1.
1897 in art
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April 3 – Vienna Secession founded by artists including Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil. May 1 – Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek art museum opened in Copenhagen, may 27 – A Separate Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture is staged at Sukiennice Museum in Main Square, Kraków. August 4 – The Lady of Elche Iberian sculpture is found at LAlcúdia near Elche in Spain, september – Edvard Munch stages a major retrospective in Christiania. October 27 – First meeting of the Society of Polish Artists Sztuka in Kraków, at Giverny, Claude Monet begins painting his Water Lilies series, which will continue until the end of his life. Elbridge Ayer Burbank begins painting portraits of Native Americans in the United States from life, women photographers Zaida Ben-Yusuf and Gertrude Käsebier open portrait studios in New York City. A Book of Fifty Drawings by Aubrey Beardsley is published, bernard Berenson publishes Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance. Ogata Gekkō – Ryu sho ten J. W. and Mrs. I
2.
1900 in art
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Exposition Universelle in Paris helps popularize Art Nouveau style. Alphonse Mucha decorates the Bosnia and Herzegovina Pavilion and collaborates on the Austria-Hungary one, F. Holland Day organizes an exhibition of the New School of American Photography at the Royal Photographic Society in London. The Wallace Collection in London opens to the public, the Zachęta art gallery in Warsaw is completed. Claude Monet stays in London and begins his Houses of Parliament series of paintings, wilhelm von Debschitz and Hermann Obrist found the Lehr- und Versuchsatelier für angewandte und freikunst, an influential art school in Munich. Kenton Florence Fuller – Inseparables J. W. J. W. Waterhouse Destiny The Siren January 5 – Yves Tanguy, painter
3.
1901 in art
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March 12 – Whitechapel Gallery, designed by Charles Harrison Townsend, opens in London as one of the first publicly funded galleries for temporary exhibitions in the city. May 11 – The Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts inaugurates its Palace of Art, julien-Auguste Hervé exhibits his paintings in Paris under the title Expressionismes. Swedish-born painter Carl Oscar Borg enters the United States as a stowaway,28 January – James Richmond Barthé, sculptor. 22 March – Greta Kempton, Austrian-American artist,24 March – Ub Iwerks, American animator, cartoonist and special effects technician. 27 March – Carl Barks, American illustrator and comic book creator,9 June – John Skeaping, English sculptor and equine painter. July 5 – Len Lye, New Zealand-born kinetic sculptor and filmmaker, july 15 – Pyke Koch, Dutch painter. July 31 – Jean Dubuffet, French painter and sculptor, august 29 – Anna Zinkeisen, Scottish-born artist September 14 – Lucien Aigner, Hungcvx arian photographer. October 2 – Alice Prin, French artists model and painter, october 10 – Alberto Giacometti, sculptor
4.
1902 in art
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June – The group Boadicea and Her Daughters by Thomas Thornycroft is cast in bronze and erected on the Victoria Embankment in London. July – Cecil and Wilfred Phillips open the Leicester Galleries in Leicester Square, London, for exhibitions of modern British, september – Paul Cézannes final studio, at Les Lauves, commanding a view of Montagne Sainte-Victoire, is completed. Early October – Beatrix Potters first childrens book The Tale of Peter Rabbit, by the end of the year it sells 28,000 copies. Georges Braque begins his studies at the Academie Humbert, where he meets Marie Laurencin, the studio La Ruche is established in the 15th arrondissement of Paris by the sculptor Alfred Boucher to provide accommodation for impoverished young artists. Claude Monet begins his Water Lilies series of paintings in his garden at Giverny, helen Allingham – View of Blackdown Frank Weston Benson – Eleanor Holding a Shell Pierre Bonnard – The Terrasse Children with Black Dog Thomas Eakins – Self-portrait J. W
5.
1903 in art
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June 3 – Laura Johnson marries Harold Knight. Isadora Duncan develops free dance, a dance influenced by the ancient Greeks. With the support of Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Jacques Villon, Auguste Rodin and others, koloman Moser and Josef Hoffmann found the Wiener Werkstätte in Vienna. Frederic Dorr Steele produces his first illustrations for Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories in the United States, bernard Berenson publishes The Drawings of the Florentine Painters. Anna Muthesius publishes Das Eigenkleid der Frau, during what is known as his Blue Period, Pablo Picasso paints Portrait of Angel Fernández de Soto Tête de femme, Vieux guitariste aveugle, The Tragedy, and La vie, among others. W. Lindes Sons Camille Pissarro – Self-portrait Sir Edward Poynter – The Cave of the Storm Nymphs Tom Roberts – The Big Picture John Singer Sargent – Mrs. W
6.
1904 in art
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April Octavian Smigelschi is selected to paint the interior decoration of Holy Trinity Cathedral, Sibiu. George Frederic Watts opens the Watts Gallery in the English village of Compton, Guildford, georges Braque leaves the Academie Humbert. Mary Cassatt is awarded the Légion dhonneur by the French government for her services to the arts, British Impressionist painter Wilfrid de Glehn marries American portrait painter Jane Erin Emmet. 13 January – Oliver Messel, English stage designer,14 January – Cecil Beaton, English photographer and stage and costume designer. 22 January – Kimon Evan Marengo, Egyptian-born British cartoonist,6 February – Dorothy Canning Miller American curator. 22 February – Peter Hurd, American artist,2 March – Theodor Seuss Geisel, American illustrator. 17 March – Chaim Gross, Austrian American sculptor,31 March – Đorđe Andrejević Kun, Serbian painter. 15 April Mary Adshead, English painter, arshile Gorky, Armenian-born abstract expressionist painter. April 21 Jean Hélion, French painter, gabriel Loire, French stained glass artist. 24 April – Willem de Kooning, Dutch abstract expressionist painter,2 May – Bill Brandt, German-born British photographer and photojournalist. 11 May – Salvador Dalí, Spanish surrealist artist,14 June – Margaret Bourke-White, American photographer and photojournalist. 2 August – Reg Parlett, English comics artist,11 September – Daniel Brustlein, Alsatian-born illustrator. 23 October – Svetoslav Roerich, Russian painter,13 November – Stephen Bone, English painter. 17 November – Isamu Noguchi, Japanese American artist and landscape architect,18 November – Jean Paul Lemieux, Canadian-American painter 22 November – Miguel Covarrubias, Mexican caricaturist and painter. 30 November – Clyfford Still, American Abstract Expressionist painter,11 December – Felix Nussbaum, German Jewish surrealist painter. 17 December – Paul Cadmus, American painter,21 December – Jean René Bazaine, French painter, stained glass artist and writer. Juan Bautista Garcia, Puerto Rican painter
7.
1905 in art
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Summer – Henri Matisse and André Derain work together in the French Mediterranean village of Collioure. October – Salon dAutomne in Paris, the colors used by Matisse and others lead the critic Louis Vauxcelles to describe their works derisively as les Fauves. Die Brücke group of German expressionist artists formed in Dresden, léon Bonnat succeeds Paul Dubois as director of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen open the Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession photo art gallery on Fifth Avenue in New York City, opening of the Gibbes Museum of Art in Charleston, South Carolina. Jacob Epstein establishes his studio in London
8.
1906 in art
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September–October – First group exhibition by Die Brücke, in Dresden. Gwen John begins modelling for Auguste Rodin, paula Modersohn-Becker begins a series of nude portraits of herself and of other women and children in Paris. Juan Gris, Amedeo Modigliani and Gino Severini all arrive in Paris, walter Sickert paints music hall scenes in London and Paris. Ferdinand Preiss opens his workshop in Berlin
9.
