1.
1895 in architecture
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The year 1895 in architecture involved some significant events. William Alexander Harvey, aged 20, is appointed architect for the newly laid-out model village of Bournville in Birmingham, kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, Berlin, Germany, by Franz Heinrich Schwechten, is consecrated. Milwaukee City Hall in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States is completed, Biltmore House on Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina, United States, by Richard Morris Hunt is opened. Refuge Assurance Building in Manchester, England, by Alfred Waterhouse, is opened, bishopsgate Institute in London, England, by Charles Harrison Townsend, is opened. New offices for The Glasgow Herald in Scotland, designed by John Keppie, royal Gold Medal - James Brooks. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, René Patouillard-Demoriane
2.
1896 in architecture
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The year 1896 in architecture involved some significant events. April 16 - The The National Trust in England acquires its first building for preservation, Alfriston Clergy House, a History of Architecture by Sir Banister Fletcher is published. April 16 -1896 Summer Olympics, the first modern international Olympic Games, open at the Panathinaiko Stadium, Athens, reconstructed to designs by architects Anastasios Metaxas, may 14 - Garth Pier, Bangor, Wales, designed by J. J. Webster. October 1 - Theater des Westens, Berlin, designed by Bernhard Sehrings, annesley Lodge, Hampstead, designed by Charles Voysey. Church of SantAnselmo allAventino, Rome, Italy, by Francesco Vespignani, marseille Cathedral, France, principally by Léon Vaudoyer and Henri-Jacques Espérendieu. National Gallery of Slovenia, Ljubljana, designed by František Škabrout, Temple Building, Canada, designed by George W. Gouinlock Temple of Human Passions, Cinquantenaire Park, Brussels, Belgium, designed by Victor Horta. Royal Gold Medal - Ernest George, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Louis-Charles-Henri Pille
3.
1897 in architecture
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The year 1897 in architecture involved some significant events. May 1 Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek art museum, designed by Wilhelm Dahlerup, tennessee Centennial Exposition opens in Nashville, with a temporary pyramid for Memphis, TN and a copy of the Parthenon, which will be rebuilt of permanent materials in the 1920s. May 12 - The new Oxford Town Hall, designed by Henry Hare, is opened in England. May 16 - The Teatro Massimo is inaugurated in Palermo, it is the largest opera theatre in Italy, november 1 - The Library of Congress Building in Washington, D. C. designed by Paul J. Pelz, is opened. Christmas - The Cathedral of St. Vincent de Paul, Tunis, is completed, the Secession Building, Vienna, designed by Joseph Maria Olbrich is completed in Austria. Glasgow School of Art, designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, is begun in Scotland, the Arts and Crafts movement house Munstead Wood, designed by Edwin Lutyens for Gertrude Jekyll, is begun in England. The Flatiron Building of Atlanta, Georgia, United States is completed, the Battenberg Mausoleum, Sofia, designed by Hermann Mayer, is completed. The Weaver building, a mill at Swansea in Wales, becomes the first building in the United Kingdom to be constructed from reinforced concrete, dresden Hauptbahnhof railway station in Germany, designed by Ernst Giese and Paul Weidner, is completed. Restoration and remodelling of Castelldefels Castle in Spain by Enric Sagnier is completed, april 3 - Vienna Secession group founded by Otto Wagner, Joseph Maria Olbrich and Josef Hoffmann among others. David Ewart succeeds Thomas Fuller as Chief Dominion Architect of the Government of Canada, james Knox Taylor becomes Supervising Architect of the United States Department of the Treasury. RIBA Royal Gold Medal - Pierre Cuypers, english architect June 22 - William Mason, New Zealand architect William Lang, American architect
4.
1898 in architecture
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The year 1898 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. St. Paul Building in New York City is completed as one of the tallest buildings in the world, compton Hill Water Tower in St. Louis, Missouri, designed by Harvey Ellis, is built. San Francisco Ferry Building, designed by A, the Queen Victoria Building, Sydney, Australia is completed. The British Columbia Parliament Buildings in Victoria, designed by Francis Rattenbury, are opened, the Lubyanka Building in Moscow is built. Arts and Crafts movement architect Charles Voysey designs the country houses Broadleys, edwin Lutyens designs Goddards rest home in Abinger, England. Construction of Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Zamora, Michoacán, Mexico, to-Morrow, A Peaceful Path to Real Reform is published by Ebenezer Howard, calling for the creation of garden cities. Royal Gold Medal - George Aitchison, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Léon Chifflot
5.
1899 in architecture
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The year 1899 in architecture involved some significant events. March 14 - Church of the Saviour, Baku in Azerbaijan, april 2 - Maison du Peuple in Brussels, designed by Victor Horta is officially opened. July 20 - Park Row Building in New York City is completed and it holds this title until 1908. September 1 - The National Theatre opens in Norway, september 18 - Old City Hall in Toronto, Ontario, designed by E. J. Lennox, is inaugurated. October - Work begins on St Agathas Church, Sparkbrook, Birmingham, october 6 - John Rylands Library in Manchester, England, designed by Basil Champneys, is inaugurated. December 15 - Glasgow School of Art opens its new building, raffles Hotel, Singapore, designed by Regent Alfred John Bidwell of Swan and Maclaren, is completed. Café Museum in Vienna, with interior designed by Adolf Loos, is opened, approximate date - The Saitta House in Dyker Heights, Brooklyn, New York, designed by John J. Petit, is completed. In 2007, it is listed on both the State and National Register of Historic Places, auguste Choisy - Histoire de larchitecture Ellen Key - Beauty for All Royal Gold Medal - George Frederick Bodley. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Tony Garnier
6.
1900 in architecture
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The year 1900 in architecture involved some significant events. July 19 - The Paris Métro opens, with entrances designed by Hector Guimard in 1899, antoni Gaudí begins work on the Parc Güell, which he works on for the next fourteen years. The Gare dOrsay, the modern-day Musée dOrsay, is built in Paris by Victor Laloux, the Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower at the University of Birmingham, England, is completed. The OXO Tower in London, England, is completed, the Royer Printing House, designed by Lucien Weissenburger, is completed. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tallinn, designed by Mikhail Preobrazhensky, is completed, villa Schutzenberger in Strasbourg, France, is completed. Kinloch Castle on the isle of Rùm, Scotland, designed by Leeming & Leeming, is completed, bullough Mausoleum on the isle of Rùm, Scotland, built. Royal Gold Medal - Rodolfo Amadeo Lanciani, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Paul Bigot. English architect August 18 - Edward Habershon, English ecclesiastical architect
7.
