1.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
2.
1908 in Australia
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See also,1907 in Australia, other events of 1908,1909 in Australia, Timeline of Australian history. 30 March – Commonwealth Quarantine service came into operation and took over quarantine stations in every state,20 April –44 are killed and 400 injured in the Sunshine train disaster. 7 May – The Coat of Arms of Australia are granted Royal Assent,8 October – The capital of Australia is chosen, settling a feud between rivals Melbourne and Sydney. 13 November – The Australian Labor Party withdraws its support for the minority government of Prime Minister Alfred Deakin,18 November – The Victorian government passes the Adult Suffrage Bill 1908, granting female suffrage for the first time. 15 December – The Invalid and Old Age Pensions Act is passed, the government of Sir Thomas Bent is returned to power. 1 January – The Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology formally commences operation,3 February – first trans-Tasman radio transmission 16 May – The Commonwealth Literary Fund is established. The funeral was held at the Kew Cemetery in Melbourne,31 January – Victoria wins the 1907–08 Sheffield Shield. 11 February – Australia regains The Ashes with a 308 run victory over England,20 April – The first New South Wales Rugby League premiership begins in Sydney. At the 1908 Summer Olympics held in London, Australia forms a team with New Zealand, australias national rugby league team sets sail for England on the 1908–09 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain
3.
1910 in Australia
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See also,1909 in Australia,1911 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. 13 April – A referendum is held into alteration of the Australian Constitution regarding state debt, the state debt question was carried, the surplus revenue question was not. 6 May – Edward VII dies, his son George V becomes King of the United Kingdom,16 September – The Australian Treasury is given authority to issue currency, replacing the use of the British Pound. 16 November – The Northern Territory Acceptance Act 1910 receives Royal Assent from the Governor-General,19 November – A cyclone strikes the town of Broome, Western Australia, killing 40 people and destroying 20 houses. 25 November – The Royal Australian Navy is created with the passing of the Australian Naval Defence Act by the Federal Parliament, the destroyers HMAS Parramatta and HMAS Yarra arrive in Australia. 8 December – Geelong, Victoria is declared a city,17 September – The 1910 NSWRFL season culminates in a grand final between South Sydney and Newtown which is drawn 4 –4. Newtown are crowned premiers by virtue of being minor premiers
4.
1907
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As of the start of 1907, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 6 – The first Montessori school and daycare center for working class children opens in Rome, january 14 –1907 Kingston earthquake, An earthquake, in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000. March The 1907 Romanian Peasants Revolt results in possibly as many as 11,000 deaths. The Diamond Sūtra, a woodblock printed Buddhist scripture dated 868, is discovered by Aurel Stein in the Mogao Caves in China, march 5 – At the opening of the new State Duma in Saint Petersburg, Russia,40,000 demonstrators are dispersed by Russian troops. March 15–March 16 – Elections to the new Parliament of Finland are the first in the world with woman candidates, march 22 – The first taxicabs with taximeters begin operating in London. March 25 – The first university sports federation in Europe is established in Hungary with the participation or support of the associations of ten universities and colleges, march 28 – Volcanic eruption of Ksudach in the Kamchatka Peninsula. May 13 – The 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party convenes in secret in London, june 10–August 10 – Peking to Paris motor race, won by Prince Scipione Borghese driving a 7-litre 35/45 hp Itala. June 15 – The Second Hague Peace Conference opens at The Hague, june 26 – Tiflis bank robbery, Bolsheviks attack a cash-filled bank coach in the centre of Tiflis, Georgia, killing forty people. July 1 – The Orange River Colony gains autonomy as the Orange Free State, july 21 – The SS Columbia sinks after colliding with the lumber schooner San Pedro off Shelter Cove, California, U. S. A. resulting in 88 deaths. July 24 – The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 brings the government, august 1–9 – Robert Baden-Powell leads the first Scout camp on Brownsea Island, England. August 29 – The partially completed superstructure of the Quebec Bridge collapses entirely, september 7 – British passenger liner RMS Lusitania sets out on her maiden voyage from Liverpool to New York City. September 26 – New Zealand and Newfoundland become dominions, the committee ultimately decides to reform Esperanto. October 17 – Guglielmo Marconi initiates commercial transatlantic radio communications between his high power longwave wireless stations in Clifden Ireland and Glace Bay, Nova Scotia. October 18 – Hague Convention revised by Hague Peace Conference, october 27 – Černová massacre, Fifteen people are shot during the consecration of a Catholic church in Hungary. November 16 – British passenger liner RMS Mauretania, the worlds largest and fastest at this date, november 21 – Washington State College defeats the University of Washington 10-5 in Apple Cup played in Seattle. December 6 – Monongah Mining disaster, A coal mine explosion kills 362 workers in Monongah, West Virginia, december 8 – Upon the death of Oscar II, he is succeeded by his son Gustaf V as king of Sweden. December 14 – The largest sailing ship built, the 7-masted Thomas W. Lawson, is wrecked in the Isles of Scilly. December 17 – Ugyen Wangchuck becomes first Druk Gyalpo, december 19 – An explosion in a coal mine in Jacobs Creek kills 239
5.
Monarch
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A monarch is the sovereign head of state in a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state, alternatively, an individual may become monarch by conquest, acclamation or a combination of means. A monarch usually reigns for life or until abdication, if a young child is crowned the monarch, a regent is often appointed to govern until the monarch reaches the requisite adult age to rule. A monarch can reign in multiple monarchies simultaneously, for example, the monarchy of Canada and the monarchy of the United Kingdom are separate states, but they share the same monarch through personal union. Monarchs, as such, bear a variety of titles — king or queen, prince or princess, emperor or empress, archduke, duke or grand duke, Prince is sometimes used as a generic term to refer to any monarch regardless of title, especially in older texts. A king can also be a husband and a queen can be a kings wife. If both people in a reign, neither person is generally considered to be a consort. Monarchy is political or sociocultural in nature, and is associated with hereditary rule. Most monarchs, both historically and in the present day, have been born and brought up within a royal family, different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, agnatic seniority, Salic law, etc. In an elective monarchy, the monarch is elected but otherwise serves as any other monarch, historical examples of elective monarchy include the Holy Roman Emperors and the free election of kings of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In recent centuries, many states have abolished the monarchy and become republics, advocacy of government by a republic is called republicanism, while advocacy of monarchy is called monarchism. A principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the continuity of national leadership. In cases where the monarch serves mostly as a ceremonial figure real leadership does not depend on the monarch, a form of government may in fact be hereditary without being considered monarchy, such as a family dictatorship. Monarchies take a variety of forms, such as the two co-princes of Andorra, positions held simultaneously by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Urgel and the elected President of France. Similarly, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia is considered a monarch despite only holding the position for five years at a time, hereditary succession within one patrilineal family has been most common, with preference for children over siblings, sons over daughters. Other European realms practice one form or another of primogeniture, whereunder a lord was succeeded by his eldest son or, if he had none, by his brother, the system of tanistry was semi-elective and gave weight also to ability and merit. The Salic law, practiced in France and in the Italian territories of the House of Savoy, in most fiefs, in the event of the demise of all legitimate male members of the patrilineage, a female of the family could succeed. Spain today continues this model of succession law, in the form of cognatic primogeniture, in more complex medieval cases, the sometimes conflicting principles of proximity and primogeniture battled, and outcomes were often idiosyncratic
6.
Edward VII
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Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was excluded from political power. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, as king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised and he died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was born at 10,48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace and he was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle and he was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the family throughout his life. As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall, as a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867. In 1863, he renounced his rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on an educational programme devised by Prince Albert. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, Edward did not excel in his studies and he tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent, after the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor was replaced by a personal governor, Robert Bruce. After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, among others, in October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford. Now released from the strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time
7.
Governor-general
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Governor-General or governor general, in modern usage, is the title of an office-holder appointed to represent the monarch of a sovereign state in the governing of an independent realm. Governors-General have also previously been appointed in respect of major colonial states or other territories held by either a monarchy or republic, in modern usage, the term governor-general originated in those British colonies which became self-governing within the British Empire. In these cases, the Crowns representative in the federated Dominion was given the title of governor general. Another non-federal state, Newfoundland, was a Dominion for 16 years with the Kings representative retaining the title of governor throughout this time, since 2016, the title governor-general has been given to all representatives of the sovereign in independent Commonwealth realms. In these countries the governor-general acts as the representative, performing the ceremonial and constitutional functions of a head of state. The only other nation which uses the designation is Iran. In Iran, the authority is headed by a governor general. As such they held the prerogative powers of the monarch. The monarch or imperial government could overrule any governor-general, though this could often be cumbersome, the governors-general are entitled to wear a unique uniform, which are not generally worn today. If of the rank of general, equivalent or above. The report resulting from the 1926 Imperial Conference stated, in other words, the political reality of a self-governing Dominion within the British Empire with a governor-general answerable to the sovereign became clear. British interference in the Dominion was not acceptable and independent country status was clearly displayed, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were clearly not controlled by the United Kingdom. The governor-general, however, is appointed by the monarch. Executive authority is vested in the monarch, though much of it can be exercisable only by the governor-general on behalf of the sovereign of the independent realm. Except in rare cases, the only acts in accordance with constitutional convention and upon the advice of the national prime minister. The governor-general is still the representative of the sovereign and performs the same duties as they carried out historically. In some realms, the monarch could in principle overrule a governor-general, in Australia the present Queen is generally assumed to be head of state, since the governor-general and the state governors are defined as her representatives. However, since the governor-general performs almost all national regal functions, to a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed in Canada as to which officeholder—the monarch, the governor general, or both—can be considered the head of state
8.
