1.
1894 in art
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February – Oscar Wildes play Salome is first published in English, with illustrations by Aubrey Beardsley. April – The Yellow Book begins publication by John Lane and Elkin Mathews – The Bodley Head in London, june 5 – Opening of Racławice Panorama in Lwów. August 23 – Jack Butler Yeats marries fellow artist Mary Cottenham White, the Della Robbia Pottery is established as part of the Arts and Crafts movement by Harold Rathbone and Conrad Dressler in Birkenhead, England. Lucien Pissarro sets up the Eragny Press in England, bernard Berenson publishes The Venetian Painters of the Renaissance, with an Index to their Works
2.
1895 in art
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January 1 – Alphonse Muchas lithographed poster for the play Gismonda starring Sarah Bernhardt is posted in Paris. Bernhardt is so satisfied with its success that she gives Mucha a six-year contract, april 13 – The Russian Museum is established in Saint Petersburg by Nicholas II. April 30 – First Venice Biennale opens, july 3 – Paul Gauguin leaves France to settle permanently in Polynesia. October – Edvard Munch exhibits a series of his Love paintings in Christiania. November – Paul Cézanne has his first solo exhibition, at the Paris gallery of Ambroise Vollard, bernard Berenson publishes Lorenzo Lotto, An Essay in Constructive Art Criticism. P. H. Emerson publishes his last photographic book, Marsh Leaves, M. H. de Young Memorial Museum opened in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. W. Godward Mischief And Repose The Muse Erato At Her Lyre Winslow Homer – Cannon Rock George W. L
3.
1896 in art
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January 24 – Painter Sir Frederic Leighton is created 1st Baron Leighton in the peerage of the United Kingdom one day before his death in London of angina pectoris. February – Edvard Munch moves to Paris and concentrates on printmaking, december – Walter Crane publishes Of The Decorative Illustration of Books, Old and New. A bout of typhoid fever puts an end to Maurice de Vlamincks career as a cyclist, william Merritt Chase founds Parsons The New School for Design as the Chase School of Art in Greenwich Village, New York. At Giverny Claude Monet begins painting his Mornings on the Seine series, interior design gallery Maison de lArt Nouveau opens in Paris. Max Beerbohm publishes Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen in London, his first collection of drawings, bernard Berenson publishes Florentine Painters of the Renaissance. The Royal Society of Miniature Painters, Sculptors and Gravers is founded, hubert von Herkomer is made a knight in the United Kingdom
4.
1897 in art
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April 3 – Vienna Secession founded by artists including Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil. May 1 – Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek art museum opened in Copenhagen, may 27 – A Separate Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture is staged at Sukiennice Museum in Main Square, Kraków. August 4 – The Lady of Elche Iberian sculpture is found at LAlcúdia near Elche in Spain, september – Edvard Munch stages a major retrospective in Christiania. October 27 – First meeting of the Society of Polish Artists Sztuka in Kraków, at Giverny, Claude Monet begins painting his Water Lilies series, which will continue until the end of his life. Elbridge Ayer Burbank begins painting portraits of Native Americans in the United States from life, women photographers Zaida Ben-Yusuf and Gertrude Käsebier open portrait studios in New York City. A Book of Fifty Drawings by Aubrey Beardsley is published, bernard Berenson publishes Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance. Ogata Gekkō – Ryu sho ten J. W. and Mrs. I
5.
1900 in art
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Exposition Universelle in Paris helps popularize Art Nouveau style. Alphonse Mucha decorates the Bosnia and Herzegovina Pavilion and collaborates on the Austria-Hungary one, F. Holland Day organizes an exhibition of the New School of American Photography at the Royal Photographic Society in London. The Wallace Collection in London opens to the public, the Zachęta art gallery in Warsaw is completed. Claude Monet stays in London and begins his Houses of Parliament series of paintings, wilhelm von Debschitz and Hermann Obrist found the Lehr- und Versuchsatelier für angewandte und freikunst, an influential art school in Munich. Kenton Florence Fuller – Inseparables J. W. J. W. Waterhouse Destiny The Siren January 5 – Yves Tanguy, painter
6.
1901 in art
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March 12 – Whitechapel Gallery, designed by Charles Harrison Townsend, opens in London as one of the first publicly funded galleries for temporary exhibitions in the city. May 11 – The Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts inaugurates its Palace of Art, julien-Auguste Hervé exhibits his paintings in Paris under the title Expressionismes. Swedish-born painter Carl Oscar Borg enters the United States as a stowaway,28 January – James Richmond Barthé, sculptor. 22 March – Greta Kempton, Austrian-American artist,24 March – Ub Iwerks, American animator, cartoonist and special effects technician. 27 March – Carl Barks, American illustrator and comic book creator,9 June – John Skeaping, English sculptor and equine painter. July 5 – Len Lye, New Zealand-born kinetic sculptor and filmmaker, july 15 – Pyke Koch, Dutch painter. July 31 – Jean Dubuffet, French painter and sculptor, august 29 – Anna Zinkeisen, Scottish-born artist September 14 – Lucien Aigner, Hungcvx arian photographer. October 2 – Alice Prin, French artists model and painter, october 10 – Alberto Giacometti, sculptor
7.
1902 in art
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June – The group Boadicea and Her Daughters by Thomas Thornycroft is cast in bronze and erected on the Victoria Embankment in London. July – Cecil and Wilfred Phillips open the Leicester Galleries in Leicester Square, London, for exhibitions of modern British, september – Paul Cézannes final studio, at Les Lauves, commanding a view of Montagne Sainte-Victoire, is completed. Early October – Beatrix Potters first childrens book The Tale of Peter Rabbit, by the end of the year it sells 28,000 copies. Georges Braque begins his studies at the Academie Humbert, where he meets Marie Laurencin, the studio La Ruche is established in the 15th arrondissement of Paris by the sculptor Alfred Boucher to provide accommodation for impoverished young artists. Claude Monet begins his Water Lilies series of paintings in his garden at Giverny, helen Allingham – View of Blackdown Frank Weston Benson – Eleanor Holding a Shell Pierre Bonnard – The Terrasse Children with Black Dog Thomas Eakins – Self-portrait J. W
8.
1903 in art
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June 3 – Laura Johnson marries Harold Knight. Isadora Duncan develops free dance, a dance influenced by the ancient Greeks. With the support of Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Jacques Villon, Auguste Rodin and others, koloman Moser and Josef Hoffmann found the Wiener Werkstätte in Vienna. Frederic Dorr Steele produces his first illustrations for Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories in the United States, bernard Berenson publishes The Drawings of the Florentine Painters. Anna Muthesius publishes Das Eigenkleid der Frau, during what is known as his Blue Period, Pablo Picasso paints Portrait of Angel Fernández de Soto Tête de femme, Vieux guitariste aveugle, The Tragedy, and La vie, among others. W. Lindes Sons Camille Pissarro – Self-portrait Sir Edward Poynter – The Cave of the Storm Nymphs Tom Roberts – The Big Picture John Singer Sargent – Mrs. W
9.
1905 in art
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Summer – Henri Matisse and André Derain work together in the French Mediterranean village of Collioure. October – Salon dAutomne in Paris, the colors used by Matisse and others lead the critic Louis Vauxcelles to describe their works derisively as les Fauves. Die Brücke group of German expressionist artists formed in Dresden, léon Bonnat succeeds Paul Dubois as director of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen open the Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession photo art gallery on Fifth Avenue in New York City, opening of the Gibbes Museum of Art in Charleston, South Carolina. Jacob Epstein establishes his studio in London
10.
1906 in art
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September–October – First group exhibition by Die Brücke, in Dresden. Gwen John begins modelling for Auguste Rodin, paula Modersohn-Becker begins a series of nude portraits of herself and of other women and children in Paris. Juan Gris, Amedeo Modigliani and Gino Severini all arrive in Paris, walter Sickert paints music hall scenes in London and Paris. Ferdinand Preiss opens his workshop in Berlin
11.