1901 in architecture
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The year 1901 in architecture involved some significant events. Federal Court House and Post office for the Upper Midwest, the modern-day Landmark Center, St. Paul, Minnesota, Philadelphia City Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, designed by John McArthur, Jr. is completed, the worlds tallest occupied masonry building. Stolp Town Hall, in modern-day Słupsk, Poland, designed by Karl Zaar with Rudolf Vahl, is opened, union Station, designed by Daniel Burnham and W. Pierce Anderson, is commissioned. Germantown Junction station, North Philadelphia, designed by Theophilus P. Chandler Jr. is completed, moscow Vindavsky railway station, designed by Stanislav Brzhozovsky, is opened. Wardenclyffe Tower in Shoreham, New York, designed by Nikola Tesla, willits House in Highland Park, Illinois, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Deanery Garden in Sonning, England, designed by Edwin Lutyens with garden by Gertrude Jekyll, is completed, langer House in Vienna, designed by Jože Plečnik, is completed. Whitechapel Art Gallery in east London, designed by Charles Harrison Townsend, is opened, horniman Museum in south London, designed by C. Harrison Townsend, is completed. The Génin-Louis Grain Shop in Nancy, designed by Henry Gutton, the Vaxelaire Department Store in Nancy, designed by Émile André and Eugène Vallin, is completed. Jakarta Cathedral in the Dutch East Indies, completed by M. J. Hulswit following a design of 1891 by Pastor Antonius Dijkmans, is consecrated. The Glasgow International Exhibition is held with new architecture by James Millar and Charles Rennie Mackintosh and transplanted mock Tudor cottages from Port Sunlight
8.
1902 in architecture
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The year 1902 in architecture involved some significant events. July 14 - St Marks Campanile in Venice collapses, the only casualty is a cat. December 13 - St. Josephs Catholic Church in Krebs, Oklahoma, date unknown Work begins on Trmals Villa in Prague, designed by Jan Kotěra. Ganga Singh decides that the palace should be named in memory of his father Maharaja Lall Singh, the Villa Lejeune and the France-Lanord and Lombard Apartment Buildings in Nancy are designed by Émile André. May 26 - Nożyk Synagogue, Warsaw, Poland September 15 - West Baden Springs Hotel in Indiana, flatiron Building in New York City, designed by Daniel Burnham and Frederick Dinkelberg. Wiener Stadtbahn railway system in Vienna, with Art Nouveau stations designed by Otto Wagner, wallpaper factory for Arthur Sanderson & Sons in Chiswick, London, designed by Charles Voysey. The Cologne Stadttheater, designed by Carl Moritz, batumi Cathedral of the Mother of God is completed. All Saints Church, Brockhampton-by-Ross, England, designed by William Lethaby, the Biet Apartment Building in Nancy, designed by Georges Biet and Eugène Vallin The House with Chimaeras in Kiev, Ukraine, designed by Vladislav Gorodetsky. Santa Justa Lift in Lisbon, Portugal, engineered by Raoul Mesnier du Ponsard, royal Gold Medal - Thomas Edward Collcutt. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Henri Prost
9.
1903 in architecture
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The year 1903 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. September - First Garden City Ltd formed to develop Letchworth in England with Barry Parker, the Group Plan for the civic center of Cleveland, Ohio, by Daniel Burnham, Arnold Brunner, and John Carrere is released. Giles Gilbert Scott wins the competition to design Liverpool Cathedral, the Beurs van Berlage, designed by Hendrik Berlage. Hill House, Helensburgh, Scotland, designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, juselius Mausoleum, Pori, Finland, designed by Josef Stenbäck. Palazzo Castiglioni, Italy, designed by Giuseppe Sommaruga, wemyss Bay railway station in Scotland, rebuilt by James Miller. Communal Palace of Buzău, Romania, designed by Alexandru Săvulescu,22, Rue du Général de Castelnau in Strassburg completed 56, Allée de la Robertsau in Strassburg completed Sängerhaus in Strassburg inaugurated Royal Gold Medal - Charles Follen McKim. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Léon Jaussely, april 18 - Stephen Dykes Bower, English ecclesiastical architect June 17 - A
10.
1904 in architecture
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The year 1904 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. May - The Ford Motor Company approves construction of the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant, june - Construction work begins on the New York Hippodrome, designed by Frederick Thompson and Jay H. Morgan. Spring - Old Faithful Inn in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, april - Watts Gallery in Compton, Guildford, England, designed by Christopher Hatton Turnor. May 3 - Midtgulen Church, in Bremanger Municipality, Norway, september 4 - St. Regis Hotel in New York City, designed by Trowbridge & Livingston with interiors by Arnold Constable. September 17 - New St Columba Church of Scotland, Glasgow, designed by Tennant, batumi Synagogue, Georgia, designed by Semyon Vulkovich. The Bergeret House in Nancy, France, by Lucien Weissenburger, with ironwork by Louis Majorelle, interior paintings by Victor Prouvé, stained glass by Jacques Gruber, and woodwork by Eugène Vallin. The Villa des Roches, designed by Émile André as his own house, in the Parc de Saurupt in Nancy, the Larkin Administration Building was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for the Larkin Soap Company of Buffalo, New York. The Mayoralty of Baku, final work of Józef Gosławski, hungarian Parliament Building on the Danube in Budapest. Rue Franklin Apartments, Paris, by Auguste Perret and his brother Gustave, hôtel Brion, Strasbourg, built by architect Auguste Brion for himself Royal Gold Medal - Auguste Choisy. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Ernest Michel Hébrard
11.
1906 in architecture
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The year 1906 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Construction begins on New Great Mosque of Djenné in French Sudan, Church of St Mary the Virgin, Wellingborough, England, designed by Ninian Comper. Benito Juárez Hemicycle in Mexico City, Mexico, waiting room at Pennsylvania Station, designed by McKim, Mead, and White. Palace of Administration, Iași, Moldavia, designed by I. D. Berindei, hampstead Garden Suburb established in north London with Raymond Unwin as architect. January 1 - Mateer Memorial Church, Trivandrum, India, may 12 - Palace of the Argentine National Congress, Buenos Aires, designed by Vittorio Meano and completed by Julio Dormal. Larkin Administration Building for the Larkin Soap Company, Buffalo, New York, north Eastern Railway headquarters fices in York and London, designed by Horace Field. DeRhodes House, South Bend, Indiana, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, casa Batlló in Barcelona, designed by Antoni Gaudí. Weissenburger House, designed by Lucien Weissenburger for himself at 1, boulevard Charles V in Nancy, stollwerckhaus, Cologne, designed by Carl Moritz. National Theatre, Sofia, Bulgaria, designed by Fellner & Helmer, City Hall, Cardiff, Wales, designed by Lanchester, Stewart and Rickards. Rotunda of National Library of Finland in Helsinki, designed by Gustaf Nyström, royal Gold Medal - Lawrence Alma-Tadema. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Patrice Bonnet, john Galsworthys novel The Man of Property, first of The Forsyte Saga, with the background of the building of an English country house for Soames Forsyte by young architect Philip Bosinney
12.
