1.
1904 Summer Olympics
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The 1904 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the III Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in St. Louis. It was the first time that the Olympic Games were held in a majority English language nation, European tension caused by the Russo-Japanese War, and the difficulty of getting to St. Louis, kept most of the worlds top athletes away. Only 62 of the 650 athletes who competed came from outside of North America, 80% of competitors were from the United States, and in over half of the events these were the only competitors. In some cases the U. S. national championship was combined with the Olympic championship, pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic movement, gave in and awarded the games to St. Louis. St. Louis organizers treated the games in a similar to the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. Competitions were reduced to a side-show of the Worlds Fair and were overshadowed by other, david R. Francis, the President of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, declined to invite anybody else to open the Games and, on July 1 did so himself. Officially, the games lasted for four and a half months, in fact, the Olympic-calibre events were mixed with other sporting events that Sullivan also called Olympic. The IOC later declared that 94 of these events were Olympic, the actual athletics events that formed the bulk of the recognised Olympic sports were held from Monday, August 29 to Saturday, September 3. The participants totalled 651 athletes –645 men and 6 women representing 12 countries, however, only 42 events actually included athletes who were not from the United States. Boxing, dumbbells, freestyle wrestling and the made their debuts. The swimming events were held in a pond near Skinker and Wydown Boulevards. The organizers of the Worlds Fair held Anthropology Days on August 12 and 13, one of the most remarkable athletes was the American gymnast George Eyser, who won six medals even though his left leg was made of wood. Frank Kugler won four medals in wrestling, weightlifting and tug of war. Chicago runner James Lightbody won the steeplechase and the 800 m, sprinter Archie Hahn was champion in the 60 m,100 m and 200 m. In this last race, he set an Olympic record in 21.6, in the discus, after American Martin Sheridan had thrown exactly the same distance as his compatriot, Ralph Rose, the judges gave them both an extra throw to decide the winner. Sheridan won the decider and claimed the gold medal, ray Ewry again won all three standing jumps. The team representing Great Britain was awarded a total of two medals, both won by Irish athletes, the top non-USA athlete was Emil Rausch of Germany, who won three swimming events. Zoltan Halmay of Hungary and Charles Daniels of the United States each won two swimming gold medals, galt Football Club from Canada won the gold medal in football
2.
St. Louis
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St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area
3.
Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Louisiana Purchase Exposition
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The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, informally known as the St. Louis Worlds Fair, was an international exposition held in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, from April 30 to December 1,1904. Local, state, and federal funds totaling $15 million were used to finance the event, more than 60 countries and 43 of the 45 American states maintained exhibition spaces at the fair, which was attended by nearly 19.7 million people. Historians generally emphasize the prominence of themes of race and empire, from the point of view of the memory of the average person who attended the fair, it primarily promoted entertainment, consumer goods and popular culture. In 1904, St. Louis hosted a Worlds Fair to celebrate the centennial of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, an additional $5 million was generated through private donations by interested citizens and businesses from around Missouri, a fundraising target reached in January 1901. The fundraising mission was aided by the support of President of the United States William McKinley. The exposition remained in operation from its opening until December 1,1904, the fairs 1, 200-acre site, designed by George Kessler, was located at the present-day grounds of Forest Park and on the campus of Washington University, and was the largest fair to date. There were over 1,500 buildings, connected by some 75 miles of roads and it was said to be impossible to give even a hurried glance at everything in less than a week. The Palace of Agriculture alone covered some 20 acres, exhibits were staged by approximately 50 foreign nations, the United States government, and 43 of the then-45 U. S. states. These featured industries, cities, private organizations and corporations, theater troupes, over 19 million individuals were in attendance at the fair. In conjunction with the Exposition the U. S, post Office issued a series of five commemorative stamps celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase. Louisiana Purchase Commemoratives Kessler, who designed many parks in Texas. A popular myth says that Frederick Law Olmsted, who had died the year before the Fair, designed the park, there are several reasons for this confusion. First, Kessler in his twenties had worked briefly for Olmsted as a Central Park gardener, second, Olmsted was involved with Forest Park in Queens, New York. Third, Olmsted had planned the renovations in 1897 to the Missouri Botanical Garden several blocks to the southeast of the park, finally, Olmsteds sons advised Washington University on integrating the campus with the park across the street. Taylor quickly appointed Emmanuel Louis Masqueray to be his Chief of Design, Masqueray resigned shortly after the Fair opened in 1904, having been invited by Archbishop John Ireland of St. Paul, Minnesota to design a new cathedral for the city. Paul J. Pelz was architect for the Palace of Machinery, many African Americans contributed to architecture design, but were not credited. Florence Hayward, a freelance writer in St. Louis in the 1900s was determined to play a role in the Worlds Fair. She negotiated a position on the otherwise all-male Board of Commissioners, Hayward learned that one of the potential contractors for the fair was not reputable and warned the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company
6.
