a lawyer prior to pursuing his political career. After studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 1865 and he was in private practice in Dubuque until 1882. In 1882, he was elected as a Republican to represent Iowas 3rd congressional district in the U. S. House and he served in the Forty-eighth and the nine succeeding Congresses, from March 4,1883 to March 4,1903. He first ran for Speaker following the 1888 elections, finishing well behind Thomas Brackett Reed, prior to his election as speaker, he served as the chairman of the Committee on Militia, and chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary. Henderson was a debater and an intense Republican partisan. He seems to have loved a fight, he got enough of them from his very first term, exercising his power of personal vituperation. I would rather spend an eternity in hell with a Confederate than an eternity in heaven with a northern Copperhead and his secret for political success came from combining mainstream Republican causes with those dear to the hearts of his farmland constituency. In the summer of 1886, he led House forces in favor of levying a tax on oleomargarine. At the same time he sponsored a bill to raise the benefits for widows by fifty percent. His commitment to legislation, general and individual, marked his whole career
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Iowa
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Iowa is a U. S. state in the Midwestern United States, bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west. Surrounding states include Wisconsin and Illinois to the east, Missouri to the south, Nebraska and South Dakota to the west, in colonial times, Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana, its state flag is patterned after the flag of France. After the Louisiana Purchase, people laid the foundation for an economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is the 26th most extensive in area and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines, Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Its nickname is the Hawkeye State, Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many Native American tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east, the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west, Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely by rivers. Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two, the state capital, Des Moines, is in Polk County. Iowas bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east, in northwest Iowa, Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old, in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c.500 million years ago. Iowa is generally not flat, most of the consists of rolling hills. Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation, soils, topography, Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick. Northeast Iowa along the Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Zone, consisting of steep hills, several natural lakes exist, most notably Spirit Lake, West Okoboji Lake, and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa. To the east lies Clear Lake, man-made lakes include Lake Odessa, Saylorville Lake, Lake Red Rock, Coralville Lake, Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. The states northwest area has remnants of the once common wetlands. Iowas natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys. Most of Iowa is used for agriculture, crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands cover 30%, as of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U. S. states in public land holdings. Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid, eastern prairie fringed orchid, Meads milkweed, prairie bush clover, the explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality. Iowa has a continental climate throughout the state
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Joseph Gurney Cannon
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Joseph Gurney Cannon was a United States politician from Illinois and leader of the Republican Party. Cannon is the second-longest continuously serving Republican Speaker in history, having been surpassed by fellow Illinoisan Dennis Hastert, Cannon is also the longest serving Republican Representative ever, as well as first member of congress, of either party, ever to surpass 40 years of service. Cannons congressional career spanned 46 years of cumulative service—a record that was not broken until 1959, although technically the second-longest serving Republican member of Congress ever, he was the longest-serving Republican to never change his party affiliation. Cannon also has the distinction of being the subject of the first Time cover ever, Cannon was born in Guilford County, North Carolina, and in 1840 moved with his parents to Annapolis, Indiana, about 30 miles north of Terre Haute. He was the elder of two sons of Gulielma and Horace Franklin Cannon, a country doctor, Horace Cannon drowned on August 7,1851 when Joseph was fifteen years old as he tried to reach a sick patient by crossing Sugar Creek. Young Cannon took charge of the family farm and his brother William would become a successful banker and realtor. Asked by Terre Haute politician and lawyer John Palmer Usher, future Secretary of the Interior under President Abraham Lincoln, to testify in a slander case, eventually, he asked Usher if he could study law under him and moved to Terre Haute. At age 19 he traveled to Cincinnati, Ohio to attend a semester of law school at the University of Cincinnati law school. In 1858, he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Terre Haute and that year he relocated to Tuscola, Illinois. His choice of a new hometown was somewhat involuntary, taking place while he was travelling from Shelbyville, Illinois, during the trip, he ran out of money. He boarded a Chicago-bound train in Mattoon, Illinois, after the train had started, as Cannon did not have a ticket, he was removed from the train in Tuscola. There, he became States attorney for the judicial district of Illinois. He was one of the members of Tuscolas Masonic Lodge No. 332, which was founded on October 2,1860, in 1876 Cannon moved to Danville, Illinois, where he resided for the rest of his life. He and his wife Mary P. Reed, whom he married in 1862, had two daughters and he became a follower of Abraham Lincoln during the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. After Lincoln was elected President in 1860, Cannon received an appointment as a regional prosecutor, Cannon was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1890 to the Fifty-second Congress, but was elected to the Fifty-third and to the nine succeeding Congresses that sat between 1893 and 1913. He attempted to gain the Speakership four times before succeeding and his antic speaking style, diminutive stature and pugnacious manner were his trademarks. The newspapers frequently lampooned him as a colorful rube, Uncle Joe, as he was known, often clashed with fellow Republican Theodore Roosevelt, asserting that Roosevelt has no more use for the Constitution than a tomcat has for a marriage license