1907 in architecture
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The year 1907 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The hotel closes in 2008, and planning permission for demolition is approved in 2009, may 18 - The foundation stone of Bedford School chapel in England, designed by G. F. Bodley, is laid. September 29 - The foundation stone of Washington National Cathedral in Washington, deutscher Werkbund is founded by Hermann Muthesius in Munich. City plan for Barcelona by Léon Jaussely officially adopted, disstrict plan for Highland Park, Texas, by Wilbur David Cook and George Kessler drawn up. April 13 - Old New York Evening Post Building at 20 Vesey Street on Manhattan, designed in Art Nouveau style by Robert D. Kohn, october 8 - Kirche am Steinhof in Vienna, designed by Otto Wagner Great Mosque of Djenné in French Sudan. St Matthews Church, Paisley in Scotland, designed by W. D. McLennan, rebuilt Sainte-Madeleine, Strasbourg, in Alsace-Lorraine, designed by Fritz Beblo. The Magasins Réunis, a department store in Nancy, France. Villa Fruhinsholz in Nancy, France, designed by Léon Cayotte, Stadttheater Barmen in Wuppertal and Stadttheater Düren, both designed by Carl Moritz in Germany. North Hall, the dormitory on the quad at Vassar College. The building is renamed Jewett Hall in 1912 in honor of the Colleges first president, rebuilt Basel SBB railway station in Switzerland, designed by Emil Faesch and Emmanuel La Roche. AIA Gold Medal - Aston Webb, RIBA Royal Gold Medal - John Belcher. June 17 - Charles Eames, American designer August 13 J. M
13.
1908 in architecture
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The year 1908 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. April 6 - The foundation stone of Knox College, Otago, is laid, St. Marys Church, Wellingborough, England, is designed by Ninian Comper. July 20 - Casa de Nariño, official residence of the President of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia, the Gamble House in Pasadena, California, designed by Henry Mather Greene and Charles Sumner Greene. British Medical Association Building, London, designed by Charles Holden with sculptures by Jacob Epstein, is completed, St. Andrews United Church in Cairo, Egypt St. Patricks Church, Toronto, Canada. Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk, Ostend, Belgium, designed by Louis Delacenserie, unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois, United States, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Old Colony Club on Madison Avenue in New York City, designed by Stanford White of McKim, singer Building in New York City, designed by Ernest Flagg. It is the worlds tallest building for a year
14.
1909 in architecture
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The year 1909 in architecture involved some significant events. February 28 - The Praetorian Building in Dallas, Texas, USA, march 15 - Selfridges, Oxford Street, London department store, designed by American architect Daniel Burnham, opens. March 25 - Hjorthagen Church in Stockholm, Sweden, opens, march 30 - Queensboro Bridge in New York City, designed by Gustav Lindenthal in collaboration with Leffert L. Buck and Henry Hornbostel, opens. April 25 - A bomb blast damages St. Louis Cathedral, may 1 - Opening of the International Exhibition of the East of France, held in Nancy until October 31. July 1 - Wiesen Viaduct on the Rhaetian Railway in Switzerland, designed by Henning Friedrich, july 14 - Teatro Municipal opens. October 10 - Fades viaduct in France opens, October - United States Post Office, Courthouse, and Custom House, designed under the supervision of James Knox Taylor, opens. November 8 - Boston Opera House in the United States opens, november 25 - Bucharest Russian Church sanctified. Catholic Cathedral of the Madeleine in Salt Lake City, Utah, designed by Carl M. Neuhausen and Bernard O. Mecklenburg, basílica del Voto Nacional in Quito, Ecuador, designed by Emilio Tarlier, completed. Holy Myrrhbearers Cathedral in Baku, Azerbaijan, built, St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, Kiev, completed by Władysław Horodecki to a design of S. Volovskiy, consecrated. Saint-Édouard Church in Montreal, Quebec, designed by Joseph-Ovide Turgeon, novi Sad Synagogue in Serbia, designed by Baumhorn Lipót, completed. Façade of San Silvestro, Venice, designed by Giuseppe Sicher, grand Post Office in Istanbul, Turkey, designed by Vedat Tek, completed. United States Post Offices in New York State at Corning, Ithaca and Little Falls, designed under the supervision of James Knox Taylor, chemnitz Opera in Germany, designed by Richard Möbius, completed. Higgins Building in Los Angeles completed, corinthian Hall in Kansas City, Missouri, designed by Henry Hoit of Hoit, Price and Barnes, completed. Construction work begins on the Robie House, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, in Hyde Park, AIA Gold Medal - Charles Follen McKim. Royal Gold Medal - Arthur John Evans, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Maurice Boutterin
15.
1910 in architecture
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The year 1910 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. January 21 - Architect Adolf Loos delivers the lecture Ornament and Crime in Vienna, april 27 - Futurist poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti issues the manifesto Contro Venezia passatista in the Piazza San Marco. Mary Colter is appointed architect for the Fred Harvey Company in the United States. January 22 - Flinders Street railway station in Melbourne, Australia, designed by Fawcett, may 11 - Pan American Union Building, Washington, D. C. designed by Paul Philippe Cret and Albert Kelsey. June - Abdulla Shaig Puppet Theatre in Baku, Azerbaijan, november 27 - Pennsylvania Station, designed by McKim, Mead and White. The Renauld Bank in Nancy, designed by Émile André and Paul Charbonnier, the Ducret Apartment Building in Nancy, designed by André and Charbonnier. Casa Milà in Barcelona, designed by Antoni Gaudí, goldman & Salatsch Building, Michaelerplatz, Vienna, designed by Adolf Loos. Steiner House in Vienna, designed by Adolf Loos, Birmingham Oratory in Birmingham, England, designed by Edward Doran Webb. Gereonshaus in Cologne, designed by Carl Moritz, national Museum of Finland, Helsinki, designed by Herman Gesellius, Armas Lindgren and Eliel Saarinen. Pilgrim Monument, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, giesshübel warehouse in Zürich, designed by Robert Maillart. Royal Gold Medal - Thomas Graham Jackson, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Fernand Janin
16.
1911 in architecture
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The year 1911 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. March 25 - The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire shows up the need for improved safety standards in New York City buildings. April 4 - Foundation stone of Castle Drogo, a house in Devon, England designed by Edwin Lutyens, laid. May 23 - The competition to design Canberra, Australias new capital, is won by American architect Walter Burley Griffin, in the same year, Griffin marries fellow architect Marion Lucy Mahony. May 23 - New York Public Library Main Branch, designed by Carrère, september 12 - Theatro Municipal, designed by Ramos de Azevedo. September - Altare della Patria in Rome, designed by Giuseppe Sacconi in 1884 inaugurated, fagus Factory at Alfeld an der Leine, designed by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer. Frank Lloyd Wright builds his Taliesin house and studio in Spring Green, horwood House in Buckinghamshire, England, designed by Detmar Blow, is completed. King Edward Building for the General Post Office in the City of London, designed by Henry Tanner, eagle Insurance Building, Manchester, England, designed by Charles Heathcote. New City Hall, designed by Osvald Polívka, monroe Street Bridge in Spokane, Washington. AIA Gold Medal - George Browne Post, royal Gold Medal - Wilhelm Dorpfeld. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, René Mirland
17.