International Olympic Committee
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The International Olympic Committee is the supreme authority of the worldwide Olympic movement. It is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organization based in Lausanne and its mission is enshrined in the Olympic Charter, to support the development of competitive sport by ethical and environmentally sustainable means. The IOC was created by Pierre de Coubertin, on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president, today its membership consists of 100 active members,32 honorary members, and 1 honour member. The IOC is the authority of the worldwide modern Olympic movement. The IOC organises the modern Olympic Games and Youth Olympic Games, held in summer and winter, the first Summer Olympics organised by the IOC was held in Athens, Greece, in 1896, the first Winter Olympics was in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Until 1992, both Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same year, the first Summer Youth Olympics were in Singapore in 2010 and the first Winter Youth Olympics were held in Innsbruck in 2012. In 2009, the UN General Assembly granted the IOC Permanent Observer status and this decision enables the IOC to be directly involved in the UN Agenda and to attend UN General Assembly meetings where it can take the floor. This has provided the possibility to promote sport at a new level, during each proclamation at the Olympics, announcers speak in different languages, French is always spoken first followed by an English translation and the dominant language of the host nation. The stated mission of the International Olympic Committee is to promote Olympic throughout the world and it is the IOC’s supreme organ and its decisions are final. Extraordinary Sessions may be convened by the President or upon the written request of at least one third of the members, among others, the powers of the Session are, To adopt or amend the Olympic Charter. To elect the members of the IOC, the Honorary President, to elect the President, the Vice-Presidents and all other members of the IOC Executive Board. To elect the host city of the Olympic Games, the Olympic Laurel is awarded to individuals for promoting education, culture, development, and peace through sport. For most of its existence, the IOC was controlled by members who were selected by other members, countries that had hosted the Games were allowed two members. When named, they did not become the representatives of their countries to the IOC. The membership of IOC members ceases in the circumstances, Resignation. Non re-election, any IOC member ceases to be a member without further formality if they are not re-elected, age limit, any IOC member ceases to be a member at the end of the calendar year during which they reach the age of 80. Failure to attend Sessions or take part in IOC work for two consecutive years. Transfer of domicile or of main center of interests to an other than the country which was theirs at the time of their election
7.
Fencing at the 1904 Summer Olympics
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At the 1904 Summer Olympics, five fencing events were contested, all for men only. The third edition of the Olympic fencing program included an event for the first time. Events for fencing professionals were eliminated, the competitions were held on September 7,1904 and September 8,1904. A total of 11 fencers from 3 nations competed at the St. Louis Games, Cuba Germany United States NOTE, Only Díaz and Fonst are counted as Cuban, while Van Zo Post and Tatham are counted as American. The IOC counts one gold, one silver, and two medals won by the American Van Zo Post for Cuba instead of the United States. The one silver and one medal won by the American Tatham are also counted for Cuba instead of the United States. International Olympic Committee results database Spaldings Athletic Almanac for 1905
8.
Soviet Union at the Olympics
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The Soviet Union first participated at the Olympic Games in 1952, and competed at the Games on 18 occasions since then. At six of its nine appearances at the Summer Olympic Games, similarly, the team was ranked first in the medal count seven times and second twice in nine appearances at the Winter Olympic Games. The Olympic Committee of the USSR was formed on April 21,1951, in the same year, when the Soviet representative Constantin Andrianov became an IOC member, the USSR officially joined the Olympic Movement. The 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki became first Olympic Games for Soviet athletes, on July 20,1952, the first Olympic gold medal in the history of Soviet sport was won by Nina Romashkova in the womens discus throw. Romashkovas result in this event was the new Olympic record at that time, the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina dAmpezzo became the first Winter Olympic Games for Soviet athletes. There the first Winter Olympic gold medal in the history of Soviet sport was won by Lyubov Kozyreva in womens cross-country skiing 10 km event, the USSR was the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. These Games were boycotted by the United States and many countries, and subsequently. Although the USSR ceased to exist on December 26,1991, The Olympic Committee of the USSR formally existed until March 12,1992, when it disbanded. In 1992,12 of the 15 former Soviet Republics competed together as the Unified Team and marched under the Olympic Flag in the Barcelona Games, where they finished first in the medal rankings. The Unified Team also competed at the Albertville Winter Games earlier in the year, all Summer and Winter Olympic medals of the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire were inherited by Russia, but not combined together with the medal count of the Russian Federation. Soviet Union has hosted the Games on one occasion, *Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil. List of flag bearers for the Soviet Union at the Olympics Category, Olympic competitors for the Soviet Union Soviet Union at the Paralympics Results and Medalists
9.
1980 Summer Olympics
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The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Moscow, Soviet Union, in present-day Russia. The 1980 Games were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Eastern Europe and they were also the first Olympic Games to be held in a socialist country, and the only Summer Games to be held in such a country until 2008 in Beijing, China. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris and this prompted the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics. The only two cities to bid for the 1980 Summer Olympics were Moscow and Los Angeles, the choice between them was made on 23 October 1974 in the 75th IOC Session in Vienna, Austria. Los Angeles would eventually host the 1984 Summer Olympics, eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games – the smallest number since 1956. Six nations made their first Olympic appearance in 1980, Angola, Botswana, Jordan, Laos, Mozambique, cyprus made its debut at the Summer Olympics, but had appeared earlier at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York. Sri Lanka competed for the first time under its new name, Benin had competed previously as Dahomey and Zimbabwe competed for the first time under that name. The Soviet invasion spurred Jimmy Carter to issue an ultimatum on January 20,1980,65 countries and regions invited did not take part in the 1980 Olympics. Many of these followed the United States boycott initiative, while others cited economic reasons for not coming, iran, under Ayatollah Khomeini hostile to both superpowers, boycotted when the Islamic Conference condemned the invasion. Many of the boycotting nations participated instead in the Liberty Bell Classic, also known as the Olympic Boycott Games, in Philadelphia. However, the nations that did compete had won 71 percent of all medals, competitors from three countries – New Zealand, Portugal, and Spain – competed under the flags of their respective National Olympic Committees. Some of these teams that marched under other than their national flags were depleted by boycotts by individual athletes. The impact of the boycott was mixed, some events, such as field hockey and equestrian sports, were hard hit, while others such as boxing, judo, rowing, swimming, track and field and weightlifting had more participants than in 1976. Athletes from 25 countries won Olympic gold and competitors from 36 countries became Olympic medalists, Italy won four times more gold medals than they won in Montreal and France multiplied its gold medal tally by three. Romania won more medals than it had at any previous Olympics. In terms of medals, the Moscow Olympics was Irelands most successful games since Melbourne 1956. The same was true for Great Britain, third World athletes qualified for more events and took more medals than they did at any previous Olympics. 21 percent of the competitors were women – a higher percentage than at any previous Olympics, There were 203 events – more than at any previous Olympics
10.