20.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
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57th United States Congress
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The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Eleventh Census of the United States in 1890. Both chambers had a Republican majority, September 6,1901, Leon Czolgosz shot President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York September 14,1901, President William McKinley died. Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States October 16,1901, the American South reacted angrily to the visit, and racial violence increased in the region. December 3,1901, President Roosevelt delivered a 20, 000-word speech to the House of Representatives, February 22,1902, Senators Benjamin Tillman and John L. McLaurin, both of South Carolina, have a fist fight while Congress is in session. Both Tillman and McLaurin were later censured by the Senate on February 28, June 2,1902, The Anthracite Coal Strike by the United Mine Workers began, continuing until October 21,1902. July 4,1902, The Philippine–American War ended June 17,1902, Newlands Reclamation Act June 28,1902, Isthmian Canal Act, Sess. 1302,32 Stat.481 January 21,1903, Militia Act of 1903,32 Stat.775 February 11,1903, Expediting Act, Sess. Democratic,151 Republican,200 Populist,5 Silver,1 TOTAL members,357 President, Theodore Roosevelt, until September 14,1901, Senators are listed by class, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below At this time, Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. The Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Note, Delawares Class 1 Senate seat remained vacant for entire Congress due to the failure to elect. Elliott Woods, appointed February 19,1902, Clerk, Alexander McDowell Sergeant at Arms, Henry Casson Doorkeeper, William J. Glenn Postmaster, Joseph C. McElroy Clerk, Asher C. Biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress, archived from the original on June 1,2006. Archived from the original on June 1,2006, archived from the original on June 1,2006. Official Congressional Directory for the 57th Congress, 1st Session, official Congressional Directory for the 57th Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 57th Congress, 2nd Session, official Congressional Directory for the 57th Congress, 2nd Session
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58th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from March 4,1903 to March 4,1905, during the third and fourth years of Theodore Roosevelts presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twelfth Census of the United States in 1900, both chambers had a Republican majority. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, at this time, Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Many of the district numbers are linked to articles describing the district itself. Since the boundaries of the districts have changed often and substantially, the article may only describe the district as it exists today. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress. Archived from the original on June 1,2006, archived from the original on June 1,2006. Archived from the original on June 1,2006, official Congressional Directory for the 58th Congress, Special Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 58th Congress, Extraordinary Session, official Congressional Directory for the 58th Congress, 2nd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 58th Congress, 2nd Session, official Congressional Directory for the 58th Congress, 2nd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 58th Congress, 3rd Session, official Congressional Directory for the 58th Congress, 3rd Session
23.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
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William D. Jelks
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William Dorsey Jelks was an American Democratic politician who was the 32nd Governor of Alabama from 1901 to 1907, he had been a newspaper publisher and editor. He also served as acting governor between December 1 and December 26,1900 when governor William J. Samford was out-of-state seeking medical treatment, when Samford died on June 11,1901, Jelks became governor. In 1904, Jelks fell ill and left the state for treatment, Jelks, an Alabama native, graduated in 1876 from Mercer University in Macon, Georgia, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity. In 1879, Jelks acquired a substantial interest in the Union Springs Herald, later that year he bought, during his residence in Eufaula, Alabama, Jelks served on the board and as superintendent of education for the city schools. Elected to the Alabama Senate from Barbour County, Alabama in 1898, Jelks served as chairman of the Committee on Constitution, Constitutional Revision, in 1900, he was elected President of the Senate. Samford from December 1–26,1900, and succeeded to the office on June 11,1901, as governor, Jelks played an active role in securing the ratification of the State Constitution of 1901. The new constitution reinstated the office of lieutenant governor and established the term of office of governor as four years, developed according to the Mississippi model, it established requirements for voter registration that effectively disfranchised most blacks and tens of thousands of poor whites. Blacks were disfranchised for more than 60 years, until passage in the mid-1960s of federal civil rights legislation. Elected to his first full term in 1902, Jelks was the first Alabama governor elected to serve a four-year term, the legislature prohibited manufacturers from employing children under twelve years of age or working them more than sixty-six hours per week. The State Textbook Commission was established to provide a series of textbooks for use in the states public schools. According to Owen, the state realized a savings of several hundred dollars in this way. Public indignation with the freight rates charged by the railroads resulted in a reform of the State Railroad Commission. Jelks understanding of the workings of the commission was inadequate and, although he was apprehensive about popular election of the commissioners and he ordered a review of the bookkeeping practices and greater accountability to be applied to the states convict lease system. Efficient administration of the convict system net the state nearly $400,000 per year between 1901 and 1906, the recently established State Department of Archives and History was provided offices and storage space in the new wing of the Capitol. He supported lynchings, stating that black men accused of rape was justified. Briefly during his governorship he opposed lynching, preferring the judicial process and it usually resulted in death sentences as, unable to vote, blacks were excluded from serving on juries. They were also excluded from local offices, Jelks opposed education for blacks, believing that it took them from their labors in the field and led to idleness, vagrancy, and crime. When Jelks left office in 1907, he had served longer than any governor before him and he left a cash balance in the treasury of $1.8 million, which he recommended be spent on education