1912 in architecture
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The year 1912 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Clough Williams-Ellis receives his first major commission, for the remodelling of Llangoed Hall in Wales. April 19 - Bridges in Constantine, Algeria, Sidi MCid Bridge, Sidi Rached Bridge, designed by Paul Séjourné. April 25 - Rebuilt St Marks Campanile in Venice inaugurated, may - Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts opens in Moscow, Russia. St. James Theatre, Wellington, New Zealand, designed by Henry Eli White, mysore Palace, India, designed by Henry Irwin. El Centro Español de Tampa, Florida, USA, mawsons Huts, Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, Australian Antarctic Territory Šalouns Villa in Prague, designed by and for sculptor Ladislav Šaloun. Sons of Norway Hall, Petersburg, Alaska, USA, glamorgan County Hall, Cardiff, Wales, designed by Vincent Harris and T. A. Moodie. Royal Gold Medal - Basil Champneys, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Jacques Debat-Ponsan
18.
1913 in architecture
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The year 1913 in architecture involved some significant events. February 1 – Grand Central Terminal, rebuilt, re-opens in New York City, april 24 – The Woolworth Building opens in New York City, United States, designed by Cass Gilbert, the tallest building in the world at this date. July 20 – New Town Hall, designed by Hermann Eggert and Gustav Halmhuber, may 31 – Carol I Mosque in Constanța, Romania, designed by George Constantinescu, is inaugurated. October 18 – Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, Sinaia railway station in Sinaia, Romania. City Federal Building in Birmingham, Alabama, the tallest building in Alabama until 1969, Alberta Legislature Building in Edmonton, Alberta completed. Union Buildings, Pretoria, Union of South Africa, by Herbert Baker, church of the Holy Spirit, Vienna, by Jože Plečnik, completed. Kelling Hall, Norfolk, England, designed by Edward Maufe, scheu House and Horner House, Vienna, both designed by Adolf Loos, completed. Interiors of Café Capua, Herrenmodesalon Kniže and Bridge-Club-Wien, Vienna, all designed by Adolf Loos, bridge of Sighs, Hertford College, Oxford, England, by Thomas G. Jackson, built. Halenbrücke concrete open-spandrel arch bridge over Aare between Bern and Kirchlindach in Switzerland, Adolf Loos Ornament and Crime is first published. Royal Gold Medal – Reginald Blomfield, Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Roger Séassal. May 20 – H. T. Post, American architect
19.
1914 in architecture
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The year 1914 in architecture involved some significant events. January 14 - Bridge of Sighs at Hertford College, Oxford, England, april - Opera House, Wellington, New Zealand, designed by William Pitt. May 7 - King Edward VII Galleries at the British Museum, London, august 15 - The Panama Canal, completed by George Washington Goethals. December 7 - Tepid Baths, Auckland, New Zealand, basilica of Sacré-Cœur, Paris, designed by Paul Abadie. Park Guell in Barcelona, Spain, designed by Antonio Gaudi, stralsund Theatre, Germany, designed by Carl Moritz. Interior of Cadena Café,59 Westbourne Grove, London, designed by Omega Workshops, may 15–August 8 - Werkbund Exhibition in Cologne, featuring the Glass Pavilion designed by Bruno Taut. August 15 - A dismissed servant kills seven people at American architect Frank Lloyd Wrights studio and home, Taliesin in Wisconsin, AIA Gold Medal - Jean-Louis Pascal. Royal Gold Medal - Jean-Louis Pascal, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Albert Ferran
20.
1915 in architecture
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The year 1915 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. April - The Hiroshima Prefectural Commercial Exhibition, designed by Jan Letzel, is opened, april 21 - Theatre Circo, Braga, Portugal. November 6 - Tunkhannock Viaduct, Nicholson, Pennsylvania, designed by Abraham Burton Cohen, prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Bombay. Yosemite Lodge at the Falls, Yosemite Village, California, well Hall Estate for arsenal workers at Woolwich in south-east London. Royal Gold Medal - Frank Darling, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, not held
21.
1905 in art
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Summer – Henri Matisse and André Derain work together in the French Mediterranean village of Collioure. October – Salon dAutomne in Paris, the colors used by Matisse and others lead the critic Louis Vauxcelles to describe their works derisively as les Fauves. Die Brücke group of German expressionist artists formed in Dresden, léon Bonnat succeeds Paul Dubois as director of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen open the Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession photo art gallery on Fifth Avenue in New York City, opening of the Gibbes Museum of Art in Charleston, South Carolina. Jacob Epstein establishes his studio in London
22.
1905 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1905. January 6 - Premiere of Leoš Janáčeks piano cycle On an Overgrown Path at the Besední dům Hall in Brno, January 26 - Arnold Schoenbergs symphonic poem Pelleas und Melisande is premiered in Vienna. January 29 - Gustav Mahlers Kindertotenlieder is premiered in Vienna, september - The lyrics of Rabindranath Tagores song Amar Shonar Bangla are published in two magazines. They are later adopted as the anthem of Bangladesh. October - The opera house at Nancy, France, is destroyed by fire, october 15 - Claude Debussys La Mer is premiered in Paris. October 21 - Henry Wood first conducts a performance of his Fantasia on British Sea Songs at a Trafalgar Day concert in London, Otto Klemperer meets Mahler for the first time, while conducting one of his works. Hery Frantzen Come Clean by Paul Sarebresole Daddys Little Girl w. Edward Madden m. Theodore F. Morse Dearie w. m, clare Kummer Down Where The Silvry Mohawk Flows w. Monroe Rosenfeld m. John A. Heinzman & Otto Milton Heinzman Everybody Works But Father w. m, Jean Havez Farewell, Mister Abner Hemingway w. William Jerome m. Jean Schwartz Forty-Five Minutes From Broadway w. m, George M. Cohan from the musical of the same name. Friends That Are Good And True Eysler G. O. P. Bryan, Hoffman Gee, but This Is A Lonesome Town Gaston The Girl Who Cares For Me w. Gus Edwards Goodbye, Maggie Doyle Jean Schwartz Good-bye, Sweet Old Manhattan Isle w. William Jerome m. Jean Schwartz Goodbye, Sweetheart, Goodbye w. Arthur J. Lamb m. Harry von Tilzer Happy Heine m. J. Bodewalt Lampe Hes Me Pal w. Vincent P. Bryan m. Victor Herbert I Would Like To Marry You w. m. Edward Laska I Thought It Was My Birthday Come w. m, T. W. Connor If A Girl Like You Loved A Boy Like Me w. m. Gus Edwards If The Man In The Moon Were A Coon w. m, Fred Fisher Im Getting Sleepy w. Wilbur U. Gumm m. Joe Hollander Im The Only Star That Twinkles On Broadway w. Andrew B, sterling m. Harry von Tilzer Im Trying To Find A Sweetheart w. Jean Lenox m. Henry O. Sutton In Dear Old Georgia w. Harry Williams m. Egbert Van Alstyne In My Merry Oldsmobile w. Vincent P. Bryan m, gus Edwards In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree w. Harry H. Williams m. Egbert Van Alstyne The Irish Girl I Love w. George V. Hobart m, W. Frank Williams m. Ernest Hogan & Tom Lemonier It Aint All Honey And It Aint All Jam w. m. Fred Murray & George Everard Its Allus De Same In Dixie Cook Ive Got A Little Money And Ive Saved It All For You Farrell, Silver Ive Sweethearts In Every Port Keith Jolly Pickaninnies m
23.