Henry Northcote, 1st Baron Northcote
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Henry Stafford Northcote, 1st Baron Northcote GCMG GCIE CB PC, known as Sir Henry Northcote, Bt, between 1887 and 1900, was a Conservative politician and colonial administrator. He served as the third Governor-General of Australia between 1904 and 1908 and he was educated at Eton and Merton College, Oxford, and then joined the Foreign Office as a diplomat. Northcote was secretary to the British delegation negotiating the Alabama Claims between 1871 and 1873, from 1877 to 1880 he was private secretary to his father, then Chancellor of the Exchequer. In 1880 he was elected to the House of Commons as MP for Exeter and he served under Lord Salisbury as Financial Secretary to the War Office between 1885 and 1886 and as Surveyor-General of the Ordnance between 1886 and 1888, when that office was abolished. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1880 and created a Baronet, of Seamore Place in the Parish of St George, Hanover Square, in the County of Middlesex, in 1887. On his resignation after 20 years as MP, he was in January 1900 presented with the Freedom of the City of Exeter, Northcote was appointed Governor of Bombay in November 1899, through the influence of his father-in-law, Lord Mount Stephen. Northcote was still Governor of Bombay when the Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain, the first two Governors-General, Lord Hopetoun and Lord Tennyson, had served shortened terms and had had difficult relations with Australian ministers. Both the British and Australian governments wanted stability and continuity, and his lifelong experience in politics and his time in Bombay made him a suitable appointment. He was neither as imperious as Hopetoun nor as stuffy as Tennyson and this was just as well, because Northcote was the first Australian Governor-General to have to deal with political instability. In doing this, he sought the advice of the Chief Justice of the newly created High Court of Australia, Sir Samuel Griffith. In April 1904 the Prime Minister, Alfred Deakin, resigned, and was succeeded in quick succession by the Labor leader Chris Watson, both Watson and Reid asked Northcote to dissolve Parliament before their resignations, and in both cases he refused. At this time no-one doubted that the Governor-General had a discretion in these cases and it is a measure of Northcotes standing that all these leaders respected his decisions. Like his predecessors, Northcote saw himself as a representative of the British government as well a vice-regal representative. Deakin, although a loyal Imperialist, believed that Australian parliaments should be sovereign in Australia and this prompted Northcote to announce in February 1908 that he wished to resign, a year early. He had been made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1904, Lord Northcote married Alice, adopted daughter of George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen, in 1873. There were no children from the marriage, lady Northcote was created a Companion of the Order of the Crown of India when her husband became Governor of Bombay in 1900 and a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1919. Northcotes health declined after his return to Britain from Australia and he died in September 1911, the barony became extinct on his death. Lady Northcote died in June 1934, Griffith, Barton and the early governor-generals, aspects of Australias constitutional development, Public Law Review,1999
9.
Prime minister
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A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss members of the cabinet. In most systems, the minister is the presiding member. In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the minister is the presiding and actual head of government. In such systems, the head of state or the head of states official representative usually holds a ceremonial position. The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise powers that are constitutionally vested in the crown. The first actual usage of the prime minister or Premier Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers, the term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, however, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century, the monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII, William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I, Clarendon under Charles II and these ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as the minister, the chief minister, the first minister and finally the prime minister. The power of ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the skills of holding high office. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, when the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse, Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful, late in Annes reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power. The monarch could no longer any law or impose any tax without its permission. It is at point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge. A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714, George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government
10.
Alfred Deakin
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Alfred Deakin was a leader of the movement for Australian federation and later the second Prime Minister of Australia. Deakin was a contributor to the establishment of liberal reforms in the colony of Victoria. He also played a part in establishing irrigation in Australia. Throughout the 1890s Deakin was a participant in conferences of representatives of the Australian colonies that were established to draft a constitution for the proposed federation and he played an important role in ensuring that the draft was liberal and democratic and in achieving compromises to enable its eventual success. Between conferences, he worked to popularise the concept of federation and he then fought hard to ensure acceptance of the proposed constitution by the Government of the United Kingdom. As Prime Minister, Deakin completed a significant legislative program that makes him, with Labors Andrew Fisher, Deakin resigned from Parliament prior to the 1913 election, with Joseph Cook winning the Liberal Party leadership ballot. Alfred was born on 3 August 1856, Deakin worked as a storekeeper, water-carter and general carrier and then became a partner in a coaching business and later manager of Cobb and Co in Victoria. In 1871 he graduated with good passes in history, algebra and Euclid and basic passes in English and he began evening classes in law at the University of Melbourne, while working as a schoolteacher and private tutor. Deakin graduated in 1877 and began practising as a barrister, but had difficulty in obtaining briefs, in May 1878, he met David Syme, the owner of the Melbourne daily The Age, who paid him to contribute reviews, leaders and articles on politics and literature. In 1880, he became editor of The Leader, The Ages weekly, during this period Syme converted him from supporting free trade to protectionism. He became active in the Australian Natives Association and began to practise vegetarianism, the radical Premier, Graham Berry, offered him the position of Attorney-General in August, but Deakin turned him down. In 1882, Deakin married Elizabeth Martha Anne Browne, daughter of a well-known spiritualist and they lived with Deakins parents until 1887, when they moved to Llanarth, in Walsh Street, South Yarra. They had three daughters, Ivy, Stella and Vera by 1891, in 1883 Deakin became Commissioner for Public Works and Water Supply, and in 1884 he became Solicitor-General and Minister of Public Works. In 1885 Deakin secured the passage of the colonys pioneering Factories and Shops Act, enforcing regulation of employment conditions, in December 1884 he went to the United States to investigate irrigation, and presented a report in June 1885, Irrigation in Western America. Percival Serle described this report as a piece of accurate observation. In June 1886, he introduced legislation to nationalise water rights, in 1885, Deakin became Chief Secretary and Commissioner for Water Supply and from 1890 Minister for Health and, briefly, Solicitor-General. In 1889, he became the member for the Melbourne seat of Essendon and Flemington, in 1890 the government was brought down over its use of the militia to protect non-union labour during the maritime strike. In addition, Deakin lost his fortune and his fathers fortune in the property crash of 1893, in 1892, he unsuccessfully defended the mass murderer Frederick Bailey Deeming and assisted the defence in the 1893–94 libel trial of David Syme
11.
Election
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An election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century, Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. This process is used in many other private and business organizations. Electoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoral systems where they are not in place, psephology is the study of results and other statistics relating to elections. To elect means to choose or make a decision, and so other forms of ballot such as referendums are referred to as elections. Elections were used as early in history as ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and throughout the Medieval period to select rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor, in Vedic period of India, the raja of a gana was apparently elected by the gana. The raja belonged to the noble Kshatriya varna, and was typically a son of the previous raja, however, the gana members had the final say in his elections. The Pala king Gopala in early medieval Bengal was elected by a group of feudal chieftains, such elections were quite common in contemporary societies of the region. In Chola Empire, around 920 CE, in Uthiramerur, palm leaves were used for selecting the village committee members, the leaves, with candidate names written on them, were put inside a mud pot. To select the members, a young boy was asked to take out as many leaves as the number of positions available. This was known as the Kudavolai system, ancient Arabs also used election to choose their caliph, Uthman and Ali, in the early medieval Rashidun Caliphate. Questions of suffrage, especially suffrage for minority groups, have dominated the history of elections, males, the dominate cultural group in North America and Europe, often dominated the electorate and continue to do so in many countries. Early elections in such as the United Kingdom and the United States were dominated by landed or ruling class males. However, by 1920 all Western European and North American democracies had universal male suffrage. Despite legally mandated universal suffrage for males, political barriers were sometimes erected to prevent fair access to elections. The question of who may vote is an issue in elections. In Australia Aboriginal people were not given the right to vote until 1962, suffrage is typically only for citizens of the country, though further limits may be imposed. However, in the European Union, one can vote in municipal elections if one lives in the municipality and is an EU citizen, the nationality of the country of residence is not required
12.
Monarchy of Australia
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The monarchy of Australia is a form of government in which a hereditary king or queen serves as the nations sovereign. The present monarch is Elizabeth II, styled Queen of Australia and she is represented in Australia by the governor-general, in accordance with the Australian constitution and letters patent from the Queen. In each of the states, the monarch is represented by a governor, the Australian monarch, besides reigning in Australia, separately serves as monarch for each of 15 other Commonwealth nations known as realms. This developed from the colonial relationship between these countries and the United Kingdom, but they are now independent of each other and are legally distinct. Likewise, on all matters relating to any Australian state, the monarch is advised by the ministers of the Crown of that state, the British government is thus considered a foreign power in regard to Australias domestic and foreign affairs. The sovereigns Australian title is currently Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. Typically, the monarch is styled King or Queen of Australia and is addressed as such when in Australia or performing duties on behalf of Australia abroad, prior to 1953, the title had simply been the same as that in the United Kingdom. Australia, however, wished to have the United Kingdom mentioned as well, thus, the resolution was a title that included the United Kingdom but, for the first time, also separately mentioned Australia and the other Commonwealth realms. The passage of a new Royal Style and Titles Act by the Parliament of Australia put these recommendations into law, Queen Elizabeth II signed her assent at Government House, Canberra, on 19 October 1973. Australia does not pay any money to the Queen, either for personal income or to support the royal residences outside Australia, only when the Queen is in Australia does the Australian government support her in the performance of her duties. This rule applies equally to members of the Royal Family. Succession is according to British laws that have incorporated into Australian law. By adhering to the Statute of Westminster in 1942, Australia agreed to change its rules of only in agreement with the UK. Parallel proclamations are made by the governors in each state, regardless of any proclamations, the late sovereigns heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she continues to reign until death. The legal personality of a component of the Australian state is expressed by reference to the sovereign. In criminal prosecutions, the state as a party is named as The Queen—for instance. However, the prosecutors themselves are referred to as representing the Crown, more commonly and conveniently, however, the entity is referred to directly—for example, as The Commonwealth or The State of New South Wales or simply New South Wales
13.