25.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
26.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
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Jeff Davis (Arkansas governor)
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Jefferson Davis, commonly known as Jeff Davis, was a Democratic politician who served as the 20th Governor of Arkansas from 1901 to 1907 and in the United States Senate from 1907 to 1913. He took office as one of Arkansass first New South governors, Davis utilized his silver tongue and ability to demagogue to exploit existing feelings of agrarian frustration among poor rural whites and thus build a large populist appeal. However, since Davis often blamed city-dwellers, blacks and Yankees for problems on the farm, Davis began his political career as Arkansas Attorney General, where he immediately began making political waves. His office challenged the legality of the Kimball State House Act, Davis three two-year terms as Arkansas Governor produced more politics than government, but succeeded in building a new state house and reforming the penal system. An almost-constant series of scandals and outrageous behavior characterized his time in office, Davis was born near Rocky Comfort in Little River County in southwestern Arkansas. His parents were Lewis W. Davis, a Baptist preacher originally from Kentucky and his wife, Elizabeth Phillips, originally from Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Lewis Davis did not join the Confederate army until drafted in 1864 and his service was largely a chaplains commission, but he quit the ministry following the war and became a lawyer. No Civil War battles were fought within Sevier Countys bounds, after the Union captured Little Rock in 1863, the state capitol was moved to Washington. Union General Nathaniel Banks later lead the Red River Campaign, an attempt to capture Shreveport, Louisiana via southwest Arkansas. Beginning in 1865, Laynesport became a Confederate garrison, not far from the Davis property, perhaps equally indelible was the romanticism of The Lost Cause in the years following the war, as a majority of southwestern Arkansas residents remained staunch Confederate supporters. Following the war, Lewis Davis was elected to serve as county and probate judge of Sevier County, the following year, Radical Reconstruction swept Davis and most other Democrats from office. Confederate supporters did not accept this political overhaul, turning to vigilante groups like the Ku Klux Klan and Knights of the White Camelia to intimidate blacks, the rough and tumble nature of Little River County was especially conductive for gangs, outlaws and violence. Eventually the situation devolved to such lawlessness that governor Powell Clayton declared martial law in Little River, desperado Cullen Baker initially assembled a posse to oppose Claytons militia, but after several skirmishes the militia gained control of the county. Local history tells of rape, torture, murder and pillaging by the militia in the ensuing months, the martial law months were later described by Jeff Davis as the most bitter episode of his youth. The Davis family moved to Dover, Arkansas in the Arkansas River Valley in 1869, following a move to Pope County, Lewis Davis former judgeship quickly elevated him within a very small legal community. However, the Davis family had moved into a similarly explosive post-war situation rooted deep in Pope Countys past, divided sharply into city-country and Union-Rebel factions, both sides held grudges long after the war was over. The Republican domination of local government lead to resentment from the ex-Confederate Democrats, later known as the Pope County Militia War, the county fell into lawlessness for six months resulting in robbery, murder and pillaging. Pope County Democrats became heroes across the state for providing openly armed resistance to Powell Claytons state militia, in a new town but witnessing a violent conflict, Reconstruction violence continued to make an impact on ten-year-old Jeff Davis
28.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
29.
Henry Gage
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Henry Tifft Gage was an American lawyer, politician and diplomat. A Republican, Gage was elected to a term as the 20th governor of California from 1899 to 1903. Minister to Portugal for several months in 1910, Gage was born on Christmas Day,1852 in Geneva, New York. Relocating with his family to East Saginaw, Michigan, Gage spent his years in Michigan. In 1873 at the age of twenty-one, Gage was admitted to the Michigan Bar, over a year later, Gage relocated to California, settling in Los Angeles. Between 1874 and 1877, Gage was a sheep dealer. In 1877, Gage returned to law, opening his own practice, three years later, Gage married Francesca V. Rains, a great granddaughter of a Californio family. The Gages settled in Bell Gardens at his wifes family home, running as a Republican, Gage was elected as Los Angeles City Attorney in 1881, beginning a slow rise within party ranks. At the 1888 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Gage was chosen as a delegate-at-large during the proceedings, in a speech to the convention, Gage seconded the motion to nominate Levi P. Morton as the partys nomination for the vice presidency. In 1891, President Benjamin Harrison appointed Gage as a prosecutor to prosecute the crew of the Chilean steamer Itata due to the Itata Incident. The U. S. federal government charged the crew with knowingly assisting an illegal arms purchase and its cargo had consisted of weapons purchased for National Congressional insurgent forces fighting in the 1891 Chilean Civil War against President José Manuel Balmaceda. Upon review of the governments case, Gage dropped all charges against Itatas crew. At the state Republican convention that year, Gage was nominated in the first round of voting as the nomination for the governorship. His nomination was largely orchestrated by the Southern Pacific Railroad, who had worked with Gage since the 1870s, in the 1898 state general elections, Gage defeated his Democratic rival, House Representative James G. Maguire by a modest 6. 7%. Other minor candidates in the election included Job Harriman of the Socialist Labor Party of America and Prohibitionist J. E. McComas, Gage was inaugurated as the 20th Governor of California on January 4,1899. In his inauguration speech, Gage spoke at length about foreign policy, viewing with favor the recent results of the Spanish–American War and their effect on Californias economy. The peaceful acquisition of the Hawaiian Islands, extending our empire beyond our Pacific shore, should be followed as a necessity by the annexation of the Philippines. The center of commerce must move westward, in one of his first acts, Gages administration reopened the State Printing Office, closed down earlier by previous governor James Budd in order to cut governmental expenditures
30.