1908 in art
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February – The Ashcan School give their first and only exhibition, opening at the Macbeth Gallery in New York. March 20–May 2 – Salon des Indépendants in Paris gives rise to the term Cubism, may – Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky produces a color photographic portrait of Leo Tolstoy. July – Allied Artists Association holds its first exhibition, at the Royal Albert Hall in London, july 29 – The Whitworth Art Gallery building in Manchester is formally opened. November – Georges Braque exhibits at Daniel-Henry Kahnweilers Paris gallery, critic Louis Vauxcelles describes him as reducing everything, hugh Lane founds the Dublin City Gallery, the worlds first to display only modern art. Paul Ranson founds the Académie Ranson in Paris, the British Medical Association Building, London, designed by Charles Holden with eighteen controversial nude sculptures by Jacob Epstein, is completed. Wassily Kandinsky settles in the Bavarian town of Murnau am Staffelsee, the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna rejects Adolf Hitlers application to study painting. Australian painter Arthur Streeton marries violinist Nora Clench, W. M. W. February 28 – William Coldstream, English realist painter. July 22 – Claire Falkenstein, American sculptor and painter, august 22 – Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer. August 28 Edith Tudor Hart, born Edith Suschitzky, Austrian-born photojournalist and communist agent in Britain, roger Tory Peterson, American naturalist, ornithologist, artist and educator. August 30 – Leonor Fini, Argentine surrealist painter, september 6 – Korczak Ziolkowski, Polish American sculptor. September 14 – Peter Watson, English arts benefactor October 1 – Nicholas Marsicano, October 21 – Jorge Oteiza, Spanish sculptor, painter, designer and writer. October 27 – Lee Krasner, American abstract expressionist painter, november 4 – EQ Nicholson, born Elsie Q. Myers, English textile designer and painter, november 19 – Gisèle Freund, born Gisela Freund, German-born photographer. December 3 – Victor Pasmore, English artist and architect, december 23 – Yousuf Karsh, Armenian-Canadian photographer. Myron Stout, American abstract painter Umaña, Colombian artist
10.
1909 in art
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February 20 – Filippo Tommaso Marinettis Futurist Manifesto is first published, in the French newspaper Le Figaro. May–June – Claude Monets Water Lilies series of paintings are first exhibited, july 22 – Widowed Irish-born painter John Lavery marries Irish American painter Hazel Martyn. Guillaume Apollinaires first book of poetry is illustrated with woodcuts by André Derain, léon Bakst begins painting scenery for Sergei Diaghilevs Ballets Russes, beginning with Cleopatra. Robert Delaunay begins painting his Saint-Sévrin, City and Eiffel Tower series, lithuanian Jewish sculptor Jacques Lipchitz moves to Paris to study and work. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque create the first works of analytical cubism, sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler established in Düsseldorf. Kunsthalle Mannheim established as a permanent art gallery, reformation Wall created in Geneva by Swiss architects Charles Dubois, Alphonse Laverrière, Eugène Monod and Jean Taillens with figures by French sculptors Paul Landowski and Henri Bouchard. Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky is commissioned by Nicholas II of Russia to begin a record in color photography of his empire, Henri Gaudier meets Sophie Brzeska at the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève in Paris. W. W. Waterhouse – Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May January 16 – Clement Greenberg, January 25 – Joseph Solman, American painter. February 7 – Wilhelm Freddie, Danish painter and sculptor, february 12 – Zoran Mušič, Slovenian- born painter. February 17 – Gertrude Abercrombie, American painter, february 19 – Enrico Donati, Italian- born American Surrealist painter and sculptor. February 26 – Michel Tapié, French artist, critic, curator, march 13 – Reynolds Stone, English wood engraver. March 22 – Milt Kahl, American animator, april 3 – Graham Stuart Thomas, English horticultural artist, author and garden designer. April 30 – F. E. McWilliam, Irish sculptor, may 17 – Giulio Carlo Argan, Italian art historian and politician. June 14 – Ettore DeGrazia, American impressionist, painter, sculptor, june 26 – Wolfgang Reitherman, German-American animator. July 13 – Marie-Thérèse Walter, mistress of Pablo Picasso, september 14 – Peter Scott, English ornithologist, conservationist, painter. September 28 – Al Capp, cartoonist, october 13 – Herblock, political cartoonist. October 28 – Francis Bacon, Irish-born British figurative painter, november 5 – Milena Pavlović-Barili, Serbian painter and poet. November 6 – Herman Rose painter, december 25 – Philip Zec, British political cartoonist
11.
1910 in art
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April 27 – Futurist poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti issues the manifesto Contro Venezia passatista in the Piazza San Marco. Bronze sculptor Robert Kionsek joins the Berlin workshop of Ferdinand Preiss to form the PK firm, czech art historian Antonin Matějček uses the term Expressionism, in opposition to impressionism. Russian composer Alexander Scriabin writes Prometheus, The Poem of Fire, Op.60, a work for piano, orchestra, optional choir. March 18 – May 1 – Salon des Indépendants, Jean Metzinger, Henri Le Fauconnier, Metzinger exhibits Portrait de Guillaume Apollinaire, considered by Apollinaire to be the first cubist portrait. July 15 – October 9 – First International Art Exhibition in Düsseldorf, October 1 – November 8 – Salon dAutomne, Jean Metzinger, Henri Le Fauconnier and Fernand Léger exhibit in Room VIII. This is the Cubist concept of perspective that would tend towards the representation of the total image. November 8 – January 15,1911 – Manet and the Post-Impressionists at the Grafton Galleries in London, organized by Roger Fry, January 29 – Colin Middleton, Irish artist. February 20 – Julian Trevelyan, English printmaker March 10 – David Rose, June 6 – Hélène de Beauvoir, French painter. Beck, American cartoonist and comic book artist, Fernand Fonssagrives, French photographer June 17 – Raymond Poïvet, French cartoonist 14 July – William Hanna, American cartoonist. 22 July – Antonio Rodríguez Luna, Spanish painter,30 July – Edgar de Evia, Mexican-born American photographer. 1 August James Henry Govier, English painter, gerda Taro, born Gerta Pohorylle, German-born war photographer. 19 August – Quentin Bell, English art historian and author,25 August – Dorothea Tanning, American painter. 28 August – Morris Graves, American painter and printmaker,3 September – Kitty Carlisle Hart, American singer, actress and New York State Council on the Arts member. 7 October – Henry Plumer McIlhenny, American, art collector, philanthropist,29 October – Aurélie Nemours, French painter. 28 November – Garrett Eckbo, American landscape architect,2 December – Russell Lynes, American art historian, photographer and author. February 14 – John Macallan Swan, English painter and sculptor March 11 – Willis E
12.
1911 in art
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February 2 – First issue of Franz Pfemferts Die Aktion. June 10 – Rembrandt House Museum opened in Amsterdam, poet and art critic Guillaume Apollinaire and his friend Pablo Picasso are questioned over the theft. Creation of Der Blaue Reiter Group, creation of the Camden Town Group. Wassily Kandinsky publishes Über das Geistige in der Kunst, Insbesondere in der Malerei, rayonism developed in Russia by Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova. English wood engraver Gwen Darwin marries French painter Jacques Raverat, the term Cubism is first used in English. May 11 – A Futurist exhibition in Milan is the first of efforts by the group to make its theories concrete, one-man show by Eugeniusz Żak at Galerie Druet. Lydia Field Emmet – Olivia Albert Gleizes Portrait de Jacques Nayral La Chasse Le Chemin, Paysage à Meudon J. W. February 10 – Mallica Reynolds, Jamaican painter, sculptor, march 4 – Ilona Harima, Finnish painter. March 17 – David Park, American painter, march 23 – Roger Hilton, English painter. May 14 – Carl Abrahams, Jamaican painter, may 25 – Will Barnet, American painter, printmaker. July 15 – Juliet Pannett, English portrait artist, august 10 – Bruce Ariss, American artist. September 2 – Romare Bearden, American painter, printmaker, october 9 – Joe Rosenthal, American Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer. November 11 – Roberto Matta, Chilean painter, november 25 – Roelof Frankot, Dutch painter. December 25 – Louise Bourgeois, French-born painter and sculptor
13.