Governor-General of Australia
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The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the Australian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The Governor-General is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia, when travelling abroad, the Governor-General is seen as the representative of Australia, and of the Queen of Australia, so is treated as a head of state. The Governor-General is supported by a staff headed by the Official Secretary to the Governor-General, a Governor-General is not appointed for a specific term, but is generally expected to serve for five years subject to a possible short extension. Since 28 March 2014, the Governor-General has been General Sir Peter Cosgrove, from Federation in 1901 until 1965,11 out of the 15 Governors-General were British aristocrats, they included four barons, three viscounts, three earls, and one prince. Since then, all but one of the Governors-General have been Australian-born, as of 2017, only one Governor-General, Dame Quentin Bryce, was a woman. The selection of a Governor-General is a responsibility for the Prime Minister of Australia, the candidate is approached privately to confirm whether they are willing to accept the appointment. The prime minister advises the monarch to appoint his nominee. This has been the procedure since November 1930, when James Scullins proposed appointment of Sir Isaac Isaacs was fiercely opposed by the British government, Scullin was equally insistent that the monarch must act on the relevant prime ministers direct advice. Both of these appointments had been agreed to despite British government objections, despite these precedents, George V remained reluctant to accept Scullins recommendation of Isaacs and asked him to consider Field Marshal Sir William Birdwood. However, Scullin stood firm, and, on 29 November, the King agreed to Isaacss appointment and this right to not only advise the monarch directly, but also to expect that advice to be accepted, was soon taken up by all the other Dominion prime ministers. This, among other things, led to the Statute of Westminster 1931, having agreed to the appointment, the monarch then permits it to be publicly announced in advance, usually several months before the end of the current Governor-Generals term. During these months, the person is referred to as the Governor-General-designate, the actual appointment is made by the monarch. Governors-General have during their tenure the style His/Her Excellency the Honourable, since May 2013, the style used by a former Governor-General is the Honourable, it was at the same time retrospectively granted for life to all previous holders of the office. From the creation of the Order of Australia in 1975, the Governor-General was, ex officio, Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order, and therefore became entitled to the post-nominal AC. In 1986 the Letters Patent were amended again, and Governors-General appointed from that time were again, ex officio, until 1989, all Governors-General were members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and thus held the additional style the Right Honourable for life. The same individuals were also usually either peers, knights, or both, in 1989, Bill Hayden, a republican, declined appointment to the British Privy Council and any imperial honours. Dame Quentin Bryce was the first Governor-General to have had no title or pre-nominal style. Until 2015, the honour continued after the retirement from office of the Governor-General, formerly, the Governor-General automatically became a knight or dame upon being sworn in
14.
Prime Minister of Australia
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The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia, almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed minister was John Gorton. Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable for life, the senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia. The Prime Minister is, like ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to hand in the commission, in the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Despite the importance of the office of minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply Prime Minister, except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry, Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies, in August 1941 Menzies resigned as prime minister. In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly and his deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as prime minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader, Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australias shortest-serving prime minister. Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December, the governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader
15.
Chief Justice of Australia
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The Chief Justice of Australia is the informal title for the presiding justice of the High Court of Australia and the highest-ranking judicial officer in the Commonwealth of Australia. The incumbent is Susan Kiefel, the first woman to hold the office, the Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under, the Judiciary Act 1903, with the first appointments to the High Court commencing on 5 October 1903. The Chief Justice is first among equals among the Justices of the High Court, all Justices, including the Chief Justice, are appointed by the Governor-General of Australia, on the advice of the federal government. They can be removed only by the Governor-General, on a request from both houses of the parliament, although this has never been done. Since 1977, appointment has been until the retirement age of seventy. The Chief Justice often acts as the Governor-Generals deputy, especially at such as the opening of Parliament after an election. Chief Justice Samuel Griffith was several times consulted by Governors-General of Australia on the exercise of the reserve powers, the Chief Justice also administers the Oath of Allegiance to the Monarch and an Oath of Office to the Governor-General-designate when he or she takes up his or her appointment. Chief Justice Sir John Latham was absent from the office when he served from 1940 to 1941 as Australias first ambassador to Japan, Sir George Rich was Acting Chief Justice in Lathams absence
16.
Samuel Griffith
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Sir Samuel Walker Griffith GCMG, PC, QC, was an Australian politician, Premier of Queensland, Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia, and a principal author of the Constitution of Australia. Griffith was born in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, the son of the Rev. Edward Griffith. He was the brother of Mary Harriett Griffith, although of Welsh extraction, his forebears for at least three generations had lived in England. The family migrated to Queensland when Samuel was eight, during his course he was awarded the Cooper and Barker scholarships and other prizes. In 1865, he gained the T. S. Mort Travelling Fellowship, Travelling to Europe, he spent some of his time in Italy, and became much attached to the Italian people and their literature. Many years after, he was to become the first Australian translator of Dante, on his return to Brisbane, Griffith studied law and was articled to Arthur Macalister, in one of whose ministries Griffith afterwards had his first portfolio. Griffith was called to the bar in 1867, in 1870, Griffith returned to Sydney to complete an M. A. In the same year, he married Julia Janet Thomson, in 1872 Griffith was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, for East Moreton. Throughout his career he saw himself as a lawyer first and a politician second, Griffith took silk in 1876 as a Queens Counsel. In Parliament he gained a reputation as a liberal reformer and he was Attorney-General, Minister for Education and Minister for Works, and became leader of the liberal party in 1879. His great enemy was the conservative leader Sir Thomas McIlwraith, whom he accused of corruption, Griffith became Premier in November 1883 displacing McIlwraith. Griffiths election as Premier was assisted by auditor-general William Leworthy Goode Drews report on the colonys loans having reached over £13 million, Griffith won the next election largely on his policy of preventing the importation of Kanaka labour from the islands. He passed an act for this purpose, but it was found that the danger of the destruction of the industry was so great that the measure was never made operative. Recruiting was, however, placed under regulations and some of the worst abuses were swept away, Griffith took a special interest in British New Guinea, and was eventually responsible for the sending of Sir William MacGregor there in 1888. Griffith was regarded as an ally of the labour movement. He introduced a bill to trade unions, and declared that the great problem of this age is not how to accumulate wealth. In 1888 his government was defeated, in opposition he wrote radical articles for The Boomerang, William Lanes socialist newspaper. But in 1890 Griffith suddenly betrayed his friends and became Premier again at the head of an unlikely alliance with McIlwraith
17.
Premier of New South Wales
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The Premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature, prior to Federation in 1901 the term Prime Minister of New South Wales was used, Premier was used from 1901. The current Premier is Gladys Berejiklian, the Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party, Berejiklian replaced Mike Baird on 23 January 2017, after Baird resigned as Premier. As of January 2017, nine former Premiers are alive, the oldest being Barrie Unsworth, the most recent premier to die was Tom Lewis on 25 April 2016. List of Premiers of New South Wales by time in office Deputy Premier of New South Wales
18.
Joseph Carruthers
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Sir Joseph Hector McNeil Carruthers KCMG was an Australian politician and Premier of New South Wales. According to Percival Serle, few premiers of New South Wales succeeded in doing so much distinguished work, Carruthers was born in Kiama, New South Wales. His father, John Carruthers, was unable to pay for his sons education, and the boy was sent to the William Street and Fort Street High School. After a short term at the Goulburn High School, he went on to the University of Sydney, two years later, he took his Master of Arts degree and was admitted to practice as a solicitor, where he remained for some years. In December 1879, he married Louise Marion Roberts and he held Canterbury until 1894, when he switched to the new seat of St George. In March 1889, as Minister of Public Instruction, he joined Henry Parkess last ministry and he took a special interest in technical schools, particularly Ultimo Technical College, which later established a great reputation. Parkes resigned in October 1891, but when the Reid ministry was formed in August 1894, Carruthers was given the position of Secretary for Lands, another important aspect was that the right of the Crown tenants to the value of their improvements, was recognized. Carruthers made an speech in introducing this measure and his reforms were widely supported. In 1895, he divorced his wife and was granted custody of their children, in 1897, in the Truth, John Norton accused him of irregularities in his divorce, immorality in his private life, and land abuses as Secretary for Lands. Norton was prosecuted for libel but the jury could not agree on a verdict. In July 1899, he took over the position of Treasurer but a few weeks later and it was a difficult task as there was considerable opposition in that chamber, and various amendments were suggested. This was altered in 1899, to a majority of the total number of the members of both Houses. At the Melbourne session held early in 1898, he fought vigorously for the rights of New South Wales. His party won the July 1904 election on an alliance of Liberalism, temperance and Protestantism, although he had a majority of only one in the House, his ministry never seemed to be in real danger during its term of office of over three years. As Premier and Treasurer, he did work and not only showed increasing surpluses each year. His Local Government Act of 1906 introduced a system which persists to today, between 1904 and 1907, closer settlement schemes made nearly six million acres available for settlement. In 1907, he succeeded in bringing about a fusion of the Liberal and Reform Association, in 1905-06, a Royal Commission inquired into land scandals and investigated accusations made against Carruthers and the behaviour of his law firm. He testified before it eight times, the commissioner found that nothing in the evidence implicated Carruthers, but he gave up his law practice for a few years
19.