George Pardee
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George Cooper Pardee was an American doctor of medicine and politician. Pardee was born on July 25,1857, in San Francisco, California, the Pardee family was well known in the San Francisco Bay Area. His father was a prominent oculist in San Francisco and Oakland, enochs stature within the community helped him get elected to the California State Assembly in the early 1870s, and later as the Mayor of Oakland for a single term from 1876 to 1878. Raised in the Pardee Home in Oakland, George Pardee closely followed in his fathers medical background and he attended the nearby University of California, Berkeley, then studied medicine at the Cooper Medical College in San Francisco. In 1885, Pardee traveled abroad to receive his degree at the University of Leipzig in the German Empire. After his return from Germany, Pardee joined his fathers practice, specializing in eye. Like his father, Enoch, Pardee also developed an early interest in politics, by the early 1890s, Pardee had become an active member of the Republican Party, and was elected to the Oakland Board of Health and the Oakland City Council. In 1893, following an election, Pardee became the 29th Mayor of Oakland. During his mayoralship, Pardee began a battle with the Southern Pacific Railroads ownership of the Port of Oakland. At one point, Pardee kicked down a piece of the fence erected by the Southern Pacific out of anger. During the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904, Pardees quick rise in East Bay politics was noticed by the state Republican leadership prior to the 1902 general elections. In the 1902 general elections, Pardee faced a race between the Democrats Lane, Socialist Gideon Brower and Prohibitionist Theodore Kanouse. Pardee barely edged over Lane, winning the governorship with a plurality of 0. 9%, less than 3,000 votes separated the two leading candidates. Assuming the governorship on January 7,1903, Pardee began a program to eradicate San Franciscos bubonic plague outbreak. The plague had been present in the city since 1900, yet was denied by the previous administration of Henry Gage. As both a physician and politician, Pardee realized the dire consequences both to the citys population and the states economy, now under threats of a nationwide boycott. Pardee permitted state health officials and federal authorities of the Marine Hospital Service to stamp out the plague, by the end of 1904, the plague had been brought under control. Nearly 200 deaths were attributed to the outbreak, during his medical studies in the German Empire, Pardee was greatly influenced by Germanys push for higher education and environmental conservation during its rapid industrialization
31.
Governor of Colorado
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The Governor of the State of Colorado is the head of the executive branch of Colorados state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Seven people served as governor of Colorado Territory over eight terms, since statehood, there have been 36 governors, serving 41 distinct terms. The longest-serving governors were Richard Dick Lamm and Roy Romer, who served twelve years over three terms. Thus, Peabody served only a few minutes as governor, the current governor is John Hickenlooper, who took office on January 11,2011. The self-proclaimed Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on November 7,1859, Jefferson Territory included all of present-day Colorado, but extended about 3 miles farther east,138 miles farther north, and about 50 miles farther west. The territory was never recognized by the government in the tumultuous days before the American Civil War. The Jefferson Territory had only one governor, Robert Williamson Steele and he proclaimed the territory dissolved on June 6,1861, several months after the official formation of the Colorado Territory, but only days after the arrival of its first governor. For the period before Colorado Territory was formed, see the lists of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Utah Territory, Kansas Territory, the State of Colorado was admitted to the Union on August 1,1876. To serve as governor, one must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen of the United States, and have been a resident of the state for at least two years prior to election. The state constitution of 1876 originally called for election of the governor two years, with their term beginning on the second Tuesday of the January following the election. An amendment passed in 1956, taking effect in 1959, increased terms to four years, originally, there was no term limit applied to the governor, a 1990 amendment allowed governors to succeed themselves only once. There is however no limit on the number of terms one may serve as long as one who has served the two term limit is out of office for four years. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, the lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor until a 1968 amendment to the constitution made it so that they are elected on the same ticket. There are four living former governors of Colorado, the oldest being Roy Romer, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John David Vanderhoof, who died on September 19,2013
32.
