1.
1905 in Norway
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Events in the year 1905 in Norway. 1905 is the year when Norway regained its independence after the dissolution of the Union between Sweden and Norway, the article Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 covers the events surrounding the break with Sweden in depth. 26 October - Norway was recognized by Sweden as an independent constitutional monarchy,12 November – a referendum confirmed the monarchy and rejected a republican form of government. 18 November – The Norwegian Parliament unanimously elected the Danish Prince Carl to be king,25 November – Haakon VII and his family arrived in Christiania. 4 April – Arne Randers Heen, mountain climber
2.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
3.
1910 in Norway
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In 1910 Haakon VII serves his sixth year as King of Norway. On 1 February Wollert Konow takes over as Prime Minister after Gunnar Knudsen, the Parliament passes a resolution about universal suffrage for women in municipal elections on 30 April. In Finnmark the Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line opens this year, and the Bøkfjord Lighthouse outside Kirkenes is completed, the Norwegian Institute of Technology is opened in Trondheim, as well as the accociated Student Society in Trondheim. The factory Norsk Gjærde- og Metaldukfabrik is founded, also the Solør Line between Flisa and Elverum opens this year. Several of the most difficult summits in Norway are first ascended in 1910, the climbing of Stetind in Nordland by Bryn, Rubenson and Schjelderup is followed by the same groups first ascent of Svolværgeita and Trakta in the Lofoten archipelago. There are now 278 newspapers in Norway, among the new newspapers is Tidens Tegn, founded by Ola Thommessen, and the cultural magazine Kunst og Kultur is founded by Harry Fett and Haakon Shetelig. In February anarchist writer Hans Jæger dies, and Nobel Laureate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson dies in April, politicians Stousland, Sunde, Ullmann and Segelcke die this year. In January later Prime Minister Trygve Bratteli is born, and later government minister Jens Haugland is born in April, the popular comedian Leif Juster is born in February this year. Footballers and 1936 Olympic medalists Magnar Isaksen and Magdalon Monsen are born this year, as is illustrator Borghild Rud, professor of anatomy Alf Brodal, monarch – Haakon VII Prime Minister – Gunnar Knudsen, Wollert Konow 15 February – Norsk Gjærde- og Metaldukfabrik established. 30 April – The Parliament passes a resolution about universal suffrage for women in municipal elections,29 May – Nationalforeningen mot tuberkulose founded. 13 July – The railway line Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn opened,30 July – First ascent of Stetind, by Bryn, Rubenson and Schjelderup. 1 August – First ascent of Svolværgeita, by Bryn, Rubenson,3 August – First ascent of Trakta, by Bryn, Rubenson and Schjelderup. 15 September – Norwegian Institute of Technology is opened in Trondheim,4 December – The railway line from Flisa to Elverum opened. Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country, Bøkfjord Lighthouse is established at the mouth of Bøkfjorden, outside Kirkenes. 5 April – First issue of the newspaper Fjordenes Tidende,5 May – First issue of the newspaper Tidens Tegn. The periodical Kunst og Kultur established,26 March – The sports club Grane SK is founded 29 May – The sports club Stenkjær FK founded 2 July – Norges Rigsforbund for Idræt is founded. Eidsvold TF founded Hornindal IL founded Mjøndalen IF founded Stjørdal IL founded IL Varden founded Vestfossen IF founded 10 January – Kitty Petrine Fredriksen,11 January – Trygve Bratteli, twice Prime Minister of Norway. 14 January – Chris Bruusgaard, midwife 18 January – Jens Henrik Nordlie,18 January – Oddmund Hoel, politician
4.