1984 Summer Olympics
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The 1984 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Los Angeles, California, United States in 1984. When Tehran, the other interested city on the international level, declined to bid due to the concurrent Iranian political and social changes. This was the second occasion Los Angeles hosted the games, the first being in 1932, for differing reasons, Iran and Libya also boycotted. The USSR announced its intention not to participate on May 8,1984, citing security concerns and chauvinistic sentiments, boycotting countries organized another large event in June–September 1984, called the Friendship Games, however, not even a single competition was held between July 28 and August 12. Representatives of the countries, the Soviets in particular, underlined it was not held to replace the Olympics. Elite athletes from the U. S. and USSR would only compete against each other at the 1986 Goodwill Games in Moscow, organized in response to the boycotts. The Olympic Committee led by Peter Ueberroth used some of the profits to endow the LA84 Foundation to promote sports in Southern California, educate coaches. The 1984 Summer Olympics are often considered the most financially successful modern Olympics, the host state of California was the home state of U. S. President Ronald Reagan, who officially opened the Games. He had served as Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, the official mascot of the Los Angeles Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle. The logo of the games featured five blue, white and red stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks and these were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch. On July 18,2009, a 25th anniversary celebration was held in the main stadium and this celebration included a speech by the former president of the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee, Ueberroth, and a re-creation of the lighting of the cauldron. After the murder of Israeli athletes by Palestinian terrorists in Munich and significant financial debts of Montreal, only two cities made serious bids for the 1984 Summer Games. But before a city could be anointed in 1978, Tehran, too. Hence, the process for the 1984 Summer Olympics consisted of a single finalized bid. The bid from Tehran was withdrawn before the selection as a result of Irans policy changes following the Iranian Revolution, Los Angeles had unsuccessfully bid for the two previous Summer Olympics, for 1976 and 1980. The 1984 Olympic Torch Relay began in New York City and ended in Los Angeles, traversing 33 states, unlike later torch relays, the torch was continuously carried by runners on foot. The route covered more than 9,320 mi and involved 3,636 runners, noted athlete O. J. Simpson was among the runners, carrying the torch up the California Incline in Santa Monica. With the torch, he touched off the flame passed through a specially designed flammable Olympic logo
11.
Gold medal
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A gold medal is a medal awarded for highest achievement in a non-military field. Its name derives from the use of at least a fraction of gold in form of plating or alloying in its manufacture, others offer only the prestige of the award. Many organizations now award gold medals either annually or extraordinarily, including UNESCO, while some gold medals are solid gold, others are gold-plated or silver-gilt, like those of the Olympic Games, the Lorentz Medal, the United States Congressional Gold Medal and the Nobel Prize medal. Nobel Prize medals consist of 18 karat green gold plated with 24 karat gold, before 1980 they were struck in 23 karat gold. In the United States, Congress would enact a resolution asking the President to reward those responsible, the commanding officer would receive a gold medal and his officers silver medals. Other countries similarly honored their military and naval victors in a similar fashion, Medals have historically been given as prizes in various types of competitive activities, especially athletics. Traditionally, medals are made of the metals, Gold Silver Bronze Occasionally. This standard was adopted for Olympic competition at the 1904 Summer Olympics, at the 1896 event, silver was awarded to winners and bronze to runners-up, while at 1904 other prizes were given, not medals. At the modern Olympic Games, winners of a sporting discipline receive a medal in recognition of their achievement. At the Ancient Olympic Games only one winner per event was crowned with kotinos, aristophanes in Plutus makes a remark why victorious athletes are crowned with wreath made of wild olive instead of gold. When Tigranes, an Armenian general learned this, he uttered to his leader, what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight. Men who do not compete for possessions, but for honour, hence medals were not awarded at the ancient Olympic Games. At the 1896 Summer Olympics, winners received a silver medal, in 1900, most winners received cups or trophies instead of medals. The next three Olympics awarded the winners solid gold medals, but the medals themselves were smaller, the use of gold rapidly declined with the onset of the First World War and also with the onset of the Second World War. The last series of Olympic medals to be made of gold were awarded at the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm. Olympic Gold medals are required to be made from at least 92. 5% silver, all Olympic medals must be at least 60mm in diameter and 3mm thick. Minting the medals is the responsibility of the Olympic host, from the 1972 Summer Olympics through 2000, Cassiolis design remained on the obverse with a custom design by the host city on the reverse. Noting that Cassiolis design showed a Roman amphitheater for what originally were Greek games, Winter Olympics medals have been of more varied design
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Silver medal
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The outright winner receives a gold medal and the third place a bronze medal. More generally, silver is traditionally a metal used for all types of high-quality medals. In 1896, winners medals were in fact silver, the custom of gold-silver-bronze for the first three places dates from the 1904 games and has been copied for many other sporting events. Minting the medals is the responsibility of the host city, from 1972–2000, Cassiolis design remained on the obverse with a custom design by the host city on the reverse. Noting that Cassiolis design showed a Roman amphitheatre for what was originally a Greek games, winter Olympics medals have been of more varied design. In The Open Championship golf tournament, the Silver Medal is an award presented to the lowest scoring player at the tournament. Runner-up Medal Designs for all Olympic Games
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Bronze medal
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The outright winner receives a gold medal and the second place a silver medal. More generally, bronze is traditionally the most common used for all types of high-quality medals. The practice of awarding bronze third place medals began at the 1904 Olympic Games in St. Louis, Missouri, prior to which only first, minting Olympic medals is the responsibility of the host city. From 1972–2000, Cassiolis design remained on the obverse with a design by the host city on the reverse. Noting that Cassiolis design showed a Roman amphitheatre for what was originally a Greek game, winter Olympics medals have been of more varied design. In 1995, a study was carried out by social psychologists Victoria Medvec, Scott Madey, the study showed that athletes who won the bronze medal were significantly happier with their winning than those athletes who won the silver medal. The silver medalists were more frustrated because they had missed the gold medal and this is more pronounced in knockout competitions, where the bronze medals are achieved by winning a playoff, whereas silver medals are awarded after a defeat in the final. This psychological phenomenon was parodied in the Jerry Seinfeld special Im Telling You for the Last Time, bronze and brass ornamental work Third place playoff Medal Designs for all Olympic Games
14.