1907 in art
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The year 1907 in art involved some significant events. February 7 – Vanessa Stephen marries Clive Bell, september – A cast of G. F. Watts sculpture Physical Energy is erected posthumously in Kensington Gardens in London. Henri Matisse begins to teach at the Académie Matisse in Paris, adolphe Valette joins the staff of Manchester Municipal School of Art. Kunsthalle Mannheim designed by Hermann Billing to serve an International Art Exhibition, the Chicago Plan is produced by Daniel Burnham and Edward H. Bennett, and illustrated by Jules Guerin. Bernard Berenson publishes North Italian Painters of the Renaissance, cadmium Red pigment first produced, in Germany. Georges Braque exhibited Viaduc à lEstaque, now at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, simultaneously, there was a retrospective exhibition of 56 works by Paul Cézanne, as a tribute to the artist who died in 1906. W. W. Marie Z. Peto, American trompe-lœil painter November 27 – Paul Ritter, German architectural painter November 28 – Stanisław Wyspiański, Polish dramatist, painter and designer
12.
1908 in art
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February – The Ashcan School give their first and only exhibition, opening at the Macbeth Gallery in New York. March 20–May 2 – Salon des Indépendants in Paris gives rise to the term Cubism, may – Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky produces a color photographic portrait of Leo Tolstoy. July – Allied Artists Association holds its first exhibition, at the Royal Albert Hall in London, july 29 – The Whitworth Art Gallery building in Manchester is formally opened. November – Georges Braque exhibits at Daniel-Henry Kahnweilers Paris gallery, critic Louis Vauxcelles describes him as reducing everything, hugh Lane founds the Dublin City Gallery, the worlds first to display only modern art. Paul Ranson founds the Académie Ranson in Paris, the British Medical Association Building, London, designed by Charles Holden with eighteen controversial nude sculptures by Jacob Epstein, is completed. Wassily Kandinsky settles in the Bavarian town of Murnau am Staffelsee, the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna rejects Adolf Hitlers application to study painting. Australian painter Arthur Streeton marries violinist Nora Clench, W. M. W. February 28 – William Coldstream, English realist painter. July 22 – Claire Falkenstein, American sculptor and painter, august 22 – Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer. August 28 Edith Tudor Hart, born Edith Suschitzky, Austrian-born photojournalist and communist agent in Britain, roger Tory Peterson, American naturalist, ornithologist, artist and educator. August 30 – Leonor Fini, Argentine surrealist painter, september 6 – Korczak Ziolkowski, Polish American sculptor. September 14 – Peter Watson, English arts benefactor October 1 – Nicholas Marsicano, October 21 – Jorge Oteiza, Spanish sculptor, painter, designer and writer. October 27 – Lee Krasner, American abstract expressionist painter, november 4 – EQ Nicholson, born Elsie Q. Myers, English textile designer and painter, november 19 – Gisèle Freund, born Gisela Freund, German-born photographer. December 3 – Victor Pasmore, English artist and architect, december 23 – Yousuf Karsh, Armenian-Canadian photographer. Myron Stout, American abstract painter Umaña, Colombian artist
13.
1909 in art
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February 20 – Filippo Tommaso Marinettis Futurist Manifesto is first published, in the French newspaper Le Figaro. May–June – Claude Monets Water Lilies series of paintings are first exhibited, july 22 – Widowed Irish-born painter John Lavery marries Irish American painter Hazel Martyn. Guillaume Apollinaires first book of poetry is illustrated with woodcuts by André Derain, léon Bakst begins painting scenery for Sergei Diaghilevs Ballets Russes, beginning with Cleopatra. Robert Delaunay begins painting his Saint-Sévrin, City and Eiffel Tower series, lithuanian Jewish sculptor Jacques Lipchitz moves to Paris to study and work. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque create the first works of analytical cubism, sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler established in Düsseldorf. Kunsthalle Mannheim established as a permanent art gallery, reformation Wall created in Geneva by Swiss architects Charles Dubois, Alphonse Laverrière, Eugène Monod and Jean Taillens with figures by French sculptors Paul Landowski and Henri Bouchard. Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky is commissioned by Nicholas II of Russia to begin a record in color photography of his empire, Henri Gaudier meets Sophie Brzeska at the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève in Paris. W. W. Waterhouse – Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May January 16 – Clement Greenberg, January 25 – Joseph Solman, American painter. February 7 – Wilhelm Freddie, Danish painter and sculptor, february 12 – Zoran Mušič, Slovenian- born painter. February 17 – Gertrude Abercrombie, American painter, february 19 – Enrico Donati, Italian- born American Surrealist painter and sculptor. February 26 – Michel Tapié, French artist, critic, curator, march 13 – Reynolds Stone, English wood engraver. March 22 – Milt Kahl, American animator, april 3 – Graham Stuart Thomas, English horticultural artist, author and garden designer. April 30 – F. E. McWilliam, Irish sculptor, may 17 – Giulio Carlo Argan, Italian art historian and politician. June 14 – Ettore DeGrazia, American impressionist, painter, sculptor, june 26 – Wolfgang Reitherman, German-American animator. July 13 – Marie-Thérèse Walter, mistress of Pablo Picasso, september 14 – Peter Scott, English ornithologist, conservationist, painter. September 28 – Al Capp, cartoonist, october 13 – Herblock, political cartoonist. October 28 – Francis Bacon, Irish-born British figurative painter, november 5 – Milena Pavlović-Barili, Serbian painter and poet. November 6 – Herman Rose painter, december 25 – Philip Zec, British political cartoonist
14.
1910 in art
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April 27 – Futurist poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti issues the manifesto Contro Venezia passatista in the Piazza San Marco. Bronze sculptor Robert Kionsek joins the Berlin workshop of Ferdinand Preiss to form the PK firm, czech art historian Antonin Matějček uses the term Expressionism, in opposition to impressionism. Russian composer Alexander Scriabin writes Prometheus, The Poem of Fire, Op.60, a work for piano, orchestra, optional choir. March 18 – May 1 – Salon des Indépendants, Jean Metzinger, Henri Le Fauconnier, Metzinger exhibits Portrait de Guillaume Apollinaire, considered by Apollinaire to be the first cubist portrait. July 15 – October 9 – First International Art Exhibition in Düsseldorf, October 1 – November 8 – Salon dAutomne, Jean Metzinger, Henri Le Fauconnier and Fernand Léger exhibit in Room VIII. This is the Cubist concept of perspective that would tend towards the representation of the total image. November 8 – January 15,1911 – Manet and the Post-Impressionists at the Grafton Galleries in London, organized by Roger Fry, January 29 – Colin Middleton, Irish artist. February 20 – Julian Trevelyan, English printmaker March 10 – David Rose, June 6 – Hélène de Beauvoir, French painter. Beck, American cartoonist and comic book artist, Fernand Fonssagrives, French photographer June 17 – Raymond Poïvet, French cartoonist 14 July – William Hanna, American cartoonist. 22 July – Antonio Rodríguez Luna, Spanish painter,30 July – Edgar de Evia, Mexican-born American photographer. 1 August James Henry Govier, English painter, gerda Taro, born Gerta Pohorylle, German-born war photographer. 19 August – Quentin Bell, English art historian and author,25 August – Dorothea Tanning, American painter. 28 August – Morris Graves, American painter and printmaker,3 September – Kitty Carlisle Hart, American singer, actress and New York State Council on the Arts member. 7 October – Henry Plumer McIlhenny, American, art collector, philanthropist,29 October – Aurélie Nemours, French painter. 28 November – Garrett Eckbo, American landscape architect,2 December – Russell Lynes, American art historian, photographer and author. February 14 – John Macallan Swan, English painter and sculptor March 11 – Willis E
15.
