The first Philippine Assembly elections were held across the Philippines on July 30, 1907. The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 established a bicameral Philippine Legislature composed of the appointed Philippine Commission as the upper house and the elected Philippine Assembly as the lower house.

The Philippine Organic Act was a basic law for the Insular Government that was enacted by the United States Congress on July 1, 1902. It is also known as the Philippine Bill of 1902 and the Cooper Act, after its author Henry A. Cooper. The approval of the act coincided with the official end of the Philippine–American War.