1.
Baseball
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Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
2.
1905
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As of the start of 1905, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. As the second year of the massive Russo-Japanese War began, more than 100,000 died in the largest world battles of that era, Canada and the U. S. expanded west, with the Alberta and Saskatchewan provinces and the founding of Las Vegas. January 1 – The Trans-Siberian Railway officially opens after its completion on July 21,1904, january 2 – Russo-Japanese War, The Russian Army surrenders at Port Arthur in Qing dynasty China. January 5 – The play The Scarlet Pimpernel opens at the New Theatre in London and begins a run of 122 performances, january 26 Russian Revolution of 1905, The Imperial Russian Army opens fire on demonstrators in Riga, Governorate of Livonia, killing 73 and injuring 200 people. The Cullinan Diamond is found near Pretoria, South Africa, at the Premier Mine, february 12 – In Christchurch, New Zealand, the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament is opened. February 16 – At Haulbowline Base in Ireland, two explosions on board HM Submarine A5, due to gasoline fumes after refueling, kill six of the eleven crew, february 17 – At Fremantle, the R. M. S. Orizaba is wrecked, but all 160 passengers and the mail are saved, february 20 – Russo-Japanese War, The Battle of Mukden begins in Manchuria. February 23 – Rotary International is founded, march 1 – Australian Conservative leader Richard Butler takes office as Premier of South Australia. March 3 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agrees to create an elected assembly, march 4 – Theodore Roosevelt is sworn in for a full term as President of the United States. March 5 – Russo-Japanese War, Russian troops begin to retreat from Mukden after losing 100,000 troops in 3 days, march 10 Russo-Japanese War, The Japanese capture of Mukden completes the rout of Russian armies in Manchuria. Cassie Chadwick is sentenced for 14 years in Cleveland, Ohio for fraud, chelsea F. C. is founded in London. March 13 – Mata Hari introduces her dance act in Paris. March 20 – Grover Shoe Factory disaster, A boiler explosion, building collapse and fire in Brockton, march 31 – Wilhelm II, German Emperor asserts German equality with France in Morocco, triggering the Tangier or First Moroccan Crisis. April – Albert Einstein works on the theory of relativity as well as the theory of Brownian motion. April 1 – Penny Post established between the United Kingdom and Australia, april 2 – The Simplon Tunnel is officially opened through the Alps. April 3 – Boca Junior, as known for football club of Argentina. April 4 – In India, the 1905 Kangra earthquake hits the Kangra Valley, kills 20,000, april 6 – Lochner v. New York, The Supreme Court of the United States invalidates New Yorks 8-hour-day law. April 14 – Erik Gustaf Boström resigns as the Prime Minister of Sweden and his Minister without Portfolio, Johan Ramstedt, becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden
3.
1898 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1898 throughout the world. National League, Boston Beaneaters April 21 – Philadelphia Phillies pitcher Bill Duggleby hits a grand slam in his first major league at-bat, no one else will accomplish that feat until Jeremy Hermida in 2005. April 22 – This day in baseball would see two no-hitters, first, Ted Breitenstein would throw the second no-hitter of his career, as the Cincinnati Reds would defeat the Pittsburg Pirates, 11–0. Meanwhile, Jay Hughes would toss a no-hitter for the Baltimore Orioles in a 5–0 win over the Boston Beaneaters and this is the first time in Major League history that two no-hitters would be thrown on the same day. It would not happen again until Dave Stewart and Fernando Valenzuela turned the trick on June 29,1990, july 5 – Lizzie Arlington becomes the first woman to play in organized baseball as she pitches for the Reading Coal Heavers of the Atlantic League. She hurled the final inning of game and gave up two hits and a walk but did not allow a run. Some claim she also pitched in games after being hired by Ed Barrow. July 8 – Red Donahue tosses a no-hitter in a 5–0 Philadelphia Phillies victory over the Baltimore Orioles, august 21 – In the second game of a doubleheader, Walter Thornton of the Chicago Orphans pitches a 2–0 no-hitter against the Brooklyn Bridegrooms. December 1 – New York Giants president Andrew Freedman renews his team lease on the Polo Grounds for the next 10 years, february 25 – Tom Power, first baseman. March 29 – Tony Hellman,36, catcher, April 13 – Charlie McCullough,32, pitcher. April 14 – Jiggs Parrott,26, infielder, June 4 – Harry Smith,42, infielder. June 23 – William Rexter,48, outfielder, June 28 – Henry Meyers,38, third baseman. August 2 – Val Robinson,50, outfielder, september 21 – Bill Tierney,40, first baseman and outfielder. October 5 – John Richmond,43, shortstop and center fielder for seven teams during his eight seasons from 1875 to 1885, november 21 – Bill Hague,46, third baseman from 1875 to 1879. November 23 – Mother Watson,33, pitcher, december 27 – John Sneed,37, outfielder. December 30 – Bill Stearns,45, pitcher for several National Association teams from 1871 to 1875, december 31 – Martin Duke,31, pitcher
4.
1903 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1903 throughout the world. The combined 18-E debacle set a modern Major League record for the most errors in a single game, may 7 – Pittsburg Pirates outfielder Fred Clarke hits for the cycle for the second time in his career. The Pirates lose to the Cincinnati Reds, however, 11-8, june 21 – Boston Americans outfileder Buck Freeman hits for the cycle in a 12–7 Boston win over the Cleveland Blues. June 25 – Wiley Piatt of the Boston Beaneaters became the pitcher in the 20th century to lose two complete games in one day. Piatt allowed fourteen hits, while striking out twelve, en route to 1–0, june 29 – Patsy Dougherty, outfielder for the Boston Americans, hits for the cycle against the Chicago White Stockings leading Boston to a 7–2 win. September 3 – Cleveland Blues rookie Jesse Stovall tosses an 11-inning shutout, 1-0, the feat still remains as the longest shutout ever for a major league pitching debut. September 18 – Chick Fraser pitches a no-hitter for the Philadelphia Phillies in the game of a doubleheader against the Chicago Cubs. September 24 – Cleveland Blues third baseman Bill Bradley hits for the cycle against the Washington Senators in a 12–2 Cleveland win, the Pirates beat the Americans, 7-3. October 13 – The Boston Americans defeat the Pittsburg Pirates, 3-0, Boston wins the series, five games to three. January 13 – Pete Conway,36, pitcher who posted a 61–61 record for four teams from 1885 to 1889, february 6 – Hardie Henderson,40, pitcher who went 81–121 with four teams between 1883 and 1888. February 11 – Sam McMackin, pitcher who played with the Chicago White Sox, february 15 – Phil Reccius,40, played third base for eight seasons, most notably for the Louisville Eclipse/Colonels. February 20 – Al Dwight,47, pitcher for the 1884 Kansas City Cowboys, may 2 – Odie Porter,25, pitcher who played briefly for the 1902 Philadelphia Athletics. May 3 – Count Sensenderfer,55, played for the Philadelphia Athletics from 1871–1874, may 13 – Thomas Lynch,40, pitcher who played for the Chicago White Stockings in the 1884 season. May 16 – Chicken Wolf,41, right fielder for 11 years,10 with the Louisville Colonels, june 22 – Fatty Briody,44, catcher for eight seasons from 1880 to 1888. July 1 – Jimmy Cooney,37, shortstop for the Chicago Colts, august 1 – Charlie Bohn,47, outfielder/pitcher who played for the 1882 Louisville Eclipse. August 2 – Bill Sweeney, pitcher/outfielder for the 1882 Philadelphia Athletics, august 21 – Andy Leonard,57, left fielder for the original Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional baseball team. October 10 – John Valentine,47, umpire from 1884 to 1888, october 22 – Joe Yingling,36, pitcher for the 1886 Washington Nationals. November 5 – Harrison Peppers,37, pitcher for the Louisville Colonels during the 1894 season, november 12 – John Gilbert,39, shortstop for the 1890 Pittsburgh Alleghenys
5.