1911 in art
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February 2 – First issue of Franz Pfemferts Die Aktion. June 10 – Rembrandt House Museum opened in Amsterdam, poet and art critic Guillaume Apollinaire and his friend Pablo Picasso are questioned over the theft. Creation of Der Blaue Reiter Group, creation of the Camden Town Group. Wassily Kandinsky publishes Über das Geistige in der Kunst, Insbesondere in der Malerei, rayonism developed in Russia by Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova. English wood engraver Gwen Darwin marries French painter Jacques Raverat, the term Cubism is first used in English. May 11 – A Futurist exhibition in Milan is the first of efforts by the group to make its theories concrete, one-man show by Eugeniusz Żak at Galerie Druet. Lydia Field Emmet – Olivia Albert Gleizes Portrait de Jacques Nayral La Chasse Le Chemin, Paysage à Meudon J. W. February 10 – Mallica Reynolds, Jamaican painter, sculptor, march 4 – Ilona Harima, Finnish painter. March 17 – David Park, American painter, march 23 – Roger Hilton, English painter. May 14 – Carl Abrahams, Jamaican painter, may 25 – Will Barnet, American painter, printmaker. July 15 – Juliet Pannett, English portrait artist, august 10 – Bruce Ariss, American artist. September 2 – Romare Bearden, American painter, printmaker, october 9 – Joe Rosenthal, American Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer. November 11 – Roberto Matta, Chilean painter, november 25 – Roelof Frankot, Dutch painter. December 25 – Louise Bourgeois, French-born painter and sculptor
16.
1912 in art
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January 5 – Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet, designed by Edward Gordon Craig, opens. December 24 – William Zorach marries Marguerite Thompson, in Paris, Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger publish the first major treatise on Cubism, Du Cubisme, followed by André Salmons La jeune peinture française including Histoire anecdotique du cubisme. Ludwig Meidner begins producing his Apocalyptic Landscapes, march – Exhibition of Italian Futurism transfers from Paris to the Sackville Gallery in London, organised by Robert René Meyer-Sée. Second Post-Impressionist Exhibition organized by Roger Fry in London, René Lalique and Maurice Marinot independently stage the first exhibitions of their glasswares. Fernand Léger Grade Crossing La Fumée Woman in Blue Wyndham Lewis – Smiling Woman Ascending a Stair J. B, george With Riding Crop Pablo Picasso Still Life with Chair Caning Violon et raisins Violon, verre, pipe et encrier Charles A
17.
1913 in art
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January 19 – Lovis Corinths retrospective opens at the Munich Secession galleries. This year the New Munich Secession splits from the Munich Secession, end of January – Franz Marcs Collection II opens at the Moderne Galerie Heinrich Thannhauser in Munich. This is followed at the gallery in February by the first major retrospective of Picassos work, february–March – English painter Olive Hockin is implicated in suffragette attacks. February 17 – The Armory Show opens in New York City and it displays works of artists who are to become some of the most influential painters of the early 20th century. March 10 – French sculptor Camille Claudel is committed by her family to a hospital where she will remain until her death in 1943. May – The Paul Émile Chabas painting September Morn provokes a charge of indency when displayed in the window of a Chicago art gallery, may 27 – Die Brücke dissolved. The audience includes Gabriele DAnnunzio, Coco Chanel, Marcel Duchamp, Harry Graf Kessler, august–September – Ernst Ludwig Kirchner spends the summer painting on the island of Fehmarn, returning to Berlin he begins his series of street scenes from around the Potsdamer Platz. Autumn – The Neue Galerie in Berlin reopens with displays of the work of Picasso, October – August Macke paints at Hilterfingen. October 18 – Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, designed by Bruno Schmitz incorporating sculptures by Christian Behrens, December 12 – Leonardo da Vincis Mona Lisa, stolen from the Louvre in 1911, is located in Florence when Vincenzo Peruggia attempts to sell it. It is returned to Paris on December 30, generación del 13 established in Chile. The London Group is formed by merger of the Camden Town Group, target, the first exhibition of Rayonism. Maurice Utrillo has his first solo exhibition, at the Galerie Blot in Paris, omega Workshops established in London by Roger Fry and other members of the Bloomsbury Group to produce artist-designed furniture and textiles. Wyndham Lewis and others secede in October, first observation of a chimpanzee drawing. Guillaume Apollinaires The Cubist Painters, Aesthetic Meditations is published in Paris
18.
1914 in art
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January 31 – The Art Gallery of Hamilton is founded. March – The London Group hold their first exhibition, at the Goupil Gallery, march–June – Rebel Art Centre run in London by Wyndham Lewis and others. March 10 – Suffragette Mary Richardson damages the Velázquez painting Rokeby Venus in the National Gallery, London, april Umberto Boccioni publishes Manifesto tecnico della scultura futurista, later this year he also publishes the book Pittura e scultura futuriste. August Macke, Louis Moilliet and Paul Klee travel in Tunisia, april 20 – English artist Dorothy Shakespear marries American poet Ezra Pound at St Mary Abbots church, Kensington, London. May 4 – Suffragette Mary Wood attacks John Singer Sargents portrait of Henry James at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition in London with a meat cleaver, june – First issue published of the Vorticist literary magazine BLAST edited by Wyndham Lewis. July 17 – Suffragette Annie Hunt damages Sir John Millais portrait of Thomas Carlyle in the National Portrait Gallery, London, august – Fernand Léger is mobilised for service in the French Army, he serves in the Forest of Argonne. September 5 – The cover of magazine London Opinion first carries the iconic drawing by Alfred Leete of Lord Kitchener with the recruiting slogan Your Country Needs You, november 16 – The Baltimore Museum of Art is founded at Johns Hopkins University. The Bilbao Fine Arts Museum is established in Bilbao, futurist exhibition at the Doré Gallery in London. Clive Bell publishes his formalist study Art, publication of Vincent van Goghs letters to his brother Theo. Nina Hamnett and Amedeo Modigliani meet for the first time in Montparnasse
19.
1904 in architecture
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The year 1904 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. May - The Ford Motor Company approves construction of the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant, june - Construction work begins on the New York Hippodrome, designed by Frederick Thompson and Jay H. Morgan. Spring - Old Faithful Inn in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, april - Watts Gallery in Compton, Guildford, England, designed by Christopher Hatton Turnor. May 3 - Midtgulen Church, in Bremanger Municipality, Norway, september 4 - St. Regis Hotel in New York City, designed by Trowbridge & Livingston with interiors by Arnold Constable. September 17 - New St Columba Church of Scotland, Glasgow, designed by Tennant, batumi Synagogue, Georgia, designed by Semyon Vulkovich. The Bergeret House in Nancy, France, by Lucien Weissenburger, with ironwork by Louis Majorelle, interior paintings by Victor Prouvé, stained glass by Jacques Gruber, and woodwork by Eugène Vallin. The Villa des Roches, designed by Émile André as his own house, in the Parc de Saurupt in Nancy, the Larkin Administration Building was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for the Larkin Soap Company of Buffalo, New York. The Mayoralty of Baku, final work of Józef Gosławski, hungarian Parliament Building on the Danube in Budapest. Rue Franklin Apartments, Paris, by Auguste Perret and his brother Gustave, hôtel Brion, Strasbourg, built by architect Auguste Brion for himself Royal Gold Medal - Auguste Choisy. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Ernest Michel Hébrard
20.