Charles Wade
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Sir Charles Gregory Wade KCMG, KC, JP was Premier of New South Wales 2 October 1907 –21 October 1910. According to Percival Serle, Wade was a man of high character. His career as a judge was short, but his sense of justice and grasp of principles and details, Charles Gregory Wade was born in Singleton, New South Wales. He was the son of William Burton Wade, a civil engineer, educated at All Saints College, Bathurst, and The Kings School, Parramatta. Wade won the Broughton and Forrest scholarships and went to Merton College and he had a distinguished career, both as a scholar and an athlete, graduating with honours in classics and representing his university and England at rugby union. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1886 and he married Ella Louise Bell, daughter of a civil engineer, in 1890. He made a reputation as a barrister and was appointed a prosecutor in 1891. From 1902, he represented employers before the new Industrial Arbitration Court, from 1904 to 1917, he represented Gordon. Within a year of his first election he joined the Carruthers ministry as Attorney-General, when Carruthers resigned Wade became Premier on 2 October 1907, but still retained his previous portfolios. There was some remission of taxation and each year the treasurer was able to show a surplus, during the 1909–10 coal strike, Wade appeared to favour the mine-owners and lost significant community support. In spite of his good record Wade was defeated at the election. In November 1916, Labor premier William Holman, a supporter of conscription, formed a coalition with Liberal Reform to stay in office, Wade was prominent in the negotiations for a coalition, but the state of his health did not allow him to seek office. He also declined the office of agent-general for New South Wales, a few months later, finding his health much improved, he became agent-general. A series of seven lectures on Australia delivered at University College, London, was published in 1919 under the title Australia, Problems and Prospects. In December of that year Wade was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales at Sydney and took up his duties in March 1920. Wade died after an illness at his house at the Sydney suburb of Potts Point, New South Wales and was survived by Lady Wade. His funeral was held at St. Andrews Cathedral, Sydney on 22 September 1922 and he was buried at South Head Cemetery on the same day. Wade became a Kings Counsel in 1906, was knighted in 1918 and was created KCMG in 1920, list of Six Nations Championship hat-tricks
20.
Premier of South Australia
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The Premier of South Australia is the head of government in the state of South Australia, Australia. The Government of South Australia follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of South Australia acting as the legislature, the current Premier is Jay Weatherill, the Leader of the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party. Weatherill replaced Mike Rann on 21 October 2011, after Rann resigned as Premier, before the 1890s when there was no formal party system in South Australia, MPs tended to have historical liberal or conservative beliefs. The liberals dominated government from the 1893 election to 1905 election with the support of the South Australian United Labor Party, Labor took government with the support of eight dissident liberals in 1905 when Labor won the most seats for the first time. The rise of Labor saw non-Labor politics start to merge into various party incarnations, Labor formed South Australias first majority government after winning the 1910 state election, triggering the merger. The 1910 election came two weeks after federal Labor formed Australias first elected majority government at the 1910 federal election, no Country or rural conservative parties emerged as serious long-term forces in South Australian state politics, often folding into the main non-Labor party. There are six living former premiers, the oldest being Steele Hall, the most recent premier to die was John Bannon on 13 December 2015. In the following timeline, the legend includes the Liberal and Democratic Union, the Liberal Union, the Liberal Party of Australia is represented as Liberal only. The grey area represents the duration of Playmander electoral malapportionment, beginning in 1936, in effect until the 1970 election
21.
Premier of Queensland
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The Premier of Queensland is the head of government in the Australian state of Queensland. By convention the Premier is the leader of the party with a majority in the unicameral Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Queensland, the incumbent Premier of Queensland since the 2015 election is Annastacia Palaszczuk of the Australian Labor Party. Under section 42 of the Constitution of Queensland the Premier and other members of Cabinet are appointed by the Governor and are responsible to Parliament. The text of the Constitution assigns to the Premier certain powers, such as the power to assign roles to Assistant Ministers, although ministerial appointments are the prerogative of the Governor of Queensland, in normal circumstances the Governor will make these appointments under the advice of the Premier. A re-elected government will be resworn, with adjustments to the ministry as determined by the Premier, the Premier has an office in the Executive Annexe of Parliament House, Brisbane, which is normally used while Parliament is sitting. At other times the Premiers ministerial office is in 1 William Street, before the 1890s, there was no developed party system in Queensland. Political affiliation labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, before the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, political parties were more akin to parliamentary factions, and were fluid, informal and disorganised by modern standards. As of February 2015, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being Russell Cooper, the most recent premier to die was Wayne Goss, on 10 November 2014. List of Premiers of Queensland by time in office Government of Queensland Politics of Queensland
22.
William Kidston
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William Kidston was an Australian politician and Premier of Queensland, from January 1906 to November 1907 and again from February 1908 to February 1911. William Kidston was born in Falkirk, Scotland on 17 August 1849 and he became an apprentice ironmoulder at age 13. He married Margaret Scott in 1874, dissatisfied with ironmoulding, he emigrated to New South Wales with his family in 1882, and moved again to Queensland, arriving in Rockhampton at 1883. In Rockhampton, Kidston started a new career as a bookseller, during the early 1890s, growing industrial unrest pitted the newly formed trade union movement against the conservative colonial government led by Thomas McIlwraith in a series of strikes. A major strike by shearers in 1891 led to the government deploying military forces, Kidston, a member of the local militia, was in strong support of the strikers, and received a court martial when he refused enrolment as a special constable in the anti-strike force. The unionists defeat at the hands of the government prompted the movement to aim for political representation in the Parliament of Queensland. The Australian Labour Federation sought to repeal the antiquated anti-striking laws that had used against the strikers. Kidston wrote a poem, entitled The Ballot is the Thing, Kidston became the main ALF figure in Rockhampton and campaigned for electoral reform – abolition of plural voting, and extension of the franchise. In addition to the cause of the movement, Kidston also supported the separatist organisations in Rockhampton that sought to make Central Queensland a separate colony. Kidston stood unsuccessfully as a separatist candidate for Rockhampton in 1893, in the elections of 1896 he was elected as an endorsed Labor candidate. In Parliament, Kidston began agitating for a coalition of progressive elements to defeat the conservative Continuous Ministry now led by Hugh Nelson. Such overtures met with enthusiasm from either the Labor or Liberal elements. He was again re-elected in 1902, by which stage the separatist movement was dying down, the government lasted only a week before it was defeated on the floor of parliament, an experience which convinced Kidston of the necessity of seeking support outside of the ALF proper. In 1903 an alliance of disaffected Ministerialists, Liberals and the ALF brought down Philps government, Kidston, a close friend of Morgan, again became treasurer. He was, along with William Browne, one of two Labor members of the ministry, after Brownes death in 1904, Kidston became the most senior Labor minister. The parliamentary situation, with numbers for both the Morgan-Kidston coalition and the ex-Ministerialists, proved unwieldy, and an election was called. Labor became the largest party in the parliament but Kidston was content to let Morgan retain the dominant role in the coalition, Kidston defended Labors coalition with Morgan, arguing that it had resulted in a public works programme, and fairer taxation and electoral systems. Morgans death in early 1906 led to Kidstons ascension as premier, in May 1907 he announced the formation of his own political party, to which a majority of the Labor members in parliament declared allegiance
23.
Robert Philp
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Sir Robert Philp, KCMG was a Queensland businessman and politician who was Premier of Queensland from December 1899 to September 1903 and again from November 1907 to February 1908. Philp was born in Glasgow, Scotland, the son of John Philp, a lime-kiln operator. He emigrated to Brisbane with his parents and siblings in 1862, where his father took a lease on the municipal baths, and later became involved in the cattle and sugar industries. Burns, Philp & Co acted as agents and provisioners for the cane and pastoral industries that sustained Northern Queensland. A royal commission into recruiting practices in 1885 coincided with a downturn in the sugar industry, despite the success of Burns, Philp & Co, Philp made some poor personal investments, such as his loss of £5000 on the Comet mine. Like many others he was affected by the depression of the 1890s. He also owed considerable sums of money to the North Queensland Mortgage & Investment Co. as well as holding a £5000 mortgage with respect to other properties. When the business-friendly McIlwraith government lost office in 1883 it was succeeded by the Liberal government of Samuel Griffith that sought to end the trade in Kanakas. As a prominent businessman who had served several times on the local council Philp was active in bankrolling and supporting candidates in opposition to Griffith and he supported the growing movement for the separation of North Queensland from the rest of the colony. Philp entered the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in 1886 as Member for Musgrave and he supported the North Queensland separatists in their unsuccessful attempts to gain independence, but spent most of his early parliamentary career preoccupied with his business affairs. His seat of Musgrave was abolished and in 1888 he was returned as one of the two members for the electorate of Townsville. His parliamentary activity was mainly in support of North Queensland and his business interests - extending railway links to North Queensland, when the import of Pacific islanders was temporarily halted in 1892 Philp was instrumental in securing its resumption. Philp was a speculator and in 1893 he was forced by debt to resign from the board of directors of Burns. In May of the same year McIlwraith, now governing in coalition with Griffith in what was known as the Continuous Ministry and he held several other ministerial posts, such as Public Instruction, Railways, Public Works and Treasurer until 1899. When the Continuous Ministry was briefly unseated by the Labor government of Anderson Dawson and he codified mining regulations and encouraged the private development of railways throughout the colony. The railway construction process was alleged to be corrupt by the Labor members, dawsons government lasted a week before losing Parliamentary support and Philp, despite his protestations in support of Dickson, was chosen as Premier by his colleagues. The Australian colonies federated in 1901 and the new Prime Minister Edmund Barton immediately ended the trade in Kanakas, by this stage Queensland was severely depleted in revenue, and Federation exacerbated this situation by depriving Queensland of excise and customs funds. Despite a severe drought and the state of the states finances
24.