James Bradley Orman
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James Bradley Orman was an American politician and railroad builder. He served as the 12th Governor of Colorado from 1901 to 1903, Orman was born in Muscatine, Iowa and grew up on his familys farm there. In 1869, he moved to Colorado at the age of 20, the brothers soon started a construction company which, though it did a variety of projects, was most famous for building railroads, particularly in Colorado and Kansas. James Orman moved to Pueblo, Colorado in 1874, and soon entered politics and he was elected to several terms in the Colorado state legislature and the Pueblo city council, and he served as mayor of Pueblo from 1897 to 1898. In 1883 the state democratic party nominated him to the United States Senate, but the state legislature, Orman became the Democratic nominee for governor in 1900. When the Silver Republicans and populists endorsed Orman, he was elected easily, the greatest problem during his administration was a dispute between miners and a mining company. On May 1,1901,350 miners led by Vincent Saint John, but the contract system was worse than that, if the miner received no pay due to failing to perform according to the contract, then he owed money to the company for tools and powder. A shooting war was triggered when one of the strikers, believed to have been unarmed, had shot through the throat by a deputized mine guard. In spite of pressure from others, Lieutenant Governor David C. Coates helped to persuade Governor Orman not to send the Colorado National Guard, coates volunteered to mediate, and he was dispatched by the governor to be part of a commission sent to Telluride to investigate the issues that caused the walkout. Vincent St. John and mine operator Arthur L. Orman served one two-year term, after his term as governor he moved back to Pueblo and retired from politics, but was active in business. Following his death, he was buried in Pueblo, Orman was married to Nellie Martin from 1877 until her death in 1917. They had two children, Frederick and Edna
33.
James Hamilton Peabody
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James Hamilton Peabody was the 13th and 15th Governor of Colorado, and is noted for his public service in Cañon City. James was the youngest of 17 children and he was born in Topsham, Orange County, Vermont, where his family raised crops and children. He attended school in Vermont, and later furthered his education there at the Bryant Commercial College at Barre, three of his brothers fought for the Union in the American Civil War. In early 1875, he moved to Cañon City, Colorado, on March 19,1878, he married his employers daughter, Frances Lillian Clelland, and the couple eventually had four children together. Peabody quickly climbed the ladder at Clellands store, becoming a manager, then a full partner, in 1885, he was elected county clerk for Fremont County, Colorado, unseating the incumbent, who had held the post for 18 years. In 1889, while serving in the position of county clerk, Peabody helped to organize the First National Bank of Cañon City. He also served Cañon City as city treasurer for two years and as alderman for two years and he helped organize the Cañon City Water Works Company and served as its secretary and treasurer for many years. He was instrumental in forming the Electric Light Company of Cañon City and he ran on a law and order platform and was elected, but his administration met with numerous difficulties, especially labor issues in Colorados many mines. During Peabodys administration, miners unions acted on a variety of issues, including wages, hours, Peabodys tactic in dealing with these strikes was to call out the Colorado National Guard whenever he felt it necessary, a strategy many felt was heavy-handed. The union representing hard rock miners was the Western Federation of Miners, the coal miners union was the United Mine Workers. Some of the officials in Teller County, and particularly in the Cripple Creek District, were considered sympathetic to the union, in 1903 the WFM called a strike in support of mill workers. On September 4,1903, almost 1,000 militiamen entered Teller County, on June 6,1904, after nine months of the strike, someone destroyed the Independence Railway Station near Victor, Colorado with dynamite, killing 13 non-union miners. County Sheriff Henry Robertson became a target of the Cripple Creek Mine Owners Association and their ally, the Citizens Alliance, the Colorado National Guard made several dozen unwarranted arrests of miners and their supporters and held many people without formal charges, some for several days. Colorado National Guard Adjutant General Sherman Bell said of the miners, Habeas corpus, with the support of the state militia, the owners regained control of the mines, and by midsummer the strike was broken. The mines reopened with non-union labor, and the labor unions lost significant power in Cripple Creek, a union member named Harry Orchard later wrote in a confession to Pinkerton agent James McParland that he had committed the attack at the Independence Station. He also admitted to serving as an informant for the Mine Owners Association. Peabody ran for a term in 1904, but was vilified by his opponents. And felt that he was in league with the mine owners, Peabodys opponent, Democrat Alva Adams, ripped into his handling of the Cripple Creek strike and insisted that he could handle Colorados vicious industrial warfare
34.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
35.
George P. McLean
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George Payne McLean was the 59th Governor of Connecticut, and a United States Senator from Connecticut. McLean was born in Simsbury, Connecticut, one of five children of Dudley B and his sister Sarah Pratt McLean Greene became a novelist. McLean attended the schools in Simsbury. At the age of fifteen he entered Hartford High School, traveling to each day on the train. Upon graduation he took a job as a reporter for the Hartford Evening Post, leaving the paper in 1879, he entered the Hartford law office of Henry C. Robinson and trained as a lawyer in that office. He remained there eight years, combining his apprenticeship with Robinson with a job in financial management at Trinity College in Hartford. During this time he passed the law exam and was admitted to the bar, a confirmed bachelor until he was forty-nine, he married his longtime Simsbury sweetheart Juliette Goodrich on April 10,1907. He died on June 6,1932 and she on October 21,1950 and they are buried in Simsbury Cemetery. He was a member of the senate in 1886. He was a member of the Connecticut State Senate from 1889 to 1891, in 1890, he was elected Connecticuts Secretary of State, but never took office because of the deadlocked Legislature of 1891-1893. As a result, McLean was able to accept President Benjamin Harrisons appointment in 1892 to be United States attorney for his state from 1892 to 1896. He resumed the practice of law in Hartford Elected the 59th Governor of Connecticut in 1901 and 1902, during his tenure, the governors administrative staff was restructured, as well the state militia, and a tax commission office was founded. McLean did not seek reelection due to ill health, and left the office on January 7,1903. McLean was elected as a Republican to the U. S. Senate in 1910 and he was reelected in 1916 and 1922. While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Forest Reservations and Game Protection and a member of the Committee on Banking and Currency and he declined to run for reelection in 1928. Probably McLeans most lasting achievement was the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918. Some of the provisions in the act proved controversial in their expansion of powers and were declared unconstitutional by various courts. The Migratory Bird Treaty with Great Britain was signed in 1916, the resulting federal limitations on hunting were upheld by the Supreme Court in 1920 in the Missouri v. Holland decision
36.