Charles Daniels (swimmer)
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Charles Meldrum Daniels was an American competition swimmer, eight-time Olympic medalist, and world record-holder in two freestyle swimming events. Daniels was an innovator of the front crawl swimming style, inventing the American crawl, Daniels began his swimming career with the New York Athletic Club in 1903. At the 1904 Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, Daniels became the first American to win an Olympic medal, four years later, at the 1908 Olympics in London, Daniels won gold in the 100-meter freestyle. Daniels was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame as an Honor Swimmer in 1965. com Eight Swimming Marks for Daniels, New York Times, January 1,1911
15.
United States at the 1904 Summer Olympics
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The United States hosted the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri. These Games were sparsely attended by athletes from outside the United States, many events were contested solely by Americans, with a record 57 events having an entirely American podium. The United States first competed in archery at the 1904 Summer Olympics and they were the only nation to compete that year, taking all 17 medals. The United States was the nation to have boxers compete in boxing. The United States was the nation to compete in cycling. The United States and Germany were the two nations competed in diving. The two American divers took gold and bronze in the platform event, the five Americans in the plunge for distance had no foreign competition, taking all three medals. The United States made its first appearance in football, known there as soccer, two American club teams played in a round-robin with a Canadian team, with the Canadian team defeating both of the American squads. The Americans then played two scoreless draws against each other before one won the third contest, 2-0, the United States was one of two nations to compete in tennis. The United States was the nation to have wrestlers compete in 1904. Archived from the original on February 16,2009
16.
Germany at the 1904 Summer Olympics
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Germany competed at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, United States. The United States and Germany were the two nations competed in diving. The three German divers took silver, bronze, and 5th place in the platform event, Germany was the only nation other than the host to have a tennis player compete. Hugo Hardy had byes in the first two rounds of the tournament before meeting, and losing to, the eventual champion Beals Wright in the round of 16. Official Olympic Reports International Olympic Committee results database
17.
Canada at the 1904 Summer Olympics
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Canada competed at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, United States. These Games were the second at which Canadian athletes participated, as in 1900 they did not compete under the Canadian flag, national teams not being introduced until the next Olympics. Unofficially, however, it was a very successful Olympics for Canada with Canadian competitors winning the fourth most medals, however this was largely because most Europeans decided not to make the long trip to compete in the games. The Canadian athletes were a group for the first time and were unofficially regarded as a team. The most notable Canadian medal winner was Etienne Desmarteau who placed first in the 56 pound weight throw and he was fired as a Montreal police officer when he left to compete at the games. Returning as a medallist and local hero he was reinstated, Canada won two golds in team sports, two thirds of Canadas total in all summer games. The Canadian soccer team from Galt, Ontario won gold and a known as the Winnipeg Shamrocks won the lacrosse title. The third-place finishers were also from Canada, a team of Mohawks from a reserve near Brantford. Of note was Peter Deer, a full blooded Iroquois Indian, Deer was a mechanic by day and was a member of the Montreal Amateur Athletics Association. He was 23 in 1904, he came from Caughnawaga, a village on the South Bank. Canada made its first football appearance in 1904, sending a team to St. Louis. The team defeated each of the two United States club teams in the round-robin tournament, the International Olympic Committee later awarded the club a gold medal for its performance. Two teams from Canada played in the 1904 lacrosse competition, the Winnipeg Shamrocks defeated the team from St. Louis by a score of 8-2 in the final to win gold
18.
Great Britain at the 1904 Summer Olympics
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland did not send a team to the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Numerous events were contested, of only some were later recognized by the IOC as official Olympic events. Within these, three athletes representing Ireland participated, winning one gold and one silver medal, because Ireland was then part of the United Kingdom, the IOC classifies these athletes as British. John Holloway had emigrated from Bansha to the U. S. some years previously and, like Kiely and he is counted as British by some statistics, whereas the Irish Whales who represented U. S. clubs are counted as American
19.
Austria at the 1904 Summer Olympics
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Austria competed at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, United States. Austrian and Hungarian results at early Olympic Games are generally kept separate despite the union of the two nations as Austria-Hungary at the time, Austrian gymnast Julius Lenhart won two gold medals and one silver medal, making him the most successful Austrian competitor ever at the Summer Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee credits Lenharts medals to the United States instead of Austria, official Olympic Reports International Olympic Committee results database
20.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
21.