1912 in art
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January 5 – Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet, designed by Edward Gordon Craig, opens. December 24 – William Zorach marries Marguerite Thompson, in Paris, Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger publish the first major treatise on Cubism, Du Cubisme, followed by André Salmons La jeune peinture française including Histoire anecdotique du cubisme. Ludwig Meidner begins producing his Apocalyptic Landscapes, march – Exhibition of Italian Futurism transfers from Paris to the Sackville Gallery in London, organised by Robert René Meyer-Sée. Second Post-Impressionist Exhibition organized by Roger Fry in London, René Lalique and Maurice Marinot independently stage the first exhibitions of their glasswares. Fernand Léger Grade Crossing La Fumée Woman in Blue Wyndham Lewis – Smiling Woman Ascending a Stair J. B, george With Riding Crop Pablo Picasso Still Life with Chair Caning Violon et raisins Violon, verre, pipe et encrier Charles A
14.
1913 in art
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January 19 – Lovis Corinths retrospective opens at the Munich Secession galleries. This year the New Munich Secession splits from the Munich Secession, end of January – Franz Marcs Collection II opens at the Moderne Galerie Heinrich Thannhauser in Munich. This is followed at the gallery in February by the first major retrospective of Picassos work, february–March – English painter Olive Hockin is implicated in suffragette attacks. February 17 – The Armory Show opens in New York City and it displays works of artists who are to become some of the most influential painters of the early 20th century. March 10 – French sculptor Camille Claudel is committed by her family to a hospital where she will remain until her death in 1943. May – The Paul Émile Chabas painting September Morn provokes a charge of indency when displayed in the window of a Chicago art gallery, may 27 – Die Brücke dissolved. The audience includes Gabriele DAnnunzio, Coco Chanel, Marcel Duchamp, Harry Graf Kessler, august–September – Ernst Ludwig Kirchner spends the summer painting on the island of Fehmarn, returning to Berlin he begins his series of street scenes from around the Potsdamer Platz. Autumn – The Neue Galerie in Berlin reopens with displays of the work of Picasso, October – August Macke paints at Hilterfingen. October 18 – Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, designed by Bruno Schmitz incorporating sculptures by Christian Behrens, December 12 – Leonardo da Vincis Mona Lisa, stolen from the Louvre in 1911, is located in Florence when Vincenzo Peruggia attempts to sell it. It is returned to Paris on December 30, generación del 13 established in Chile. The London Group is formed by merger of the Camden Town Group, target, the first exhibition of Rayonism. Maurice Utrillo has his first solo exhibition, at the Galerie Blot in Paris, omega Workshops established in London by Roger Fry and other members of the Bloomsbury Group to produce artist-designed furniture and textiles. Wyndham Lewis and others secede in October, first observation of a chimpanzee drawing. Guillaume Apollinaires The Cubist Painters, Aesthetic Meditations is published in Paris
15.
1914 in art
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January 31 – The Art Gallery of Hamilton is founded. March – The London Group hold their first exhibition, at the Goupil Gallery, march–June – Rebel Art Centre run in London by Wyndham Lewis and others. March 10 – Suffragette Mary Richardson damages the Velázquez painting Rokeby Venus in the National Gallery, London, april Umberto Boccioni publishes Manifesto tecnico della scultura futurista, later this year he also publishes the book Pittura e scultura futuriste. August Macke, Louis Moilliet and Paul Klee travel in Tunisia, april 20 – English artist Dorothy Shakespear marries American poet Ezra Pound at St Mary Abbots church, Kensington, London. May 4 – Suffragette Mary Wood attacks John Singer Sargents portrait of Henry James at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition in London with a meat cleaver, june – First issue published of the Vorticist literary magazine BLAST edited by Wyndham Lewis. July 17 – Suffragette Annie Hunt damages Sir John Millais portrait of Thomas Carlyle in the National Portrait Gallery, London, august – Fernand Léger is mobilised for service in the French Army, he serves in the Forest of Argonne. September 5 – The cover of magazine London Opinion first carries the iconic drawing by Alfred Leete of Lord Kitchener with the recruiting slogan Your Country Needs You, november 16 – The Baltimore Museum of Art is founded at Johns Hopkins University. The Bilbao Fine Arts Museum is established in Bilbao, futurist exhibition at the Doré Gallery in London. Clive Bell publishes his formalist study Art, publication of Vincent van Goghs letters to his brother Theo. Nina Hamnett and Amedeo Modigliani meet for the first time in Montparnasse
16.
1915 in art
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May – Ambrose Heal and others found the Design and Industries Association in London. May – Publication of the first modern book illustrated with wood engravings, june 10 – The only Vorticist exhibition staged opens at the Doré Gallery in London. October 24 – Giovanni Battista Tiepolos frescos, Translation of the House of Loreto, december 19 – Kasimir Malevich stages the 0.10 Exhibition and originates Suprematism. Harpers Bazaar hires Erté to design its covers, edward McKnight Kauffer is given his first commission to design a poster for the Underground Electric Railways Company of London. Shōzaburō Watanabe originates shin-hanga collaborative woodblock printing in Japan, the first of the Etruscan terracotta warriors, forged by sculptor Alfredo Fioravanti with the Riccardi family, is purchased by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. 14-year-old Alice Prin is posing for sculptors in Paris, W. R. W. L. February 11 – Mervyn Levy, Welsh artist and critic. March 10 – Harry Bertoia, Italian-born American artist and furniture designer, april 4 – Louis Archambault, Canadian sculptor
17.
1916 in art
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February 9 –6.00 p. m. – Tristan Tzara founds Dadaism. March 1 – Liljevalchs konsthall inaugurated in Stockholm, may 20 – Boy with Baby Carriage is Norman Rockwells first cover for The Saturday Evening Post. May – Muirhead Bone recruited as a war artist by the British War Propaganda Bureau, at the end of the year, his album of drawings The Western Front begins publication. June 16 – Cleveland Museum of Art opens, august 31 – Kestnergesellschaft founded in Hanover, Germany. September 19 – Edvard Munchs paintings for the Aula of Det Kongelige Frederiks Universitet, september 26 – C. R. W. Nevinsons first major single-artist exhibition opens in London. November – John Nash arrives with the Artists Rifles in France, vanessa Bells first single-artist exhibition is staged at Omega Workshops in London. Provincial Fine Arts Museum completed in Córdoba, Argentina, ezra Pound publishes Gaudier-Brzeska, A Memoir. W. R. W. Nevinson Archies The Doctor Dog-Tired French Troops Resting Matthew Smith – Fitzroy Street Nude No
18.
1917 in art
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January – A drunken Amedeo Modigliani is ejected from a party for Georges Braque, by the hostess, Marie Vassilieff. January 29 – Rodin marries his mistress, Rose Beuret, she dies two weeks later, eric Kennington, William Orpen, C. R. W. Nevinson, Paul Nash and William Rothenstein are sent as war artists to the Western Front from England. De Stijl artistic movement is established by Theo van Doesburg, the Allen Memorial Art Museum is established at Oberlin College in Ohio. The Marc Chagall illustrated version of The Magician by I. L. Peretz is published in Vilnius. Max Beckmann – Deposition Lovis Corinth – Portrait of Julius Meier-Graefe Marcel Duchamp – Fountain Jacob Epstein – An American Soldier Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven – God J. W. S. R. W. T. C
19.