1904 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1904 throughout the world. This is considered the first perfect game in the modern era, june 11 – Chicago Cubs pitcher Bob Wicker pitches nine innings without allowing a hit. He surrenders a hit in the 10th inning, but it would be the hit he allows in the game. The Cubs would go on the beat the New York Giants, 1–0, june 20 - Duff Cooley of the Boston Beaneaters hits for the cycle in the second game of a doubleheader against the Philadelphia Phillies in a 9-0 Boston victory. June 23 – Kip Selbach of the Washington Senators ties a record by committing 3 errors from the outfield in one inning, august 17 – Boston Americans pitcher Jesse Tannehill tosses a no-hitter against the Chicago White Sox in a 6–0 Boston win. October 4 – New York Giants outfielder Sam Mertes hits for the cycle in a 7-3 loss to the St. Louis Cardinals, the World Series was cancelled when New York Giants owner, John T. Brush, refused to play Boston. Highlanders P Jack Chesbro throws a wild pitch at home against Boston. January 31 – Dan Mahoney,39, catcher and first baseman for the 1892 Cincinnati Reds and 1894 Washington Senators, march 22 – Art McCoy,39, second baseman who played in two games with the 1889 Washington Nationals. March 25 – Harry Arundel,49, pitcher who played with the Brooklyn Atlantics, Pittsburgh Alleghenys, march 28 – George Seward,53, outfielder who played in part of three seasons for the St. Louis Brown Stockings and New York Mutuals. April 11 – Shorty Fuller,36, shortstop for the Washington Nationals, St. Louis Brown Stockings and New York Giants from 1888 to 1896, april 18 – Charlie Ziegler,29, infielder for the 1889 Cleveland Spiders and 1900 Philadelphia Phillies. April 20 – John Galvin,61, second baseman for the 1872 Brooklyn Atlantics, april 20 – Gus McGinnis,33, pitcher and outfielder who played with the Chicago Colts and Philadelphia Phillies in 1he 1893 season. April 27 – Bobby Cargo,33, shortstop for the 1892 Pittsburg Pirates, may 4 – Frank Quinlan,35, catcher and outfielder who appeared in two games for the 1891 Boston Reds. May 25 – John Hayes,49, outfielder who hit.143 in five games for the 1876 New York Mutuals, june 3 – Bill Pfann,41, pitcher for the 1884 Cincinnati Reds. June 6 – Chippy McGarr,41, third baseman who hit.269 in 827 games for several teams over the course of 10 seasons from 1884 to 1896. June 19 – Marshall Quinton,52, catcher who played from 1884 to 1885 for the Richmond Virginians, july 24 – Ernie Mason,34, pitcher and outfielder for the 1894 St. Louis Browns of the National League. August 22 – Charlie Dewald,36, pitcher for the 1890 Cleveland Infants, september 20 – Jack Neagle,46, pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds, Philadelphia Quakers, Baltimore Orioles and Pittsburg Alleghenys from 1879 to 1884. October 16 – Mike Slattery,37, center fielder who hit.251 in five seasons and was a member of the New York Giants World Champion teams of 1888 and 1889. October 28 – Sam Field,56, catcher who hit.146 for three different teams between 1875 and 1876, november 2 – Henry Austin,60, outfielder and a.243 batter in 23 games for the 1873 Elizabeth Resolutes
6.
1906 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1906 throughout the world. World Series, Chicago White Sox over Chicago Cubs Inter-league playoff, may 8 – Philadelphia Athletics manager Connie Mack needed a substitute outfielder in the sixth inning of a game against the Boston Pilgrims and called on pitcher Chief Bender to fill in. Bender hit two home runs, both inside the park, july 4 – Mordecai Brown of the Chicago Cubs defeats Lefty Leifield of the Pittsburgh Pirates 1-0, in the first game of a doubleheader, in which both pitchers throw a 1-hitter. Leifield collects the Pirates only hit off Brown and loses his own bid for a no-hitter by giving up a single in the 9th inning that ends up scoring the only run of the game. July 20 – Mal Eason tosses a no hitter for the Brooklyn Superbas, as defeat the St. Louis Cardinals. August 1 – Brooklyn Superbas pitcher Harry McIntire would not allow a hit to the Pittsburgh Pirates through 10 innings, McIntire would allow three more hits before the Pirates outlasted the Superbas, 1-0, in 13 innings. Coombs and Harris still hold the American League record, the major league record is held by the Brooklyn Dodgers Leon Cadore and Boston Braves Joe Oeschger, who battled to a 26-inning, 1–1 deadlock on May 1,1920.198 and committing 15 errors in the series. February 18 – Charlie Ingraham,45, catcher for the 1883 Baltimore Orioles, february 27 – John Peltz,44, outfielder who played with the Hoosiers, Orioles, Gladiators, Stars and Maunees between the 1884 and 1890 seasons. March 25 – Joe Cassidy,23, shortstop for the Senators since 1904 who led AL with 19 triples as a rookie, led league in assists in 1905. March 27 – Toad Ramsey,41, pitcher for Louisville who topped 35 wins in both 1886 and 1887, with totals of 499 and 355. June 14 – Mike Sullivan,39, pitcher who posted a 54–65 record, june 15 – Sandy Nava,56, catcher and first known Mexican American to play in the Majors. June 24 – Joe Strauss,47, left fielder/catcher/pitcher for the Colonels/Cowboys/Grays from 1884 to 1886, august 16 – Tom Carey,60, 19th century infielder and player-manager. October 20 – Buck Ewing,47, catcher, most notably for the New York Giants, who batted.303 lifetime and led NL in home runs and triples once each, captain of 1888–89 NL champions batted.346 in 1888. Championship series, in 1883 was one of the first two players to hit 10 home runs in a season, led NL in assists three times and double plays twice, was later Cincinnati manager. September – Matthew Porter,47, player-manager for the 1884 Kansas City Cowboys of the Union Association, august 31 – Alex Voss,48, utility for the Nationals and Cowboys in the 1884 season. September 22 – George Davies,38, pitcher who posted an 18–24 record, november 22 – Tom Cotter,40, catcher who played six games for the 1891 Boston Reds. October 25 – Marty Swandell,65, infielder/outfielder for the Eckfords, november 22 – Tom Cotter,40, catcher for the 1891 Champions Boston Reds. November 27 – Julius Willigrod,49, outfielder/shortstop who played with the Wolverines and Blues in the 1882 season, december 19 – Ed Pinkham,60, third baseman for the 1871 Chicago White Stockings
7.