Abiram Chamberlain
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Abiram Chamberlain was an American politician, and the 60th Governor of Connecticut from 1903 to 1905. Chamberlain was born in Colebrook, Connecticut on December 7,1837, son of Abiram Chamberlain and he was a student of civil engineering at the Williston Seminary in Easthampton, Massachusetts. He was married on November 21,1872, to Charlotte E. Roberts, Chamberlain worked at fathers engineering firm for many years. Chamberlain entered into banking and at the age of thirty, in 1867, he was elected Cashier of the Home National Bank of Meriden, in 1881 he was elected president of that bank and served as president of the New Britain National Bank in 1881. He also served as president of the Meriden Savings Bank. Chamberlain won the 1902 Republican gubernatorial nomination, and was elected Connecticuts 43rd governor, during his tenure, he signed legislation that sanctioned the establishment of the Connecticut State Police, and he endorsed laws that assisted workers. On January 4,1905, Chamberlain left office and retired from public service and he returned to his various business interests in Meriden. Chamberlain died on May 15,1911 and he is interred at Walnut Grove Cemetery, Meriden, New Haven County, Connecticut. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978, ISBN 0-313-28093-2 National Governors Association The governors of Connecticut, biographies of the chief executives Abiram Chamberlain at Find a Grave The Political Graveyard
37.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
38.
John Hunn (governor)
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John Hunn was an American businessman and politician from Camden, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party who served as Governor of Delaware, Hunn was born near Odessa, Delaware, son of John and Mary Swallow Hunn. He married Sarah Cowgill Emerson in 1874 and they had one child and they lived at 3 South Main Street in Camden and were members of the Camden Friends Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends or Quakers. Hunns father, also John Hunn, was a noted abolitionist, shortly after the younger Johns birth, the family lost their New Castle County farm, Happy Valley, in a sheriffs sales because of fines assessed for helping runaway slaves. They then went to live with family at Magnolia, Delaware, the younger Hunn, known as Honest John, grew up at Magnolia and Port Royal, South Carolina, where his father was working with the Freedmens Bureau. In 1876 he returned to Delaware, permanently settled at Camden, Delaware and began operating a fruit, lumber. He maintained this business throughout his life, at the turn of the twentieth century Delaware was going through a political transformation. Most obvious to the public was the division in the Republican Party caused, in part. A gas company industrialist, he spent vast amounts of his own fortune to build a Republican Party, largely successful in heavily Democratic Kent County and Sussex County, he financed the organization of a faction that came to be known as the Union Republicans. Meanwhile, he was making bitter enemies of the New Castle County Regular Republicans, behind the headlines, however, all the effort was making obvious the archaic and corrupt practices that characterized elections and the resultant state government. The result of the all this was the Constitution of 1897 and it also created a statewide, moderately progressive, Republican Party, which become a statewide majority, particularly after the 1905 end of the highly personal Addicks controversy. Hunn was to be a beneficiary of these developments. As a political newcomer, Hunn was acceptable as a candidate to all Republicans. He handily won the election in 1900 and began a period of Republican occupancy of the Governors office that lasted for all, Hunn also benefited from being the first Governor elected under Delawares new Constitution of 1897. As such he enjoyed an authority unknown to Governors since the colonial times and he was also the first Governor to serve with an elected Lieutenant Governor. Along with changes to the Governors authority, the new Constitution modified the duties of the General Assembly so that it too became more effective, finally, the responsibility for granting divorces was moved to the courts. After his term ended, Hunn returned full-time to his business and he died at Camden and is buried there at the Camden Friends Meetinghouse, along with his wife and parents. There is a road off U. S. Highway 13 and Loockerman Street in Dover named for him, elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1
39.
Governor of Florida
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The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
40.