1907 in architecture
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The year 1907 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The hotel closes in 2008, and planning permission for demolition is approved in 2009, may 18 - The foundation stone of Bedford School chapel in England, designed by G. F. Bodley, is laid. September 29 - The foundation stone of Washington National Cathedral in Washington, deutscher Werkbund is founded by Hermann Muthesius in Munich. City plan for Barcelona by Léon Jaussely officially adopted, disstrict plan for Highland Park, Texas, by Wilbur David Cook and George Kessler drawn up. April 13 - Old New York Evening Post Building at 20 Vesey Street on Manhattan, designed in Art Nouveau style by Robert D. Kohn, october 8 - Kirche am Steinhof in Vienna, designed by Otto Wagner Great Mosque of Djenné in French Sudan. St Matthews Church, Paisley in Scotland, designed by W. D. McLennan, rebuilt Sainte-Madeleine, Strasbourg, in Alsace-Lorraine, designed by Fritz Beblo. The Magasins Réunis, a department store in Nancy, France. Villa Fruhinsholz in Nancy, France, designed by Léon Cayotte, Stadttheater Barmen in Wuppertal and Stadttheater Düren, both designed by Carl Moritz in Germany. North Hall, the dormitory on the quad at Vassar College. The building is renamed Jewett Hall in 1912 in honor of the Colleges first president, rebuilt Basel SBB railway station in Switzerland, designed by Emil Faesch and Emmanuel La Roche. AIA Gold Medal - Aston Webb, RIBA Royal Gold Medal - John Belcher. June 17 - Charles Eames, American designer August 13 J. M
20.
1907 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1907. February 21 – Frederick Deliuss opera A Village Romeo and Juliet is premiered in Berlin, february 22 – Thomas Beecham conducts Deliuss new opera at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London. May 27 – Bach House opens in what is at this time believed to be the birthplace of Johann Sebastian Bach, publication of Sketch of a New Aesthetic of Music by Ferruccio Busoni. Cosima Wagner steps down from her position as head of the Bayreuth Festival and she is succeeded by her son Siegfried. All She Gets from the Iceman is Ice w. Arthur J. Lamb m. Alfred Solman And A Little Bit More w. Alfred Bryan m, Fred Fisher Ballooning w. Paul West m. Jerome Kern The Bandolero w. m. Leslie Stuart Be My Little Teddy Bear w. Vincent Bryan m, max Hoffman Because Im Married Now w. m. Herbert Ingraham Bon Bon Buddy by Alex Rogers Brother Noah Gave Out Checks For Rain w. m, Arthur Longbrake Budweisers A Friend Of Mine w. Vincent P. Bryan m. Seymour Furth Bye Bye Dearie w. Andrew B, sterling m. Harry Von Tilzer The Caissons Go Rolling Along m. Edmund L. Gruber Come Along, My Mandy w. m, tom Mellor, Alfred J. Lawrence & Harry Gifford New words Nora Bayes & Jack Norworth 1910 Common Sense w. m. Chris Smith & John Larkins Dont Worry w. m, ed Rose & Ted Snyder Down Home Shout Herman Carle Fairy Queen m. Percy Wenrich Fishing For the Moon David Kilburn Stevens Gladiolus Rag by Scott Joplin Golden Rod McKinley The Handsome, Brave Life Saver Gumble Harrigan w. m. Introduced by George M. Cohan in the musical Fifty Miles from Boston He Goes to Church on Sunday w. Vincent Bryan m. E. Ray Goetz He Was One Of The Boys w. m. T. W. Connor The Homesick Yankee Clark Honey Boy w. Jack Norworth m. Albert Von Tilzer The Honeybees Honeymoon Reed I Finnish em Off, T. W. Connor I Love You So w. Adrian Ross m. Franz Lehár I Wish I Had A Girl w. Gus Kahn m. Grace Leboy Kahn Id Rather Be A Lobster Than A Wise Guy Morse Id Rather Two-Step Than Waltz, benjamin Hapgood Burt Im Afraid to Come Home in the Dark w. Harry H. Williams m. Egbert Van Alstyne Im Happy When The Band Plays Dixie Vandeveer Im Tying The Leaves So They Wont Come Down w. E. S. S. Huntingdon m. J. Fred Helf In A Hammock Built For Two w. Andrew B. Sterling m. Harry von Tilzer In the Land of the Buffalo Williams, herbert H. Taylor In Washington w. Vincent Bryan m. Gertrude H. Hoffman Its A Poor Heart That Never Rejoices w. m. T. W. Connor Its Delightful To Be Married w. Anna Held m. Vincent Scotto Its Great To Be A Soldier Man Morse Its Nice To Have A Sweetheart Kerker Ive Told His Missus All About Him Tate Just Because He Couldnt Sing Love Me And The World Is Mine w. m
21.
Vanessa Bell
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Vanessa Bell was an English painter and interior designer, a member of the Bloomsbury Group and the sister of Virginia Woolf. Vanessa Stephen was the eldest daughter of Sir Leslie Stephen and Julia Prinsep Duckworth, the family, including her sister Virginia, brothers Thoby and Adrian, and half-brothers, George and Gerald Duckworth, lived at 22 Hyde Park Gate, Westminster, London. In later life she alleged that during her childhood she had been molested by her half-brothers, George. The Bloomsbury Groups first Thursday evening meetings began at Bells house in Gordon Square, attendees included, Lytton Strachey, Desmond McCarthy, and later on, Maynard Keynes, Leonard Woolf, Roger Fry, and Duncan Grant. She married Clive Bell in 1907 and they had two sons, Julian and Quentin, the couple had an open marriage, both taking lovers throughout their lives. Bell had affairs with art critic Roger Fry and with the painter Duncan Grant, with whom she had a daughter, Angelica in 1918 and her first solo exhibition was at the Omega Workshops in 1916. On April 7,1961, Bell died from an illness at Charleston. In 1906, when Bell started to think of herself as an artist, Vanessa was encouraged by the Post-Impressionist exhibitions organised by Roger Fry, and she copied their bright colours and bold forms in her artworks. In 1914, she turned to Abstraction, Bell rejected the examples of Victorian narrative painting and rejected a discourse on the ideal and aberrant qualities of femininity. Some of Vanessa Bell’s works were related to her personal life and she used her artistry to design and illustrate book jackets. Bell is one of the most celebrated painters of the Bloomsbury group and she exhibited in London and Paris during her lifetime, and has been praised for innovative works during her early maturity and for her contributions to design. Bells paintings include Studland Beach, The Tub, Interior with Two Women, and portraits of her sister Virginia Woolf, Aldous Huxley, Bell worked with Duncan Grant to create murals for Berwick Church in Sussex. Bell’s first solo exhibition in 1916 was held in the Omega Workshop in London, Bell became the director of the Omega Workshop around 1912 Design for Overmantel Mural, oil on paper. It depicts herself and Molly MacCarthy naked in Bell’s studio at 46 Gordon Square, street Corner Conversation, features massive nudes with their schematic form being related to it. Summer Camp, oil on board, was an illustration of the interchange of imagery between the artists working for the Omega Workshop. The origin of painting is when Bell went on a summer camp organized at Brandon on the Norfolk-Suffolk border near Thetford. Summer Camp became part of the Bryan Ferry Collection, by the Estuary, oil on canvas, shows how the geometrical abstraction that distinguished Bell’s design for the Omega Workshop was also applied in her easel painting. In her wartime paintings, landscape is rarely seen, however, this modestly scaled landscape shows her fondness for clarity of design in which segments of contrasting but harmonious colour are not distracted by detail
22.