1905 in science
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The year 1905 in science and technology involved some significant events, particularly in physics, listed below. January 2 – Charles Dillon Perrine at Lick Observatory discovers Elara, the Dominion Observatory opens in Ottawa. Various astronomers discover the minor planets 554 Peraga through 583 Klotilde, the nova V604 Aquilae appears in the constellation Aquila. The Umov effect is noted by Nikolay Umov, april 18 – William Bateson coins the term genetics in a letter to Adam Sedgwick. Reginald Punnetts Mendelism is published in Cambridge, probably the first popular book on genetics. Frederick Blackman proposes his law of limiting factors in relation to photosynthesis, nettie Stevens and Edmund Beecher Wilson independently describe the XY sex-determination system. Stamen Grigorov identifies the bacterium Lactobacillus bulgaricus, an agent in the creation of yogurt. Maltese doctor and archaeologist Themistocles Zammit identifies unpasteurized milk as the source of the pathogen causing Brucellosis. National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds, Carl von Linde obtains pure liquid oxygen and nitrogen by cooling air. Alfred Einhorn synthesises the local anesthetic novocaine, the first commercial use of the Frank–Caro process for the nitrogen fixation reaction of calcium carbide and atmospheric nitrogen to produce calcium nitrate as a fertilizer. Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch develop the Haber process for making ammonia from its elements, pierre Fatou defines the Mandelbrot set. Oswald Veblen proves the Jordan curve theorem, martin Kutta describes the popular fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. James Cullen, S. J. begins the study of Cullen numbers, emanuel Lasker proves the Lasker–Noether theorem for the special case of polynomial rings. The Saurian Expedition led by John C, merriam recovers many specimens of ichthyosaur. Tyrannosaurus rex is described and named by Henry Fairfield Osborn, albert Einstein publishes his four Annus Mirabilis papers. In particular, he formulates the theory of relativity and states the law of mass-energy conservation. He also explains the effect by quantization and mathematically analyzes Brownian motion. Because of this,1905 is said to be the year for physics
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London County Council
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It covered the area today known as Inner London and was replaced by the Greater London Council. The LCC was the largest, most significant and most ambitious English municipal authority of its day, by the 19th century the City of London Corporation covered only a small fraction of metropolitan London. From 1855 the Metropolitan Board of Works had certain powers across the metropolis, many powers remained in the hands of traditional bodies such as parishes and the counties of Middlesex, Surrey and Kent. While the Conservative government of the day would have preferred not to create a body covering the whole of London. It was established as a council on 31 January 1889. Shortly after its creation a Royal Commission on the Amalgamation of the City and County of London considered the means for amalgamation with the City of London. The LCC inherited the powers of its predecessor the MBW, but had authority over matters such as education, city planning. It took over the functions of the London School Board in 1903, from 1899 the Council progressively acquired and operated the tramways in the county, which it electrified from 1903. One of the LCCs most important roles during the late 19th and early 20th century, was in the management of the expanding city, in the Victorian era, new housing had been intentionally urban and large-scale tenement buildings dominated. Beginning in the 1930s, the LCC incentivized an increase in suburban housing styles. The LCC set the standard for new construction at 12 houses per acre of land at a time when some London areas had as many as 80 housing units per acre. By 1938,76,877 units of housing had been built under the auspices of the LCC in the city and its periphery, many of these new housing developments were genuinely working-class, though the poorest could rarely afford even subsidized rents. They relied on an expanding London Underground network that ferried workers en masse to places of employment in the city center and these housing developments were broadly successful, and they resisted the slummification that blighted so many Victorian tenement developments. The LCC undertook between 1857 and 1929 to standardize and clarify street names across London, many streets in different areas of the city had similar or identical names, and the rise of the automobile as a primary mode of transportation in the city made these names unworkable. In an extreme case, there were more than 60 streets called Cross Street spread across the city when the LCC began its process of systematic renaming and these were given names from an approved list that was maintained by the LCC, containing only suitably English names. If street names were deemed un-English, they were slated for change, Zulu Crescent in Battersea, for instance. By 1939, the council had the powers and duties. The LCC initially used the Spring Gardens headquarters inherited from the Metropolitan Board of Works, the building had been designed by Frederick Marrable, the MBWs supeintending architect, and dated from 1860
25.
Kingsway, London
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Kingsway is a major road in central London, designated as part of the A4200. It runs from High Holborn, at its end in the London Borough of Camden. It was opened by King Edward VII in 1905, together Kingsway and Aldwych form one of the major north-south routes through central London linking the ancient east-west routes of High Holborn and Strand. The road was purpose-built as part of a redevelopment of the area in the 1900s. Its route cleared away the maze of streets in Holborn such as Little Queen Street. Plans were published by London County Council in 1898 and the road was opened in 1905. It is one of the broadest streets in central London at 100 feet wide, there were several proposed names for the new street, including King Edward VII Street, Empire Avenue, Imperial Avenue and Connecticut Avenue. The name Kingsway was in honour of King Edward VII, who opened the street, in 1958 the disused tunnel was reopened at the southern end to make a new connection, the Strand Underpass, for light traffic between Waterloo Bridge and Kingsway in order to reduce congestion. Also beneath Kingsway was a branch of the Piccadilly tube line from Holborn to the Strand, the branch platform at Holborn station is still used for television and film sets that require underground scenes. During the Second World War the branch was used to store art treasures from the British Museum, on 1 April 2015, electrical cables under the pavement in Kingsway caught fire, leading to serious disruption in central London. The fire continued for the two days, with flames shooting out of a manhole cover from a burst gas main. Several thousand people were evacuated from nearby offices, and several theatres cancelled performances, there was also substantial disruption to telecoms infrastructure. On 8 April, press reports emerged stating that the fire may have started as part of the 2015 Hatton Garden burglary. The original buildings were built between 1903 and 1905 and they were mostly mid-rises in stone, and in various styles including neoclassical and neo-Baroque. Many survive but some have been replaced, as part of the redevelopment a tram tunnel was built underneath the road. The trams ceased to run in the mid 20th century and since 1961 the southern end of the tunnel has been used by cars under the name of the Strand Underpass. The northern entrance to the still exists and can be found at the junction of Southampton Row. Kingsway telephone exchange, a telephone exchange in Chancery Lane
26.
Aldwych
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Aldwych is a one-way street and also the name of the area immediately surrounding the street, in the City of Westminster in London. The short street is situated 0.6 miles north-east of Charing Cross and forms part of the A4 road from London to Avonmouth, the Aldwych area forms part of the Northbank business improvement district. It is known for a number of sites and for giving its name to a closed Underground station nearby. Aldwych, the street, is a crescent, connected to the Strand at both ends and it forms part of the A4 route and carries traffic in a one-way eastbound direction. Streets adjoining Aldwych include Drury Lane, Kingsway, India Place, Aldwych station was closed in 1994 but has since been used for filming scenes in a number of films and television shows. In the seventh century, an Anglo-Saxon village and trading centre named Lundenwic was established one mile to the west of Londinium in what is now Aldwych. Lundenwic probably used the mouth of the River Fleet as a harbour or anchorage for trading ships, the name was recorded as Aldewich in 1211. Lundenwic was rediscovered in the 1980s after the results of excavations were reinterpreted as being urban in character. These conclusions were reached independently by the archaeologists Alan Vince and Martin Biddle, the modern street was created in a redevelopment in the early 20th century that saw the demolition of the old Wych Street and the construction of Australia House and Bush House. A statue of the 19th-century prime minister William Ewart Gladstone was installed in 1905 near St Clement Danes church, in 1906, Aldwych tramway station was opened underneath Kingsway, it closed in 1952. In 1907, Aldwych tube station was opened on the Strand opposite Aldwych, it closed in 1994
27.
