1.
1905 in Norway
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Events in the year 1905 in Norway. 1905 is the year when Norway regained its independence after the dissolution of the Union between Sweden and Norway, the article Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 covers the events surrounding the break with Sweden in depth. 26 October - Norway was recognized by Sweden as an independent constitutional monarchy,12 November – a referendum confirmed the monarchy and rejected a republican form of government. 18 November – The Norwegian Parliament unanimously elected the Danish Prince Carl to be king,25 November – Haakon VII and his family arrived in Christiania. 4 April – Arne Randers Heen, mountain climber
2.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
3.
1909 in Norway
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Events in the year 1909 in Norway. Monarch - Haakon VII27 January - The Young Left is founded 27 November - The Bergen Line was opened, the 16 km line, part of the 80 km the Tinnoset Line, connects Mæl and Rjukan in Telemark. The line is operated by Norsk Hydro and its purpose is to transport fertilizer from the plant in Rjukan. The 1909 Parliamentary election takes place,27 October – Kjell Moe, international footballer. 1 November – Johannes Sandven, educator
4.
1910 in Norway
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In 1910 Haakon VII serves his sixth year as King of Norway. On 1 February Wollert Konow takes over as Prime Minister after Gunnar Knudsen, the Parliament passes a resolution about universal suffrage for women in municipal elections on 30 April. In Finnmark the Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line opens this year, and the Bøkfjord Lighthouse outside Kirkenes is completed, the Norwegian Institute of Technology is opened in Trondheim, as well as the accociated Student Society in Trondheim. The factory Norsk Gjærde- og Metaldukfabrik is founded, also the Solør Line between Flisa and Elverum opens this year. Several of the most difficult summits in Norway are first ascended in 1910, the climbing of Stetind in Nordland by Bryn, Rubenson and Schjelderup is followed by the same groups first ascent of Svolværgeita and Trakta in the Lofoten archipelago. There are now 278 newspapers in Norway, among the new newspapers is Tidens Tegn, founded by Ola Thommessen, and the cultural magazine Kunst og Kultur is founded by Harry Fett and Haakon Shetelig. In February anarchist writer Hans Jæger dies, and Nobel Laureate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson dies in April, politicians Stousland, Sunde, Ullmann and Segelcke die this year. In January later Prime Minister Trygve Bratteli is born, and later government minister Jens Haugland is born in April, the popular comedian Leif Juster is born in February this year. Footballers and 1936 Olympic medalists Magnar Isaksen and Magdalon Monsen are born this year, as is illustrator Borghild Rud, professor of anatomy Alf Brodal, monarch – Haakon VII Prime Minister – Gunnar Knudsen, Wollert Konow 15 February – Norsk Gjærde- og Metaldukfabrik established. 30 April – The Parliament passes a resolution about universal suffrage for women in municipal elections,29 May – Nationalforeningen mot tuberkulose founded. 13 July – The railway line Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn opened,30 July – First ascent of Stetind, by Bryn, Rubenson and Schjelderup. 1 August – First ascent of Svolværgeita, by Bryn, Rubenson,3 August – First ascent of Trakta, by Bryn, Rubenson and Schjelderup. 15 September – Norwegian Institute of Technology is opened in Trondheim,4 December – The railway line from Flisa to Elverum opened. Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country, Bøkfjord Lighthouse is established at the mouth of Bøkfjorden, outside Kirkenes. 5 April – First issue of the newspaper Fjordenes Tidende,5 May – First issue of the newspaper Tidens Tegn. The periodical Kunst og Kultur established,26 March – The sports club Grane SK is founded 29 May – The sports club Stenkjær FK founded 2 July – Norges Rigsforbund for Idræt is founded. Eidsvold TF founded Hornindal IL founded Mjøndalen IF founded Stjørdal IL founded IL Varden founded Vestfossen IF founded 10 January – Kitty Petrine Fredriksen,11 January – Trygve Bratteli, twice Prime Minister of Norway. 14 January – Chris Bruusgaard, midwife 18 January – Jens Henrik Nordlie,18 January – Oddmund Hoel, politician
5.