Clive Bell
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Arthur Clive Heward Bell was an English art critic, associated with formalism and the Bloomsbury Group. Bell died, aged 83, in London, Bell was born in East Shefford, Berkshire, in 1881, the third of four children of William Heward Bell and Hannah Taylor Cory. He had a brother, an elder sister, and a younger sister. They lived at Cleeve House in Seend, near Devizes, Wiltshire and he was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history. In 1902 he received an Earl of Derby scholarship to study in Paris, upon his return to England, he moved to London, where he met and married artist Vanessa Stephen, sister of Virginia Woolf, early in 1907. By World War I their marriage was over, Vanessa had begun a lifelong relationship with Duncan Grant and Clive had a number of liaisons with other women such as Mary Hutchinson. However, Clive and Vanessa never officially separated or divorced, not only did they keep visiting each other regularly, they also sometimes spent holidays together and paid family visits to Clives parents. Clive lived in London but often spent long stretches of time at the farmhouse of Charleston and he fully supported her wish to have a child by Duncan and allowed this daughter, Angelica, to bear his surname. Clive and Vanessa had two sons, who became writers. Julian joined the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War as an ambulance driver and he was killed in 1937 by an enemy shell, aged 29. Vanessas daughter by Duncan, Angelica Garnett, was raised as Clives daughter until she married and she was informed, by her mother Vanessa, just prior to her marriage and shortly after her brother Julians death, that in fact Duncan Grant was her biological father. According to historian Stanley Rosenbaum, Bell may, indeed, be the least liked member of Bloomsbury, Bell has been found wanting by biographers and critics of the Group – as a husband, a father, and especially a brother-in-law. It is undeniable that he was a snob, hedonist, and womaniser, a racist and an anti-Semite. Bells reputation has led to his being underestimated in the history of Bloomsbury, soon after Bell met Roger Fry, he developed his art theory called significant form. Bell and Fry shared a passion for contemporary French art, Bells book Art was where his theory was first published. Bell describes this theory as lines and colours combined in a way, certain forms, and relations of forms. This form can be seen in art created by members of the Bloomsbury Group. In his 1938 pamphlet War Mongers, he opposed any attempt by Britain to use military force, however, by 1940 Bell was a supporter of the British war effort, calling for a ceaseless war against Hitler
23.
George Frederic Watts
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George Frederic Watts OM RA was an English Victorian painter and sculptor associated with the Symbolist movement. He said I paint ideas, not things, Watts became famous in his lifetime for his allegorical works, such as Hope and Love and Life. These paintings were intended to form part of an epic symbolic cycle called the House of Life, Watts was born in Marylebone, London on the birthday of George Frederic Handel, to the second wife of a poor piano-maker. The former put him off conventional religion for life, while the latter was an influence on his art. He first exhibited at the Academy in 1837 and he also began his portraiture career, receiving patronage from his close contemporary Alexander Constantine Ionides, who later came to be a close friend. He came to the eye with a drawing entitled Caractacus. Watts won a first prize in the competition, which was intended to promote narrative paintings on patriotic subjects, also while in Italy Watts began producing landscapes and was inspired by Michelangelos Sistine Chapel and Giottos Scrovegni Chapel. Leaving Florence in April 1847 for what was intended to be a return to London. In consequence most of his works are conventional oil paintings. In his studio he met Henry Thoby Prinsep and his wife Sara, Watts thus joined the Prinsep circle of bohemians, including Saras seven sisters, and Julia Margaret Cameron. One of only two pupils Watts ever accepted was Henrys son Valentine Cameron Prinsep, the other was John Roddam Spencer Stanhope – both remained friends, but neither became a major artist. He also took a trip back to Italy in 1853 and with Charles Thomas Newton to excavate Halicarnassus in 1856–57, via Constantinople. In the 1860s, Watts work shows the influence of Rossetti, often emphasising sensuous pleasure, when she eloped with another man after less than a year of marriage, Watts was obliged to divorce her. These works formed part of a version of the House of Life, influenced by the ideas of Max Müller. Watts hoped to trace the evolving mythologies of the races in a synthesis of spiritual ideas with modern science. To maintain his friendship with the Prinsep family as their children began leaving home, he built The Briary for them near Freshwater, in 1877, his decree nisi from Ellen Terry finally came through, and the Grosvenor Gallery was opened by his friend Coutts Lindsay. This was to prove his ideal venue for the ten years. In 1886, at the age of 69, Watts remarried, to Mary Fraser Tytler, in 1891 he bought land near Compton, south of Guildford, in Surrey
24.
Physical Energy (sculpture)
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Physical Energy is a bronze sculpture by English artist George Frederic Watts. Watts was principally a painter, but also worked on sculptures from the 1870s, Physical Energy was first cast in 1902, two years before his death, and was intended to be Wattss memorial to unknown worth. Watts said it was a symbol of that restless physical impulse to seek the still unachieved in the domain of material things, the original plaster maquette is at the Watts Gallery, and three large bronze casts are in London, Cape Town, and Harare. Other smaller bronze casts were made after Wattss death. That work was based on equestrian elements of the Elgin Marbles. Watts started work on Physical Energy in 1883, the original 3.5 ton gesso grosso model is at the Watts Gallery at Compton near Guildford. He was assisted by George Thompson and Louis Deuchars, the sculpture depicts a classical naked man on a rearing horse, set on a rectangular wedge-shaped base. His left hand holds the reins, while he shades his eyes from the sun with the right as he looks to the left. It was originally intended to be dedicated to Muhammad, Attila, Tamerlane and Genghis Khan, Watts was reluctant to finalise and cast the work, and continued to modify it. Millais encouraged him to have it cast in 1886, but it was not cast in bronze until 1902, the first full-size bronze cast of the sculpture was made at Alessandro Parlantis foundry in Fulham in 1902. It was claimed to be the largest sculpture ever cast in bronze in Britain, Watts gave the statue to the British Government. It was originally erected at the grave of Cecil Rhodes in the Matopo Hills in Zimbabwe and it now stands at the bottom of the steps at the Rhodes Memorial on Devils Peak above Groote Schuur near Cape Town, South Africa. A second large cast was made in 1905, at A. B. Burtons Thames Ditton Foundry in London, more refined, it weighs 6 tons, and took eighteen months to cast. It was delivered to Londons Kensington Gardens, in September 1907, a third full-size version of Physical Energy was cast in bronze in 1959, from the gesso model used for second cast. It differs slightly, for example, the rein appears on the right, like the first cast, rather than on the left, the British South African Company arranged for the statue to be cast at Leonard Grists Corinthian Bronze Company foundry in London. It was originally located in front of the High Court building in Lusaka in Zambia and it was moved to a racecourse on the outskirts of Salisbury, in Southern Rhodesia. Since 1981, it has stood in the grounds of the National Archives in Harare, several smaller bronze versions were cast posthumously and sold commercially. One was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1904, one example by Wattss assistant, Thomas Wren in 1914, sold by Bonhams for £40,000 in June 2014
25.