Premier of Tasmania
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The Premier of Tasmania is the head of the executive government in the Australian state of Tasmania. By convention, the party or political grouping which has majority support in the House of Assembly will nominate its leader to be Premier, the nominated politician is then invited by the Governor of Tasmania to act as their principal adviser. Before the 1890s, there was no party system in Tasmania. Party labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, the current convention of appointing the Premier from the House of Assembly was not generally applied prior to 1920, with Premiers often appointed from the Legislative Council. The incumbent Premier of Tasmania since the 2014 election is Will Hodgman of the Liberal Party of Australia, as of 24 January 2011, eight former premiers are alive, the oldest being Tony Rundle. The most recent premier to die was Sir Angus Bethune, on 27 August 2004, the most recently serving premier to die was Jim Bacon, on 20 June 2004. List of Premiers of Tasmania by time in office Leader of the Opposition Governors of Tasmania PREMIERS OF TASMANIA Parliament of Tasmania
25.
John Evans (Australian politician)
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Sir John William Evans, CMG was an Australian politician, a member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly and Premier of Tasmania from 11 July 1904 to 19 June 1909. Evans was born in 1855 in Liverpool, England, but migrated with his family to Battery Point, after education in Hobart, Evans embarked on a year-long voyage through Asian ports with his parents. His father, a merchant seaman, arranged an apprenticeship for him on his barque, Helen, trading to China. John was first elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly in the electorate of Kingborough on 20 January 1897 and he did not have a political party, at this time, but is described as Anti-Socialist. Evans became Premier on 12 July 1904, holding office until 19 June 1909. In 1909 his seat of Kingborough was abolished and replaced with the Division of Franklin and he won the seat back in 1909 and continued to serve in parliament until 1937 as Commonwealth Liberal and Nationalist. His time in parliament, forty years from 1897 to 1937, makes him the longest-serving member in Tasmania
26.
Premier of Western Australia
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The Premier of Western Australia is the head of the executive branch of government in the Australian state of Western Australia. The Premier has similar functions in Western Australia to those performed by the Prime Minister of Australia at the national level, subject to the different Constitutions. The incumbent Premier of Western Australia is Mark McGowan who won the 2017 state election and was sworn in on 17 March 2017 by Governor Kerry Sanderson as the 30th Premier of Western Australia. The premier must be a member of one of the two Houses of the Parliament of Western Australia, and by convention the premier is a member of the lower house, the Legislative Assembly. He or she is appointed by the governor on the advice of the lower house, consequently, the premier is almost always the leader of the political party or coalition of parties with the majority of seats in the lower house. The office of premier of Western Australia was first formed in 1890, the Constitution of Western Australia does not explicitly provide for a premier, and the office was not formally listed as one of the executive offices until the appointment of Ross McLarty in 1947. Nonetheless, John Forrest immediately adopted the title on taking office as first premier of Western Australia in 1890, John Forrest was the only premier of Western Australia as a self-governing colony. Following the Federation of Australia in 1901, Western Australia became an Australian state, Party politics began in Western Australia with the rise of the Labor party in 1901. By 1904, the party system was entrenched in Western Australian politics, since then the premiers have been associated with political parties. Western Australias constitution contains nothing to preclude the premier being a member of the upper house, historically and by convention, however, the premier is a member of the Assembly. During the economic boom of the 1980s, the Western Australian government became involved with a number of large businesses. A succession of deals were made between the government and businesses, and these ultimately caused great losses for the state, a subsequent royal commission found evidence of widespread corruption. Three former premiers were found to have acted improperly and two of them, Ray OConnor and Brian Burke, were jailed and this scandal became popularly known as WA Inc. As of 4 April 2017, seven former premiers are alive, the oldest being Peter Dowding, the most recent premier to die was Ray OConnor, on 25 February 2013, aged 86. He served as premier for a month before resigning after no seat could be found. b Prior to the 1904 election, no organised political parties existed, walter Kingsmill served as Acting Premier during this time
27.
Newton Moore
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Major-General Sir Newton James Moore KCMG, was the eighth Premier of Western Australia and a member of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1918 to 1932. Newton Moore was born in Fremantle, Western Australia, son of James Moore, auctioneer and later mayor of Bunbury and he was educated at Arthur Street Primary School in Bunbury before attending Prince Alfred College in Adelaide, South Australia. In 1886 he was apprenticed as a surveyor to Alexander Forrest, after qualifying in 1894, he worked as a contract surveyor in and around the Bunbury area. In April 1898 he married Isabella Lowrie, sister of William Lowrie, in 1899 Moore was elected to the Bunbury Municipal Council, and was Mayor of Bunbury from 1900 to 1904. In 1903 he was also a member of the Royal Commission on Forestry, Moore was also involved in the Western Australian militia, commencing a long career as a private with the BRV in 1894. By 1900 he had risen to captain and was instrumental in assisting in the formation of the BVR Mounted Infantry Section, after the Commonwealth reorganisation of 1903, the unit was renamed the 18th Australian Light Horse. Moore served as acting commander until 1908, when he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, in August 1908, Moore was appointed commanding officer of the 5th Military District Intelligence Section, where he remained until March 1914. In 1901, Moore contested the Western Australian Legislative Assembly seat of Bunbury, in 1904 he contested the seat again and won. In August 1905, he was appointed Minister for Lands and Agriculture in Cornthwaite Rasons government, on Rasons resignation on 7 May 1906, he became Premier of Western Australia. Just 36 years old, he was at the time the youngest ever Premier and he remains the most inexperienced politician ever to hold the office, having served in Parliament for less than two years at the time of his appointment. Moores emphasis as Premier was on agricultural development and he personally retained the Lands and Agriculture portfolio, and pursued a policy of cheap land for settlers. In September 1907, after a dispute with the Legislative Council, however, Governor Bedford would not accept his resignation, nor would he consent to an early dissolution, so Moore resumed office. In 1908, Moore led the Liberal Party to another election victory, as the state had previously seen nine Premiers in a little over five years, this was a welcome respite from a period of great instability. On 16 September 1910, Moore resigned as Premier and Colonial Treasurer on the grounds of ill health, Moore was made CMG in June 1908, and KCMG in June 1910. In February 1911, he resigned his Bunbury seat to take up the office of Agent-General for Western Australia in London, in 1915, while still Agent-General, the Australian government appointed him General Officer Commanding Australian Imperial Forces in the United Kingdom. He held that position until 1917, during which time he was promoted to the rank of major-general and he was elected to the seat on 4 October 1918. In the 1918 general election on 14 December he instead stood for, after a break from politics in 1923 and 1924, he won the seat of Richmond upon Thames in the general election of 29 October 1924, and held it until his resignation on 13 April 1932. For ten years, he was Chairman of the Standing Orders Committee of the House of Commons and he established himself as an excellent representative of Australia, and his opinion on Empire matters was highly valued by British ministers
28.
Premier of Victoria
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The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the government in the Australian state of Victoria. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Victoria, and is the leader of the party able to secure a majority in the Legislative Assembly. Responsible government came to the colony of Victoria in 1855, between 1856 and 1892, the head of the government was commonly called the Premier or the Prime Minister, but neither title had any legal basis. The head of government always held another portfolio, usually Chief Secretary or Treasurer, the first head of government to hold the title of Premier without holding another portfolio was William Shiels in 1892. The incumbent Premier of Victoria since the 2014 election is Daniel Andrews of the Australian Labor Party, as of September 2016, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being John Cain. The most recent premier to die was Joan Kirner, on 1 June 2015, department of Premier and Cabinet, Victoria Deputy Premier of Victoria List of Premiers of Victoria by time in office ABC News - Premiers of Victoria
29.