1904 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1904. January Mark Twain begins dictating his Autobiography, first issue of Süddeutsche Monatshefte, published in Munich by Paul Nikolaus Cossmann. January 17 – Anton Chekhovs last play, The Cherry Orchard, February 25 – J. M. Synges tragedy Riders to the Sea is first performed at the Molesworth Hall, Dublin, by the Irish National Theatre Society. April 24 – Lithuanian press ban in the Russian Empire lifted, may 10 – Following the death on 22 February of her father, Sir Leslie Stephen, Virginia Woolf suffers a mental breakdown. June 16 – The original Bloomsday, the day James Joyce first walks out with Nora Barnacle, to the Dublin suburb of Ringsend, june 28 – Anton Chekhov, dying of tuberculosis at Badenweiler, writes to his sister Masha, saying his health is improving. He dies just over two weeks later, september – Mark Twain purchases a home at 21 Fifth Avenue, New York City. November 1 George Bernard Shaws comedy about Ireland, John Bulls Other Island, opens at the Royal Court Theatre, London, Yeats rejects it for Dublins Abbey Theatre. The Stephen family have moved to a home at 46 Gordon Square, Bloomsbury, London, here the Bloomsbury Group will form. December 24 – The Coliseum Theatre in London opens, december 27 The Irish National Theatre Society opens to the public in Dublin for the first time. The bill consists of three plays, On Bailes Strand and Cathleen Ní Houlihan by Yeats and Spreading the News by Lady Gregory. Alexander Bloks poetry cycle Stikhi o prekrasnoi Dame, written to his new wife, a seven-year-old Wasif Jawhariyyeh begins keeping his diaries, later acclaimed as masterpieces of modern Arabic and Jerusalemite literature. Herbert Beerbohm Tree establishes what will become the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, 1889–1903» Giovanni Pascoli – Primi poemetti and Primi conviviali A. C
21.
1904 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1904. January 13 – Béla Bartóks symphonic poem Kossuth is premiered in Budapest, february 17 – Puccinis Madama Butterfly debuts at La Scala in Milan to no great acclaim. On May 28 a revised version opens in Brescia to huge success, june 9 – The Queens Hall Orchestra, under Sir Henry Wood, plays its first concert under its new name of the London Symphony Orchestra. July 15 – Soprano Agnes Nicholls marries conductor Hamilton Harty, september 12 – Pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski gives a concert in Wellington, New Zealand. October Alban Berg begins his studies under Arnold Schoenberg, the Gramophone Company records the Bach-Gounod Ave Maria performed by Dame Nellie Melba with Jan Kubelík on violin. October 18 – Gustav Mahlers Symphony No.5 is premiered by the Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne under the composers baton, november 10 – Ferruccio Busoni gives the world premiere of his Piano Concerto at the Beethoven-Saal in Berlin. Claudio Monteverdis opera LOrfeo is given a debut in concert version in Paris. Von Tilzer Absinthe Frappe w. Glen MacDonough m, victor Herbert Aint It Funny What a Difference Just a Few Hours Make w. Henry Blossom m. Alfred G. Robyn. Introduced by Raymond Hitchcock in the Broadway show The Yankee Consul Al Fresco w. Glen MacDonough m, victor Herbert Alexander w. Andrew B. Sterling m. Harry Von Tilzer All Aboard For Dreamland w. Andrew B, sterling m. Harry Von Tilzer Back, Back To Baltimore w. Harry H. Williams m. Max Hoffmann Come Back To Sorrento w. m, Bob Cole The Day That You Grew Colder w. m. Paul Dresser Dont Cry, Katie, Dear Mills Down In The Subway Jerome, Mullen Fascination w. Dick Manning m. F. D. Marchetti Words 1932. Fishing w. James Weldon Johnson m. J. Rosamond Johnson Following In Fathers Footsteps w. m, E. W. Rogers Fu The Noo w. Harry Lauder & Gerald Grafton m. Harry Lauder The Ghost That Never Walked w. William Jerome m. Jean Schwartz Gimme De Leavins w. James Weldon Johnson m. Bob Cole Give My Regards to Broadway w. m, george M. Cohan Good-bye Flo w. m. George M. Cohan Goodbye, Little Girl, Goodbye w, gus Edwards Goodbye, My Lady Love w. m. Joseph E. Howard The Goo-Goo Man Stoddard, Schindler, Jerome Hannah, sterling m. Harry von Tilzer Have You Seen Maggie Riley. Von Tilzer He Done Me Wrong w. m, hughie Cannon Heinie Rose, Snyder I Love You All The Time w. m. Will R. Anderson I Want To Be A Soldier w. m, William Cahill Im Longing For My Old Kentucky Home w. Vincent Bryan m. J. B
22.
Octavian Smigelschi
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Octavian Smigelschi was an Austro-Hungarian Romanian painter. His father Mihail came from Poland, according to historian Nicolae Iorga, the family descended from chorąży to the Polish king. Another writer suggests a Ruthenian background, Mihail was Greek-Catholic, Octavian Smigelschis own ethnic identity has been subject to some debate, with both Polish and Hungarian suggested, but he considered himself as Romanian. His father was a member of the noble class who fled Poland following the 1848 Revolution. Initially settling in Bungard, he married Ana Sebastian, an Aromanian from Macedonia, later, he moved to Nagyludas in Szeben County, now Ludoș, Sibiu County, to work as a notary. One of them, Victor, obtained a Theology doctorate from the University of Vienna, teaching the subject, another, Vasile, became an architect and was influenced by Romanian national ideas. Octavian began school in his village, and in 1880 enrolled at the state Hungarian high school in Sibiu. There, he became friends with Fritz Schullerus, and the two took art classes from Carl Dörschlag, a German immigrant. Following graduation in 1884, he obtained a scholarship to study at the art teachers school in Budapest, headed by Bertalan Székely. He completed his work there in 1889, the following year, he was named art teacher in the Slovak town of Banská Štiavnica. That year, he held his first exhibition in Sibiu, alongside Schullerus, in 1892, he was hired to teach art at the state high school in Dumbrăveni. He held this position until 1911, when he retired in order to focus on painting, although from 1905, as the 1890s went on, he became increasingly drawn to Art Nouveau. Beginning in 1898, he trips to Munich, Dresden, Vienna, Budapest, Florence, Rome and Ravenna. In 1903, he held his second exhibition in Blaj, featuring exclusively religious works and that October, his third exhibition took place in Sibiu, with 71 secular paintings and drawings. Among the displays was a 7 x 5 m carpet woven by peasant women from Maramureș based on his indications, the show drew universal acclaim due to the newness of his style and the combination of popular Romanian motifs and peasant folk art he employed. The fourth exhibition occurred the year in Budapest, and was praised as well. Meanwhile, the old Romanian Orthodox cathedral in Sibiu had been demolished in 1902, a competition for the painting opened in November 1903, with fifteen Romanian, German and Hungarian participants. A committee composed of George Demetrescu Mirea, Ion Mincu and Friedrich Miess narrowed the field down to three finalists, in April 1904, Smigelschi was selected to execute the interior painting
23.
Holy Trinity Cathedral, Sibiu
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The Holy Trinity Cathedral, Sibiu, located at 35 Mitropoliei Street, Sibiu, Romania, is the seat of the Romanian Orthodox Archbishop of Sibiu and Metropolitan of Transylvania. It was built in the style of a Byzantine basilica, inspired by Hagia Sophia, with the main spires influenced by Transylvanian church architecture, donations continued to come in following Şagunas death in 1873, the cornerstone was laid on 18 August 1902, when Ioan Meţianu was Metropolitan. In order to free the space to build the cathedral, eight nearby houses had to be demolished, work, coordinated by city architect Iosif Schussnig, began in 1902 and was finished in 1904, when the copper roof was done. The plan, by Virgil Nagy and Iosif Kamner of Budapest, was chosen from designs submitted by 31 mainly Austrian and Hungarian architects. On 13 December 1904, the four bells were blessed and placed in the two main spires, the iconostasis and kliros were then manufactured at Constantin Babics firm in Bucharest, electric lighting was also installed. The iconostasis and dome were painted by Octavian Smigelschi, from the village of Ludoș. The exterior is in red and yellow brick, the spacious nave is bordered by smaller spherical roofs and four towers, two smaller octagonal ones, and two larger ones near the entrance with a square base that becomes octagonal in the bell area. The ends of the towers are shaped like double bulbs, with a skylight in the centre, the main entrance is through a portico with three semicircular doors. The cathedral is 53. 10m long and 25. 40m wide in the centre, on 30 April 1906, Metropolitan Meţianu, joined by his suffragan bishop from Arad, Ioan Papp, and a group of priests and deacons, consecrated the cathedral. Nicolae Iorga was also present, he donated a silver engolpion, divine Liturgy and Vespers take place daily, as well as other services when provided for
24.