Monarchy of Norway
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The Norwegian monarch is the monarchical head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The present monarch is King Harald V, who has reigned since 17 January 1991, succeeding his father, the heir apparent is his only son, Crown Prince Haakon. The crown prince undertakes various public functions, as does the kings wife. The crown prince also acts as regent in the kings absence, there are several other members of the Royal Family, including the kings daughter, grandchildren and siblings. Whilst the Constitution of Norway grants important executive powers to the King, formally the King appoints the government according to his own judgement, but parliamentary practice has been in place since 1884. Constitutional practice has replaced the meaning of the word King in most articles of the constitution from the king personally to the elected government. The powers vested in the monarch are significant, but are treated only as reserve powers, the King does not, by convention, have direct participation in government. He ratifies laws and royal resolutions, receives and sends envoys from and to foreign countries and he has a more tangible influence as the symbol of national unity. The annual New Years Eve speech is one occasion when the King traditionally raises negative issues, the King is also Supreme Commander of the Norwegian Armed Forces and Grand Master of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit. The King has no role in the Church of Norway. The position of King of Norway has been in existence since the unification of Norway in 872. In recent years members of the Socialist Left party have proposed the abolition of the monarchy during each new session of parliament and this gives the Norwegian monarchy the unique status of being a popularly elected royal family and receiving regular formal confirmations of support from the Storting. Prior to and in the phase of the Viking Age Norway was divided into several smaller kingdoms. Harald Fairhair was the first king of Norway, the boundaries of Fairhairs kingdom were not identical to those of present-day Norway, and upon his death the kingship was shared among his sons. Some historians emphasise the actual control over the country and assert that Olaf II, alias Saint Olaf. Olaf is generally held to have been the force behind Norways final conversion to Christianity. In the 12th and 13th centuries the Norwegian kingdom was at its geographical and cultural peak, the kingdom included Norway, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Shetland, Orkney and other smaller areas in the British Isles. The king had diplomatic relations with most of the European kingdoms and formed alliances with Scotland and Castile, large castles such as Haakons Hall and cathedrals, the foremost being Nidaros Cathedral, were built
6.
Haakon VII of Norway
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Haakon VII, known as Prince Carl of Denmark until 1905, was a Danish prince who became the first king of Norway after the 1905 dissolution of the union with Sweden. He reigned from November 1905 until his death in September 1957, as one of the few elected monarchs, Haakon quickly won the respect and affection of his people. He played a role in uniting the Norwegian nation in its resistance to the Nazi invasion. He became King of Norway before his father and older brother became kings of Denmark, during his reign, he saw his father, his brother and his nephew, Frederick IX, ascend the throne of Denmark, respectively in 1906,1912 and 1947. He died at the age of 85 on 21 September 1957 and he was succeeded by his only son, Olav V. Prince Carl of Denmark was the son of King Frederik VIII of Denmark. Furthermore, he was a brother of Christian X, a paternal grandson of King Christian IX of Denmark. Prince Carl was born at Charlottenlund Palace near Copenhagen and he belonged to the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg branch of the House of Oldenburg. The House of Oldenburg had been the Danish royal family since 1448, the house was originally from northern Germany, where the Glucksburg branch held their small fief. The family had permanent links with Norway beginning from the late Middle Ages, several of his paternal ancestors had been kings of independent Norway. Christian Frederick, who was King of Norway briefly in 1814, Prince Carl was raised in the royal household in Copenhagen and educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy. Their son, Prince Alexander, the future Crown Prince Olav, was born on 2 July 1903, gradually, Prince Carl became the leading candidate, largely because he was descended from independent Norwegian kings. The new royal family of Norway left Denmark on the Danish royal yacht Dannebrog, at Oscarsborg Fortress, they boarded the Norwegian naval ship Heimdal. After a three-day journey, they arrived in Kristiania early on the morning of 25 November 1905, two days later, Haakon took the oath as Norways first independent king in 518 years. The coronation of Haakon and Maud took place in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim on 22 June 1906, King Haakon gained much sympathy from the Norwegian people. Although the Constitution of Norway vests the King with considerable executive powers, Haakon confined himself to non-partisan roles without interfering in politics, a practice continued by his son and grandson. However, his long rule gave him moral authority as a symbol of the countrys unity. Haakon, Maud and Crown Prince Olav became interested in skiing and this sport is often viewed as typically Norwegian
7.