Thomas Bent
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Sir Thomas Bent KCMG was an Australian politician and the 22nd Premier of Victoria. He was one of the most colourful and corrupt politicians in Victorian history, Bent was born in Penrith, New South Wales the eldest of four sons and two daughters of James Bent, a hotel-keeper. He came to Melbourne with his parents in 1849 and he went to school in the Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy, later becoming a market-gardener in East Brighton. In 1861 he became a collector for the town council of Brighton. He soon began buying and selling land in Brighton, and became a property developer in new areas close by. He developed the suburb of Bentleigh, named after himself and he was a member of both Brighton and Moorabbin town councils and was Mayor of Brighton nine times. In 1871 Bent was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly for the district of Brighton and he had no particular party loyalties and first held office in the Service government in 1880. His lifelong reputation for corruption dates from this period, the exposure of Bents dealings led to the defeat of OLoghlens government at the 1883 elections. After this debacle Bent spent 18 years on the backbench, concentrating on his property dealings, for instance, in 1884 Bent purchased property in Exhibition Street for 1488 pounds and on the same day resold it for 2000 pounds. In 1892 he surprised his critics by being elected Speaker as part of a political deal. A newspaper asked, Why is Speaker Bent the first commoner in the land, because no-one commoner than Bent can be found. There was an element of snobbery in this, Bent was the first Victorian Premier with a strong Australian accent, and was held in contempt by the Anglo-Scottish Melbourne establishment. In the severe crash that followed the boom Bent was almost bankrupted and he had transferred many of his assets to his wifes name and this saved him from bankruptcy. At the election followed the fall of James Pattersons government, Bent was defeated at Brighton. His fate was sealed when The Age published letters Bent had written as Railways Minister in 1881, Bent moved with his wife Elizabeth and their two daughters to Port Fairy, where he took up dairy farming. But he had not given up his political ambitions, in 1897 he unsuccessfully stood for Port Fairy, then in 1900 he moved back to Melbourne, and at the November 1900 election he was re-elected for Brighton. He completed his comeback by becoming once again Minister for Railways in William Irvines conservative government and he was soon up to his old tricks, buying land in Brighton and then approving a tramline from St Kilda to Brighton that led right past his properties. Despite his reputation, Bent was chosen as the new Liberal leader in Victoria when Irvine quit to go into politics in 1904
30.
Governor of New South Wales
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The Governor of New South Wales is the viceregal representative of the Australian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, in the state of New South Wales. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, the Governor is appointed by the queen on the advice of the Premier of New South Wales, for an unfixed period of time—known as serving At Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the norm. The current Governor is retired General David Hurley, who succeeded Dame Marie Bashir on 2 October 2014, the office has its origin in the 18th-century colonial governors of New South Wales upon its settlement in 1788, and is the oldest continuous institution in Australia. The office of Governor is required by the New South Wales Constitution Act,1902, besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor-designate. The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct the governor-designate as a Companion of the Order of Australia. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The premier may therefore recommend to the Queen that the remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor may also resign and three have died in office, furthermore, if the Lieutenant Governor becomes incapacitated while serving in the office of Governor, the next most senior judge of the Supreme Court is sworn in as the Administrator. Between 1788 and 1957, all governors were born outside of New South Wales and were members of the Peerage. Taylor once noted that out and governing New South Wales became the British aristocracys abiding consolation. Coincidentally the first Australian-born Governor, Sir John Northcott on 1 August 1946, was also the first Australian-born Governor of any state, the first Governors were all military officers and the majority of governors since have come from a military background, numbering 19. Samuels was the first governor in New South Wales history without either a political, public service or military background, the first woman to hold this position is also the first Lebanese-Australian governor, Dame Marie Bashir. In this capacity, the governor will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council, the Governor alone is constitutionally mandated to summon parliament. The governor grants Royal Assent in the Queens name, legally, if the governor withholds the Queens assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No modern viceroy has denied Royal Assent to a bill, with most constitutional functions delegated to Cabinet, the governor acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. He or she will host members of Australias royal family, as well as foreign royalty, also as part of international relations, the governor receives letters of credence and of recall from foreign consul-generals appointed to Sydney. The governor is also tasked with fostering unity and pride, the governor also traditionally serves as Honorary and Regimental Colonel in the Royal New South Wales Regiment and as Honorary Air Commodore of No.22 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force. Since 1946, the governor has also always made the Chief Scout of New South Wales
31.
Harry Rawson
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Admiral Sir Harry Holdsworth Rawson GCB GCMG, is chiefly remembered for overseeing the British Benin Expedition of 1897 that burned and looted the city of the Kingdom of Benin, now in Nigeria. No shame was attached to the event at the time, which amounted to a punitive expedition, Harry Rawson was born at Walton-on-Hill, Lancashire on 5 November 1843, the son of Christopher Rawson. He was educated at Eastmans Royal Naval Academy and at Marlborough College, in October 1871 in Cheshire, England, he married Florence Alice Stewart Shaw, daughter of John Ralph Shaw, of Arrowe Park, Cheshire. He was a long-standing Freemason, and served as Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of New South Wales, Rawson joined the Royal Navy in 1857 and took part in the capture of the Taku Forts in 1860 during the Second Opium War. Promoted to Captain in 1877, he was given command of HMS Minotaur and he was the Principal Transport Officer during the Anglo-Egyptian War in 1882. Then, in 1883, he was made Flag Captain to the Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet and, in 1885 and he returned to sea as Captain of HMS Benbow in 1889. From the Benin river, was landed, organized, equipped and provided with transport, five days later the city of Benin was taken, and in twelve days more the men were re-embarked, and the ships coaled and ready for any further service. Rawson was also the officer of the British forces in the Anglo-Zanzibar War, the shortest war in history. For this he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath and he commanded the Channel Squadron from 1898 to April 1901, with HMS Majestic as flagship. He was also a recipient of the Grand Cross of the Military Order of Aviz of Portugal, Order of Hamondiehof Zanibar and Order of Osmanieh of Turkey and Civic Cross of Belgium. In February 1902 Rawson was appointed Governor of New South Wales and he proved so popular that his term was extended. He lived with his family in Cranbrook, Bellevue Hill, the temporary Government House of New South Wales, in March 1905, his wife was in poor health and returned to England with her son Wyatt and a daughter to seek the best medical advice. Her condition deteriorated and in June 1905 Harry Rawson travelled to England to be with her. In the belief she was recovering, the four of them set sail for Australia in December 1905, from 1903 to 1909, his aide-de-camp was Leslie Orme Wilson, later to be Governor of Queensland. Rawson died, two days before his 68th birthday, on 3 November 1910 in London after an operation for appendicitis, the four male colleges of the University of Sydney now compete for the Rawson Cup. This Intercollegiate Cup was donated in 1906 by Sir Harry Rawson when he was Governor of New South Wales, the colleges that compete for the cup are St Johns College, St Andrews College, Wesley College and St Pauls College. Rawson House, one of the two boarding houses at Cranbrook School, Sydney, is named after Sir Harry Rawson, the House was Sir Harrys former residence when he was Governor of New South Wales. Rawson Hall, Norfolk Island – community hall in The Burnt Pine Shopping Centre and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed
32.
Governor of South Australia
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The Governor of South Australia is the representative in the Australian state of South Australia of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level. The Governors official residence is Government House, in Adelaide, the states capital, nevertheless, the Governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the Premier. The Westminster system is a form of constitutional monarchy, the first Australian-born Governor of South Australia was Major-General Sir James Harrison, and most subsequent governors have been Australian-born. The first South Australian-born governor was Sir Mark Oliphant, the current governor is Hieu Van Le. The term of the governor, Rear Admiral Kevin Scarce. As from June 2014, the Queen, upon the recommendation of the Premier, accorded all current, future and these people administered the government in the absence of the official governor. Three former governors are alive, the oldest being Sir Eric Neal, the latest-serving former governor to die was Dame Roma Mitchell, on 5 March 2000. The most recent death of a governor was that of Sir Keith Seaman. The Official Website of the Governor of South Australia Previous governors on official website
33.
George Le Hunte
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Sir George Ruthven Le Hunte GCMG was Governor of South Australia from 1 July 1903 until 18 February 1909, soon after federation of Australia. He was born in Porthgain, Pembrokeshire, Wales, the son of George and he was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He married Caroline Rachel Clowes on 14 February 1884, Le Hunte served as President of Dominica, secretary of Barbados and Mauritius, and Lieutenant-Governor of British New Guinea. As South Australian Governor, he became the first patron of the Royal Automobile Association of South Australia when it was formed in 1903 and he was later Governor of Trinidad and Tobago from 1909 to 1916. The District Council of Le Hunte in the north of Eyre Peninsula was named after him before it was changed to Wudinna District Council in 2008, diane Langmore, Le Hunte, Sir George Ruthven, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 10, MUP,1986, pp 66–67. World Statesmen - Trinindad and Tobago World Statesmen - Dominica World Statesmen - Papua New guinea
34.