Olympic medal
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An Olympic medal is awarded to successful competitors at one of the Olympic Games. There are three classes of medal, gold, awarded to the winner, silver, awarded to the 1st runner-up, the granting of awards is laid out in detail in the Olympic protocols. Medal designs have varied considerably since the first Olympic Games in 1896, particularly in size, the medals of the Winter Olympic Games never had a common design, but regularly feature snowflakes. In addition to supporting their Olympic athletes, some countries provide sums of money and gifts to medal winners, depending on the classes. The olive wreath was the prize for the winner at the Ancient Olympic Games and it was an olive branch, of the wild-olive tree that grew at Olympia, intertwined to form a circle or a horse-shoe. According to Pausanias it was introduced by Heracles as a prize for the winner of the race to honour Zeus. When the modern Olympic Games began in 1896 medals started to be given to successful olympian competitors, however, gold medals were not awarded at the inaugural Olympics in 1896 in Athens, Greece. The winners were given a silver medal and an olive branch, while runners-up received a laurel branch. In 1900, most winners received cups or trophies instead of medals, the custom of the sequence of gold, silver, and bronze for the first three places dates from the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States. The International Olympic Committee has retroactively assigned gold, silver and bronze medals to the three best placed athletes in each event of the 1896 and 1900 Games. If there is a tie for any of the top three places all competitors are entitled to receive the appropriate medal according to IOC rules, medals are not the only awards given to competitors, every athlete placed first to eighth receives an Olympic diploma. Also, at the main host stadium, the names of all winners are written onto a wall. Finally, as noted below, all receive a participation medal. The IOC dictates the physical properties of the medals and has the decision about the finished design.925 grade. Third place, It is mostly copper with tin and zinc. They were made by the Paris Mint, which made the medals for the 1900 Olympic Games. This started the tradition of giving the responsibility of minting the medals to the host city, for the next few Olympiads the host city also chose the medal design. Until 1912 the gold medals were made of solid gold, in 1923 the International Olympic Committee launched a competition for sculptors to design the medals for the Summer Olympic Games
22.
All-time Olympic Games medal table
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An all-time medal table for all Olympic Games from 1896 to 2016, including Summer Olympic Games, Winter Olympic Games, and a combined total of both, is tabulated below. These Olympic medal counts do not include the 1906 Intercalated Games which are no longer recognized by the International Olympic Committee as official Games, the IOC itself does not publish all-time tables, and publishes unofficial tables only per single Games. This table was compiled by adding up single entries from the IOC database. The results are attributed to the IOC country code as currently displayed by the IOC database, usually, a single code corresponds to a single National Olympic Committee. When different codes are displayed for different years, medal counts are combined in the case of a change of IOC code or simple change of country name. As the medals are attributed to each NOC, not all totals include medals won by athletes from that country for another NOC, names in italic are national entities that no longer exist. The totals of NOCs are not combined with those of their predecessors and successors. The table is pre-sorted by the name of each Olympic Committee, to sort by gold, silver, and then bronze, sort first by the bronze column, then the silver, and then the gold. The table does not include the medals revoked, after the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio,72 of the current 206 National Olympic Committees,6 historic National Olympic Committees, and the Refugee Olympic Team have not yet won an Olympic medal. The sections above are based on information published by the International Olympic Committee, various sources deal with some of the entries in the preceding sections differently. For the 1900 Summer Olympics several countries are credited with appearances that are not considered official by the IOC, only one of these cases concerns a medal. A gold medal that is added to Frances total is given to Luxembourg. Similar cases of disputed nationality affect the 1904 Summer Olympics, france is credited with a silver medal and Norway with two gold medals. In the table above these medals are listed under the United States, furthermore, Newfoundland is occasionally listed as a separate country at the 1904 Olympics, and would be listed as a historical NOC without medals. Other differences from the table are based on disagreements about which events were Olympic. This affects several of the events in the 1900 and 1904 Olympics. In addition, some include the 1906 Intercalated Games when compiling their medal tables. Germany has competed under five different designations, including as two teams at several Games. Sources vary in how they present the medals won by these teams, the table below shows sourced combinations of these teams, when applied to the updated medal totals from the main table
23.
Pierre de Coubertin medal
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The medal was inaugurated in 1964 and named in honour of Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the International Olympic Committee. According to the Olympic Museum, it is one of the noblest honours that can be bestowed upon an Olympic athlete, “Nash didnt win because I gave him the bolt. He won because he had the fastest run. ”—Eugenio Monti when interviewed after giving a bolt from his own bobsled to his competitors, Monti was awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal for his sportsmanship. “It took a lot of courage for him to me in front of Hitler. You can melt all the medals and cups I have. —Jesse Owens after being advised by his competitor, Lutz Long, Long was posthumously awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal for his sportsmanship. Victory due to the inadequate equipment is not a merit. Co-operation among sports people is a part of Olympism. - Australian Justin Harley McDonald, Bobsleigh, who won the Pierre de Coubertin Fair Play Trophy 1994 for Act of Fair Play, McDonald was the first Australian to be awarded the Pierre de Coubertin Fair Play Trophy
24.