William Sherman Jennings
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William Sherman Jennings was an American politician. He served as the 18th Governor of Florida after being a lawyer, county judge and he was born near Walnut Hill, Illinois, and attended public schools in Marion County. Jennings graduated from Southern Illinois University in 1883, then studied law at the Union College of Law in Chicago, and finished his law studies in Chicago under the supervision of his brother, Charles E. Jennings, who was the States Attorney for Marion County. He came to Florida in 1885 and settled in Brooksville, Florida, in 1887, he was appointed circuit court commissioner, and became county judge of Hernando County, Florida in 1888. Jennings resigned his office as county judge in 1893 to serve in the Florida House of Representatives, after his term ended, he served as a Colonel in the Florida militia, was president of the Brooksville town council and chairman of the Democratic committee. Jennings campaigned for and was elected governor in 1900, taking the oath of office on January 8,1901, during his term in office, he introduced the statewide primary election system, replacing the previous method of nominating candidates for political office at a convention. The first statewide election was conducted in 1902. It was also Jennings idea to drain and develop the Everglades by cutting the natural rock dams in the rivers of south Florida and his term ended on January 3,1905. He moved to Jacksonville, then Florida’s largest city, where he established a law practice. He divided his time between a home in Jacksonville and a farm and timber holdings in Clay County near Middleburg, in 1905, he was appointed by Governor Napoleon B. Broward as General Counsel for the Internal Improvement Fund, the agency responsible for administering public lands. The new governor also favored the development of the Everglades, so in this position, Jennings met May Mann at her father’s home near Brooksville, and began a courtship. Mays father, Austin Mann, had been a Florida Senator and had just won election to the house of representatives. When the legislative session began in January,1891, May went to Tallahassee to serve as her fathers aide, with responsibility for her fathers appointments, correspondence, Jennings went to Tallahassee to continue his courtship. He married May Mann on May 12,1891 and they were escorted down the aisle by the full legislative membership, the newlyweds lived in Brooksville in the William Sherman Jennings House. The couple had one child, a son, Sherman Bryan Jennings, politics and the law were prominent in his family. In addition to his brother, who was a lawyer and state attorney, he was a first cousin to William Jennings Bryan, congressman and three-time Democratic presidential nominee. At one point, the controversy became so heated that Jennings and Lincoln Hulley, Jennings died on February 27,1920 in St. Augustine, Florida and was buried in Jacksonville, Florida
41.
Joseph M. Terrell
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Joseph Meriwether Terrell was a United States Senator and the 57th Governor of Georgia. Born in Greenville, he was the son of Dr. Joel Edgar Green and he attended the common schools, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1882, commencing practice in Greenville. On October 19,1886, he married Jessie Lee Spivey, Terrell was a self-declared uncompromising friend of common school education. Terrell was of entirely English ancestry and is of partial Norman descent and he was a fourth generation great-grandson of William and Susannah Terrell. As a result, he was related to presidents Barack Obama. Terrell was a member of the Georgia House of Representatives from 1884 to 1887, and he served as state attorney general from 1892 to 1902, and Governor of Georgia from 1902 to 1907, marred by the Atlanta race riot of 1906. Terrell suffered a stroke in February 1911 and he again resumed the practice of law in Atlanta although in poor health and died there from Brights Disease on November 17,1912. He was survived by his wife, interment was in the City Cemetery, Greenville. The Liberty ship Joseph M. Terrell was named for him, Terrell Hall, on the campus of Georgia College and State University in Milledgeville, was also named for him. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Joseph M. Terrell at Find a Grave
42.
Governor of Idaho
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The Governor of Idaho is the head of the executive branch of Idahos state government and commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The governor has the duty to see state laws are executed, Idaho Territory had 16 territorial governors appointed by the President of the United States from the territorys organization in 1863 until the formation of the state of Idaho in 1890. Four of these never took office, resigning before reaching the territory, thirty individuals have held the office of governor of Idaho since the states admission to the Union in 1890, two of whom—C. A. Bottolfsen and Cecil D. Andrus—served non-consecutive terms, the states first governor, George Laird Shoup, had the shortest term of three months, and Cecil D. Andrus served as governor the longest at 14 years. Four governors resigned, but none has died while in office, there have been 20 Republican and 12 Democratic governors. The current governor is C. L. Butch Otter, who took office on January 1,2007, Idaho Territory was created from Dakota Territory, Nebraska Territory, and Washington Territory on March 4,1863. Initially, the territory included all of modern-day Idaho and Montana, on May 26,1864, Montana Territory was split from Idaho Territory, and most of the Wyoming portion was reassigned to Dakota Territory. The portion east of the 111th meridian was split off as part of the new Wyoming Territory on July 25,1868, giving Idaho Territory its final borders. Due to the distance between Washington, D. C. and Boise, there was often a lengthy gap between a governor being appointed and his arrival in the territory, four resigned before even arriving. Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3,1890, since then, the state has had 30 governors, two of whom served non-consecutive terms. The terms for governor and lieutenant governor are four years, commencing on the first Monday in the January following the election, prior to 1946, the offices were elected to terms of two years. If the office of governor is vacant or the governor is out of state or unable to discharge his duties, after the change to four-year terms, self-succession was not initially allowed, newly elected Governor Robert E. There is no limit to the number of terms a governor may serve, Democratic Republican Sixteen of Idahos governors have served higher federal offices or as governors of other states. Nine have served in the U. S. Senate, eight of those representing Idaho, and three have served in the U. S. House, one representing Idaho, one New York, and one the territories of Idaho and Washington. Idaho shares a governor with Arizona Territory, and one was appointed to Washington Territory, Secretaries of the Interior, and one served as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Six governors resigned to take a new office, including both territorial delegates, both Secretaries of the Interior, and two senators, in addition, two people who were appointed governor of Idaho Territory but never took office held other high offices. Gilman Marston, appointed governor in 1870, was a representative and senator from New Hampshire, all representatives and senators mentioned represented Idaho except where noted. There are four living former governors of Idaho, the oldest being Phil Batt, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John V. Evans, at age 89 on July 8,2014