1912 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1912 throughout the world. April 11 The New York Highlanders, predecessors of the New York Yankees, in the first inning, Boston scores a run against pitcher Ray Caldwell‚ while New York respond with two runs in the bottom against Smoky Joe Wood. That is all the scoring until the ninth inning‚ when the Sox score four runs‚ including two on a Wood single, Boston wins‚ 5–3‚ on Woods seven hitter. New York Giants pitcher Rube Marquard begins a 19-game winning streak with an 18–3 triumph over the Brooklyn Dodgers, april 20 – The Boston Red Sox play their first home game in the history of Fenway Park. The Red Sox open up with an 11-inning, 7–6 victory over the New York Highlanders, Boston outfielder Tris Speaker delivers the game-winning RBI before a crowd of 27,000 fans. Minutes later, the Detroit Tigers christen their Navin Field with a 6–5 victory over the Cleveland Naps, april 26 – Hugh Bradley of the Boston Red Sox became the first player to hit a home run over the Green Monster at Fenway Park. It was his home run of the 1912 season. May 17 – Fenway Park is officially dedicated, almost one month after hosting its first game, nevertheless, the home town fans had their day spoiled as the White Sox trimmed the Red Sox, 5–2. May 18 – The Cincinnati Reds play the first game in the history of Crosley Field, june 9 – Boston Red Sox outfielder Tris Speaker hits for the cycle, leading his team to a 9–2 victory over the St. Louis Browns. June 10 – New York Giants catcher Chief Meyers hits for the cycle against the Chicago Cubs, june 28 – Christy Mathewson of the New York Giants becomes the eighth pitcher to record 300 career wins. July 2 – At Hilltop Park, Larry Gardner of the Boston Red Sox hit two home runs but Boston still lose to the New York Highlanders, 9–7. July 4 – In the second game of a double-header, George Mullin of the Detroit Tigers tosses a no-hitter against the St. Louis Browns in a 7–0 Tigers win. July 25 – Bert Daniels, outfielder for the New York Highlanders, august 15 – Guy Zinn, a little-known New York Highlanders outfielder, steals home twice in a 5–4 win over the Detroit Tigers at Navin Field. This will add to last-place New Yorks major-league record of 18 steals of home for a single season, august 22 – Pittsburgh Pirates shortstop Honus Wagner hits for the cycle against the New York Giants. August 30 – St. Louis Browns pitcher Earl Hamilton returns the favor to the Detroit Tigers and he tosses a no-hitter in a 7–1 Browns victory. October 16 – The Boston Red Sox defeat the New York Giants, 3–2, in Game 8 of the World Series, the Red Sox win the World Championship four games to three. Nearly all of the games were close, four games in this series were decided by one run. A sixth was decided by two runs, Game 7 was the only one with a margin greater than three runs
8.
1913 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1913 throughout the world. October 11 – The Philadelphia Athletics defeat the New York Giants, 3-1, in Game 5 of the World Series to win the World Championship, four games to one. The Giants thus become the club, following the Detroit Tigers of 1907–1909. January 9 – George Crosby,55, pitcher for the 1884 Chicago White Stockings of the National League, january 14 – Hal OHagan,43, first baseman for the 1892 Chicago Orphans and for the New York Giants, Cleveland Bronchos and Washington Senators in the 1902 season. January 15 – Icicle Reeder,55, outfielder who played in 1884 with the AA Cincinnati Red Stockings, january 16 – Tom Dolan,58, catcher who hit.242 for five teams in three leagues between 1879 and 1888. February 9 – Joe Stewart,33, pitcher for the Boston Beaneaters of the National League, february 26 – Mike Drissel,48, catcher in six games for the St. Louis Browns 1885 American Association champions. March 3 – Jack Fee,45, pitcher for the 1889 Indianapolis Hoosiers of the National League, march 28 – Clare Patterson,25, left fielder for the 1909 Cincinnati Reds of the National League. April 16 – Jerry Harrington,45, National League catcher who hit.227 in 189 games with the Cincinnati Reds and Louisville Colonels. April 18 – Roscoe Miller,36, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers, New York Giants and Pittsburgh Pirates, april 23 – Charlie Pabor,66, player-manager for four teams of the National Association from 1871 through 1875. May 1 – Charlie Reynolds,55, pitcher for the 1882 Philadelphia Athletics of the American Association, may 13 – John OBrien,46, Canadian second baseman who hit.256 in 501 games for six National League teams from 1891 to 1899. May 14 – Dennis Coughlin,69, outfielder for the 1872 Washington Nationals of the National Association, may 18 – The Only Nolan,55, pitcher who posted a 23-52 record and a 2.98 ERA in 79 games with four teams between 1878 and 1875. May 18 – Charlie Robinson,56, American Association catcher who played for the Indianapolis Hoosiers and Brooklyn Grays. June 5 – Chris von der Ahe,61, owner of the St. June 13 – Eddie Quick,31, June 30 – George Tidden,56, sports editor in New York since 1895. July 13 – Dan Sweeney,45, outfielder for the 1895 Louisville Colonels of the National League, july 17 – Pat Scanlon, Canadian outfielder who played in 1884 with the Boston Reds of the Union Association. July 28 – John Greenig,65, pitcher for the 1888 Washington Nationals of the National League, august 14 – Chummy Gray,40, pitcher who posted a 3-3 record and a 3.44 ERA for the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1899. August 25 – Red Donahue,40, pitcher who won 20 games three times with the Phillies and Browns and led the National League in complete games, while collecting 164 career wins and a no-hitter. September 3 – Charlie Householder,59, first baseman/catcher who played in two Major League seasons,1882 and 1884, october 8 – Elmer Cleveland,51, third baseman who hit.255 in 80 games with four clubs in three different leagues between 1884 and 1891. October 13 – Mike Heydon,39, catcher who played from 1898 through 1907 for the Senators, Cardinals, WhiteSox, october 24 – Dan Shannon,48, player and manager during his three-year career with the Colonels/Giants/Statesmen/Athletics from 1889 to 1891
9.
1914 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1914 throughout the world. June 9 – Honus Wagner of the Pittsburgh Pirates becomes the member of the 3000 hit club. July 17 – Red Murray of the New York Giants catches game winning catch and is struck by lightning. September 9 – In the second game of a doubleheader, George Davis of the Boston Braves pitches a no-hitter against the Philadelphia Phillies in a 7-0 win. September 19 – Ed Lafitte tosses a no-hitter for the Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League in a 6-2 win over the Kansas City Packers, september 27 – Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Naps becomes the third member of the 3000 hit club. October 13 – The Boston Braves defeat the Philadelphia Athletics, 3-1, in Game 4 of the World Series to win their first World Championship and this was the first four-game sweep in World Series history. The Cubs had defeated the Tigers four games to none in 1907, november 1 – Philadelphia Athletics owner Connie Mack starts a fire sale, asking waivers on Jack Coombs, Eddie Plank and Chief Bender. Coombs goes to the Brooklyn Robins as Plank and Bender escape Macks maneuvering by jumping to the Federal League. Despite the American League Pennant title, Philadelphia fans did not support the Athletics, january 13 – Aaron Clapp,57, first baseman for the 1879 Troy Trojans of the National League. January 20 – Pat Lyons,53, Canadian second baseman who played for the Cleveland Spiders of the National League in 1890. February 1 – Sam Weaver,58, pitcher who posted a 68-80 record, february 9 – Buster Brown,32, National League pitcher who had a 51-103 record and a 3.21 ERA for the St. Louis Cardinals, Philadelphia Phillies and Boston Doves/Braves. February 9 – Jack Farrell,56, second baseman for 11 seasons, february 21 – Farmer Vaughn,49, catcher who hit.274 with 21 home runs and 525 RBI in 925 games for five teams from 1886 to 1899. February 23 – Nat Jewett,69, catcher for the 1872 Brooklyn Eckfords of the National Association, february 28 – Art Sladen,53, outfielder for the Boston Reds of the Union Association in 1884. According to Lee Allen, in The American League Story, there were those who considered it appropriate that Waddell should pass away on April Fools Day, Louis Browns ten games to five. April 16 – Podge Weihe,51, American Association outfielder who hit.254 in two seasons with the Indianapolis Hoosiers and Cincinnati RedStockings, April 27 – Herb Worth,66, outfielder for the 1872 Brooklyn Atlantics of the National Association. May 8 – George Fox,45, first baseman for the Louisville Colonels of the American Association, may 26 – Jumbo Latham,61, first baseman who hit.247 in 334 games for five different teams from 1875 to 1884, while managing two of them. June 16 – Bert Dorr,52, pitcher for the 1882 St. Louis Browns, july 5 – Wee Willie Mills,36, pitcher for the National League New York Giants in 1901. July 9 – Ossee Schreckengost,39, catcher for eleven seasons, most notably with the Philadelphia Athletics from 1902 to 1908, who pioneered one-handed style and batted.300 twice
10.