Monarchy of Norway
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The Norwegian monarch is the monarchical head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The present monarch is King Harald V, who has reigned since 17 January 1991, succeeding his father, the heir apparent is his only son, Crown Prince Haakon. The crown prince undertakes various public functions, as does the kings wife. The crown prince also acts as regent in the kings absence, there are several other members of the Royal Family, including the kings daughter, grandchildren and siblings. Whilst the Constitution of Norway grants important executive powers to the King, formally the King appoints the government according to his own judgement, but parliamentary practice has been in place since 1884. Constitutional practice has replaced the meaning of the word King in most articles of the constitution from the king personally to the elected government. The powers vested in the monarch are significant, but are treated only as reserve powers, the King does not, by convention, have direct participation in government. He ratifies laws and royal resolutions, receives and sends envoys from and to foreign countries and he has a more tangible influence as the symbol of national unity. The annual New Years Eve speech is one occasion when the King traditionally raises negative issues, the King is also Supreme Commander of the Norwegian Armed Forces and Grand Master of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit. The King has no role in the Church of Norway. The position of King of Norway has been in existence since the unification of Norway in 872. In recent years members of the Socialist Left party have proposed the abolition of the monarchy during each new session of parliament and this gives the Norwegian monarchy the unique status of being a popularly elected royal family and receiving regular formal confirmations of support from the Storting. Prior to and in the phase of the Viking Age Norway was divided into several smaller kingdoms. Harald Fairhair was the first king of Norway, the boundaries of Fairhairs kingdom were not identical to those of present-day Norway, and upon his death the kingship was shared among his sons. Some historians emphasise the actual control over the country and assert that Olaf II, alias Saint Olaf. Olaf is generally held to have been the force behind Norways final conversion to Christianity. In the 12th and 13th centuries the Norwegian kingdom was at its geographical and cultural peak, the kingdom included Norway, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Shetland, Orkney and other smaller areas in the British Isles. The king had diplomatic relations with most of the European kingdoms and formed alliances with Scotland and Castile, large castles such as Haakons Hall and cathedrals, the foremost being Nidaros Cathedral, were built
5.
Christian Michelsen
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Peter Christian Hersleb Kjerschow Michelsen was a Norwegian shipping magnate and statesman. He was the first Prime Minister of independent Norway from 1905 to 1907, Michelsen is most known for his central role in the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905, and was one of Norways most influential politicians of his time. Born in Bergen, he was named after his grandfather, bishop Peder Christian Hersleb Kjerschow and he was the eldest of five siblings born into a merchant family. Michelsen attended the Bergen Cathedral School and he studied law at the University of Christiana and went on to become a lawyer. He later established the company, Chr. Michelsen & Co. which became one of the largest in Norway and he became a member of the Norwegian Parliament in 1891, representing the Liberal Party of Norway. He served as Finance Minister in the second cabinet Hagerup, and was one of the strongest proponents of a firm policy towards the union between Sweden and Norway. In March 1905, Michelsen replaced Francis Hagerup as Prime Minister, the formal basis for the dissolution was King Oscar IIs refusal to accept the Norwegian consular laws. This, the Norwegians felt, acknowledged Sweden as having the hand in the Union. While this supremacy existed in reality, Norwegians were unwilling to accept the relationship on a formal, legal basis. On 27 May 1905 King Oscar refused to sign the bill and this strategic move gave the dissolution a somewhat legal basis, and was primarily the work of Christian Michelsen. He knew that the Norwegian people, after months of well-directed information in a press, was united in a way that is extremely rare in a democracy. In the referendum that proved the Norwegian will to dissolve the union, retention of the union garnered a mere 184 votes nationwide, which represented only one vote out of every 2000 cast. Michelsen, though a believer in a republic in Norway, accepted that a democratic monarchy would have the greatest chances to be accepted abroad. Prince Carl of Denmark became King Haakon VII of Norway after a new referendum had given the monarchy proponents approximately 79% of the votes cast, in 1906 Michelsen won the election on an above-the-parties ticket, which quickly alienated the leading Liberals from him. In 1907 he resigned, having tired of petty squabbles among the political leaders, jørgen Løvland carried on Michelsens work, but lacked the will to force the coalition to stand united, and in 1908 the coalition broke down. In social policy, Michelsens time as prime minister saw the passage of the 1906 Law on Central and Local Government Contributions to Unemployment Funds, in 1925, he, along with the polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen and the industrialist Joakim Lehmkuhl, founded the Fatherland League. He was married in 1881 to Johanne Benedicte Wallendahl, in 1905, he was awarded the Grand Cross of The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and in 1907 he received the Collar as well
6.