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Frank W. Hunt
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Frank Williams Hunt was the fifth Governor of Idaho from 1901 until 1903. Hunt was educated in the schools of Louisville, Kentucky. He moved to Idaho, pursued work as a miner, and was married to Ruth Maynard on November 10,1896, elected to the Idaho State House of Representatives in 1892, Hunt held that position until 1894. Hunt served as a captain in the Idaho Regiment of Volunteers in the Philippines during the Spanish–American War, elected governor in 1900 at the age of 38 Hunt remains the youngest governor in Idaho history. In March 1901 Hunt signed legislation creating the Academy of Idaho in Pocatello. Hunt also ended the state of law in northern Idaho enacted by his predecessor, Frank Steunenberg. Hunt was defeated for reelection in 1902 by Republican John T. Morrison, after leaving office he became vice president and general manager of Dewey Combination Lease Company. Late in 1906 Hunt contracted pneumonia in Goldfield, Nevada and died on November 25, in Boise, Idaho and he is buried in Boise in the Pioneer Cemetery Boise, Ada County, Idaho USA. The Gem County Museum in Emmett includes an exhibit of his belongings, national Governors Association The Political Graveyard Frank Williams Hunt at Find a Grave
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John T. Morrison
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John Tracy Morrison was the sixth Governor of Idaho from 1903 until 1905. Morrison was born in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania and he was married to Grace Darling Mackey in 1886. He graduated from Wooster University in 1887 and he graduated from Cornell Law School in 1890 and moved to Caldwell, where he became a successful attorney and an active member of the local Presbyterian Church. He served as commissioner to the assembly of his church five times. In 1891, Morrison was influential in founding the College of Idaho and served as a faculty member, teaching English. In 1893 he became a member of the board of trustees. He served on the board of trustees until 1904, an unsuccessful candidate for state legislature in 1896, Morrison was Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee from 1897 to 1900. Idaho Republicans nominated Morrison as their candidate in 1902. He was elected by defeating the Democratic incumbent, Frank W. Hunt, during his term in office, state examinations of weights and measures were initiated, a pure food law was enacted, and a reform school at St. Anthony was founded. Morrison sought reelection in 1904, but Republicans declined to nominate him for a second term, upon leaving office on January 2,1905, he returned Caldwell, and resumed his law practice. Morrison died December 20,1915, and is interred at the Morris Hill Cemetery, Boise, Ada County, national Governors Association John T. Morrison at Find a Grave
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Governor of Illinois
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The Governor of Illinois is the chief executive of the State of Illinois and the various agencies and departments over which the officer has jurisdiction, as prescribed in the state constitution. It is an elected position, votes being cast by popular suffrage of residents of the state. The governor is responsible for enacting laws passed by the Illinois General Assembly, Illinois is one of 14 states with no gubernatorial term-limit. The current governor is Republican Bruce Rauner, who succeeded Pat Quinn in 2015, the term of office of Governor of Illinois is four years, and there is no limit on the number of terms a governor may serve. Inauguration takes place on the second Monday in January following a gubernatorial election, a single term ends four years later. Its first occupant was Governor Joel Aldrich Matteson, who took residence at the mansion in 1855 and it is one of three oldest governors residences in continuous use in the United States. The governor is given the use of an official residence on the state fair grounds. Governors have traditionally used this part of the year. Six Illinois governors have been charged with crimes during or after their governorships, four were convicted, len Small, governor from 1921 to 1929, was indicted in office for corruption. He was acquitted, thereafter, eight of the received state jobs. Among his defense lawyers was a governor, Joseph W. Fifer, who asserted in pre-trial hearings. William G. Stratton, governor from 1953 to 1961, was acquitted of tax evasion in 1965 and he was prosecuted by future Illinois governor Jim Thompson. He was sentenced to seven years in prison five years of probation following his release. Former governor Jim Thompson, whom Ryan had served under as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in the 1980s, was manager of the law firm that defended Ryan. In August 2010, he was convicted of lying to the FBI in connection with the investigation, but the jury deadlocked on 23 other charges. Blagojevich was retried on 20 counts from his 2010 trial and on June 27,2011, Blagojevich was convicted on 17 counts of fraud, acquitted on one count, on December 7,2011, Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in prison. List of Governors of Illinois 1. α Current governor of Illinois, in 2015, the Council of State Governments reported that Rauner had returned all but $1 of his salary to the State of Illinois. However, the pay rate for the title of Governor in Illinois remains at $177,412, Illinois Office of the Governor Illinois Executive Mansion Burial places of Illinois Governors Article V in the Illinois Constitution list of government help in Illinois
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Media related to 1903 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