1905 in art
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Summer – Henri Matisse and André Derain work together in the French Mediterranean village of Collioure. October – Salon dAutomne in Paris, the colors used by Matisse and others lead the critic Louis Vauxcelles to describe their works derisively as les Fauves. Die Brücke group of German expressionist artists formed in Dresden, léon Bonnat succeeds Paul Dubois as director of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen open the Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession photo art gallery on Fifth Avenue in New York City, opening of the Gibbes Museum of Art in Charleston, South Carolina. Jacob Epstein establishes his studio in London
11.
1905 in architecture
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The year 1905 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. October 18 - London County Councils new street at Kingsway and redevelopment of Aldwych are opened, work begins on Stoclet Palace, Brussels, designed by Josef Hoffmann. Formation of the Dresden Die Brücke expressionist architecture movement, february 27 - Berlin Cathedral in Berlin, Germany, is inaugurated. June 11 - National Theatre of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela September 27 - Arcade du Cinquantenaire in Brussels, Belgium, november - The Plaza Grill and Cinema, Ottawa, Kansas, possibly the oldest movie theater in the United States that is still in operation. Darwin D. Martin House in Buffalo, New York, USA, zacherlhaus in Vienna, Austria, designed by Jože Plečnik. Land Administration Building in Brisbane, Australia, designed by Thomas Pye, st. Stephens Basilica in Budapest, Hungary, completed by József Kauser to an 1851 design by Miklós Ybl. Hôtel de ville in Sfax, Tunisia, designed by Raphaël Guy, voewood, High Kelling, Norfolk, UK, designed by E. S. Prior. Antwerpen-Centraal railway station in Belgium, designed by Louis Delacenserie, murry Guggenheim House in West Long Branch, New Jersey, designed by Carrère and Hastings. Royal Gold Medal - Aston Webb, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Albert Henry Krehbiel. C. August 2 - Cesar Castellani, Maltese architect working in British Guiana August 22 - Alfred Waterhouse, English architect of the Gothic Revival
12.
1905 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1905. January 6 - Premiere of Leoš Janáčeks piano cycle On an Overgrown Path at the Besední dům Hall in Brno, January 26 - Arnold Schoenbergs symphonic poem Pelleas und Melisande is premiered in Vienna. January 29 - Gustav Mahlers Kindertotenlieder is premiered in Vienna, september - The lyrics of Rabindranath Tagores song Amar Shonar Bangla are published in two magazines. They are later adopted as the anthem of Bangladesh. October - The opera house at Nancy, France, is destroyed by fire, october 15 - Claude Debussys La Mer is premiered in Paris. October 21 - Henry Wood first conducts a performance of his Fantasia on British Sea Songs at a Trafalgar Day concert in London, Otto Klemperer meets Mahler for the first time, while conducting one of his works. Hery Frantzen Come Clean by Paul Sarebresole Daddys Little Girl w. Edward Madden m. Theodore F. Morse Dearie w. m, clare Kummer Down Where The Silvry Mohawk Flows w. Monroe Rosenfeld m. John A. Heinzman & Otto Milton Heinzman Everybody Works But Father w. m, Jean Havez Farewell, Mister Abner Hemingway w. William Jerome m. Jean Schwartz Forty-Five Minutes From Broadway w. m, George M. Cohan from the musical of the same name. Friends That Are Good And True Eysler G. O. P. Bryan, Hoffman Gee, but This Is A Lonesome Town Gaston The Girl Who Cares For Me w. Gus Edwards Goodbye, Maggie Doyle Jean Schwartz Good-bye, Sweet Old Manhattan Isle w. William Jerome m. Jean Schwartz Goodbye, Sweetheart, Goodbye w. Arthur J. Lamb m. Harry von Tilzer Happy Heine m. J. Bodewalt Lampe Hes Me Pal w. Vincent P. Bryan m. Victor Herbert I Would Like To Marry You w. m. Edward Laska I Thought It Was My Birthday Come w. m, T. W. Connor If A Girl Like You Loved A Boy Like Me w. m. Gus Edwards If The Man In The Moon Were A Coon w. m, Fred Fisher Im Getting Sleepy w. Wilbur U. Gumm m. Joe Hollander Im The Only Star That Twinkles On Broadway w. Andrew B, sterling m. Harry von Tilzer Im Trying To Find A Sweetheart w. Jean Lenox m. Henry O. Sutton In Dear Old Georgia w. Harry Williams m. Egbert Van Alstyne In My Merry Oldsmobile w. Vincent P. Bryan m, gus Edwards In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree w. Harry H. Williams m. Egbert Van Alstyne The Irish Girl I Love w. George V. Hobart m, W. Frank Williams m. Ernest Hogan & Tom Lemonier It Aint All Honey And It Aint All Jam w. m. Fred Murray & George Everard Its Allus De Same In Dixie Cook Ive Got A Little Money And Ive Saved It All For You Farrell, Silver Ive Sweethearts In Every Port Keith Jolly Pickaninnies m
13.
1905 in science
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The year 1905 in science and technology involved some significant events, particularly in physics, listed below. January 2 – Charles Dillon Perrine at Lick Observatory discovers Elara, the Dominion Observatory opens in Ottawa. Various astronomers discover the minor planets 554 Peraga through 583 Klotilde, the nova V604 Aquilae appears in the constellation Aquila. The Umov effect is noted by Nikolay Umov, april 18 – William Bateson coins the term genetics in a letter to Adam Sedgwick. Reginald Punnetts Mendelism is published in Cambridge, probably the first popular book on genetics. Frederick Blackman proposes his law of limiting factors in relation to photosynthesis, nettie Stevens and Edmund Beecher Wilson independently describe the XY sex-determination system. Stamen Grigorov identifies the bacterium Lactobacillus bulgaricus, an agent in the creation of yogurt. Maltese doctor and archaeologist Themistocles Zammit identifies unpasteurized milk as the source of the pathogen causing Brucellosis. National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds, Carl von Linde obtains pure liquid oxygen and nitrogen by cooling air. Alfred Einhorn synthesises the local anesthetic novocaine, the first commercial use of the Frank–Caro process for the nitrogen fixation reaction of calcium carbide and atmospheric nitrogen to produce calcium nitrate as a fertilizer. Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch develop the Haber process for making ammonia from its elements, pierre Fatou defines the Mandelbrot set. Oswald Veblen proves the Jordan curve theorem, martin Kutta describes the popular fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. James Cullen, S. J. begins the study of Cullen numbers, emanuel Lasker proves the Lasker–Noether theorem for the special case of polynomial rings. The Saurian Expedition led by John C, merriam recovers many specimens of ichthyosaur. Tyrannosaurus rex is described and named by Henry Fairfield Osborn, albert Einstein publishes his four Annus Mirabilis papers. In particular, he formulates the theory of relativity and states the law of mass-energy conservation. He also explains the effect by quantization and mathematically analyzes Brownian motion. Because of this,1905 is said to be the year for physics
14.