Stoclet Palace
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The Stoclet Palace is a mansion in Brussels, Belgium. It was built by architect Josef Hoffmann for banker and art lover Adolphe Stoclet between 1905 and 1911 and is located in the Sint-Pieters-Woluwe / Woluwe-Saint-Pierre area of Brussels, considered Hoffmans masterpiece, the Stoclets house is one of the most refined and luxurious private houses of the twentieth century. The mansion is occupied by the Stoclet family and is not open to visitors. It was designated as a heritage site by UNESCO in June 2009. The Stoclet Palace was commissioned by Adolphe Stoclet, a wealthy industrialist and he chose 35-year-old Austrian architect Josef Hoffmann, a founder member of the Vienna Secession, a radical group of designers and artists established in 1897. Hoffman abandoned fashions and styles of the past and produced a building that is a compilation of rectangular blocks, underlined by exaggerated lines. Regimented upright balustrades line the balconies, touched with Art Nouveau ornamentation, the Stoclet Palace was the first residential project for the Wiener Werkstätte, co-founded by Hoffman in 1903. Josef Hoffman and his colleagues designed every aspect of the mansion, down to the door handles, the interior is as spartan as the exterior, with upright geometric furniture and minimal clutter. This was an approach, presenting a reformed interior where function dictated form. The interior of the building is decorated with paneling and artworks, including mosaic friezes by Gustav Klimt. The integration of architects, artists, and artisans makes Stoclet Palace an example of a Gesamtkunstwerk, Klimts sketches for the dining room are in the permanent collection of the Museum für angewandte Kunst in Vienna. The Stoclet Palace is on Avenue de Tervueren in the municipality of Woluwe-Saint-Pierre, the building was designed to appear from the road as a stately city mansion. Adolphe Stoclet died in 1949, and the house was inherited by his daughter-in-law Annie Stoclet, following Annies death in 2002, the house was inherited by her four daughters. The Palais Stoclet is currently not open to the public, press reports have described the house as being looked after by two caretakers while there is dissension between Stoclets four granddaughters as to the future of the Palais Stoclet. Catalog of images of the Stoclet Palace, royal Institute for the Study and Conservation of Belgiums Artistic Heritage. Exhibition of Klimts work for Stoclet House at MAK. at Article and large selection of pictures of the Stoclet Palace
28.
Brussels
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Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels which is the capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community, but is separate from the region of Flanders or Wallonia. The region has a population of 1.2 million and an area with a population of over 1.8 million. Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions, the secretariat of the Benelux and the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are also located in Brussels. Today, it is considered an Alpha global city, historically a Dutch-speaking city, Brussels has seen a language shift to French from the late 19th century onwards. Today, the majority language is French, and the Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. All road signs, street names, and many advertisements and services are shown in both languages, Brussels is increasingly becoming multilingual with increasing numbers of migrants, expatriates and minority groups speaking their own languages. The most common theory of the origin of Brussels name is that it derives from the Old Dutch Broekzele or Broeksel, meaning marsh, Saint Vindicianus, the bishop of Cambrai made the first recorded reference to the place Brosella in 695 when it was still a hamlet. The origin of the settlement that was to become Brussels lies in Saint Gaugericus construction of a chapel on an island in the river Senne around 580. The official founding of Brussels is usually situated around 979, when Duke Charles of Lower Lotharingia transferred the relics of Saint Gudula from Moorsel to the Saint Gaugericus chapel, Charles would construct the first permanent fortification in the city, doing so on that same island. Lambert I of Leuven, Count of Leuven gained the County of Brussels around 1000 by marrying Charles daughter, as it grew to a population of around 30,000, the surrounding marshes were drained to allow for further expansion. The Counts of Leuven became Dukes of Brabant at about this time, in the 13th century, the city got its first walls. After the construction of the city walls in the early 13th century, to let the city expand, a second set of walls was erected between 1356 and 1383. Today, traces of it can still be seen, mostly because the small ring, Brabant had lost its independence, but Brussels became the Princely Capital of the prosperous Low Countries, and flourished. In 1516 Charles V, who had been heir of the Low Countries since 1506, was declared King of Spain in St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral in Brussels. Upon the death of his grandfather, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 and it was in the Palace complex at Coudenberg that Charles V abdicated in 1555. This impressive palace, famous all over Europe, had expanded since it had first become the seat of the Dukes of Brabant. In 1695, during the Nine Years War, King Louis XIV of France sent troops to bombard Brussels with artillery, together with the resulting fire, it was the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels
29.
Josef Hoffmann
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Josef Hoffmann was an Austrian architect and designer of consumer goods. Hoffmann was born in Pirnitz / Brtnice, Moravia, Austria-Hungary and he studied at the Higher State Crafts School in Brno / Brünn beginning in 1887 and then worked with the local military planning authority in Würzburg, Germany. Thereafter he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna with Karl Freiherr von Hasenauer and Otto Wagner, in Wagners office, he met Joseph Maria Olbrich, and together they founded the Vienna Secession in 1897 along with artists Gustav Klimt, and Koloman Moser. Beginning of 1899, he taught at the Kunstgewerbeschule, now University of Applied Arts Vienna, with the Secession, Hoffmann developed strong connections with other artists. He designed installation spaces for Secession exhibitions and a house for Moser which was built from 1901-1903, with the banker Fritz Wärndorfer and the artist Koloman Moser he established the Wiener Werkstätte, which was to last until 1932. Hoffmanns style eventually became sober and abstract and it was limited increasingly to functional structures. In 1906, Hoffmann built his first great work on the outskirts of Vienna, compared to the Moser House, with its rusticated vernacular roof, this was a great advancement towards abstraction and a move away from traditional Arts and Crafts and historicism. This project served as a precedent and inspiration for the modern architecture that would develop in the first half of the 20th century. It had the clarity, simplicity, and logic that foreshadowed Neue Sachlichkeit and this masterpiece of Secession Style, was an example of Gesamtkunstwerk, replete with murals in the dining room by Klimt and four copper figures on the tower by Franz Metzner. In 1907, Hoffmann was co-founder of the Deutscher Werkbund, after World War II, he took on official tasks, that of an Austrian general commissioner with the Venice Biennale and a membership in the art senate. Some of Hoffmanns domestic designs can still be found in production today, originally produced in silver the range is now produced in high quality stainless steel. Another example of Hoffmann’s strict geometrical lines and the theme is the iconic Kubus Armchair. Designed in 1910, it was presented at the International Exhibition held in Buenos Aires on the centennial of Argentinean Independence known as May Revolution, Hoffmanns constant use of squares and cubes earned him the nickname Quadratl-Hoffmann. Although he said little to his students, Hoffmann was an esteemed and admired teacher. He tried to bring out the best in each member of his class by means of challenging assignments, and Gladys Aschermann and Louise Brigham. German designer Anni Schaad was another of his students, Le Corbusier was offered a job in his office, Schiele was helped financially and Kokoschka was given work in the Wiener Werkstätte. Hoffmann had voted for the union of Austria with Germany and, following its use by the British Government from 1945 to 1955 it was demolished. Hoffmann died in Vienna, aged 85, the critical reception of Hoffmann’s oeuvre has faithfully mirrored the changing tastes and ideologies in the history of 20th-century architecture
30.