George Frederic Watts
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George Frederic Watts OM RA was an English Victorian painter and sculptor associated with the Symbolist movement. He said I paint ideas, not things, Watts became famous in his lifetime for his allegorical works, such as Hope and Love and Life. These paintings were intended to form part of an epic symbolic cycle called the House of Life, Watts was born in Marylebone, London on the birthday of George Frederic Handel, to the second wife of a poor piano-maker. The former put him off conventional religion for life, while the latter was an influence on his art. He first exhibited at the Academy in 1837 and he also began his portraiture career, receiving patronage from his close contemporary Alexander Constantine Ionides, who later came to be a close friend. He came to the eye with a drawing entitled Caractacus. Watts won a first prize in the competition, which was intended to promote narrative paintings on patriotic subjects, also while in Italy Watts began producing landscapes and was inspired by Michelangelos Sistine Chapel and Giottos Scrovegni Chapel. Leaving Florence in April 1847 for what was intended to be a return to London. In consequence most of his works are conventional oil paintings. In his studio he met Henry Thoby Prinsep and his wife Sara, Watts thus joined the Prinsep circle of bohemians, including Saras seven sisters, and Julia Margaret Cameron. One of only two pupils Watts ever accepted was Henrys son Valentine Cameron Prinsep, the other was John Roddam Spencer Stanhope – both remained friends, but neither became a major artist. He also took a trip back to Italy in 1853 and with Charles Thomas Newton to excavate Halicarnassus in 1856–57, via Constantinople. In the 1860s, Watts work shows the influence of Rossetti, often emphasising sensuous pleasure, when she eloped with another man after less than a year of marriage, Watts was obliged to divorce her. These works formed part of a version of the House of Life, influenced by the ideas of Max Müller. Watts hoped to trace the evolving mythologies of the races in a synthesis of spiritual ideas with modern science. To maintain his friendship with the Prinsep family as their children began leaving home, he built The Briary for them near Freshwater, in 1877, his decree nisi from Ellen Terry finally came through, and the Grosvenor Gallery was opened by his friend Coutts Lindsay. This was to prove his ideal venue for the ten years. In 1886, at the age of 69, Watts remarried, to Mary Fraser Tytler, in 1891 he bought land near Compton, south of Guildford, in Surrey
25.
Watts Gallery
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Watts Gallery – Artists Village is an art gallery in the village of Compton, near Guildford in Surrey. It is dedicated to the work of the Victorian-era painter and sculptor George Frederic Watts. Watts moved to Limnerslease in Compton in 1891, and with his artist wife, Mary Fraser-Tytler, planned a museum devoted to his work, the architect of the Gallery was Christopher Hatton Turnor, an admirer of Edwin Lutyens and C. F. A. Voysey. Inspired by the Arts and Crafts movement, the building contains top-lit galleries that allow Wattss work to be displayed under natural light. It is one of only a few galleries in the UK devoted to a single artist, the present director is Perdita Hunt and the curator is Dr Nicolas Tromans. Former curators include Wilfrid Blunt, Richard Jefferies and Mark Bills, Watts Gallery is a registered charity under English law. Watts Gallery was placed second in the final of the BBC TV series Restoration Village in 2006, the money was used to maintain the Gallery which was closed from September 2008 until 2010 for restoration. In December 2006 Watts Gallery received a £4.3 million grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund for renovations to help safeguard the future of the building, Watts Gallery reopened in June 2011 after a major scheme of works, including extension, refurbishment and restoration. Visitors can now experience the Watts collection in the historic galleries displaying the original decorative schemes, over one-hundred paintings by G. F. Watts are on permanent display at the Gallery. Spanning a period of 70 years they include portraits, landscapes, from the dramatic entrance of the Livanos Gallery to the monumental sculpture and studio artefacts in the Sculpture Gallery, Watts Gallery shows the collection left by the artist as his legacy. The Watts Gallery is currently renovating Limnerslease, G. F. and Mary Watts home, the Watts Studios were due to open in autumn 2015, completing the Artists Village. Comptons burial ground, nearby, houses Watts remains and is dominated by the ornate Arts & Crafts Watts Mortuary Chapel, designed by Watts wife Mary and this exhibition includes a number of key works from the De Morgan Collection. Further, since January 2015, the De Morgan Foundation has had its office in the Curators House, Watts Gallery website De Morgan Foundation website BBC Restoration Village on Watts Gallery Watts Gallery - ZMMA Website Historic England
26.
Compton, Guildford
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Compton is a village and civil parish in the Guildford district of Surrey, England. It is between Godalming and Guildford and it has a medieval church and a close connection to fine art and pottery, being the later life home of artist George Frederic Watts. The village has considerable woodland and agriculture, and the portions are in the Metropolitan Green Belt. The village is traversed by the North Downs Way and has a large conservation area. Central to the village are the Watts Gallery, the chapel commissioned by his wife for him. The village is just off the Compton junction of the A3 road and is crossed parallel to its linear street by the North Downs Way, Compton contains the Watts Mortuary Chapel, built to the memory of Symbolist painter George Frederic Watts, a resident of the village. Development can be classed as ribbon development around the through road, the maximum elevation is on the Hogs Back at 152m, the minimum at a small brook flowing east of the village centre, at its lowest on outflow at 45m above sea level. The western part of the forms a conservation area. Relics from the structure of the tower of the church, St Nicholas. Compton appears in Domesday Book of as Conton and it was held by Walter, son of Othere. Its domesday assets were,11 hides,1 church,9 ploughs,7 acres of meadow, St Nicholas Church contains one of the oldest surviving carved Norman screens. The basic structure, including the tower, is Anglo-Saxon, for example, the influence of the Normans can be seen in the arches, the timber roofing and the unique carved wooden screen in the chancel. Other features were added in the generations that followed, such as the spire, the pulpit, on the outskirts of Compton is the 16th century stately home Loseley Park. The Great Hall contains panelling taken from Henry VIIIs palace at Nonsuch Park, the Withies Inn is one of the oldest buildings in the village. Just off the road, it was built in the 16th century. The manor of Field Place was bought in 1709 by the London publisher Samuel Manship, passing to his widow Anne and his son John only had one child Anne, who eloped, and the manor was sold. The ashes of Aldous Huxley were brought from the US on 27 October 1971 and interred in his parents grave at Compton, the gallery is open to visitors. After his death, Watts Mortuary Chapel and cloister designed by his wife Mary Seton Watts were built on a hill overlooking the village, among his subjects were Hope, Orpheus and Eurydice and Dante Gabriel Rossetti
27.
St. Louis
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St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area
28.