Prime Minister of Norway
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For a list, see List of heads of government of Norway. The Prime Minister of Norway is the leader of Norway. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to the Storting, to their political party, and ultimately the electorate. In practice, since it is impossible for a government to stay in office against the will of the Storting. Norway has a Constitution, which was adopted on 17 May 1814, the position of Prime Minister is the result of legislation. As of 2017, the Prime Minister of Norway is Erna Solberg, unlike their counterparts in the rest of Europe, Norwegian Prime Ministers do not have the option of advising the King to dissolve the Storting and call a snap election. The Constitution requires that the Storting serve out its full four-year term, if the Prime Minister loses the confidence of the Storting, he or she must resign. As of 2015 six former Prime Ministers are alive, Odvar Nordli born 3 November 1927, kåre Willoch born 3 October 1928, served 1981–1986. Gro Harlem Brundtland born 20 April 1939, served 1981, 1986–1989, kjell Magne Bondevik born 3 September 1947, served 1997–2000 and 2001–2005. Thorbjørn Jagland born 5 November 1950, served 1996–1997, jens Stoltenberg born 16 March 1959, served 2000–2001 and 2005–2013. List of Prime Ministers of Norway Regjeringskvartalet Government Official Homepage
8.
Christian Michelsen
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Peter Christian Hersleb Kjerschow Michelsen was a Norwegian shipping magnate and statesman. He was the first Prime Minister of independent Norway from 1905 to 1907, Michelsen is most known for his central role in the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905, and was one of Norways most influential politicians of his time. Born in Bergen, he was named after his grandfather, bishop Peder Christian Hersleb Kjerschow and he was the eldest of five siblings born into a merchant family. Michelsen attended the Bergen Cathedral School and he studied law at the University of Christiana and went on to become a lawyer. He later established the company, Chr. Michelsen & Co. which became one of the largest in Norway and he became a member of the Norwegian Parliament in 1891, representing the Liberal Party of Norway. He served as Finance Minister in the second cabinet Hagerup, and was one of the strongest proponents of a firm policy towards the union between Sweden and Norway. In March 1905, Michelsen replaced Francis Hagerup as Prime Minister, the formal basis for the dissolution was King Oscar IIs refusal to accept the Norwegian consular laws. This, the Norwegians felt, acknowledged Sweden as having the hand in the Union. While this supremacy existed in reality, Norwegians were unwilling to accept the relationship on a formal, legal basis. On 27 May 1905 King Oscar refused to sign the bill and this strategic move gave the dissolution a somewhat legal basis, and was primarily the work of Christian Michelsen. He knew that the Norwegian people, after months of well-directed information in a press, was united in a way that is extremely rare in a democracy. In the referendum that proved the Norwegian will to dissolve the union, retention of the union garnered a mere 184 votes nationwide, which represented only one vote out of every 2000 cast. Michelsen, though a believer in a republic in Norway, accepted that a democratic monarchy would have the greatest chances to be accepted abroad. Prince Carl of Denmark became King Haakon VII of Norway after a new referendum had given the monarchy proponents approximately 79% of the votes cast, in 1906 Michelsen won the election on an above-the-parties ticket, which quickly alienated the leading Liberals from him. In 1907 he resigned, having tired of petty squabbles among the political leaders, jørgen Løvland carried on Michelsens work, but lacked the will to force the coalition to stand united, and in 1908 the coalition broke down. In social policy, Michelsens time as prime minister saw the passage of the 1906 Law on Central and Local Government Contributions to Unemployment Funds, in 1925, he, along with the polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen and the industrialist Joakim Lehmkuhl, founded the Fatherland League. He was married in 1881 to Johanne Benedicte Wallendahl, in 1905, he was awarded the Grand Cross of The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and in 1907 he received the Collar as well
9.