Barcelona
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Founded as a Roman city, in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. Barcelona has a cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre. Particularly renowned are the works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean is located in Barcelona, the city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments. It is a cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe, 24th in the world. In 2008 it was the fourth most economically powerful city by GDP in the European Union, in 2012 Barcelona had a GDP of $170 billion, it is leading Spain in both employment rate and GDP per capita change. In 2009 the city was ranked Europes third and one of the worlds most successful as a city brand, since 2011 Barcelona has been a leading smart city in Europe. During the Middle Ages, the city was known as Barchinona, Barçalona, Barchelonaa. Internationally, Barcelonas name is abbreviated to Barça. However, this refers only to FC Barcelona, the football club. The common abbreviated form used by locals is Barna, another common abbreviation is BCN, which is also the IATA airport code of the Barcelona-El Prat Airport. The city is referred to as the Ciutat Comtal in Catalan. The origin of the earliest settlement at the site of present-day Barcelona is unclear, the ruins of an early settlement have been excavated in the El Raval neighbourhood, including different tombs and dwellings dating to earlier than 5000 BC. The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends, the first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules. In about 15 BC, the Romans redrew the town as a castrum centred on the Mons Taber, under the Romans, it was a colony with the surname of Faventia, or, in full, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino or Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino. It enjoyed immunity from imperial burdens, the city minted its own coins, some from the era of Galba survive. Some remaining fragments of the Roman walls have incorporated into the cathedral. The cathedral, also known as the Basilica La Seu, is said to have founded in 343
31.
Dresden
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Dresden is the capital city and, after Leipzig, the second-largest city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe, near the border with the Czech Republic, Dresden has a long history as the capital and royal residence for the Electors and Kings of Saxony, who for centuries furnished the city with cultural and artistic splendour. The city was known as the Jewel Box, because of its baroque, the controversial American and British bombing of Dresden in World War II towards the end of the war killed approximately 25,000, many of whom were civilians, and destroyed the entire city centre. After the war restoration work has helped to reconstruct parts of the inner city, including the Katholische Hofkirche, the Zwinger. Since German reunification in 1990 Dresden is again a cultural, educational and political centre of Germany, the Dresden University of Technology is one of the 10 largest universities in Germany and part of the German Universities Excellence Initiative. The economy of Dresden and its agglomeration is one of the most dynamic in Germany and it is dominated by high-tech branches, often called as “Silicon Saxony”. The city is one of the most visited in Germany with 4,3 million overnight stays per year. The royal buildings are among the most impressive buildings in Europe, main sights are also the nearby National Park of Saxon Switzerland, the Ore Mountains and the countryside around Elbe Valley and Moritzburg Castle. The most prominent building in the city of Dresden is the Frauenkirche, built in the 18th century, the church was destroyed during World War II. The remaining ruins were left for 50 years as a war memorial, the church was rebuilt from 1994 to 2005. Although Dresden is a relatively recent city of Germanic origin followed by settlement of Slavic people, Dresdens founding and early growth is associated with the eastward expansion of Germanic peoples, mining in the nearby Ore Mountains, and the establishment of the Margraviate of Meissen. Its name etymologically derives from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the forest, Dresden later evolved into the capital of Saxony. Around the late 12th century, a Slavic settlement called Drežďany had developed on the southern bank, another settlement existed on the northern bank, but its Slavic name is unknown. It was known as Antiqua Dresdin by 1350, and later as Altendresden, dietrich, Margrave of Meissen, chose Dresden as his interim residence in 1206, as documented in a record calling the place Civitas Dresdene. After 1270, Dresden became the capital of the margraviate and it was given to Friedrich Clem after death of Henry the Illustrious in 1288. It was taken by the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1316 and was restored to the Wettin dynasty after the death of Valdemar the Great in 1319, from 1485, it was the seat of the dukes of Saxony, and from 1547 the electors as well. The Elector and ruler of Saxony Frederick Augustus I became King Augustus II the Strong of Poland in personal union and he gathered many of the best musicians, architects and painters from all over Europe to the newly named Royal-Polish Residential City of Dresden. His reign marked the beginning of Dresdens emergence as a leading European city for technology, during the reign of Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland the Zwinger Royal Palace, the Hofkirche and the Frauenkirche were built
32.
Expressionist architecture
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Brick Expressionism is a special variant, that dominates in western and northern Germany and the Amsterdam School in the Netherlands. The term Expressionist architecture initially described the activity of the German, Dutch, Austrian, Czech, subsequent redefinitions extended the term backwards to 1905 and also widened it to encompass the rest of Europe. Ephemeral exhibition buildings were numerous and highly significant during this period, the major permanent extant landmark of Expressionism is Erich Mendelsohns Einstein Tower in Potsdam. A few, notably Hans Scharoun, continued to work in an expressionist idiom, in 1933, after the Nazi seizure of power in Germany, expressionist art was outlawed as degenerate. Until the 1970s scholars commonly played down the influence of the expressionists on the later International style, Expressionist architecture was individualistic and in many ways eschewed aesthetic dogma, but it is still useful to develop some criteria which defines it. Though containing a variety and differentiation, many points can be found as recurring in works of Expressionist architecture. Distortion of form for an emotional effect, subordination of realism to symbolic or stylistic expression of inner experience. An underlying effort at achieving the new, original, and visionary, profusion of works on paper, and models, with discovery and representations of concepts more important than pragmatic finished products. Often hybrid solutions, irreducible to a single concept, themes of natural romantic phenomena, such as caves, mountains, lightning, crystal and rock formations. As such it is more mineral and elemental than florid and organic which characterized its close contemporary art nouveau, uses creative potential of artisan craftsmanship. Tendency more towards the gothic than the classical, Expressionist architecture also tends more towards the romanesque and the rococo than the classical. Though a movement in Europe, expressionism is as eastern as western and it draws as much from Moorish, Islamic, Egyptian, and Indian art and architecture as from Roman or Greek. Conception of architecture as a work of art, an influential body of the artistic community, including architects, sought a similar revolution as had occurred in Russia. The costly and grandiose remodelling of the Grosses Schauspielhaus, was reminiscent of the imperial past, than wartime budgeting. Artistic movements that preceded expressionist architecture and continued with some overlap were the arts and crafts movement and art nouveau or in Germany, unity of designers with artisans, was a major preoccupation of the Arts and Crafts movement which extended into expressionist architecture. The frequent topic of naturalism in art nouveau, which was prevalent in romanticism, continued as well. The naturalist, Ernst Haeckel was known by Finsterlin and shared his source of inspiration in natural forms, the Futurist and constructivist architectural movements, and the dada anti-art movement were occurring concurrently to expressionism and often contained similar features. Bruno Tauts magazine, Frülicht included constructivist projects, including Vladimir Tatlins Monument to the Third International, however, futurism and constructivism emphasized mechination, and urbanism tendencies which were not to take hold in Germany until the Neue Sachlichkeit
33.