Kensington Gardens
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Kensington Gardens, once the private gardens of Kensington Palace, are among the Royal Parks of London. The gardens are shared by the City of Westminster and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and sit immediately to the west of Hyde Park, the gardens cover an area of 270 acres. The open spaces of Kensington Gardens, Hyde Park, Green Park, Kensington Gardens are Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. The Gardens are fenced and more formal than Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens are open only during the hours of daylight, whereas Hyde Park is open from 5 am until midnight all year round. Kensington Gardens has been regarded as smart because of its more private character around Kensington Palace. However, in the late 1800s, Hyde Park was considered fashionable, because of its location nearer to Park Lane. Kensington Gardens was originally the section of Hyde Park, which had been created by Henry VIII in 1536 to use as a hunting ground. Bridgeman created the Serpentine between 1726 and 1731 by damming the outflow of the River Westbourne from Hyde Park. The part of the Serpentine that lies within Kensington Gardens is known as The Long Water, at its north-western end in an area known as The Italian Garden, there are four fountains and a number of classical sculptures. At the foot of the Italian Gardens is a boundary marker. The land surrounding Kensington Gardens was predominantly rural and remained undeveloped until the Great Exhibition in 1851. Many of the original features survive along with the Palace, and now there are public buildings such as the Albert Memorial, the Serpentine Gallery. The park also contains the Elfin Oak, an elaborately carved 900-year-old tree stump, the park is the setting of J. M. Barries book Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, a prelude to the characters famous adventures in Neverland. The fairies of the gardens are first described in Thomas Tickells 1722 poem Kensington Gardens, both the book and the character are honoured with the Peter Pan statue by George Frampton located in the park. Rodrigo Fresáns novel Kensington Gardens concerns in part the life of J. M. Barrie and of his creation Peter Pan, the Infocom interactive fiction game Trinity begins in the Kensington Gardens. The player can walk around many sections of the gardens, which are described in moderate detail, list of public art in Kensington Gardens Citations Bibliography Official website The Garden a poem by Ezra Pound set in Kensington Gardens
26.
Henri Matisse
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Henri-Émile-Benoît Matisse was a French artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is primarily as a painter. Although he was labelled a Fauve, by the 1920s he was increasingly hailed as an upholder of the classical tradition in French painting. His mastery of the language of colour and drawing, displayed in a body of work spanning over a half-century. Matisse was born in Le Cateau-Cambrésis, in the Nord department in northern France and he grew up in Bohain-en-Vermandois, Picardie, France. In 1887 he went to Paris to study law, working as an administrator in Le Cateau-Cambrésis after gaining his qualification. He first started to paint in 1889, after his mother brought him art supplies during a period of following an attack of appendicitis. He discovered a kind of paradise as he described it. In 1891 he returned to Paris to study art at the Académie Julian and became a student of William-Adolphe Bouguereau, initially he painted still lifes and landscapes in a traditional style, at which he achieved reasonable proficiency. Chardin was one of the painters Matisse most admired, as an art student he made copies of four of Chardins paintings in the Louvre, in 1896 and 1897, Matisse visited the Australian painter John Peter Russell on the island Belle Île off the coast of Brittany. Russell introduced him to Impressionism and to the work of van Gogh and he later said Russell was my teacher, and Russell explained colour theory to me. In 1896 Matisse exhibited five paintings in the salon of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, with the model Caroline Joblau, he had a daughter, Marguerite, born in 1894. In 1898 he married Amélie Noellie Parayre, the two raised Marguerite together and had two sons, Jean and Pierre, Marguerite and Amélie often served as models for Matisse. In 1898, on the advice of Camille Pissarro, he went to London to study the paintings of J. M. W. Turner and then went on a trip to Corsica. Upon his return to Paris in February 1899, he worked beside Albert Marquet and met André Derain, Jean Puy, Matisse immersed himself in the work of others and went into debt from buying work from painters he admired. The work he hung and displayed in his home included a plaster bust by Rodin, a painting by Gauguin, a drawing by van Gogh, in Cézannes sense of pictorial structure and colour, Matisse found his main inspiration. Many of Matisses paintings from 1898 to 1901 make use of a Divisionist technique he adopted after reading Paul Signacs essay and his paintings of 1902–03, a period of material hardship for the artist, are comparatively somber and reveal a preoccupation with form. Having made his first attempt at sculpture, a copy after Antoine-Louis Barye, in 1899, he devoted much of his energy to working in clay, fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910
27.
Pierre Adolphe Valette
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Pierre Adolphe Valette was a French Impressionist painter. His most acclaimed paintings are landscapes of Manchester, now in the collection of Manchester Art Gallery. Today, he is remembered as L. S. Lowrys tutor. Born in Saint-Étienne in eastern central France, on 13 October 1876, Valette arrived in England for unknown reasons in 1904 and studied at the Birkbeck Institute, now part of the University of London. In 1905 he travelled to the North West of England where he designed greetings cards and he attended evening classes at Manchester Municipal School of Art and in 1907 he was invited to join the staff as a teacher. His French teaching style, painting by demonstration, was new to the United Kingdom. Salford painter, L. S. Lowry became a pupil of Valette, expressed admiration for his tutor. He called him a real teacher, in 1920 Valette resigned from the Institute owing to ill health. He stayed in Lancashire for eight years, teaching privately and painting in Manchester. In 1928 he returned to Paris, and subsequently moved to Blacé en Beaujolais where he died in 1942, valettes paintings are Impressionist, a style that suited the damp fogginess of Manchester. The Lowry hosted an exhibition of about 100 works by Valette, alongside works by Lowry and it included paintings of Manchester from Manchester Art Gallery and loans from private owners
28.
Manchester
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Manchester is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 514,414 as of 2013. It lies within the United Kingdoms second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.55 million, Manchester is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority is Manchester City Council and it was historically a part of Lancashire, although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated during the 20th century. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a township but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century. Manchesters unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, Manchester achieved city status in 1853. The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894, creating the Port of Manchester and its fortunes declined after the Second World War, owing to deindustrialisation. The city centre was devastated in a bombing in 1996, but it led to extensive investment, in 2014, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked Manchester as a beta world city, the highest-ranked British city apart from London. Manchester is the third-most visited city in the UK and it is notable for its architecture, culture, musical exports, media links, scientific and engineering output, social impact, sports clubs and transport connections. Manchester Liverpool Road railway station was the worlds first inter-city passenger railway station and in the city scientists first split the atom, the name Manchester originates from the Latin name Mamucium or its variant Mancunium and the citizens are still referred to as Mancunians. These are generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name, both meanings are preserved in languages derived from Common Brittonic, mam meaning breast in Irish and mother in Welsh. The suffix -chester is a survival of Old English ceaster and their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now Salford and Stretford. Central Manchester has been settled since this time. A stabilised fragment of foundations of the version of the Roman fort is visible in Castlefield. After the Roman withdrawal and Saxon conquest, the focus of settlement shifted to the confluence of the Irwell, much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent Harrying of the North. Thomas de la Warre, lord of the manor, founded and constructed a church for the parish in 1421. The church is now Manchester Cathedral, the premises of the college house Chethams School of Music. The library, which opened in 1653 and is open to the public today, is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom. Manchester is mentioned as having a market in 1282, around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of Flemish weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the regions textile industry
29.
Kunsthalle Mannheim
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The Kunsthalle Mannheim is a museum of modern and contemporary art, established in 1909 and located in Mannheim, Germany. The building designed by Hermann Billing was erected as a structure to serve an International Art Exhibition of 1907. Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der städtischen Kunstsammlung in der Kunsthalle Mannheim von ihren Anfängen bis zum Jahre 1933, verlag, St. Augustin 1997 ISBN 3-928624-56-3 Scotti, Roland, Die Internationale Kunst-Ausstellung 1907 in Mannheim, Städtische Kunsthalle Mannheim 1985 ISBN 3-89165-038-8 Inge Herold. Kunsthalle Mannheim, Neuerwerbungen seit 1989, Kunsthalle Mannheim,1995, media related to Kunsthalle Mannheim at Wikimedia Commons
30.