Bergen Line
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The Bergen Line, also called the Bergen Railway, is a 371-kilometre long standard gauge railway line between Bergen and Hønefoss, Norway. The name is applied for the entire route from Bergen via Drammen to Oslo, where the passenger trains go. It is the highest mainline railway line in Northern Europe, crossing the Hardangervidda plateau at 1,237 metres above sea level, the railway opened from Bergen to Voss in 1883 as the narrow gauge Voss Line. In 1909 the route was continued over the mountain to Oslo and the route converted to standard gauge. The line is single track, and was electrified in 1954-64, the Bergen Line is owned and maintained by Bane NOR, and served with passenger trains by Norwegian State Railways and freight trains by CargoNet. The Flåm Line remains as the branch line, after the closure of the Hardanger Line. The western section from Bergen to Voss is also served by the Bergen Commuter Rail, the first documented idea of building a railway between Norways two largest cities was launched by Hans Gløersen on 24 August 1871 in Bergensposten. The forest supervisor in Voss suggested building the railway via Voss, back in 1866 the same person had launched the idea of the Jæren Line. Within days of the launch of the Bergen Line the city council had assimilated support for the suggestion, in 1872 the railway director Carl Abraham Pihl and two engineers went on a survey tour to look at the suggested line. On 20 October 1871 two engineers traversed the two routes from Bergen to Voss, the one via Fana, Os and Hardangerfjord. Though covering a less populated area, the latter would be cheaper to build, a railway committee was created on 25 January 1872 with a limited mandate, which was increased again 20 December. At the same time he launched the idea of a line up Valdres to Lærdal. By 1873 agreement had been reached as to the right-of-way to Voss, on 13 January 1874 Bergen city council started issuing stock for the Voss Line, to begin with 400,000 Norwegian speciedaler was issued. In the 1873 parliamentary election the railway supporter Peter Jebsen was elected, Parliament chose to not issue new railway projects in the 1874 session, and instead make a complete plan for all railway construction in the country—to be proposed by a committee. When the report was launched on 20 March 1875, the Voss Line was not included since it could not show a higher profitability than 1%. During the 1875 session there was not a majority for the Voss Line and this was based on a claim from Johan Jørgen Schwartz, the chairman of the committee, that the investment costs were underestimated. This was countered by Nils Henrik Bruun, a constructor from Bergen, when Jebsen in addition was willing to act as personal guarantee for Bruun in case of his death, the majority in the parliament shifted. On 9 June 1875 parliament voted with 61 against 42 to build Vossebanen, Vossebanen was built with narrow gauge,1,067 mm
7.
Women's suffrage
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Womens suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Limited voting rights were gained by women in Finland, Iceland, Sweden and some Australian colonies, National and international organizations formed to coordinate efforts to gain voting rights, especially the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, and also worked for equal civil rights for women. In 1881, the Isle of Man gave women who owned property the right to vote, in 1893, the British colony of New Zealand, granted women the right to vote. The colony of South Australia, did the same in 1894 and women were able to vote in the next election, South Australia also permitted women to stand for election alongside men. In 1899 Western Australia enacted full womens suffrage, enabling women to vote in the referendum of 31 July 1900. In 1902 women in the four colonies also acquired the right to vote. Discriminatory restrictions against Aboriginal people, including women, voting in elections, were not completely removed until 1962. Norway followed, granting full womens suffrage in 1913, most independent countries enacted womens suffrage in the interwar era, including Canada in 1917, Britain in 1918 and the United States in 1920. If women could work in factories, it seemed both ungrateful and illogical to deny them a place in the polling booth. But the vote was more than simply a reward for war work. Late adopters in Europe included Spain in 1931, France in 1944, Italy in 1946, Greece in 1952, Switzerland in 1971, the United States gave women equal voting rights in all states with the Nineteenth Amendment ratified in 1920. Canada and a few Latin American nations passed womens suffrage before World War II while the vast majority of Latin American nations established womens suffrage in the 1940s, the last Latin American country to give women the right to vote was Paraguay in 1961. In December 2015, women were first allowed to vote in Saudi Arabia, extended political campaigns by women and their supporters have generally been necessary to gain legislation or constitutional amendments for womens suffrage. In many countries, limited suffrage for women was granted before universal suffrage for men, for instance, in ancient Athens, often cited as the birthplace of democracy, only adult, male citizens who owned land were permitted to vote. Through subsequent centuries, Europe was generally ruled by monarchs, though forms of parliament arose at different times. Their Protestant successors enjoyed the same privilege almost into modern times and they make decisions there like the men, and it is they who even delegated the first ambassadors to discuss peace. The Iroquois, like many First Nations peoples in North America, had a kinship system. Property and descent were passed through the female line, Women elders voted on hereditary male chiefs and could depose them
8.