1906 Intercalated Games
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The 1906 Intercalated Games or 1906 Olympic Games was an international multi-sport event that was celebrated in Athens, Greece. They were at the time considered to be Olympic Games and were referred to as the Second International Olympic Games in Athens by the International Olympic Committee. This was apparently a compromise, after the games of Athens 1896. Since they had the accommodation and had proven they could hold well-organized games, however, Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the International Olympic Committee, opposed this. Coubertin had intended the first games to be in Paris in 1900, after Paris lost the premiere Olympics, Coubertin did not want the games to be permanently hosted elsewhere. This was a departure from the ancient schedule, but it was expected that, if the ancient Greeks could keep a four-year schedule, as 1902 was now too close, and Greece experienced internal difficulties, the 2nd Olympic Games in Athens were scheduled for 1906. The IOC as a whole gave the Greek NOC full support for the organization, the 1906 games were quite successful. Unlike the 1900,1904 or 1908 games, they were stretched out over months nor overshadowed by an international exhibition. Their crisp format was most likely instrumental in the existence of the games. These Games also were the first games to have all athlete registration go through the NOCs and they were also the first with an Olympic Village, at the Zappeion. They introduced the ceremony, the raising of national flags for the victors. The Games were held from 22 April to 2 May 1906, in Athens and they took place in the Panathenaic Stadium, which had already hosted the 1896 Games and the earlier Zappas Olympics of 1870 and 1875. The games excluded several disciplines that had occurred during the past two games, it was whether they ought to have been part of the Olympic Games. Added to the program were the javelin throw and the pentathlon, the games included a real opening ceremony, watched by a large crowd. The athletes, for the first time, entered the stadium as national teams, the official opening of the games was done by King Georgios I. There were only two standing jump events in Athens, but Ray Ewry successfully defended his titles in both of them, bringing his total up to 8 gold medals. In 1908 he would defend them one last time for a total of 10 Olympic titles. Paul Pilgrim won both the 400 and 800 metres, a feat that was first repeated during Montreal 1976 by Alberto Juantorena, canadian Billy Sherring lived in Greece for two months, to adjust to the local conditions
25.
Summer Olympic Games
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The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad, first held in 1896, is an international multi-sport event that is hosted by a different city every four years. The most recent Olympics were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the International Olympic Committee organizes the games and oversees the host citys preparations. In each Olympic event, gold medals are awarded for first place, silver medals are awarded for second place, and bronze medals are awarded for third, the Winter Olympic Games were created due to the success of the Summer Olympics. The Olympics have increased in scope from a 42-event competition with fewer than 250 male competitors from 14 nations in 1896 to 302 events with 10,768 competitors from 204 nations in 2012, eighteen countries have hosted the Summer Olympics. The United States has hosted four Summer Olympics, more than any other nation, four cities have hosted two Summer Olympics, Athens, Paris, Los Angeles, and Tokyo. Tokyo is the first city outside of the Western world to host the Summer Olympics multiple times, asia has hosted the Summer Olympics four times in Japan, South Korea, and China. The only Summer Olympics held in the Southern Hemisphere have been in Australia, the 2016 Games are the first Summer Olympics to be held in South America and the first to be held during the local winter season. Africa has yet to host a Summer Olympics, only five countries—Greece, Australia, France, Great Britain, and Switzerland—have been represented at every Summer Olympic Games. The only country to have won at least one medal at every Summer Olympic Games is Great Britain. The United States leads the medal table. Qualification rules for each of the Olympic sports are set by the International Sports Federations that governs that sports international competition, for individual sports, competitors typically qualify through attaining a certain place in a major international event or on the IFs ranking list. There is a rule that maximum three individual athletes may represent each nation per competition. Nations most often qualify teams for team sports through continental qualifying tournaments, each nation may be represented by no more than one team per competition a team is two people in some sports. The United States has hosted four Summer Olympic Games, more than any other nation, the United Kingdom hosted the 2012 Olympic Games, its third Summer Olympic Games, in its capital London, making London the first city to host the Summer Olympic Games three times. Australia, France, Germany, Greece, and Japan have all hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice. Other countries that have hosted the Summer Olympics are Belgium, Brazil, China, Canada, Finland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, the Soviet Union, asia has hosted the Summer Olympics three times and will host again in 2020. In 2016, Rio de Janeiro hosted the first Summer Olympics in South America, three cities have hosted two Summer Olympic Games, Los Angeles, Paris, and Athens. Stockholm has hosted events at two Summer Olympic Games, having hosted the games in 1912 and the events at the 1956 Summer Olympics—which they are usually listed as jointly hosting
26.
1896 Summer Olympics medal table
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A total of 241 athletes from 14 nations participated in 43 events in nine sports at these games. Ten of the fourteen participating nations earned medals, in addition to three won by mixed teams, i. e. teams made up of athletes from multiple nations. In the early Olympic Games, several events were contested by athletes from multiple nations. Retroactively, the IOC created the designation Mixed team to refer to group of athletes. Some athletes won medals both individually and as part of a team, so these medals are tabulated under different nations in the official counts. During these inaugural Olympics, winners were given a medal and an olive branch, while runners-up received a copper medal. The IOC has retroactively assigned gold, silver and bronze medals to the three best placed athletes in each event to comport with more recent traditions, three ties resulted in medals being shared between athletes, increasing the medal count of various nations. In addition, bronze medals were not awarded in a number of events there was no third-place finisher. This is the table of the medal count of the 1896 Summer Olympics. These rankings sort by the number of medals earned by a country. The number of medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If, after the above, countries are tied, equal ranking is given. This information is provided by the IOC, however the IOC does not recognise or endorse any ranking system
27.