1905 World Series
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The 1905 World Series matched the National League champion New York Giants against the American League champion Philadelphia Athletics, with the Giants winning four games to one. Four of the five games featured duels between future Hall of Fame pitchers, each of the five games was a shutout. Three of those, over a span, were pitched and won by Christy Mathewson. NL New York Giants vs. AL Philadelphia Athletics Monday, October 9,1905, both got out of jams, shutting the offense down. In the Giants top of the fifth, Mathewson singled but was forced by Roger Bresnahan, after George Browne popped out, Mike Donlin singled to left, scoring Bresnahan and advancing Donlin to second. After Dan McGann walked, Sam Mertes doubled, bringing home Donlin, the Giants added an insurance run in the ninth, when Billy Gilbert scored on Bresnahans single. This was the first of Mathewsons three complete game shutouts, a Series record that may never be matched, tuesday, October 10,1905, at the Polo Grounds in upper Manhattan, New York The As called on Chief Bender to turn the tables on the Giants. His opponent was 21-game winner Iron Man Joe McGinnity, the game was scoreless until the top of the third. Ossee Schreckengost, leading off, reached on a Dan McGanns error, Bender sacrificed, moving Schreckengost to second. After a groundout by Topsy Hartsel moved Schreckengost to third, Bris Lord singled to left, the slim margin held until the top of the eighth, when the As put a crooked number on the board. With one out, Schreckengost was once again the catalyst, singling to center, Bender continued to cruise, got out of late-inning jams and ended up with a complete game shutout that tied the Series at one game apiece. Thursday, October 12,1905, at Columbia Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Christy Mathewson once again took the mound for the Giants in Game 3, opposing him this time was Andy Coakley, who hit the first batter he faced, Roger Bresnahan, with a pitch. A single to right by Mike Donlin moved Bresnahan to third with one out, Dan McGann singled to right, bringing Bresnahan home. An error by Danny Murphy scored Donlin and put Sam Mertes on base, Bill Dahlen walked, loading the bases with one out. But Art Devlin hit into a play, to end the rally. But the Giants put the away in the top of the fifth. George Browne singled and went to second on the throw to third base, Donlin was walked intentionally, setting up a possible inning-ending double play, but things continued to crumble for Coakley and the As. McGann reached on another error by Danny Murphy, reloading the bases, Mertes singled, reloading the bases and driving in another run
15.
History of the New York Giants (baseball)
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The San Francisco Giants existed in the New York metropolitan area from 1883–1957. Prior to the start of the 1958 season, the moved to San Francisco, California. During the clubs tenure in New York, it won five of the franchises eight World Series wins and 17 of its 24 National League pennants, for most of that time, the Giants played home games in the Polo Grounds in the Upper Manhattan region of New York City. The Giants had intense rivalries with their rivals, the New York Yankees. The New York-Brooklyn rivalry soon evolved into the Los Angeles-San Francisco rivalry, numerous inductees of the Baseball Hall of Fame played for the New York Giants, including John McGraw, Mel Ott, Bill Terry, Willie Mays, Monte Irvin, and Travis Jackson. The Giants began as the baseball club founded by millionaire tobacconist John B. Day and veteran amateur baseball player Jim Mutrie, the Gothams, as the Giants were originally known, entered the National League in 1883, while their other club, the Metropolitans played in the American Association. Nearly half of the original Gotham players were members of the disbanded Troy Trojans, louis Browns in an early incarnation of the World Series. They repeated as champions the year with a pennant and World Series victory over the Brooklyn Bridegrooms. It is said that one particularly satisfying victory over the Philadelphia Phillies, Mutrie stormed into the dressing room and exclaimed. From then on, the club was known as the Giants, the Giants original home stadium, the Polo Grounds, also dates from this early era. It was originally located north of Central Park adjacent to Fifth and Sixth Avenues and 110th and 112th Streets, the Giants were a powerhouse in the late 1880s, winning their first two National League Pennants and World Championships in 1888 &1889. But nearly all of the Giants stars jumped to the upstart Players League, whose New York franchise was named the Giants. The new team built a stadium next door to the Polo Grounds. With a decimated roster, the NL Giants finished a distant sixth, attendance took a nosedive, and the financial strain affected Days tobacco business as well. The Players League dissolved after the season, and Day sold a minority interest in his NL Giants to the defunct PL Giants principal backer, as a condition of the sale, Day had to fire Mutrie as manager. Although the Giants rebounded to third in 1891, Day was forced to sell a controlling interest to Talcott at the end of the season. Four years later, Talcott sold the Giants to Andrew Freedman, when Freedman offered Rusie only $2,500 for 1896, the disgruntled hurler sat out the entire season
16.
History of the Philadelphia Athletics
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The Oakland Athletics, a current Major League Baseball franchise, originated in Philadelphia. This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics, from 1901 to 1954, see also, Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame The Western League had been renamed the American League in 1900 by league president Bancroft Johnson, and declared itself the second major league in 1901. Johnson created new franchises in the east and eliminated some franchises in the West, Philadelphia had a new franchise created to compete with the National Leagues Philadelphia Phillies. Former catcher Connie Mack was recruited to manage the club, Mack in turn persuaded Phillies minority owner Ben Shibe as well as others to invest in the team, which would be called the Philadelphia Athletics. Mack himself bought a 25% interest, while the remaining 25% was sold to Philadelphia sportswriters Sam Jones, the new league recruited many of its players from the existing National League, persuading them to jump to the American League in defiance of their National League contracts. One of the players who jumped to the new league was second baseman Nap Lajoie and he won the A. L. s first batting title with a.426 batting average, still a league record. The Athletics and the American League received a setback when, on April 21,1902, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court invalidated Lajoies contract with the Athletics and this order, though, was only enforceable in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Lajoie was sold to Cleveland, but was out of road games in Philadelphia until the National Agreement was signed between the two leagues in 1903. In the early years, the As established themselves as one of the dominant teams in the new league, winning the A. L. pennant six times and they won over 100 games in 1910 and 1911, and 99 games in 1914. The team was known for its $100,000 Infield, consisting of Stuffy McInnis, Eddie Collins, Jack Barry, Rube Waddell was also a major pitching star for the As in the early 1900s. According to Lamont Buchanan in The World Series and Highlights of Baseball, Plank holds the franchise record for career victories, with 284. In 1909, the As moved into the leagues first concrete-and-steel ballpark. This remains the second and last time in history where a new ballpark was built specifically for the As. Later in the decade, Mack bought the 25% of the stock owned by Jones. Shibe ceded Mack full control over the side while retaining control over the business side. In 1914, the Athletics lost the 1914 World Series to the Miracle Braves in a four-game sweep, Mack traded, sold or released most of the teams star players soon after. In his book To Every Thing a Season, Bruce Kuklick points out there were suspicions that the As had thrown the Series, or at least laid down. Mack himself alluded to that years later, but debunked it
17.
American League
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The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, or simply the American League, is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball in the United States and Canada. It developed from the Western League, a league based in the Great Lakes states. It is sometimes called the Junior Circuit because it claimed Major League status for the 1901 season,25 years after the formation of the National League. At the end of season, the American League champion plays in the World Series against the National League champion. Through 2016, American League teams have won 64 of the 112 World Series played since 1903, the 2016 American League champions are the Cleveland Indians. The New York Yankees have won 40 American League titles, the most in the history, followed by the Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics. Originally a minor league known as the Western League, the American League later developed into a major league after the American Association disbanded, in its early history, the Western League struggled until 1894, when Ban Johnson became the president of the league. Johnson led the Western League into major league status and soon became the president of the newly renamed American League, babe Ruth, noted as one of the most prolific hitters in Major League Baseball history, spent the majority of his career in the American League. The American League has one notable difference versus the National League, in 1902, the Milwaukee Brewers moved to St. Louis and were renamed the St. Louis Browns. In 1902, The Cleveland Bluebirds were also renamed the Cleveland Broncos, in 1903, the Broncos were renamed the Cleveland Naps. In 1915, the Naps were renamed the Cleveland Indians, in 1903, the Baltimore Orioles moved to New York and were renamed the New York Highlanders. In 1913, the Highlanders were renamed the New York Yankees, in 1904, the Chicago White Stockings were renamed the Chicago White Sox. In 1908, the Boston Americans were renamed the Boston Red Sox, in 1954, the St. Louis Browns moved to Baltimore and were renamed as the Baltimore Orioles. In 1955, the Philadelphia Athletics moved to Kansas City and were renamed as the Kansas City Athletics, in 1961, the league expanded and added two teams as the Los Angeles Angels and the Washington Senators, expanding the league to 10 teams. The original Senators team moved to Minneapolis/St, Paul in 1961 and were renamed as the Minnesota Twins. The Angels team name changed to the California Angels in 1966, then to the Anaheim Angels in 1997, the Kansas City Royals and the Seattle Pilots were added to the American League, expanding the league to 12 teams. In 1970, the Seattle Pilots moved to Milwaukee and were renamed the Milwaukee Brewers, in 1972, the Washington Senators relocated to the Dallas/Fort Worth area and were renamed the Texas Rangers. In 1977, the league expanded to fourteen teams, when the Seattle Mariners, in 1998, the Tampa Bay Rays was added to the American League and at the same time, the Milwaukee Brewers were switched to the National League, leaving the American League with 14 teams
18.