Picasso's Rose Period
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Picassos Rose Period represents an important epoch in the life and work of the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso and had a great impact on the developments of modern art. It began in 1904 at a time when Picasso settled in Montmartre at the Bateau-Lavoir among bohemian poets and this led to Picassos African Period in 1907, culminating in the Proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles dAvignon, regarded as a masterpiece. The Rose Period lasted from 1904 to 1906, Picasso was happy in his relationship with Fernande Olivier whom he had met in 1904 and this has been suggested as one of the possible reasons he changed his style of painting. Harlequins, circus performers and clowns appear frequently in the Rose Period, the harlequin, a comedic character usually depicted in checkered patterned clothing, became a personal symbol for Picasso. The Rose Period has been considered French influenced, while the Blue Period more Spanish influenced, Picassos Blue Period began in late 1901, following the death of his friend Carlos Casagemas and the onset of a bout of major depression. It lasted until 1904, when Picassos psychological condition improved, the Rose Period is named after Picassos heavy use of pink tones in his works from this period, from the French word for pink, which is rose. Picassos third highest selling painting, Garçon à la pipe was painted during the Rose Period, Picassos Blue Period Proto-Cubism His Personal Joy and Romance, Pablo Picassos Rose Period Wattenmaker, Richard J. Distel, Anne, et al. Great French Paintings from the Barnes Foundation
29.
Georges Braque
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Georges Braque was a major 20th-century French painter, collagist, draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. His most important contributions to the history of art were in his alliance with Fauvism from 1906, braque’s work between 1908 and 1912 is closely associated with that of his colleague Pablo Picasso. Their respective Cubist works were indistinguishable for many years, yet the quiet nature of Braque was partially eclipsed by the fame, georges Braque was born on 13 May 1882 in Argenteuil, Val-dOise. He grew up in Le Havre and trained to be a house painter, however, he also studied artistic painting during evenings at the École des Beaux-Arts, in Le Havre, from about 1897 to 1899. In Paris, he apprenticed with a decorator and was awarded his certificate in 1902, the next year, he attended the Académie Humbert, also in Paris, and painted there until 1904. It was here that he met Marie Laurencin and Francis Picabia, Braques earliest works were impressionistic, but after seeing the work exhibited by the artistic group known as the Fauves in 1905, he adopted a Fauvist style. The Fauves, a group that included Henri Matisse and André Derain among others, Braque worked most closely with the artists Raoul Dufy and Othon Friesz, who shared Braques hometown of Le Havre, to develop a somewhat more subdued Fauvist style. In 1906, Braque traveled with Friesz to LEstaque, to Antwerp, in May 1907, he successfully exhibited works of the Fauve style in the Salon des Indépendants. The 1907 Cézanne retrospective at the Salon dAutomne greatly affected the artists of Paris. Braques paintings of 1908–1912 reflected his new interest in geometry and simultaneous perspective and he showed this in the painting Houses at lEstaque. Beginning in 1909, Braque began to work closely with Pablo Picasso who had been developing a similar proto-Cubist style of painting. At the time, Pablo Picasso was influenced by Gauguin, Cézanne, African masks, Picasso celebrates animation, while Braque celebrates contemplation. Thus, the invention of Cubism was a joint effort between Picasso and Braque, then residents of Montmartre, Paris and these artists were the styles main innovators. After meeting in October or November 1907, Braque and Picasso, in particular, both artists produced paintings of monochromatic color and complex patterns of faceted form, now termed Analytic Cubism. In 1912, they began to experiment with collage and Braque invented the papier collé technique, French art critic Louis Vauxcelles used the terms bizarre cubiques in 1908 after seeing a picture by Braque. He described it as full of little cubes, the term Cubism, first pronounced in 1911 with reference to artists exhibiting at the Salon des Indépendants, quickly gained wide use but Picasso and Braque did not adopt it initially. Art historian Ernst Gombrich described Cubism as the most radical attempt to stamp out ambiguity and to one reading of the picture—that of a man-made construction. The Cubist style spread quickly throughout Paris and then Europe, the two artists productive collaboration continued and they worked closely together until the beginning of World War I in 1914, when Braque enlisted with the French Army
30.
Mary Cassatt
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Mary Stevenson Cassatt was an American painter and printmaker. She was born in Pennsylvania, but lived much of her life in France. Cassatt often created images of the social and private lives of women and she was described by Gustave Geffroy in 1894 as one of les trois grandes dames of Impressionism alongside Marie Bracquemond and Berthe Morisot. Cassatt was born in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, which is now part of Pittsburgh and she was born into an upper-middle-class family, Her father, Robert Simpson Cassat, was a successful stockbroker and land speculator. He was descended from the French Huguenot Jacques Cossart, who came to New Amsterdam in 1662 and her mother, Katherine Kelso Johnston, came from a banking family. Katherine Cassatt, educated and well-read, had a influence on her daughter. The ancestral name had been Cossart, a distant cousin of artist Robert Henri, Cassatt was one of seven children, of whom two died in infancy. One brother, Alexander Johnston Cassatt, later president of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The family moved eastward, first to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, then to the Philadelphia area, Cassatt grew up in an environment that viewed travel as integral to education, she spent five years in Europe and visited many of the capitals, including London, Paris, and Berlin. While abroad she learned German and French and had her first lessons in drawing and it is likely that her first exposure to French artists Ingres, Delacroix, Corot, and Courbet was at the Paris World’s Fair of 1855. Also in the exhibition were Degas and Pissarro, both of whom were later her colleagues and mentors, though her family objected to her becoming a professional artist, Cassatt began studying painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia at the early age of 15. Part of her parents concern may have been Cassatts exposure to feminist ideas, although about 20 percent of the students were female, most viewed art as a socially valuable skill, few of them were determined, as Cassatt was, to make art their career. She continued her studies from 1861 through 1865, the duration of the American Civil War, among her fellow students was Thomas Eakins, later the controversial director of the Academy. Impatient with the pace of instruction and the patronizing attitude of the male students and teachers. She later said, There was no teaching at the Academy, female students could not use live models, until somewhat later, and the principal training was primarily drawing from casts. Cassatt decided to end her studies, At that time, no degree was granted, after overcoming her fathers objections, she moved to Paris in 1866, with her mother and family friends acting as chaperones. The museum also served as a place for Frenchmen and American female students. In this manner, fellow artist and friend Elizabeth Jane Gardner met, toward the end of 1866, she joined a painting class taught by Charles Chaplin, a noted genre artist
31.
Legion of Honour
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The Legion of Honour, full name National Order of the Legion of Honour, is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte. The order is divided into five degrees of increasing distinction, Chevalier, Officier, Commandeur, Grand Officier and Grand-Croix. The orders motto is Honneur et Patrie and its seat is the Palais de la Légion dHonneur next to the Musée dOrsay, in the French Revolution, all French orders of chivalry were abolished, and replaced with Weapons of Honour. The Légion however did use the organization of old French orders of chivalry, the badges of the legion also bear a resemblance to the Ordre de Saint-Louis, which also used a red ribbon. Napoleon originally created this to ensure political loyalty, the organization would be used as a facade to give political favours, gifts, and concessions. The Légion was loosely patterned after a Roman legion, with legionaries, officers, commanders, regional cohorts, the highest rank was not a grand cross but a Grand Aigle, a rank that wore all the insignia common to grand crosses. The members were paid, the highest of them extremely generously,5,000 francs to an officier,2,000 francs to a commandeur,1,000 francs to an officier,250 francs to a légionnaire. Napoleon famously declared, You call these baubles, well, it is with baubles that men are led, do you think that you would be able to make men fight by reasoning. That is good only for the scholar in his study, the soldier needs glory, distinctions, rewards. This has been quoted as It is with such baubles that men are led. The order was the first modern order of merit, under the monarchy, such orders were often limited to Roman Catholics, and all knights had to be noblemen. The military decorations were the perks of the officers, the Légion, however, was open to men of all ranks and professions—only merit or bravery counted. The new legionnaire had to be sworn in the Légion and it is noteworthy that all previous orders were crosses or shared a clear Christian background, whereas the Légion is a secular institution. The jewel of the Légion has five arms, in a decree issued on the 10 Pluviôse XIII, a grand decoration was instituted. This decoration, a cross on a sash and a silver star with an eagle, symbol of the Napoleonic Empire, became known as the Grand Aigle. After Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French in 1804 and established the Napoleonic nobility in 1808, the title was made hereditary after three generations of grantees. Napoleon had dispensed 15 golden collars of the legion among his family and this collar was abolished in 1815. The Légion dhonneur was prominent and visible in the French Empire, the Emperor always wore it and the fashion of the time allowed for decorations to be worn most of the time
32.