Norsk Hydro
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Norsk Hydro ASA is a Norwegian aluminium and renewable energy company, headquartered in Oslo. Hydro is one of the largest aluminium companies worldwide and it has operations in some 50 countries around the world and is active on all continents. The Norwegian state owns 43. 8% of the company through the Ministry of Trade, a further 6. 5% is owned by Folketrygdfond, which administers the Government Pension Fund of Norway. Norsk Hydro employs approximately 12,500 people, Svein Richard Brandtzæg has been the CEO since 2009. The company had a significant presence in the oil and gas industry until October 2007, the technology had been developed by the Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland. The method is known as the Birkeland–Eyde process. The process required large amounts of energy, and for this. Later also Rjukan Falls was developed and its power harnessed, in the establishing the city of Rjukan. Hydros first factory was built at Notodden followed up another at Rjukan. Then in 1912 production is established at Glomfjord in Nordland, in 1930 Norsk Hydro opened a plant at Herøya outside Porsgrunn. To begin with it was to function as a port for the fertilizer as well as a point to import limestone. From 1936 Hydro also started producing fertilizer at Herøya, there was also opened a railway, Rjukanbanen, connecting Rjukan with Hærøy. The railway opened in 1909 and consisted of a ferry across Lake Tinn, railway again with the Tinnoset Line. The canal was superseded by the Bratsberg Line in 1916, by 1945, IG Farben had become a majority shareholder in Norsk Hydro. The plant at Herøya was a result of no longer being dependent on immediate proximity to the power sources. This provided the advantage of being able to have the plants, the first steps towards light metal production came in 1940 when Hydro started construction of a magnesium carbonate plant at Herøya, but the German invasion of Norway stopped the plans. In 1941 the Oslo Consortium invested money equivalent to year 2014 Norwegian kroner 172 million, collaboration with the Nazi-German regime, did not result in any company employees being convicted after the war. During the Second World War Norsk Hydro collaborated with IG Farben, the construction was however ended on July 24,1943 when an allied bombardment completely destroyed the facilities, killing 55 construction workers
9.
Haakon VII of Norway
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Haakon VII, known as Prince Carl of Denmark until 1905, was a Danish prince who became the first king of Norway after the 1905 dissolution of the union with Sweden. He reigned from November 1905 until his death in September 1957, as one of the few elected monarchs, Haakon quickly won the respect and affection of his people. He played a role in uniting the Norwegian nation in its resistance to the Nazi invasion. He became King of Norway before his father and older brother became kings of Denmark, during his reign, he saw his father, his brother and his nephew, Frederick IX, ascend the throne of Denmark, respectively in 1906,1912 and 1947. He died at the age of 85 on 21 September 1957 and he was succeeded by his only son, Olav V. Prince Carl of Denmark was the son of King Frederik VIII of Denmark. Furthermore, he was a brother of Christian X, a paternal grandson of King Christian IX of Denmark. Prince Carl was born at Charlottenlund Palace near Copenhagen and he belonged to the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg branch of the House of Oldenburg. The House of Oldenburg had been the Danish royal family since 1448, the house was originally from northern Germany, where the Glucksburg branch held their small fief. The family had permanent links with Norway beginning from the late Middle Ages, several of his paternal ancestors had been kings of independent Norway. Christian Frederick, who was King of Norway briefly in 1814, Prince Carl was raised in the royal household in Copenhagen and educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy. Their son, Prince Alexander, the future Crown Prince Olav, was born on 2 July 1903, gradually, Prince Carl became the leading candidate, largely because he was descended from independent Norwegian kings. The new royal family of Norway left Denmark on the Danish royal yacht Dannebrog, at Oscarsborg Fortress, they boarded the Norwegian naval ship Heimdal. After a three-day journey, they arrived in Kristiania early on the morning of 25 November 1905, two days later, Haakon took the oath as Norways first independent king in 518 years. The coronation of Haakon and Maud took place in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim on 22 June 1906, King Haakon gained much sympathy from the Norwegian people. Although the Constitution of Norway vests the King with considerable executive powers, Haakon confined himself to non-partisan roles without interfering in politics, a practice continued by his son and grandson. However, his long rule gave him moral authority as a symbol of the countrys unity. Haakon, Maud and Crown Prince Olav became interested in skiing and this sport is often viewed as typically Norwegian
10.