1900 Summer Olympics medal table
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The 1900 Summer Olympics were held in Paris, France, from May 14 to October 28,1900, as part of the 1900 Worlds Fair. A total of 997 athletes representing 24 nations participated in 85 events in 19 sports at these games, women competed in the Olympics for the first time during the 1900 games. 21 of the 24 participating nations earned medals, in addition to 12 medals won by teams made up of athletes from multiple nations. The host nation of France dominated the medal count, winning the most gold, silver, and bronze medals, in the early Olympic Games, several team events were contested by athletes from multiple nations. Retroactively, the IOC created the designation Mixed team to refer to group of athletes. During the 1900 games, athletes participating in mixed teams won medals in athletics, polo, rowing, sailing, tennis, some athletes won medals both individually and as part of a mixed team, so these medals are tabulated under different nations in the official counts. Gold medals were not given at the 1900 Games, a medal was given for a first place. This is the table of the medal count of the 1900 Summer Olympics. These rankings sort by the number of medals earned by a country. The number of medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If, after the above, countries are tied, equal ranking is given. This follows the system used by the IOC
28.
1908 Summer Olympics medal table
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The 1908 Summer Olympics was an international multi-sport event held from 27 April to 31 October 1908, in London, United Kingdom, coinciding with the Franco-British Exhibition. A total of 2,008 athletes representing 22 nations participated in 110 events in 18 sports, diving, field hockey, and figure skating were contested for the first time at these Games. Argentina, Switzerland and Turkey were the nations that did not earn any medals. The host nation, the United Kingdom, dominated the table, collecting the most gold, silver. The 146 medals won at these Games—a major increase from the two medals won at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis—are still the highest number won by a British delegation at any modern Olympics. Australasia was the given to the combined team of athletes from Australia. The host team included a number of athletes from Ireland, at the part of the United Kingdom. In contrast, Finland, which was integrated in the Russian Empire and this is the full table of the medal count of the 1908 Summer Olympics, based on the medal count of the International Olympic Committee. These rankings sort by the number of medals earned by a country. The number of medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If, after the above, countries are tied, equal ranking is given. This information is provided by the IOC, however the IOC does not recognize or endorse any ranking system
29.
1912 Summer Olympics medal table
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The 1912 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the V Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Stockholm, Sweden, between 5 May and 27 July 1912. Twenty-eight nations and 2,408 competitors, including 48 women, the ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of medals the athletes from a National Olympic Committee have won. The number of medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If NOCs are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IOC country code, host country Summer Olympic Games Olympic Games International Olympic Committee List of IOC country codes General Byron, Lee, Cox, Amanda, Ericson, Matthew
30.
1928 Summer Olympics medal table
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This 1928 Summer Olympics medal table comprises two tables of countries ranked by the number of medals won during the 1928 Summer Olympics. The 1928 Summer Olympics were held in and around Amsterdam in the Netherlands from 17 May 1928 to 22 August 1928, a total of 2,883 athletes from 46 countries participated in the sports competition, in 14 sports and 109 events. Additionally, five art competitions were held with 13 events combined,327 sports medals and 29 arts medals were awarded during the 1928 Summer Olympics. A total of 5,901 souvenir medals were given,5,139 medals to contestants and officials, the souvenir medals are not displayed in the medal tables. The ranking of the competition is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee. For the 109 sports events a total of 327 medals were awarded,110 gold medals,108 silver medals and these numbers are unequal, because two gold medals and no silver medals were awarded in the lightweight category of weightlifting, after a first-place tie in the event. The athletes of 33 different countries won one or more medals, the most medals and the most gold medals were won by athletes from the United States. The countries are ranked by the number of medals won by the athletes of that country. If countries are tied, first the number of medals is taken into consideration. If, after the above, countries are tied, equal ranking is given. Host nation Source, www. olympic. org The ranking of the 1928 arts competitions is based on the official report The Ninth Olympiad of the Dutch National Olympic Committee, art competitions were held during the Olympic Games from 1912 until 1948. For the 13 arts events a total of 29 medals were awarded,9 golden medals,10 silver medals and these numbers are inequal, because not for all events three medals were awarded. There was only a silver medal awarded for works in literature. And also in music, no medals were awarded for compositions for song, the most medals were won by contestants from Germany, the most gold medals were won by contestants from the Netherlands. The countries are ranked by the number of medals won by the athletes of that country. If countries are tied, first the number of medals is taken into consideration. If, after the above, countries are tied, equal ranking is given. Host nation Source, The Ninth Olympiad
31.
1932 Summer Olympics medal table
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The 1932 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the X Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Los Angeles, California, United States, from July 30 to August 14. The 1932 Games had 1,332 athletes from 37 National Olympic Committees participating in a total of 116 events in 14 sports and this was less than half the participants than the 1928 Summer Games, and the lowest number overall since the 1904 Summer Olympics. This was due to a worldwide recession and the costs of travelling to Los Angeles for competitors. Athletes from 27 NOCs won medals, of which 19 won at least one gold medal, as a result,10 NOCs failed to win any medals. The 1932 Games featured the first appearance of NOCs from Colombia, the most successful NOC at the Games was that representing the host nation, the United States. They won more of each medal than any country,41 golds,32 silvers and 30 bronzes for a total of 103 medals overall. The second place NOC, representing Italy, which only won 36 medals overall. The Indian Mens Field Hockey team retained their gold medal from the previous Games, the ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of medals the athletes from a National Olympic Committee have won. The number of medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If NOCs are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IOC country code, host nation General Byron, Lee, Cox, Amanda, Ericson, Matthew
32.