Bergen Line
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The Bergen Line, also called the Bergen Railway, is a 371-kilometre long standard gauge railway line between Bergen and Hønefoss, Norway. The name is applied for the entire route from Bergen via Drammen to Oslo, where the passenger trains go. It is the highest mainline railway line in Northern Europe, crossing the Hardangervidda plateau at 1,237 metres above sea level, the railway opened from Bergen to Voss in 1883 as the narrow gauge Voss Line. In 1909 the route was continued over the mountain to Oslo and the route converted to standard gauge. The line is single track, and was electrified in 1954-64, the Bergen Line is owned and maintained by Bane NOR, and served with passenger trains by Norwegian State Railways and freight trains by CargoNet. The Flåm Line remains as the branch line, after the closure of the Hardanger Line. The western section from Bergen to Voss is also served by the Bergen Commuter Rail, the first documented idea of building a railway between Norways two largest cities was launched by Hans Gløersen on 24 August 1871 in Bergensposten. The forest supervisor in Voss suggested building the railway via Voss, back in 1866 the same person had launched the idea of the Jæren Line. Within days of the launch of the Bergen Line the city council had assimilated support for the suggestion, in 1872 the railway director Carl Abraham Pihl and two engineers went on a survey tour to look at the suggested line. On 20 October 1871 two engineers traversed the two routes from Bergen to Voss, the one via Fana, Os and Hardangerfjord. Though covering a less populated area, the latter would be cheaper to build, a railway committee was created on 25 January 1872 with a limited mandate, which was increased again 20 December. At the same time he launched the idea of a line up Valdres to Lærdal. By 1873 agreement had been reached as to the right-of-way to Voss, on 13 January 1874 Bergen city council started issuing stock for the Voss Line, to begin with 400,000 Norwegian speciedaler was issued. In the 1873 parliamentary election the railway supporter Peter Jebsen was elected, Parliament chose to not issue new railway projects in the 1874 session, and instead make a complete plan for all railway construction in the country—to be proposed by a committee. When the report was launched on 20 March 1875, the Voss Line was not included since it could not show a higher profitability than 1%. During the 1875 session there was not a majority for the Voss Line and this was based on a claim from Johan Jørgen Schwartz, the chairman of the committee, that the investment costs were underestimated. This was countered by Nils Henrik Bruun, a constructor from Bergen, when Jebsen in addition was willing to act as personal guarantee for Bruun in case of his death, the majority in the parliament shifted. On 9 June 1875 parliament voted with 61 against 42 to build Vossebanen, Vossebanen was built with narrow gauge,1,067 mm
10.
Ustaoset
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Ustaoset is a village in Hol municipality, Buskerud, Norway. Ustaoset is situated 990 meters above sea level and it is the finish for the cross country ski event Skarverennet. Ustaoset first came to prominence in 1909 with the opening of the Bergen Line, the rail line between Oslo to Bergen provides year-round access to this high mountain valley. Ustaoset has a station on the Bergen Line running between Geilo and Finse, as well as a hotel and mountain resort cabins. Families from both cities built cabins, some now over one hundred years old, from which they could ski in the winters, reaching the summit of the Folarskardnuten, highest point in the region, on skis or on foot is a notable achievement. Because of Norways strict controls over building and land use, new Ustaoset cabins are difficult if not impossible to build making the cabin that comes on the market much in demand. The mountain resort cabins at Ustaoset have a key role in the mystery unfolding in the Norwegian detective thriller The Leopard by the Norwegian author Jo Nesbø. Some episodes in the book feature police detectives from cosmopolitan Oslo coming to conduct investigations in the far more primal mountain environment of Ustaoset
11.
Women's suffrage
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Womens suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Limited voting rights were gained by women in Finland, Iceland, Sweden and some Australian colonies, National and international organizations formed to coordinate efforts to gain voting rights, especially the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, and also worked for equal civil rights for women. In 1881, the Isle of Man gave women who owned property the right to vote, in 1893, the British colony of New Zealand, granted women the right to vote. The colony of South Australia, did the same in 1894 and women were able to vote in the next election, South Australia also permitted women to stand for election alongside men. In 1899 Western Australia enacted full womens suffrage, enabling women to vote in the referendum of 31 July 1900. In 1902 women in the four colonies also acquired the right to vote. Discriminatory restrictions against Aboriginal people, including women, voting in elections, were not completely removed until 1962. Norway followed, granting full womens suffrage in 1913, most independent countries enacted womens suffrage in the interwar era, including Canada in 1917, Britain in 1918 and the United States in 1920. If women could work in factories, it seemed both ungrateful and illogical to deny them a place in the polling booth. But the vote was more than simply a reward for war work. Late adopters in Europe included Spain in 1931, France in 1944, Italy in 1946, Greece in 1952, Switzerland in 1971, the United States gave women equal voting rights in all states with the Nineteenth Amendment ratified in 1920. Canada and a few Latin American nations passed womens suffrage before World War II while the vast majority of Latin American nations established womens suffrage in the 1940s, the last Latin American country to give women the right to vote was Paraguay in 1961. In December 2015, women were first allowed to vote in Saudi Arabia, extended political campaigns by women and their supporters have generally been necessary to gain legislation or constitutional amendments for womens suffrage. In many countries, limited suffrage for women was granted before universal suffrage for men, for instance, in ancient Athens, often cited as the birthplace of democracy, only adult, male citizens who owned land were permitted to vote. Through subsequent centuries, Europe was generally ruled by monarchs, though forms of parliament arose at different times. Their Protestant successors enjoyed the same privilege almost into modern times and they make decisions there like the men, and it is they who even delegated the first ambassadors to discuss peace. The Iroquois, like many First Nations peoples in North America, had a kinship system. Property and descent were passed through the female line, Women elders voted on hereditary male chiefs and could depose them
12.