Notodden
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Notodden is a city and municipality in Telemark county, Norway. It is part of the region of Øst-Telemark. The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Notodden, Notodden was separated from the municipality of Heddal in 1913 to become a separate city and municipality. On 1 January 1964, the municipalities of Heddal and Gransherad were merged into Notodden to form a new enlarged municipality. Notodden is on the shore of Heddalsvatnet lake, and the Tinn River runs through the town into the lake, norways biggest stave church, Heddal stave church, can be seen a few kilometres from the city centre. Notodden Airport, Tuven, is located west of the city centre, Norsk Hydro was founded in this town. Notodden is well known for the annual Notodden Blues Festival, which is considered one of the best blues festivals in Europe and it also has a well-known metal festival called Motstøy Festivalen. The football club Notodden FK is headquartered here, the first element of the name is not which means to fish using a seine and the last element is the finite form of odde meaning headland. Thus the general meaning of the name is the fishing place, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 11 August 1939, the arms show a silver-colored river and four lightning strikes. One of the first hydroelectric stations in Norway was established in the late 19th century at the Tinnfoss waterfall on the Tinn River. In 2008, Notodden city council decided to end the twin city agreements with Ilisalmi, Nyköping, at the same time Suwałki was approved as a new twin city. Composer Klaus Egge, born 1906 in Gransherad, also lived in Notodden, olympic gold medalist Ådne Søndrål was born in Notodden. American blues musician Seasick Steve, who is achieving fame in the United Kingdom, Norwegian blues musician Margit Bakken and painter and author Tor-Arne Moen also live in Notodden. One of the most influential Norwegian black metal bands, Emperor, came from Notodden, as does Mortiis, Peccatum, Star of ash, Leprous, emperors singer, Ihsahn, still resides in Notodden. Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway Notodden travel guide from Wikivoyage Notodden on Flickr 1908 in Notodden, Of course the workers must have houses, from Norsk Hydro
11.
Ustaoset
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Ustaoset is a village in Hol municipality, Buskerud, Norway. Ustaoset is situated 990 meters above sea level and it is the finish for the cross country ski event Skarverennet. Ustaoset first came to prominence in 1909 with the opening of the Bergen Line, the rail line between Oslo to Bergen provides year-round access to this high mountain valley. Ustaoset has a station on the Bergen Line running between Geilo and Finse, as well as a hotel and mountain resort cabins. Families from both cities built cabins, some now over one hundred years old, from which they could ski in the winters, reaching the summit of the Folarskardnuten, highest point in the region, on skis or on foot is a notable achievement. Because of Norways strict controls over building and land use, new Ustaoset cabins are difficult if not impossible to build making the cabin that comes on the market much in demand. The mountain resort cabins at Ustaoset have a key role in the mystery unfolding in the Norwegian detective thriller The Leopard by the Norwegian author Jo Nesbø. Some episodes in the book feature police detectives from cosmopolitan Oslo coming to conduct investigations in the far more primal mountain environment of Ustaoset
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