National League
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Both leagues currently have 15 teams. The two league champions of 1903 arranged to compete against each other in the inaugural World Series, after the 1904 champions failed to reach a similar agreement, the two leagues formalized the World Series as an arrangement between the leagues. National League teams have won 48 of the 112 World Series contested from 1903 to 2016, the 2016 National League champions are the Chicago Cubs. By 1875, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players was dangerously weak, additionally, Hulbert had a problem—five of his star players were threatened with expulsion from the NAPBBP because Hulbert had signed them to his club using what were considered questionable means. Hulbert had a vested interest in creating his own league. After recruiting St. Louis privately, four western clubs met in Louisville, Kentucky, Boston Red Stockings, the dominant team in the N. A. Hartford Dark Blues from the N. A. Mutual of New York from the N. A. St. Louis Brown Stockings from the N. A, the only strong club from 1875 excluded in 1876 was a second one in Philadelphia, often called the White Stockings or Phillies. The first game in National League history was played on April 22,1876, at Philadelphias Jefferson Street Grounds, 25th & Jefferson, the new leagues authority was tested after the first season. The National League operated with six clubs during 1877 and 1878, over the next several years, various teams joined and left the struggling league. By 1880, six of the eight members had folded. The two remaining original NL franchises, Boston and Chicago, remain in operation today as the Atlanta Braves, in 1883 the New York Gothams and Philadelphia Phillies began National League play. Both teams remain in the NL today, the Phillies in their original city, the NL encountered its first strong rival organization when the American Association began play in 1882. The A. A. played in cities where the NL did not have teams, offered Sunday games and alcoholic beverages in locales where permitted, the National League and the American Association participated in a version of the World Series seven times during their ten-year coexistence. These contests were less organized than the modern Series, lasting as few as three games and as many as fifteen, with two Series ending in disputed ties, the NL won four times and the A. A. only once, in 1886. Starting with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1887, the National League began to raid the American Association for franchises to replace NL teams that folded and this undercut the stability of the A. A. Other new leagues that rose to compete with the National League were the Union Association, the Union Association was established in 1884 and folded after playing only one season, its league champion St. Louis Maroons joining the NL. The NL suffered many defections of star players to the Players League, the Brooklyn, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and New York franchises of the NL absorbed their Players League counterparts. The labor strife of 1890 hastened the downfall of the American Association, after the 1891 season, the A. A. disbanded and merged with the NL, which became known legally for the next decade as the National League and American Association
19.
Batting average
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Batting average is a statistic in cricket, baseball, and softball that measures the performance of batsmen in cricket and batters in baseball. The development of the statistic was influenced by the cricket statistic. In cricket, a batting average is the total number of runs they have scored divided by the number of times they have been out. The number is also simple to interpret intuitively, if all the batsmans innings were completed, this is the average number of runs they score per innings. If they did not complete all their innings, this number is an estimate of the average number of runs they score per innings. Batting average has been used to gauge cricket players relative skills since the 18th century, most players have career batting averages in the range of 20 to 40. This is also the range for wicket-keepers, though some fall short. All-rounders who are more prominent bowlers than batsmen typically average something between 20 and 30,15 and under is typical for specialist bowlers. Under this qualification, the highest Test batting average belongs to Australias Sir Donald Bradman, given that a career batting average over 50 is exceptional, and that only four other players have averages over 60, this is an outstanding statistic. The fact that Bradmans average is so far above that of any other cricketer has led several statisticians to argue that, statistically at least, he was the greatest sportsman in any sport. As at 21 October 2016, Adam Voges of Australia has recorded an average of 72.75 from 27 innings played and it should also be remembered, especially in relation to the ODI histogram above, that there were no ODI competitions when Bradman played. If their scores have a geometric distribution then total number of runs scored divided by the number of times out is the maximum likelihood estimate of their true unknown average, Batting averages can be strongly affected by the number of not outs. A different, and more developed, statistic which is also used to gauge the effectiveness of batsmen is the strike rate. It measures a different concept however – how quickly the batsman scores – so it does not supplant the role of batting average and it is used particularly in limited overs matches, where the speed at which a batsman scores is more important than it is in first-class cricket. Table shows players with at least 20 innings completed, in baseball, the batting average is defined by the number of hits divided by at bats. It is usually reported to three places and read without the decimal, A player with a batting average of.300 is batting three-hundred. A point is understood, in only, to be.001. If necessary to break ties, batting averages could be taken beyond the.001 measurement, henry Chadwick, an English statistician raised on cricket, was an influential figure in the early history of baseball
20.
Elmer Flick
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In 1,483 career games Flick recorded a.313 batting average while accumulating 164 triples,1,752 hits,330 stolen bases, and 756 runs batted in. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1963, Flick began his career in semi-professional baseball and played in minor league baseball for two years. He was noticed by George Stallings, the manager of the Phillies, Flick was pressed into a starting role in 1898 when an injury forced another player to retire. Flick jumped to the Athletics in 1902, but an injunction prevented him from playing in Pennsylvania. He joined the Naps, where he continued to play for the remainder of his league career. Flick was known predominantly for his batting and speed. He led the National League in RBIs in 1900, and led the American League in stolen bases in 1904 and 1906, Flick was born on January 11,1876, the third of five children of Zachary and Mary Flick, on the family farm in Bedford, Ohio. His father was a farmer and mechanic who had served in the American Civil War, Flick attended Bedford High School, where he played catcher on the schools baseball team. He also played American football, wrestled, and boxed, Flick entered semi-professional baseball by chance. When he was 15 years old, he was at a station to support the local baseball team as it left for a road trip. Only eight of the players showed up at the station. Though Flick did not have a uniform or shoes, he hit well in games of the doubleheader, though Bedford lost both games. He joined the Bedford team on a basis, and he continued to play semi-pro baseball throughout his teenage years. In 1896, the manager of the Youngstown Puddlers of the Interstate League signed Flick, because the team had an established catcher, Flick played in the outfield, where he struggled to learn the position. In 31 games, Flick had a.826 fielding percentage, however, Flick had a strong performance offensively. Using his fathers lathe, Flick crafted his own baseball bat, the next year, Flick played for the Dayton Old Soldiers, also in the Interstate League, as their regular left fielder. His defense improved, as he compiled a.921 fielding percentage and he also led the league with 20 triples and 295 total bases. George Stallings, the manager of the Philadelphia Phillies of the National League, Stallings signed Flick to the Phillies to serve as a reserve outfielder for the team in the 1898 season
21.