Norsk Hydro
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Norsk Hydro ASA is a Norwegian aluminium and renewable energy company, headquartered in Oslo. Hydro is one of the largest aluminium companies worldwide and it has operations in some 50 countries around the world and is active on all continents. The Norwegian state owns 43. 8% of the company through the Ministry of Trade, a further 6. 5% is owned by Folketrygdfond, which administers the Government Pension Fund of Norway. Norsk Hydro employs approximately 12,500 people, Svein Richard Brandtzæg has been the CEO since 2009. The company had a significant presence in the oil and gas industry until October 2007, the technology had been developed by the Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland. The method is known as the Birkeland–Eyde process. The process required large amounts of energy, and for this. Later also Rjukan Falls was developed and its power harnessed, in the establishing the city of Rjukan. Hydros first factory was built at Notodden followed up another at Rjukan. Then in 1912 production is established at Glomfjord in Nordland, in 1930 Norsk Hydro opened a plant at Herøya outside Porsgrunn. To begin with it was to function as a port for the fertilizer as well as a point to import limestone. From 1936 Hydro also started producing fertilizer at Herøya, there was also opened a railway, Rjukanbanen, connecting Rjukan with Hærøy. The railway opened in 1909 and consisted of a ferry across Lake Tinn, railway again with the Tinnoset Line. The canal was superseded by the Bratsberg Line in 1916, by 1945, IG Farben had become a majority shareholder in Norsk Hydro. The plant at Herøya was a result of no longer being dependent on immediate proximity to the power sources. This provided the advantage of being able to have the plants, the first steps towards light metal production came in 1940 when Hydro started construction of a magnesium carbonate plant at Herøya, but the German invasion of Norway stopped the plans. In 1941 the Oslo Consortium invested money equivalent to year 2014 Norwegian kroner 172 million, collaboration with the Nazi-German regime, did not result in any company employees being convicted after the war. During the Second World War Norsk Hydro collaborated with IG Farben, the construction was however ended on July 24,1943 when an allied bombardment completely destroyed the facilities, killing 55 construction workers
13.
Notodden
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Notodden is a city and municipality in Telemark county, Norway. It is part of the region of Øst-Telemark. The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Notodden, Notodden was separated from the municipality of Heddal in 1913 to become a separate city and municipality. On 1 January 1964, the municipalities of Heddal and Gransherad were merged into Notodden to form a new enlarged municipality. Notodden is on the shore of Heddalsvatnet lake, and the Tinn River runs through the town into the lake, norways biggest stave church, Heddal stave church, can be seen a few kilometres from the city centre. Notodden Airport, Tuven, is located west of the city centre, Norsk Hydro was founded in this town. Notodden is well known for the annual Notodden Blues Festival, which is considered one of the best blues festivals in Europe and it also has a well-known metal festival called Motstøy Festivalen. The football club Notodden FK is headquartered here, the first element of the name is not which means to fish using a seine and the last element is the finite form of odde meaning headland. Thus the general meaning of the name is the fishing place, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 11 August 1939, the arms show a silver-colored river and four lightning strikes. One of the first hydroelectric stations in Norway was established in the late 19th century at the Tinnfoss waterfall on the Tinn River. In 2008, Notodden city council decided to end the twin city agreements with Ilisalmi, Nyköping, at the same time Suwałki was approved as a new twin city. Composer Klaus Egge, born 1906 in Gransherad, also lived in Notodden, olympic gold medalist Ådne Søndrål was born in Notodden. American blues musician Seasick Steve, who is achieving fame in the United Kingdom, Norwegian blues musician Margit Bakken and painter and author Tor-Arne Moen also live in Notodden. One of the most influential Norwegian black metal bands, Emperor, came from Notodden, as does Mortiis, Peccatum, Star of ash, Leprous, emperors singer, Ihsahn, still resides in Notodden. Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway Notodden travel guide from Wikivoyage Notodden on Flickr 1908 in Notodden, Of course the workers must have houses, from Norsk Hydro
14.