1936 Summer Olympics medal table
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The 1936 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Berlin, Germany, from 1 August to 16 August. Berlin had previously chosen to host the 1916 Summer Olympics. The 1936 Games had 3,963 athletes from 49 National Olympic Committees participating in a total of 129 events in 19 sports and this was the highest number of nations represented at any Games to date. Athletes from 32 NOCs won medals, of which 21 secured at least one gold medal, as a result,17 NOCs were left without any medal. The host NOC, Germany, received a total of 89 medals, the other NOCs which threatened to boycott the Games for the same reason were the United Kingdom, France, Sweden, Czechoslovakia and the Netherlands. The civil war meant that Spains NOC did not compete at the 1936 Games. While no NOCs ended up boycotting the Games on anti-Nazi grounds, also, the IAAFs refusal to allow athletes from Northern Ireland to compete for the Irish Olympic Council in athletics events led the Irish Free State to boycott. Marjorie Gestring became the youngest Olympic champion ever at the age of 13, as Korea was under Japanese rule, Korean athletes who hoped to compete in the Games were required to qualify for the Japanese team. Sohn Kee-chung, competing as Kitei Son, won gold in the marathon, which made him Japans first gold medalist at these Games and his fellow countryman Nam Sung-yong won the bronze medal in the same event. For the first time since the 1908 Games, the United States failed to lead the medal table, the ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of medals the athletes from a National Olympic Committee have won. The number of medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If NOCs are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IOC country code, a dead heat for third place in the floor competition of the gymnastic events resulted in bronze medals going to both Germanys Konrad Frey and Eugen Mack of Switzerland. This resulted in 130 gold and bronze medals being awarded, host nation General Byron, Lee, Cox, Amanda, Ericson, Matthew
33.
1948 Summer Olympics medal table
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The 1948 Summer Olympics was an international multi-sport event held from July 29 through August 14,1948, in London, United Kingdom. It was the first Olympic Games to take place in years, due to the Second World War. London had previously hosted the 1908 Summer Olympics, and was due to have hosted the event in 1944, a record 59 nations were represented by 4,104 athletes,3,714 men and 385 women, in 19 sport disciplines. Following the Second World War, Germany and Japan remained under occupation and had not yet formed their National Olympic Committee. The only major Axis power to part in the Games was Italy. The Soviet Union also did not form a National Olympic Committee and was ineligible to be invited to compete, however, they did send observers and competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics. The most successful nation was the United States, winning the most gold, silver, several countries participated for the first time, including Burma, Ceylon, Lebanon, Puerto Rico and Syria. The Olympic medals themselves were the standard Trionfo design used for the Olympic medals between 1928 and 1968 and this is the full table of the medal count of the 1948 Summer Olympics, based on the medal count of the IOC. These rankings sort by the number of medals earned by a nation. The number of medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If, after the above, countries are tied, equal ranking is given. This information is provided by the IOC, however, the IOC does not recognize or endorse any ranking system. Meanwhile, in the vault, three athletes finished in joint third place and so were awarded a bronze medal each, resulting in five medals being handed out for that one event. Mexico and Peru won their first gold medal
34.
1972 Summer Olympics medal table
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The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, took place in Munich, Germany, from 26 August through 11 September 1972. A total of 7,134 athletes from 121 National Olympic Committees competed in 195 events from 23 sports, mens indoor handball, slalom canoeing and kayaking all made their Olympic debuts, while archery returned to the Olympic program after a 52-year hiatus. Rhodesia, like South Africa, was segregated in 1972. Eventually, African nations protested this invitation and threatened to boycott the Games, three days before the opening ceremonies the IOC voted to rescind their invitation and exclude the Rhodesian athletes. The Games were largely overshadowed by what has come to be known as the Munich massacre, two of the hostages who resisted were killed in the first moments of the break-in, the subsequent standoff in the Olympic Village lasted for almost 18 hours. The German authorities planned to them there, but underestimated the number of terrorists and were thus undermanned. During a botched attempt, all of the Israeli hostages were killed. Four of them were shot, then incinerated when one of the terrorists detonated a grenade inside the helicopter in which the hostages were sitting, the five remaining hostages were then machine-gunned by another terrorist. Athletes from 48 NOCs won medals, leaving 73 NOCs unrepresented on the medal table, the Soviet Union edged the United States in total and gold medals. Another notable rivalry took place between East and West Germany, led by gymnast Karin Janz, who won two golds, two silvers and one bronze, East Germany beat West Germany to third place in the total medal count. East Germany would nearly overtake the United States in 1976, american swimmer Mark Spitz won seven events, breaking the record for most gold medals by a single athlete in a single Olympic Games. Soviet gymnast Olga Korbut delivered another memorable performance and she entered the Olympics as an alternate on the Soviet gymnastics team, and replaced an injured teammate before the start of the competition. Korbut performed well during the competition and captured the global television audience with her personality. She helped the Soviet team win its sixth straight Olympic title, japanese gymnast Sawao Kato won three gold and two silver medals, including the mens individual all-around title. This was the second individual title for Kato, after 1968. Kato would go on to silver in the all-around competition in 1976 to cap an Olympic career medal total of eight golds. Finnish runner Lasse Virén won both the 5,000 and 10,000 metre races, the 10,000 metres was won in dramatic fashion after he recovered from a fall to win and set a world record. He would repeat the double at the 1976 Games, the medal table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables
United States (USA)
Germany (GER)
Cuba (CUB)
Canada (CAN)
Hungary (HUN)
Great Britain (GBR)
Mixed team (ZZX)
Greece (GRE)
Switzerland (SUI)
Austria (AUT)