Cy Seymour
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James Bentley Cy Seymour was an American center fielder and pitcher in Major League Baseball. From 1896 through 1913, Seymour played for the New York Giants, Baltimore Orioles, Cincinnati Reds, primarily a center fielder, Seymour retired with 1,724 hits and a lifetime batting average of.303. He was a pitcher for his first five seasons, ending his MLB career with a 61–56 win–loss record, only Babe Ruth retired with more combined wins and hits. Seymour is the Reds career leader in batting average and holds the Reds single-season record for batting average, Seymour played semi-professional baseball in Plattsburgh, New York, receiving a monthly salary of $1,000. He began his career in minor league baseball with Springfield Ponies of the Class-A Eastern League. Seymour signed with the New York Giants of the National League during the 1896 season, a sometimes wild pitcher, The New York Times described him as having a $10,000 arm and a $00,000 head. Seymour set a MLB record with three errors in one inning, a record tied by Tommy John. However, he pitched to an 18–14 win–loss record in 1897, with a 3.37 earned run average, while recording 149 strikeouts, good for second in the NL. In 1898, he won 25 games, had a 3.18 ERA, during the season, Seymour pitched three games in two days against the Baltimore Orioles. Orioles manager John McGraw later said that Seymour deserved the title of Iron Man more than Joe McGinnity. Seymour held out from the Giants for the first month of the 1899 season in a dispute, eventually signing for $2,000. He finished second in the NL in strikeouts with 142, Seymour was briefly demoted to the minor leagues after walking 11 batters in a victory against the St. Louis Perfectos on June 7,1900. Due to injuries and the ineffectiveness of the Giants outfielders, the team began to play Seymour in the outfield, Seymour last pitched for the Giants that season, at which point he converted into an outfielder full-time due to injury from throwing the screwball. With the formation of the American League as a competitor to the NL, McGraw, remembering Seymours toughness in previous seasons, signed Seymour to his team, the Baltimore Orioles, before the 1901 season. Seymour batted.303 with the Orioles that year, by 1902, the franchise began to fall into significant debt. Joe Kelley, star player for the Orioles and son-in-law of part-owner John Mahon, unable to afford that debt, Mahon purchased shares of the team from Kelley and player-manager McGraw, who had resigned from the team and signed with the Giants. With this, Mahon became the majority shareholder, on July 17,1902, Mahon sold his interest in the Orioles to Andrew Freedman, principal owner of the Giants, and John T. Brush, principal owner of the Cincinnati Reds, also of the NL. That day, Freedman and Brush released Seymour, McGraw, Kelley, McGinnity, Roger Bresnahan, Jack Cronin, and Dan McGann from their Oriole contracts
22.
Home run
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In modern baseball, the feat is typically achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence between the foul poles without first touching the ground, resulting in an automatic home run. There is also the home run, increasingly rare in modern baseball. When a home run is scored, the batter is credited with a hit and a run scored. Likewise, the pitcher is recorded as having given up a hit, a batted ball is also a home run if it touches either foul pole or its attached screen before touching the ground, as the foul poles are by definition in fair territory. A batted ball that goes over the wall after touching the ground is not a home run. A fielder is allowed to reach over the wall to attempt to catch the ball as long as his feet are on or over the field during the attempt. If the fielder successfully catches the ball while it is in flight the batter is out, however, since the fielder is not part of the field, a ball that bounces off a fielder and over the wall without touching the ground is still a home run. A home run accomplished in any of the above manners is a home run. This stipulation is in Approved Ruling of Rule 7.10, an inside-the-park home run occurs when a batter hits the ball into play and is able to circle the bases before the fielders can put him out. Unlike with a home run, the batter-runner and all preceding runners are liable to be put out by the defensive team at any time while running the bases. This can only happen if the ball does not leave the ballfield, with outfields much less spacious and more uniformly designed than in the games early days, inside-the-park home runs are now a rarity. They are usually the result of a ball being hit by a very fast runner, either way, this sends the ball into open space in the outfield and thereby allows the batter-runner to circle the bases before the defensive team can put him out. The speed of the runner is crucial as even triples are relatively rare in most modern ballparks, all runs scored on such a play, however, still count. An example of an unexpected bounce occurred during the 2007 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at AT&T Park in San Francisco on July 10,2007, by the time the ball was relayed, Ichiro had already crossed the plate standing up. This was the first inside-the-park home run in All-Star Game history, Home runs are often characterized by the number of runners on base at the time. A home run hit with the bases empty is seldom called a one-run homer, with one runner on base, two runs are scored and thus the home run is often called a two-run homer or two-run shot. Similarly, a home runs with two runners on base is a three-run homer or three-run shot, the term four-run homer is seldom used, instead, it is nearly always called a grand slam. Hitting a grand slam is the best possible result for the turn at bat
23.
Harry Davis (1900s first baseman)
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Harry H. Davis was born in Philadelphia. He led the American League in home runs from 1904 to 1907 and he also hit for the cycle on July 10,1901. He led the AL in doubles three times and the NL in triples once, Davis was the starting first baseman and first captain of manager Connie Macks Philadelphia Athletics from 1901 to 1910. In 1905 he led the American league in runs, RBI, runs and doubles. He was the starting first baseman for the 1910 World Champions, in 1911, the 37-year-old Davis was replaced at first base by the younger Stuffy McInnis, and Davis played a reserve role for the 1911 World Champions. Davis managed the 1912 Cleveland Naps, but left with 28 games left in the season and he returned to the Athletics as a player, coach and assistant captain in 1913, amassing only 33 plate appearances over the next five seasons combined. He continued as a coach and scout with Macks Athletics until 1927, Davis died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, August 11,1947, at the age of 74. com Biography at BaseballLibrary 1911 Photo
24.
Fred Odwell
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Frederick William Odwell was a professional baseball player. He was an outfielder over parts of four seasons with the Cincinnati Reds, in 1905, he led the National League in home runs. He was born in and later died at the age of 75 in Downsville,1904 was Odwells first season in the Major Leagues. He made his Major League debut on April 16, and finished the season with Cincinnati with a average of.284, with 133 hits, including 22 doubles,10 triples. In 1905, Odwell finished with a.241 average, with ten doubles, nine triples and nine home runs, the nine home runs hit led the National League that season, edging teammate Cy Seymour who had eight. In the next-to-last game of the season, Odwell hit a home run. The nine home runs he hit in 1905 were the last home runs of his Major League career. Odwell only played in 58 games for Cincinnati in the 1906 season, in the 1907 season, his last in the majors, he hit for a.294 average, with five doubles, seven triples and no home runs, with 22 walks. His last Major League game was on September 12,1907, though Odwell was almost exclusively an outfielder during his career, he played one game at second base in 1904 and another in 1907. List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference, or Baseball-Reference
25.
Run batted in
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A run batted in, plural runs batted in, is a statistic in baseball and softball that credits a batter for making a play that allows a run to be scored. For example, if the batter bats a base hit, then another player on a base can go home. Prior to the 1920 Major League Baseball season, runs batted in were not a baseball statistic. Nevertheless, the RBI statistic was tabulated—unofficially—from 1907 through 1919 by baseball writer Ernie Lanigan, common nicknames for an RBI include ribby, rib, and ribeye. The plural of RBI is generally RBIs, although some commentators use RBI as both singular and plural, as it can stand for runs batted in. The official scorers judgment must determine whether a run batted in shall be credited for a run that scores when a fielder holds the ball or throws to a wrong base. The perceived significance of the RBI is displayed by the fact that it is one of the three categories that comprise the triple crown, in addition, career RBIs are often cited in debates over who should be elected to the Hall of Fame. This implies that better offensive teams—and therefore, the teams in which the most players get on base—tend to produce hitters with higher RBI totals than equivalent hitters on lesser-hitting teams, totals are current through October 8,2015
26.