Olav Duun
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Olav Duun was a noteworthy author of Norwegian fiction. He is generally recognized to be one of the outstanding writers in Norwegian literature. He once lacked only one vote to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, Duun was born in the traditional district Ytre Namdal, on Jøa an island in the Namsen Fjord in Fosnes municipality, Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. His parents were Johannes Antonius Duun and Ellen Duun, Olav Duun was born Ole Johannesen Raaby. Duun was the oldest in a family of eight siblings, during his years as a boy his family lived at several farms on the island, the last one being Duun. He adopted the last name Duun when he left the island to start his training as a teacher and he attended the state school at Trøndelag. In 1901, Duun took a position as a teacher at Levanger in Nord-Trøndelag county. He completed the graduate teacher examination in 1904, in 1908, he was hired by the Ramberg school at Botne in Vestfold, where he combined teaching profession with writing poetry. He worked as a teacher in Holmestrand until 1927, at the age of fifty, he retired in order to devote his time to writing. Duun was known as one of the writers of 20th-century Norwegian fiction. He stands as a synthesis of the Norwegian folk spirit. Duun wrote in Landsmål, an amalgam of peasant dialects that developed into Nynorsk, in the period 1907-38 he published 25 novels, four short story collections and two childrens books. Many of his books incorporate the dialects of his subjects, peasants, fishermen and his novels analyze the psychological and spiritual characteristics of rural, peasant life. The most notable works are his six volume, The People of Juvik and this work was translated into English and published as, The Trough of the Waves, The Blind Man, The Big Wedding, Odin in Fairyland, Odin Grows Up and Storm. Olav and Emma Duuns House is the residence of Olav Duun and his wife Emma. There is a library containing manuscripts, letters, and other related to the writing career of Olav Duun. The first floor is at the disposal of recipients of the Duun Scholarship, in the garden, a memorial park has been constructed containing commemorative rocks with lyrical quotes from Olav Duun’s poems. The address is 20 Olav Duun Street
15.
Kai Fjell
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Kai Breder Fjell was a Norwegian painter, printmaker and scenographer. Fjell was born on a farm in the village Skoger near Drammen and his father was the farmer and painter Conrad Bendiks Fjeld. His mother was a sister of Marie Hamsun, Fjell married Ingeborg Helene Holt in 1931. Kai Fjell became a pupil of Carl von Hanno in Oslo in 1926, a year later, he enrolled at the States School of Art and Design of Oslo, where his main teachers were August Eiebakke and from 1929 Olaf Willums. His debut exhibition in Oslo Art Society in 1932 was largely unsuccessful, Fjell achieved immediate success with his exhibition at Kunstnernes Hus in 1937, where all the exhibited paintings were sold. Kai Fjell early developed an ornamental expressionism and his pictures are heavily influenced by rural life and traditional Norwegian folk art. Fjells early paintings are dominated by dark and earthy hues and often has grotesque motifs and his later works are significantly brighter, more daring in their use of colour, and tranquil in mood. Throughout his long career, the figure and various fertility-symbols are recurring motifs in Fjells pictures. Kai Fjell died in his home at Lysaker and he was active as a painter until the end of his life
16.