Governor of Queensland
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The Governor of Queensland is the representative in the state of Queensland of the Queen of Australia. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, in particular the Governor has the power to appoint and dismiss the Premier of Queensland and all other Ministers in the Cabinet, and issue writs for the election of the state Parliament. The current Governor, Paul de Jersey, was sworn in on 29 July 2014, as from June 2014, The Queen, upon the recommendation of then-Premier Campbell Newman, accorded all current, future and living former Governors the title The Honourable in perpetuity. The Governor of Queensland has resided at Government House, Brisbane since 1910, the mansion, set in 14 hectares of gardens and bushland in the Brisbane suburb of Bardon, is also known as Fernberg. Unlike Fernberg, the original Government House was purpose-built and was used from 1862 to 1910, the office of Governor is established by the Constitution of Queensland. Nevertheless, the Governor retains the powers of the Crown, and has the right to appoint and dismiss Ministers, issue pardons. Sir Joh elected to resign on 1 December 1987, the Governor is head of the Executive Council, a Queensland equivalent to the Federal Executive Council. The Council is composed of ministers from the government of the day, the Chief Justice of Queensland and other judges in the Queensland judicial system are appointed by the Governor acting on the advice of the Executive Council. The first Australian- born Governor of Queensland was Lieutenant-General Sir John Lavarack and his successor, Sir Henry Abel Smith was British. All subsequent governors have been Australian-born, except for Leneen Forde, four former governors of Queensland are alive, the oldest being Leneen Forde. The most recent death of a governor was that of Sir Walter Campbell. Administrators and Lieutenant-Governors are deputy roles generally appointed to carry out the duties of the Governor when the Governor is unavailable, the following are the Administrators and Lieutenant-Governors of Queensland, Official Website of the Governor of Queensland
35.
Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford
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Thesiger had been born on 12 August 1868 in London, England, the son of the 2nd Baron Chelmsford and Adria Heath. He was educated at Winchester College and progressed in 1887 to Magdalen College and he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with first-class honours in law in 1891 and further gained a masters degree in 1894. Thesiger was also elected as a fellow of All Souls College, in 1893 he was called to the Bar of the Inner Temple to practice law. He joined the army as a Captain in the Dorset Regiment, a keen cricketer, he Captained the Oxford XI and also played for Middlesex. On 27 July 1894 he married Frances Charlotte Guest, daughter of Baron Wimborne at St Georges and he was member of the London County Council between 1904 and 1905 and again as an alderman from 1913 and 1919. On 9 April 1905, he succeeded to the title of 3rd Baron Chelmsford of Chelmsford upon his fathers death and he arrived in Brisbane and was sworn in on 20 November. On 29 June 1906, Chelmsford was invested as a Knight Commander of Order of St Michael and his term was dominated by conflict between the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly and the emergence of three evenly divided parties in the lower house. Following the 1907 election, William Kidston, who had founded his own party, the legislative council, then being an appointed chamber, then refused Kidstons legislative programs on electoral reforms and wage-fixing. Kidston then made a request to Chelmsford to appoint enough members to the Council in order to get his legislation through, chelsmford refused, on the grounds that he did not have a sufficient mandate from the people to make such demands. Kidston resigned in protest and Chelmsford commissioned the Leader of the Opposition, Robert Philp, who formed a ministry, Chelmsford then granted Philp a dissolution, though the parliament was only six months old. Because Supply was denied by Kidston, Chelmsford stepped in and used the powers to ensure that supply was passed until the election. Kidston was returned to office in the 1908 election, the new assembly passed a motion criticising Chelmsfords action and there was widespread speculation that he would be recalled. Despite the admission that their representative had been mistaken in granting a dissolution, the Colonial Office, Chelmsfords term expired just after Kidston resigned from the Labor Government and formed a coalition with Philps Conservatives. In May 1909 Chelmsford accepted the appointment as Governor of New South Wales and was sworn in at Government House on 28 May 1909, unlike in Queensland, his term was comparably stable and was distinguished by good relations with the state government. At the start of his term, Charles Wade, of the Commonwealth Liberal Party, was the Premier, however, following the 1910 election, Wades Liberals were defeated and the Labor Party under James McGowen was sworn in as the states first Labor Government. Despite his conservative background, Chelmsford was able to get well with the Labor Government. Chelmsford became friends with the Attorney General, William Holman, with whom they shared a love of music and as a competent Viola player and he said of the government, I have never had a body of Ministers with whom it has been a greater pleasure to work. They are quiet, unassuming and industrious, and have won the goodwill, from 21 December 1909 to 27 January 1910 Chelmsford acted as Administrator of the Commonwealth when the Governor-General of Australia, The Earl of Dudley was on leave
36.
Governor of Tasmania
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The Governor of Tasmania is the representative in the Australian state of Tasmania of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as the Governor-General of Australia does at the national level. Nevertheless, the Governor retains the powers of the Crown. See Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Governor, the official residence of the Governor is Government House located at the Queens Domain. The first Australian-born Governor of Tasmania was Sir Stanley Burbury, the first Tasmanian-born governor was Sir Guy Green. Since Burbury, all Tasmanian governors have been Australian-born, except for Peter Underwood, on 10 November, Premier Will Hodgman announced that University of Tasmania legal academic Kate Warner would be appointed as the states first female governor. Warner was sworn in on 10 December, between 1804 and 1813, Van Diemens Land was divided along the 42nd parallel, and the two sections governed as separate Lieutenant-Governorships under the Governor of New South Wales. Collins was the officially appointed Lieutenant-Governor—upon his death in 1810. The northern settlement at Port Dalrymple was administered by four Commandants until the settlements were merged to form the colony under the governorship of Thomas Davey in 1813. The colony was called Van Diemens Land until 1856, four former governors are alive, the oldest being Sir Phillip Bennett. The latest-serving former governor to die was Sir Stanley Burbury, on 24 April 1995, the most recently serving governor to die was Peter Underwood, who died in office on 7 July 2014. Governors and Lieutenant Governors of Tasmania Parliamentary Library - Governors of Tasmania
37.
Gerald Strickland, 1st Baron Strickland
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He was educated at St Marys College, Oscott, and Trinity College, Cambridge. Upon graduating, he was admitted to Inner Temple in 1887 entitled to practice as a Barrister-at-Law and he gained the rank of Major in the service of the Royal Malta Militia. The result was that the new Maltese Constitution of December 1887 was largely based on the joint Strickland-Mizzi proposals and he was then appointed as Governor of Tasmania and Governor of Western Australia. In the early years consequent upon Australian Federation he was involved in the matter of State rights. Appointed as Governor of New South Wales in March 1913, on 30 May 1913 he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and he was a supporter of the Eugenics Education Society. Strickland was the leader of the Opposition between 1921 and 1927, in 1924, he won the seat of Lancaster for the Conservatives in the United Kingdom House of Commons. He left the House of Commons in 1928 upon being made a peer, after the 1927 election, Strickland had a majority in the Legislative Assembly and became Head of the Ministry from August 1927 until June 1930. On 1 May 1930, Archbishop Mauro Caruana and Gozo bishop Mikiel Gonzi issued a letter, read in all the churches of Malta. In it they declared that whoever voted for the Constitutional Party and its coalition partner. That year he narrowly avoided assassination and this mortal sin was also committed by those who read Stricklands newspapers, printed by his Progress Press, namely the Daily Malta Chronicle and Ix-Xemx. He subsequently began publishing Il-Progress and Il-Berqa, the clash between the Catholic bishops and the Constitutional Party led to the suspension of the Maltese Constitution following consultations between the British Governor and London. Strickland married Lady Edeline Sackville-West, the daughter of the 7th Earl De La Warr and they had six daughters, and two sons who died at an early age. Their first daughter married Henry Hornyold, became known as Mrs Hornyold-Strickland and they had the following children, Reginald Strickland Hon. Mary Christina Strickland Hon. Cecilia Victoria Strickland Hon. Mabel Edeline Strickland OBE Margaret Angela Strickland Hon. Henrietta May Strickland Walter Strickland Hon, dr. Constance Teresa Strickland LMSSA In 1926, following the death of Lady Edeline in 1918, Strickland married Margaret Hulton, daughter of the newspaper proprietor Edward Hulton. She was made a Dame of the Order of the British Empire in the 1937 Coronation Honours, Strickland was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1889, for rendering invaluable services during a severe cholera epidemic. He was promoted within the order to KCMG in 1897 and he was raised to the Peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron Strickland, of Sizergh Castle in the County of Westmorland, on 19 January 1928. He died at Villa Bologna, his residence in Attard, and is buried in the crypt at St. Pauls Cathedral, Mdina.24 May 1861 –1878, Gerald Strickland. The Nobles of Malta-1530–1800, Midsea Books Ltd, Malta,1980, burkes Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage of the UK
38.
Governor of Western Australia
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The Governor of Western Australia is the representative in Western Australia of the Queen of Australia, Elizabeth II. Furthermore, all Bills passed by the Parliament of Western Australia require the Governors signature before they become Acts, the current governor is Kerry Sanderson, who is the first woman to hold the position. She succeeded Malcolm McCusker in October 2014, until the appointment of Sir James Mitchell in 1948, all governors of Western Australia had been British officials. The Governor of Western Australia is styled Her Excellency during her term in office, in August 2014, three of the four living past governors – John Sanderson, Ken Michael, and Malcolm McCusker – were given the title The Honourable, on the recommendation of the premier. The other living former governor, Michael Jeffery, already held the title and this is a list of Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of Western Australia. Stirling had said of his own position, I believe I am the first Governor who ever formed a settlement without Commission, Laws, Instructions, four former governors are alive, the oldest being Michael Jeffery. The most recent governor to die was Sir Francis Burt, on 8 September 2004, Government House, Perth Government House, Western Australia, The Official Website of the Governor of Western Australia
39.