Hermann Billing
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Hermann Billing was a German Art Nouveau architect and designer. He attended high school, Kunstgewerbeschule and architectural college, but completed none of them, funded by his wealthy first wife, he started his work by taking part in competitions. He gained reputation for his ideas and subsequently contracts for public buildings. After 1920, he was professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, Karlsruhe, baischstraße in Karlsruhe, a neighbourhood planned completely by Hermann Billing, 1900-1903
31.
Burnham Plan of Chicago
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The Burnham Plan is a popular name for the 1909 Plan of Chicago, co-authored by Daniel Burnham and Edward H. Bennett. It recommended a series of projects including new and widened streets, parks, new railroad and harbor facilities. Though only portions of the plan were realized, the document reshaped Chicagos central area and was an important influence on the new field of city planning and they retained Daniel H. Burnham, an architect who had managed the construction of the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago. After the fair, he had presented ideas for improving Chicagos lakefront, cleveland, San Francisco, and Manila and Baguio in the Philippines. Burnham retained Edward Bennett as co-author, and a staff to help prepare the plan. The Burnham Plan focused on 6 major elements, Foremost among the goals was reclaiming the lakefront for the public. “The Lakefront by right belongs to the people, wrote Burnham, not a foot of its shores should be appropriated to the exclusion of the people. ”The plan recommended expanding the parks along the Lake Michigan shoreline with landfill, which was done in the early 20th century. Of the citys 29 miles of lakefront, all but four miles are today public parkland, the plan also provided for extensive lakefront harbour facilities, which became unnecessary with the citys development of facilities in the Lake Calumet regions. The plan considered Chicago as the centre of a region extending 75 miles from the city centre, at the dawn of the automobile age, the plan diagrammed both radial and circumferential highways for the region. However, the agencies who built and improved highways in the 1910s and 1920s do not appear to have been guided to build along the specific routes recommended in the plan. The plan drew on technical studies previously done by others, including a plan for competing railroads to pool usage of tracks for greater efficiency in freight handling. In addition, the plan detailed the consolidation of Chicagos six intercity railroad passenger terminals into new complexes west of the Loop and this, in turn, would allow the expansion of the business district southward. A new Chicago Union Station was finished in 1925, but no stations were consolidated or relocated. In 1929, the South Branch of the Chicago River was rechanneled, the movement to purchase and preserve the natural areas that became the Cook County Forest Preserves was well under way as the plan was being written. The plan includes those proposals and also calls for the expansion of the park and boulevard system. New wider arterials were prescribed to relieve congestion and beautify the fast growing city. One of these diagonals was constructed, the extension of Ogden Avenue, many of the plans street recommendations were followed. The city renovated, widened, and extended Michigan Avenue, widened Roosevelt Road, with the growth in automobile usage after World War I, Chicago planners began to drastically alter or step away from Burnhams proposals for the street system
32.
Daniel Burnham
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Daniel Hudson Burnham, FAIA was an American architect and urban designer. He was the Director of Works for the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Burnham took a leading role in the creation of master plans for the development of a number of cities, including Chicago, Manila and downtown Washington, D. C. Burnham was born in Henderson, New York and raised in Chicago and his parents brought him up under the teachings of the Swedenborgian called The New Church, which ingrained in him the strong belief that man should strive to be of service to others. After failing admissions tests for both Harvard and Yale and a stint at politics, Burnham apprenticed as a draftsman under William LeBaron Jenney. At age 26, Burnham moved on to the Chicago offices of Carter, Drake, and Wight, Burnham and Root were the architects of one of the first American skyscrapers, the Masonic Temple Building in Chicago. Measuring 21 stories and 302 feet, the temple held claims as the tallest building of its time, under the design influence of Root, the firm had produced modern buildings as part of the Chicago School. Following Root’s premature death from pneumonia in 1891, the became known as D. H. Burnham & Company. Burnham and Root had accepted responsibility to design and construction of the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago’s then-desolate Jackson Park on the south lakefront. The largest worlds fair to date, it celebrated the 400-year anniversary of Christopher Columbus famous voyage. Under Burnhams direction, the construction of the Fair overcame huge financial and logistical hurdles, including a financial panic. Considered the first example of a planning document in the nation, the fairground was complete with grand boulevards, classical building facades. Often called the White City, it popularized neoclassical architecture in a monumental and rational Beaux-Arts plan, the remaining population of architects in the U. S. were soon asked by clients to incorporate similar elements into their designs. Initiated in 1906 and published in 1909, Burnham and his co-author Edward H. Bennett prepared The Plan of Chicago and it was the first comprehensive plan for the controlled growth of an American city, and an outgrowth of the City Beautiful movement. The plan included proposals for the lakefront and river and declared that every citizen should be within walking distance of a park. Sponsored by the Commercial Club of Chicago, Burnham donated his services in hopes of furthering his own cause, plans and conceptual designs of the south lakefront from the Exposition came in handy, as he envisioned Chicago being a Paris on the Prairie. French-inspired public works constructions, fountains, and boulevards radiating from a central, City planning projects did not stop at Chicago though. Burnham had previously contributed to plans for such as Cleveland, San Francisco. The Plan for Manila never fully materialized due to the out of World War II
33.
Edward H. Bennett
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Edward Herbert Bennett was an architect and city planner best known for his co-authorship of the 1909 Plan of Chicago. Bennett was born in Bristol, England in 1874, and later moved to San Francisco with his family, the training and friendships he made at the École shaped his entire career. After graduating, he spent a time in New York City with prominent architect George B. Post, who sent him to Chicago to assist architect Daniel H. Burnham in preparing a plan for the academy at West Point. Burnham found Bennetts work highly satisfactory and in 1903 invited him to move to Chicago to collaborate on the plan for San Francisco, and afterwards. The completed San Francisco plan was not implemented in the aftermath of the 1906 earthquake, while Burnham raised money and visibility for the Chicago Plan, Bennett created the actual layouts and drawings which are so well known today. Bennett also trained with Chicagos then leading country house architect Howard Van Doren Shaw, Bennett made Chicago his personal and professional headquarters for the rest of his career. He served on the Chicago Plan Commission in various capacities into the 1930s and developed a private practice. In the plan for Chicago, Burnham and Bennett created a document giving substance to the City Beautiful philosophy. From this prototype Bennett developed comparable plans for numerous American cities, including Minneapolis, Detroit, Bennett married Catherine Jones from the prominent Lake Forest Jones family. They had one son, E. H. Bennett Jr. who was also an architect, in 1916 Bennett designed and built their estate, Bagatelle, on the northeast corner of the original Jones estate. The house still stands at the corner of Deerpath and Green Bay Roads in Lake Forest, Bagatelle is an interpretation of the Château de Bagatelle in Pariss Bois de Boulogne. Its classical garden with central fountain echos the design of Grant Park and he also owned Deerpath Farm, a dairy farm and country retreat on 160 acres just west of Lake Forest. For many years, Bennetts office was located in the penthouse of the Sante Fe building at 80 E. Jackson in Chicago and his son E. H. Bennett Jr. later occupied this same office through the late-1960s. Bennetts firm was a pioneer in the creation of zoning ordinances and he usually served on a consultant basis, frequently for quasi-public or commercial interests such as the Commercial Club of Chicago. Bennetts ideas about the marriage of technical and aesthetic ideals are important examples of urban utility and beauty in a democratic society, Bennett was concerned with both the regional organization of a citys services and the individual citizens enjoyment of his city. He realized the importance of planning, the placement of government and civic structures, zoning. After World War I, the nature of planning work changed, fully three-quarters of the Bennett firms work done in the 1920s was for official city planning agencies rather than for independent business or civic groups
34.