Rolf Jacobsen (poet)
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Rolf Jacobsen could be said to be the first modernist writer in Norway. Jacobsens career as a writer spanned more than fifty years and he is one of Scandinavia’s most distinguished poets, who launched poetic modernism in Norway with his first book, Jord og jern in 1933. Jacobsens work has translated into over twenty languages. The central theme in his work is the balance between nature and technology – he was called the Green Poet in Norwegian literature. Rolf Jacobsen was born in Oslo, as the son of Martin Julius Jacobsen, at the age of six he moved with his family to Åsnes, where Martin Jacobsen had obtained a post as a school dentist. Rolf was educated by his mother, who had completed one year of teachers training, in 1920 he moved to Oslo and entered a private school. During these years his uncle, who was a railway engineer, jacobson continued his studies at the University of Oslo for five years without graduating. In 1927 he served in the Norwegian army for six weeks, from 1937 to 1939 he was a board member of Hedmark Labour Party. Jacobsens Jord og jern, written in verse, introduced the urban world, racing cars, airplanes. Because of the choice of his subjects Jacobsens work was connected to Marinetti and Futurism, Jacobsens diverse literary and other artistic influences included the Poetic Edda, Karel Čapeks play R. U. R. and Carl Sandburgs poetry. The title of the collection also suggests a relationship between nature and technology. In 1934 Jacobsen returned to Åsnes to take care of his father and he had joined a socialist intellectual group, Clarté, and in Åsnes he became a member of the Labor Party Leadership for Hedmark County. In Åsnes Jacobsen worked for the daily newspaper Kongsvinger Arbeiderblad, which was supported by Labor, Jacobsens second collection of poems, Vrimmel, revealed his underlying dismay at modern civilization. Jacobsen rejected Marinettis manifesto, We wish to glory war, but predicted the ominous emergence of the gas masks and machine guns. After Vrimmel, Jacobsen was silent as a poet for 16 years, in 1940 Jacobsen married Petra Tendø, they had two sons. While his parents marriage did not succeed, Jacobsens own marriage was harmonious and his wife died in 1985 and in his last book, Nattåpent, Jacobsen published tender and mournful poems about their life together, Whoever loves for years / hasnt lived in vain. During World War II, when Norway was under German military occupation, Jacobsen signed and published, in Kongsvinger Arbeiderblad and he was also a member of the Norwegian National Socialist Party. After the war, Jacobsen was convicted of treason and sentenced to three and a half years at hard labor, after the war and hardships, Jacobsen settled at Abelsethgården in the city of Hamar
17.
Odd Bull
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Norwegian General Odd Bull was a career officer in the Royal Norwegian Air Force who eventually rose to the position of Chief of Air Staff. He wrote a memoir of his experiences during this time, a book entitled War and Peace in the Middle East, The Experiences, Odd Bull was born on June 28,1907. He traces his origins back to 1700 when the family patriarch. Odd is a common Norwegian given name, and Bull is an Anglo-Saxon surname, Jacob Bulls descendants retained their seafaring connection until the arrival of Odd Bulls father Gjert, who did not go to sea but became manager of a tobacco factory instead. Odd Bull grew up in Oslo and received the first twelve years of his education at Vestheim School, at his leaving examination in 1925, he did worse than expected and decided to spend twelve months at a military academy. He enjoyed the experience so much that he decided to take the two-year officer training course. During his training however, he had interested in flying. After two years of flying experience he became an instructor in 1931. In April 1940, Nazi Germany invaded Norway, taken by surprise, the Norwegians were unable to mobilize their armed forces in time to conduct an effective defence and were conquered in a 62-day campaign. Many Norwegian servicemen however, including Bull, escaped by boat to Britain where they hoped to carry on the struggle, once in Britain, Bull attempted to organize some Norwegian air squadrons, but no airfields were available. Eventually however, the Canadian government offered the Norwegians the Toronto Island Airport as a training centre, as word got out about the centre, hundreds of Norwegians from around the world made their way to Canada to train as pilots. The Norwegian unit was assigned to fighter cover for Scapa Flow. Bull was eventually reassigned to duty, flying Mosquitoes with RAF Fighter Squadron 107 during the D-Day landings in Northern France. With the liberation of Norway in May 1945, he returned to his home country, Bull noted that of the 750 Norwegians who joined the Allied air forces,278 or more than one in three were killed -203 in battle and 75 in training or other accidents. After the war, Bull was made head of one of Norways four regional commands and he later served as Chief of Staff to the Commander of the Air Force. In 1960, he was appointed Chief of Air Staff and he was decorated with the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav in 1970. In 1958 Bull was offered a position with the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Lebanon. Bulls appointment coincided with the Lebanon Crisis and he returned to Norway in 1959, but in 1963 he was offered the position as Chief of Staff of UNTSO, which he again accepted
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