Frederick Bedford
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Admiral Sir Frederick George Denham Bedford, GCB, GCVO was a senior Royal Navy officer and Governor of Western Australia from 24 March 1903 to 22 April 1909. Bedford joined the Royal Navy at the age of 14, and he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope and West Coast of Africa Station in 1892, in 1894, Admiral Sir Frederick Bedford was involved in an action against Nana Olomu Chief of Benin. Brohomi was burnt down in 1894 by a force of the British Naval Brigade and the Niger Coast Protectorate Force under Sir Frederick Bedford, KCB. It is believed over 500-600 slaves were freed during the operation and he was appointed Junior Naval Lord in 1889 and Second Naval Lord in 1895. In 1899 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the North America and West Indies Station, the squadron under his command visited Jamaica in February 1900. He held the North America post until 15 July 1902, when he was succeeded by Vice-Admiral Sir Archibald Douglas and he acquired Globe Hill Station with Thomas Frederick de Pledge in 1909 for £35,000. A memorial to Admiral Bedford stands in the lobby of the Chapel at Greenwich Hospital. He married Ethel Turner, daughter of E. R. Turner, Esq. of Ipswich, lady Bedford accompanied her husband and was mistress of Admiralty House in Halifax, Nova Scotia, until 1902. She took an interest in benevolent work, and frequently performed as a singer at concerts, the couples son became Vice Admiral Sir Arthur Edward Frederick Bedford KCB CSI, who married Miss Gladys Mort of Sydney, Australia. Two suburbs of Perth are named after Bedford – Bedford and Bedfordale, additionally, a pastoral lease in the Kimberley, Bedford Downs Station, is named after Bedford, as is nearby Mount Bedford. TS Bedford, Australian Navy Cadets - Beach, Chandler B. ed. Bedford, chicago, F. E. Compton and Co
40.
Governor of Victoria
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The Governor of Victoria is the representative in the Australian state of Victoria of its monarch, Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia and is one of the Governors of the Australian states. The governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the federal level. The governors office and official residence is Government House next to the Royal Botanic Gardens, the Governor of Victoria is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier of Victoria. The current Governor of Victoria is former judge Linda Dessau, Victorias first female governor, nevertheless, the governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the premier. The governor of Victoria is appointed by the queen of Australia, on the advice of the premier of Victoria, to act as her representative as head of state in Victoria. The governor acts at the pleasure, meaning that the term of the governor can be terminated at any time by the queen acting upon the advice of the premier. Upon appointment, he or she becomes a viceroy, the governors main responsibilities fall into three categories – constitutional, ceremonial and community engagement. In 1984, the Personal Standard of the Governor of Victoria was changed to the State Flag of Victoria, with the blue background replaced by gold, above the Southern Cross is the Royal Crown. Previously, the used by Victorian governors after 1870 had been the Union Jack with the Badge of the State of Victoria emblazoned in the centre. Between 1903 and 1953, the Tudor Crown was used on the State Flag and Governors Standard, the Governor’s Standard is flown at Government House and on vehicles conveying the governor. The Standard is lowered over Government House when the governor is absent from Victoria, there is also a lieutenant-governor and an administrator. The Chief Justice of Victoria is ex officio the Administrator, unless he or she is the lieutenant-governor, in which case, the lieutenant-governor takes on the responsibilities of the governor when that post is vacant or when the governor is out of the state or unable to act. The administrator takes on those duties if both the governor and lieutenant-governor are not able to act for the above reasons, see Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of governor. Until the appointment of Victorian-born Sir Henry Winneke in 1974, the Governors of Victoria were British, prior to the separation of the colony of Victoria from New South Wales in 1851, the area was called the Port Phillip District of New South Wales. The Governor of New South Wales appointed superintendents of the District, in 1839 Charles La Trobe was appointed superintendent. La Trobe became Lieutenant-Governor of Victoria on separation on 1 July 1851, between 1850 and 1861, the Governor of New South Wales was titled Governor-General of New South Wales, in an attempt to form a federal structure. Until Victoria obtained responsible government in 1855, the Governor-General of New South Wales appointed lieutenant-governors to Victoria, on Victoria obtaining responsible government in May 1855, the title of the then incumbent lieutenant-governor, Captain Sir Charles Hotham, became governor. As of July 2015, four former governors are alive, the oldest being John Landy, the most recent governor to die was Davis McCaughey, on 25 March 2005
41.
Reginald Talbot
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Major General Sir Reginald Arthur James Talbot KCB was a British Army officer, Member of Parliament, and Governor of Victoria in Australia. Talbot was born in London, the son of Henry, Viscount Ingestre and Lady Sarah Elizabeth, née Beresford. After attending Harrow School, he joined the British Army and became a sub-lieutenant in the 1st Regiment of Life Guards in 1859, from 1869 to 1874, Talbot represented Stafford in the British House of Commons for the Conservative Party. On 8 May 1877, he married Margaret Jane Stuart-Wortley, granddaughter of the 1st Baron Wharncliffe and he returned to active service in the army, fighting in the Anglo-Zulu War, Egypt and taking part in the unsuccessful Nile Expedition to relieve General Charles George Gordon in Khartoum. Talbot was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1885 and was advanced to KCB in 1902 and he became General Officer Commanding the British troops in Egypt in 1899. He was sworn in as Governor of Victoria on 25 April 1904 and his tenure was marked by Talbots determination to achieve visible improvement, and his reports to Britain favourably compared Victorias economic and educational statistics to those of 1903. Talbot died in London on 15 January 1929, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Reginald Talbot
42.
Tropical cyclone
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Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by names such as hurricane, typhoon /taɪˈfuːn/, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, and simply cyclone. A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean, a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface and this energy source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms, such as noreasters and European windstorms, which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts. The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of momentum imparted by the Earths rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation. As a result, they form within 5° of the equator. Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km in diameter, Tropical refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively over tropical seas. Cyclone refers to their nature, with wind blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect, in addition to strong winds and rain, tropical cyclones are capable of generating high waves, damaging storm surge, and tornadoes. They typically weaken rapidly over land where they are cut off from their energy source. For this reason, coastal regions are vulnerable to damage from a tropical cyclone as compared to inland regions. Heavy rains, however, can cause significant flooding inland, though their effects on human populations are often devastating, tropical cyclones can relieve drought conditions. They also carry heat away from the tropics and transport it toward temperate latitudes. Tropical cyclones are areas of low pressure in the troposphere. On Earth, the pressures recorded at the centers of tropical cyclones are among the lowest ever observed at sea level, the environment near the center of tropical cyclones is warmer than the surroundings at all altitudes, thus they are characterized as warm core systems. The near-surface wind field of a cyclone is characterized by air rotating rapidly around a center of circulation while also flowing radially inwards. At the outer edge of the storm, air may be nearly calm, however, due to the Earths rotation, as air flows radially inward, it begins to rotate cyclonically in order to conserve angular momentum. At an inner radius, air begins to ascend to the top of the troposphere and this radius is typically coincident with the inner radius of the eyewall, and has the strongest near-surface winds of the storm, consequently, it is known as the radius of maximum winds. Once aloft, air flows away from the center, producing a shield of cirrus clouds
43.
Cooktown, Queensland
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Cooktown is a small town and locality in the Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. Cooktown is located about 2,000 kilometres north of Brisbane and 328 kilometres north of Cairns, at the time of the 2011 census, Cooktown had a population of 2,339. Cooktown is at the mouth of the Endeavour River, on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland where James Cook beached his ship, both the town and Mount Cook which rises up behind the town were named after James Cook. Cooktown is one of the few towns in the Cape York Peninsula and was founded on 25 October 1873 as a supply port for the goldfields along the Palmer River. It was called Cooks Town until 1 June 1874, in the local Guugu Yimithirr language the name for the region is Gangaar Aboriginal pronunciation, which means Rock Crystals. The Guugu Yimithirr people saw the Endeavour beach in the waters near the mouth of their river. The captain of the Endeavour, Lieutenant James Cook, wrote, the British crew spent seven weeks on the site of present-day Cooktown, repairing their ship, replenishing food and water supplies, and caring for their sick. The extraordinary scientist, Joseph Banks, and Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander, the young artist Sydney Parkinson illustrated the specimens and he was the first British artist to portray Aboriginal people from direct observation. After some weeks, Joseph Banks met and spoke with the people, recording about 50 Guugu Yimithirr words. Cook recorded the name as Kangooroo, or Kanguru. The first recorded sighting of kangaroos by Europeans was on Grassy Hill, Cook climbed this hill to work out a safe passage for the Endeavour to sail through the surrounding reefs, after it was repaired. The visit on the 19th of July 1770 ended in a skirmish after Cook refused to share the turtles he kept on the Endeavour with the local inhabitants and they set fire to the grass around Cook’s camp twice, burning the area and killing a suckling pig. After Cook wounded one of the men with a musket, they ran away, Cook, Banks and some others followed them and caught up with them on a rocky bar near Furneaux Street, which is now known as Reconciliation Rocks. A “little old man” appeared from the group of Indigenous Australians and this was an important historic event as it is believed that this is the first recorded reconciliation between Europeans and Indigenous Australians ever. He named Cape York Peninsula after the then-Duke of York and Albany and he also collected numerous botanical specimens for the British Museum and Kew Gardens. In 1872, William Hann discovered gold in the Palmer River and his findings were reported to James Venture Mulligan who led an expedition to the Palmer River in 1873. Mulligans expedition found quantities of gold and thus began the gold rush that was to bring prospectors to the Endeavour River from all over the world. The Queensland government responded quickly to Mulligans reports, and soon a party was dispatched to advise whether the Endeavour River would be a site for a port