Rube Waddell
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George Edward Rube Waddell was an American southpaw pitcher in Major League Baseball. Born in Bradford, Pennsylvania, Waddell was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946, Waddell was a remarkably dominant strikeout pitcher in an era when batters mostly slapped at the ball to get singles. He had an excellent fastball, a curve, a screwball. He led the leagues in strikeouts for six consecutive years. Born in 1876 outside of Bradford, Pennsylvania, Waddell grew up in the country, biographer Alan Levy writes that Waddell was a decidedly different sort of child. At the age of three, he wandered over to a fire station and stayed for several days. Waddell did not attend school very often, but he was considered to be literate and he strengthened his arm as a child by throwing rocks at birds he encountered while plowing the familys land. He also worked on mining and drilling sites as a youngster, Waddells career wound through a number of teams. Waddell was unpredictable – early in his career, he would leave mid-game to go fishing and he had a longstanding fascination with fire trucks and had run off the field to chase after them during games. He performed as a wrestler in the offseason. He was easily distracted by opposing fans who held up puppies and shiny objects, an alcoholic for much of his short adult life, Waddell reportedly spent his entire first signing bonus on a drinking binge. Waddells eccentric behavior led to constant battles with his managers and scuffles with bad-tempered teammates and his first pro contract was with Louisville, pitching two league games and a couple of exhibitions with the team at the end of the 1897 season. When the season ended, he was lent to the Detroit Wolverines of the Western League to gain professional experience and he rejoined Louisville in the final month of the 1899 season and won seven of nine decisions. When the National League contracted to eight teams for the 1900 season, Louisville ownership bought the Pittsburgh franchise, louisvilles top players, including Waddell, Honus Wagner, Fred Clarke and others, were transferred to Pittsburgh. Waddell debuted with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1900, leading the National League in ERA, on August 19, Waddell pitched the first game of a doubleheader for Milwaukee, winning in the 17th inning on his own triple. His manager, Connie Mack, offered Waddell a three-day fishing vacation if he agreed to pitch the second game, Waddell threw 5 scoreless innings for the victory, and headed to Pewaukee Lake for fishing. However, his behavior led manager Fred Clarke to suspend him. Milwaukee was in the newly named American League, formerly known as the Western League, when Waddell displayed his prowess for Milwaukee, Pittsburgh management asked for Rubes return
27.
Christy Mathewson
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He was among the most dominant pitchers in baseball history, and ranks in the all-time top ten in several key pitching categories, including wins, shutouts, and ERA. In fact, he is the only pitcher in history to rank in the top ten both in career wins and in career ERA, if taking 19th century pitchers statistics into account. Mathewson grew up in Factoryville, Pennsylvania, and began playing baseball when he was 14 years old. He played in the leagues in 1899, recording a record of 21 wins. He pitched for the New York Giants the next season but was sent back to the minors and he would eventually return to the Giants and go on to win 373 games in his career, a National League record. He led the Giants to victory in the 1905 World Series by pitching three shutouts, Mathewson never pitched on Sundays, owing to his Christian beliefs. Mathewson served in the United States Armys Chemical Warfare Service in World War I and his respiratory system was weakened from the exposure, causing him to contract tuberculosis, from which he died in Saranac Lake, New York. Mathewson was born in Factoryville, Pennsylvania and attended school at Keystone Academy. He attended college at Bucknell University, where he served as class president and he was also a member of the fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta. His first experience of baseball came in 1895, when he was just 14 years old. The manager of the Factoryville ball club asked him to pitch in a game with a team in Mill City. Mathewson helped his team to a 19-17 victory, but with his batting rather than his pitching. He continued to play baseball during his years at Bucknell, pitching for minor league teams in Honesdale and Meridian, Mathewson was selected to the Walter Camp All-American football team in 1900. In 1899, Mathewson signed to professional baseball with Taunton of the New England League. The next season, he moved on to play on the Norfolk team of the Virginia-North Carolina League and he finished that season with a 20–2 record. He continued to attend Bucknell during that time period, in July of that year, the New York Giants purchased his contract from Norfolk for $1,500. Between July and September 1900 Mathewson appeared in six games for the Giants and he started one of those games and compiled a 0–3 record. Displeased with his performance, the Giants returned him to Norfolk, later that month, the Cincinnati Reds picked up Mathewson off the Norfolk roster
28.
Earned run average
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In baseball statistics, earned run average is the mean of earned runs given up by a pitcher per nine innings pitched. It is determined by dividing the number of earned runs allowed by the number of innings pitched, runs resulting from defensive errors are recorded as unearned runs and omitted from ERA calculations. Henry Chadwick is credited with devising the statistic, which caught on as a measure of pitching effectiveness after relief pitching came into vogue in the 1900s. Some criterion was needed to capture the apportionment of earned-run responsibility for a pitcher in games that saw contributions from other pitchers for the same team, a pitcher is assessed an earned run for each run scored by a batter who reaches base while batting against that pitcher. The National League first tabulated official earned run average statistics in 1912, recently written baseball encyclopedias display ERAs for earlier years, but these were computed retroactively. Negro League pitchers are often rated by RA, or total runs allowed, as with batting average, the definition of a good ERA varies from year to year. During the dead-ball era of the 1900s and 1910s, an ERA below 2.00 was considered good, in the 1960s, sub-2.00 ERAs returned, as other influences such as ballparks with different dimensions were introduced. Today, an ERA under 4.00 is again considered good, the all-time record for the lowest single season earned run average by a pitcher pitching 300 or more innings is 1.12, set by Bob Gibson in 1968. The record for the lowest career earned run average is 1.82, held by Ed Walsh, but a purported record based on so few innings pitched is highly misleading. Over the years, more than a dozen part-time pitchers have pitched 105 or more innings and had a run average lower than 0.86. Some sources may list players with infinite ERAs and this can happen if a pitcher allows one or more earned runs without retiring a batter. Additionally, an undefined ERA occasionally occurs at the beginning of a baseball season and it is sometimes incorrectly displayed as zero or as the lowest ranking ERA, even though it is more akin to the highest. At times it can be misleading to judge relief pitchers solely on ERA, because they are charged only for runs scored by batters who reached base while batting against them. Thus, if a pitcher enters the game with his team leading by 1 run, with 2 outs and the bases loaded. If he retires the batter, his ERA for that game will be 0.00 despite having surrendered the lead. Starting pitchers operate under the rules but are not called upon to start pitching with runners already on base. The relievers freedom to use their energy for a few innings, or even for just a few batters. ERA, taken by itself, can also be misleading when trying to objectively judge starting pitchers, the advent of the designated hitter rule in the American League in 1973 made the pitching environment significantly different
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Strikeout
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In baseball or softball, a strikeout occurs when a batter accumulates three strikes during a time at bat. It usually means the batter is out, a strikeout is a statistic recorded for both pitchers and batters, and is denoted by K. Although a strikeout suggests that the pitcher dominated the batter, the style that generates home runs also leaves batters susceptible to striking out. Some of the greatest home run hitters of all time — such as Alex Rodriguez, Gorman Thomas, Reggie Jackson, and Sammy Sosa — were notorious for striking out. A pitched ball is ruled a ball by the if the batter did not swing at it and, in that umpires judgment. Any pitch at which the batter swings or, that in that umpires judgment passes through the zone, is ruled a strike. Each ball and strike affects the count, which is incremented for each pitched ball with the exception of a ball on any count with two strikes. That is, a strike may only occur by the batter swinging and missing at a pitched ball. A pitched ball that is struck by the batter with the bat on any count, a batter may also strike out by bunting, even if the ball is hit into foul territory. In Japan, this is called furinige, or swing and escape, in Major League Baseball, it is known as an uncaught third strike. When this happens, a strikeout is recorded for both the pitcher and the batter, but no out is recorded, because of this, a pitcher may occasionally be able to record more than three strikeouts in one half-inning. In baseball scorekeeping, a strikeout is recorded as a K. A strikeout looking is often scored with a backward K, and sometimes as a K-L, CK, despite the scorekeeping custom of using K for strikeout, SO is the official abbreviation used by Major League Baseball. K is still used by fans and enthusiasts for purposes other than official record-keeping. The K may be placed backward in cases where the batter strikes out looking, the use of K for a strikeout was invented by Henry Chadwick, a newspaper journalist who is widely credited as the originator of the box score and the baseball scorecard. As is true in much of baseball, both the box score and scorecard remain largely unchanged to this day, Chadwick decided to use K, the last letter in struck, since the letter S was used for sacrifice. Chadwick was responsible for several other scorekeeping conventions, including the use of numbers to designate player positions and those unaware of Chadwicks contributions have speculated that K was derived from the last name of 19th century pitcher Matt Kilroy. If not for the evidence supporting Chadwicks earlier use of K, Kilroy raised the prominence of the strikeout, setting an all-time single-season record of 513 strikeouts in 1886, only two years after overhand pitching was permitted
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