Wilfrid de Glehn
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Wilfrid Gabriel de Glehn RA was an Impressionist British painter, elected to the Royal Academy in 1932. De Glehns father was Alexander de Glehn of Sydenham, London, louise Creighton a British activist and author and Alfred de Glehn a French steam locomotive designer were Alexanders sister and brother. Wilfried von Glehn was born in Sydenham in south-east London, after schooling at Brighton College with his brother Louis, he studied art at the South Kensington School of Art, and the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He was then hired by Edwin Austin Abbey and John Singer Sargent to assist them on their Boston Public Library mural project at Morgan Hall. De Glehn would exhibit his own work first in Rome in 1894 and then in Paris in 1895 and he first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1896. De Glehn met American-born artist Jane Erin Emmet in New Rochelle, New York in 1903, following their wedding, the couple honeymooned in Cornwall, England and vacationed in Paris and Venice and made a permanent home in London. However, they travelled extensively, often accompanying Sargent on his trips through Europe, when World War I intervened, husband and wife joined the staff of a British hospital for French soldiers, Hôpital Temporaire dArc-en-Barrois, Haute-Marne, France in January 1915. The following year, de Glehn was commissioned and served with the Royal Garrison Artillery and he was seconded to the front in Italy in 1917. In May 1917 his family shed the Germanic von Glehn surname, because of his fluent French, he spent the last part of the war as an interpreter. After the war, de Glehn held solo exhibitions at the Leicester Galleries, for the next decade the two would spend summers in Cornwall and winters in France. Although some experts rank de Glehn alongside Sargent, he is considered as something of a late British Renoir, for his use of sunlight. De Glehn is also considered one of the most distinguished artists to have lived in Wiltshire and he died in 1951, at the age of 80, at his home, The Manor House in Stratford Tony, to which he had moved in 1942. His home was the subject of paintings, as was his previous residence. An oil painting of Venice, painted as a wedding present, was featured in BBCs Antiques Roadshow in December 2014 and was valued, by expert Dendy Easton, at £20-30,000. Http, //www. deglehn. com/ Wortley, Laura, Wilfrid Gabriel de Glehn, John Singer Sargents painting companion, New York, Spanierman Gallery,1997
33.
Jane Emmet de Glehn
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Jane Erin Emmet de Glehn was an American figure and portrait painter. Born in New Rochelle, New York, she was the youngest daughter of ten siblings and her great-great-uncle Robert Emmet was a notable Irish nationalist who was hanged in 1803 for high treason by the British court for his attempt to implement an Irish rebellion. Lydia Field Emmets great-grandfather Thomas Addis Emmet, Roberts older brother, Thomas Addis Emmet would later become the New York State Attorney General. His daughter Elizabeth Emmet, Janes great-aunt, would study portraiture under the direction of a steamboat designer, both her older sisters Rosina Emmet Sherwood and Lydia Field Emmet would also become successful artists, as well as their first cousin Ellen Emmet Bay Rand. She is also the aunt of the prominent American playwright Robert Emmet Sherwood, one of Emmet de Glenns brothers, William LeRoy Emmet, was an accomplished engineer employed by General Electric. Another of her brothers was Robert Temple Emmet, a West Point graduate, Jane Emmets career began while studying at the New Yorks Art Students League and studied under Frederick William MacMonnies. Then travelled to Europe to view the work of the Grand Masters, after returning to America, she met and married the notable British impressionist painter Wilfrid de Glehn in 1904 in New Rochelle, New York. Following their marriage, the couple honeymooned in Cornwall, England and vacationed in Paris and Venice, in England Jane continued to draw and paint, exhibiting her work at the New English Art Club, the Royal Academy and the Royal Hibernian Academy. She worked mainly in the mediums of chalk and charcoal, when World War I broke out, both Jane and Wilfrid joined the staff of a British hospital for French soldiers, Hôpital Temporaire dArc-en-Barrois, Haute-Marne, France in January 1915. On their return to England the following year Wifrid was commissioned and seconded to the Front in Italy in 1917, after the war they returned to England and Wilfrid held a solo exhibition at the Leicester Galleries and another solo show in New York in 1920. For the next decade the two would spend summers in Cornwall and winters in France. Unlike her sisters, or her cousin Ellen Emmet Rand, or even her husband, Jane Emmet de Glehn was not a prolific artist, during the 1930s and 1940s Jane had a studio in New York. In 1940 she shared an exhibition with her sister Lydia Field Emmet, after her husbands death in 1951, Jane Emmet de Glehn spent much of her time casually sketching her extended family and members of her social circle. She and Wilfrid had no children and she died in 1961, in late April 2007, Arden Galleries in Manhattan held a family exhibit of five generations of the Emmet womens paintings. Official website Emmet Family Papers at the Smithsonians Archives of American Art
34.
Bode Museum
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The Bode Museum is one of the group of museums on the Museum Island in Berlin, Germany. It was designed by architect Ernst von Ihne and completed in 1904, originally called the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum after Emperor Frederick III, the museum was renamed in honour of its first curator, Wilhelm von Bode, in 1956. Closed for repairs since 1997, the museum was reopened on October 18,2006 after a €156 million refurbishment. True to the ethos of its director, Wilhelm von Bode, who believed in mixing art collections, it is now the home for a collection of sculptures, Byzantine art. The sculpture collection shows art of the Christian Orient, sculptures from Byzantium and Ravenna, sculptures of the Middle Ages, the Italian Gothic, and the early Renaissance. Late German Gothic works are represented by Tilman Riemenschneider, the south German Renaissance. In the future selected works of the Gemäldegalerie will be integrated into the sculpture collection and this is reminiscent of William von Bodes concept of style rooms, in which sculptures, paintings, and crafts are viewed together, as was usual in upper middle-class private collections. The Münzkabinett is one of the worlds largest numismatic collections and its range spans from the beginning of minting in the 7th century BC in Asia Minor up to the present day. With approximately 500,000 items the collection is an archive for historical research. Writing in The Financial Times on the occasion on the reopening in 2006, Neil MacGregor, director of the British Museum. Wilhelm von Bode, the manager of the Prussian Art Collections for the Berlin Museum, had spotted the bust in a London gallery. Shortly afterwards, The Times ran an article claiming that the bust was the work of Lucas, lucass son, Albert, then came forward and swore under oath that the story was correct and that he had helped his father to make it. Albert was able to explain how the layers of wax had been built up from old candle ends, he described how his father would stuff various debris, including newspapers. When the Berlin museum staff removed the base they found the debris, just as Albert had described it, despite this evidence, Bode continued to claim that his original attribution was correct. Various claims and counter-claims have been put forward about the bust, scientific examination has been inconclusive and unhelpful in dating the bust, although it is accepted as having at least some connection with Lucas. The bust remains on display in what is now the Bode Museum labelled England, on 27 March 2017, a solid gold coin called the Big Maple Leaf, issued by the Royal Canadian Mint in 2007 as a commemorative piece, was stolen from the museum. The coin, at 53cm in diameter and 3cm in thickness, is made of 24-carat gold and is worth around €3.7 million. A ladder was found on the train tracks nearby, leading German police to speculate that the thief entered the building by breaking open a window in the back of the next to the railway tracks
35.
Berlin
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Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
36.
Ernst von Ihne
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Ernst Eberhard von Ihne was a German architect. He served as architect to the German Emperor Frederick III and to his son. Among his best known works are the Prussian Royal Library building, the Neuer Marstall, and the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum. Hans Reuther, Ihne, Ernst von, Neue Deutsche Biographie,10, Berlin, Duncker & Humblot, pp. 128–129 Oliver Sander, humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin 2000. Media related to Ernst von Ihne at Wikimedia Commons Entry for Ernst von Ihne on the Union List of Artist Names Brief entry on Ihne from the Oxford Dictionary of Architecture & Landscaping
37.