Berlin Cathedral
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Berlin Cathedral is the short name for the Evangelical Supreme Parish and Collegiate Church in Berlin, Germany. It is located on Museum Island in the Mitte borough, the current building was finished in 1905 and is a main work of Historicist architecture of the Kaiserzeit. The Berlin Cathedral has never been a cathedral in the sense of that term since it has never been the seat of a bishop. The bishop of the Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg is based at St. Marys Church, Berlin Cathedral has a long history starting as a Roman Catholic place of worship in the 15th century. The history of todays Supreme Parish and Collegiate Church and its community dates back to 1451, in 1454 Frederick Irontooth, after having returned – via Rome – from his pilgrimage to Jerusalem, elevated the chapel to become a parish church, richly endowing it with relics and altars. Pope Nicholas V ordered Stephan Bodecker, then Prince-Bishop of Brandenburg, a collegiate church is a church endowed with revenues and earning estates, in order to provide a number of canons, called in canon law a College, with prebends. In this respect a collegiate church is similar to a cathedral, so the college of St. Erasmus chapel, called Domstift in German, bestowed the pertaining church its colloquial naming, Domkirche. Frederick Irontooth provided the College with estates, sufficient to supply eight canon prebendaries, on 20 January 1469, Dietrich IV, then Prince-Bishop of Brandenburg, invested eight clergymen, chosen by Frederick Irontooth, as collegiate canons with the prebends. Pauls Church, built ca. in 1345, on 28 May 1536 most of the Black Friars moved to a Dominican monastery in Brandenburg upon Havel. Joachim II Hector assigned the thus void, three-nave church building to the Collegiate Church of Our Lady, the Holy Cross, peter, Paul, Erasmus and Nicholas and enlarged the College to 12 prebendaries, bestowing two of them to canons taken on from the Dominican convent. From 1545 on the family of Hohenzollern used the church building also as their burial place. In 1538, a new western façade with two towers was attached to the church, which – due to its prior status as a church of a mendicant order – had no tower before. In the next year Joachim II Hector converted from Catholicism to Lutheranism, the collegiate church thus became Lutheran too, like most of the electoral subjects and all the churches in the Electorate. However, Joachim II Hectors ideas of Reformation were different from the modern ones, after his conversion he enriched the collegiate church with luxuriant furnishings, such as paraments, monstrances, relics, chasubles, carpets and antependia. In 1613, John Sigismund publicly confessed his Calvinist faith, so he and his family, except of his steadfastly Lutheran wife Anna, converted, while most of his subjects remained Lutherans. Being now a Calvinist church the patronage of the Holy Trinity was increasingly skipped, in 1667 the dilapidated double-tower façade was torn down and in 1717 Martin Böhme erected a new baroque façade with two towers. With effect of 1 January 1710 Cölln was united with Berlin under the latter name, in 1747 the Supreme Parish Church was completely demolished to clear space for the baroque extension of the Berlin Palace. On 6 September 1750 the new baroque Calvinist Supreme Parish Church was inaugurated, the electoral tombs were transferred to the new building
34.
Berlin
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Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
35.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
36.
Arcade du Cinquantenaire
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Arcade du Cinquantenaire or Arcades du Cinquantenaire is a monumental triple arch in the center of the Cinquantenaire park in Brussels, Belgium. It is topped by a bronze sculptural group with a woman charioteer. The columns echo the original layout of Avenue de Tervuren, which was divided into three roadways lined with a double row of trees. The sidewalls feature personifications of Belgian provinces, Brabant being represented by the quadriga, East Flanders, West Flanders, Antwerp, Liège, Hainaut, Limburg, Namur, twelve spandrels are decorated with allegories of Arts and Industry. The arch was a part of a project planned by Leopold II of Belgium, the idea of the arch was originally conceived by Gédéon Bordiau, but upon his death in 1904 the archs design was revised by Charles Girault. Girault designed an arcade, but preserved Bordiaus idea of the quadriga. The foundation of the arch was laid down on 4 January 1905, in 1912 the colonnades interior was decorated with the mosaic by Jean Delville. He was then joined by other artists. The mosaic decoration was completed in 1932, the archs bronze quadriga was made by Thomas Vinçotte and horses by Jules Lagae. The pedestal, facing Avenue de Tervuren, bears the inscription, This monument was erected in 1905 for the glorification of the independence of Belgium, with the year shown in Roman numerals
37.
Leopold II of Belgium
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Leopold II was the second King of the Belgians, known for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State as a private venture. Born in Brussels as the son of Leopold I and Louise of Orléans, he succeeded his father to the Belgian throne in 1865. His was the longest reign of any Belgian monarch and he died without surviving male issue, the current Belgian king descends from his nephew and successor, Albert I. Leopold was the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State and he used explorer Henry Morton Stanley to help him lay claim to the Congo, an area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885, the nations of Europe authorized his claim by committing the Congo Free State to improving the lives of the native inhabitants. From the beginning, however, Leopold essentially ignored these conditions and he ran the Congo using the mercenary Force Publique for his personal enrichment. He used great sums of the money from this exploitation for public and he donated the private buildings to the state before his death, to preserve them for Belgium. Under his regime millions of the Congolese people died, modern estimates range from 1 to 15 million, human rights abuses under his regime contributed significantly to these deaths. Leopold was born in Brussels on 9 April 1835 and he was the second child of the reigning Belgian monarch, Leopold I, and his second wife, Louise, the daughter of King Louis Philippe of France. The French Revolution of 1848, which spared Belgium, had forced Louis Philippe to flee to the United Kingdom, the royal families of Belgium and the United Kingdom were linked by numerous marriages, and were additionally both descended from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Louis Philippe died two years later, in 1850, Leopolds fragile mother was deeply affected by the death of her father, and her health deteriorated. She died that year, when Leopold was 15 years old. Three years later, in 1853 at the age of 18, Marie Henriette was a cousin of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, and granddaughter of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor through her father, Austrian archduke Joseph. Marie Henriette was lively and energetic, and endeared herself to the people by her character and benevolence and she was also an accomplished artist and musician. She was passionate about horseback riding to the point that she would care for her horses personally, some joked about this marriage of a stableman and a nun, the shy and withdrawn Leopold referred to as the nun. Four children were born of marriage, three daughters and one son, also named Leopold. The younger Leopold died in 1869 at the age of nine from pneumonia after falling into a pond and his death was a source of great sorrow for King Leopold, who lost his only heir. The marriage had become unhappy, and the couple separated completely after a last attempt to have another son, in 1895 Marie Henriette retreated to Spa