Henri Matisse
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Henri-Émile-Benoît Matisse was a French artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is primarily as a painter. Although he was labelled a Fauve, by the 1920s he was increasingly hailed as an upholder of the classical tradition in French painting. His mastery of the language of colour and drawing, displayed in a body of work spanning over a half-century. Matisse was born in Le Cateau-Cambrésis, in the Nord department in northern France and he grew up in Bohain-en-Vermandois, Picardie, France. In 1887 he went to Paris to study law, working as an administrator in Le Cateau-Cambrésis after gaining his qualification. He first started to paint in 1889, after his mother brought him art supplies during a period of following an attack of appendicitis. He discovered a kind of paradise as he described it. In 1891 he returned to Paris to study art at the Académie Julian and became a student of William-Adolphe Bouguereau, initially he painted still lifes and landscapes in a traditional style, at which he achieved reasonable proficiency. Chardin was one of the painters Matisse most admired, as an art student he made copies of four of Chardins paintings in the Louvre, in 1896 and 1897, Matisse visited the Australian painter John Peter Russell on the island Belle Île off the coast of Brittany. Russell introduced him to Impressionism and to the work of van Gogh and he later said Russell was my teacher, and Russell explained colour theory to me. In 1896 Matisse exhibited five paintings in the salon of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, with the model Caroline Joblau, he had a daughter, Marguerite, born in 1894. In 1898 he married Amélie Noellie Parayre, the two raised Marguerite together and had two sons, Jean and Pierre, Marguerite and Amélie often served as models for Matisse. In 1898, on the advice of Camille Pissarro, he went to London to study the paintings of J. M. W. Turner and then went on a trip to Corsica. Upon his return to Paris in February 1899, he worked beside Albert Marquet and met André Derain, Jean Puy, Matisse immersed himself in the work of others and went into debt from buying work from painters he admired. The work he hung and displayed in his home included a plaster bust by Rodin, a painting by Gauguin, a drawing by van Gogh, in Cézannes sense of pictorial structure and colour, Matisse found his main inspiration. Many of Matisses paintings from 1898 to 1901 make use of a Divisionist technique he adopted after reading Paul Signacs essay and his paintings of 1902–03, a period of material hardship for the artist, are comparatively somber and reveal a preoccupation with form. Having made his first attempt at sculpture, a copy after Antoine-Louis Barye, in 1899, he devoted much of his energy to working in clay, fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910
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Lawrence Alma-Tadema
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Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, OM, RA was a Dutch painter of special British denizenship. Born in Dronrijp, the Netherlands, and trained at the Royal Academy of Antwerp, Belgium, he settled in England in 1870, Lourens Alma Tadema was born on 8 January 1836 in the village of Dronrijp in the province of Friesland in the north of the Netherlands. The surname Tadema is an old Frisian patronymic, meaning son of Tade, while the names Lourens and he was the sixth child of Pieter Jiltes Tadema, the village notary, and the third child of Hinke Dirks Brouwer. His father had three sons from a previous marriage and his parents first child died young, and the second was Atje, Lourens sister, for whom he had great affection. The Tadema family moved in 1838 to the city of Leeuwarden. His father died when Lourens was four, leaving his mother with five children, Lourens, his sister and his mother had artistic leanings, and decided that drawing lessons should be incorporated into the childrens education. He received his first art training with a drawing master hired to teach his older half-brothers. It was intended that the boy would become a lawyer, diagnosed as consumptive and given only a short time to live, he was allowed to spend his remaining days at his leisure, drawing and painting. Left to his own devices he regained his health and decided to pursue a career as an artist, in 1852 he entered the Royal Academy of Antwerp in Belgium where he studied early Dutch and Flemish art, under Gustaf Wappers. During Alma-Tademas four years as a student at the Academy. Although de Taeye was not a painter, Alma-Tadema respected him and became his studio assistant. De Taeye introduced him to books that influenced his desire to portray Merovingian subjects early in his career and he was encouraged to depict historical accuracy in his paintings, a trait for which the artist became known. Under his guidance Alma-Tadema painted his first major work, The Education of the children of Clovis and this painting created a sensation among critics and artists when it was exhibited that year at the Artistic Congress in Antwerp. It is said to have laid the foundation of his fame, Alma-Tadema related that although Leys thought the completed painting better than he had expected, he was critical of the treatment of marble, which he compared to cheese. Alma-Tadema took this very seriously, and it led him to improve his technique and to become the worlds foremost painter of marble. Merovingian themes were the favourite subject up to the mid-1860s. It is perhaps in this series that we find the artist moved by the deepest feeling, however Merovingian subjects did not have a wide international appeal, so he switched to themes of life in ancient Egypt that were more popular. On these scenes of Frankish and Egyptian life Alma-Tadema spent great energy, in 1862 Alma-Tadema left Leyss studio and started his own career, establishing himself as a significant classical-subject European artist
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The Finding of Moses (Alma-Tadema painting)
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The Finding of Moses is a 1904 painting by the Anglo-Dutch artist Lawrence Alma-Tadema. It was one of his last major works before his death in 1912 and it was sold at auction in 2010 for nearly US$36 million. The painting was commissioned by Sir John Aird, 1st Baronet for 5,000 guineas, airds civil engineering business, John Aird & Co. was responsible for building the first Aswan Dam. The commission allowed Alma-Tadema to revisit Egyptian themes from his works in the 1860s, the painting depicts the scene after the infant has been discovered, showing a procession travelling back to the daughters abode in Memphis, the capital of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Shaven-headed male attendant in white loincloths carry Pharaohs daughter in an elaborately decorated chair and she wears a pink diaphanous gown and elaborate jewellery, and holds a flail in her left hand, a symbol of royalty, in her right hand, she holds a lotus flower. The style and decoration of her chair is informed by illustrations of Egyptian tomb paintings and her feet rest on a footstool decorated with bound captives - another symbol of royalty -and also referring to the enslaved Israelites. Hieroglyphic cartouches identify her as the daughter of Ramesses II and it has been claimed that one of Alma-Tademas daughters sat as the model for Pharaohs daughter. Two male attendants wave ostrich feather fans, while two female attendants carry Moses in his cradle alongside, the cradle has been decorated with lotus flowers, tied on with a pink ribbon. Another female attendant plays a stringed instrument, the blues of the flowers are echoed by the lapis lazuli inlay of the chair, but contrast with yellows, oranges, reds and pinks. The plinth and feet of a red granite statue are just visible to the front left, the plinth bears more hieroglyphics, reading Beloved of Ra, King of Upper and Lower Egypt, The painting measures 136.7 ×213.4 centimetres. Alma-Tadema worked on the painting for two years, King Edward VII visiting Alma-Tadema in his studio while the work was being completed. By the time it was finished, his wife wryly quipped that the infant Moses would now be two years old, and need no longer be carried. The painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy summer exhibition in 1905, the work was received with warm but not enthusiastic praise. Alma-Tademas works fell out of favour after his death in 1912, but provided inspiration for the set designers of Biblical epics such as D. W. Griffiths Intolerance. DeMilles Cleopatra and The Ten Commandments, the painting was sold to Sir Jeremiah Colman, 1st Baronet, and then after his death in January 1942 it was auctioned at Christies in September 1942, acquired by a different dealer for 260 guineas. It was sold to F. W. Reeves of Wolverhampton, and then sold at an auction in September 1950. In a widely reported, but probably apocryphal, story, the painting was sold to an English couple for a small sum. It was bought in by the house, and eventually acquired to decorate the walls of the Clock House Restaurant near Welwyn in Hertfordshire