Bernard Berenson
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Bernard Berenson was an American art historian specializing in the Renaissance. His book The Italian Painters of the Renaissance was an international success, Berenson was a major figure in the attribution of Old Masters, at a time when these were attracting new interest by American collectors, and his judgments were widely respected in the art world. Recent research has cast doubt on some of his authentications, which may have influenced by the exceptionally high commissions paid to him. Berenson was born Bernhard Valvrojenski in Butrimonys, Vilnius Governorate to a Litvak family and they emigrated to Boston, Massachusetts from the Vilnius Governorate of the Russian Empire in 1875, whereupon the family name was changed to Berenson. Berenson converted to Christianity in 1885, becoming an Episcopalian, later, while living in Italy, he converted to Catholicism. He graduated from Harvard and married Mary Smith, who became an art historian in her own right. Mary was the sister of Logan Pearsall Smith and of Alys Pearsall Smith, Mary had previously been married to barrister Frank Costelloe. Bernard Berenson was also involved in a relationship with Belle da Costa Greene. Samuels mentions Marys reluctant acceptance of this relationship, among his more surprising friendships was a long one with the American writer Ray Bradbury, who wrote about their friendship in The Wall Street Journal and in his book of essays, Yestermorrow. He was also a friend and admirer of Natalie Barney, who lived in Florence during World War 2 and also of her friend, marisa Berenson, an actress, is a distant cousin of Berensons through Louis Kossivitsky. Louis was a nephew of Berensons father, Albert Valvrojenski, the son of his sister. On arrival in the U. S. both Koussivitsky and Valvrojenski took the name of Berenson and her sister, Berry Berenson, was an actress/photographer, and the wife of actor Anthony Perkins. Berry died in the September 11,2001 attacks in New York City, among US collectors of the early 1900s, Berenson was regarded as the pre-eminent authority on Renaissance art. His verdict of authenticity increased a paintings value, in this respect Berensons influence was enormous, while his 5% commission made him a wealthy man. Starting with his The Venetian Painters of the Renaissance with an Index to their Works, his mix of connoisseurship, in 1895 his Lorenzo Lotto, an Essay on Constructive Art Criticism won wide critical acclaim, notably by Heinrich Wölfflin. In 1897 Berenson added another work to his series of scholarly yet handy guides publishing The Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance. After that he devoted six years of pioneering work to what is regarded as his deepest and most substantial book, The Drawings of the Florentine Painters. His early works were later integrated in his most famous book, The Italian Painters of the Renaissance and he also published two volumes of journals, Rumor and Reflection and Sunset and Twilight
35.
Cadmium pigments
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Cadmium pigments are a class of pigments that have cadmium as one of the chemical components. The principal pigments are a family of yellow/orange/red cadmium sulfides and sulfoselenides as well as compounds with other than cadmium. Their greatest use is in the coloring of plastics and specialty paints which must resist processing or service temperatures up to 3,000 °C, the color-fastness or permanence of cadmium requires protection from a tendency to slowly form carbonate salts with exposure to air. Most paint vehicles accomplish this, but cadmium colors will fade in fresco or mural painting, the following are commonly used as pigments in artists paints, Cadmium yellow is cadmium sulfide. Pigment Yellow 37 Cadmium sulfoselenide is a solution of CdS. Depending on the S/Se ratio, C. I, zinc cadmium sulfide is a greenish, solid solution of CdS and ZnS. Cadmium yellow is sometimes mixed with viridian to give a bright, when first introduced, there were hardly any stable pigments in the yellow to red range, with orange and bright red being very troublesome. The cadmium pigments eventually replaced compounds such as mercury sulfide with greatly improved light-fastness, Cadmium pigments are known for excellent light-fastness, although the lighter shades can fade in sunlight. Cadmium sulfide is not very toxic when used as a pigment, the cadmium pigments have been partially replaced by azo pigments. These have significantly inferior lightfastness, but still good, and they have the advantage of both being cheaper and non-toxic, list of inorganic pigments Fiedler, I. Bayard, M. A. Cadmium Yellows, Oranges and Reds, a Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Vol.1, Feller, R. L. Oxford University Press 1986, p.65 –108 National Pollutant Inventory - Cadmium and compounds Cadmium yellow. Why are cinnabar, vermilion, and cadmium orange colored, Cadmium yellow, ColourLex Cadmium orange, ColourLex Cadmium red, ColourLex
36.
Proto-Cubism
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Proto-Cubism is an intermediary transition phase in the history of art chronologically extending from 1906 to 1910. With its roots stemming from at least the late 19th century this period can be characterized by a move towards the radical geometrization of form and a reduction or limitation of the color palette. It is essentially the first experimental and exploratory phase of an art movement that would become more extreme. Proto-Cubist artworks typically depict objects in geometric schemas of cubic or conic shapes, the illusion of classical perspective is progressively stripped away from objective representation to reveal the constructive essence of the physical world. Proto-Cubist works embrace many styles, and would affect diverse individuals, groups and movements. The building blocks that lead to the construction of proto-Cubist works are diverse in nature, neither homogeneous nor isotropic, the progression of each individual artist was unique. In anticipation of Proto-Cubism the idea of form inherent in art since the Renaissance had been questioned, the romanticist Eugène Delacroix, the realist Gustave Courbet, and practically all the Impressionists had abandoned a significant portion of Classicism in favor of immediate sensation. The dynamic expression favored by these artists presented a challenge in contrast to the means of expression promoted by the Academia. The representation of fixed objects occupying a space, was replaced by dynamic colors, yet other means would be necessary to jettison completely the long-standing foundation that surrounded them. Cézanne ambiguously writes, Interpret nature in terms of the cylinder, the sphere, in addition to his preoccupation for the simplification of geometric structure, Cézanne was concerned with the means of rendering the effect of volume and space. His rather classical color-modulating system consisted of changing colors from warm to cool as the object away from the source of light. Cézannes departure from classicism, however, would be best summarized in the treatment and of application of the paint itself, the complexity of surface variations with overlapped shifting planes, seemingly arbitrary contours, contrasts and values combined to produce a strong patchwork effect. Increasingly in his works, as Cézanne achieves a greater freedom. As the color planes acquire greater formal independence, defined objects, the art critic Louis Vauxcelles acknowledged the importance of Cézanne to the Cubists in his article titled From Cézanne to Cubism. For Vauxcelles the influence had a character, both architectural and intellectual. He stressed the statement made by Émile Bernard that Cézannes optics were not in the eye, with both his courage and experience to draw from, Cézanne created a hybrid art-form. He combined on the one hand the imitative and the immobile, a left over from the Renaissance. His own generation would see in his contradictory codes nothing more than impotence, however, the next generation would see in Cézanne greatness, precisely because of this duality
37.
Minneapolis Institute of Art
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The museum receives support from the Park Board Museum Fund, levied by the Hennepin County commissioners. Additional funding is provided by sponsors and museum members. It is one of the largest art museums in the United States, the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts was established in 1883 to bring the arts into the life of the community. This group, made up of business and professional leaders, organized art exhibits throughout the decade, in 1889, the Society, now known as the Minneapolis Institute of Art, moved into its first permanent space, inside the newly built Minneapolis Public Library. The institute received gifts from Clinton Morrison and William Hood Dunwoody, among others, a few days later the institute received a letter from Dunwoody, who got the ball rolling, Put me down for $100,000. A fundraising dinner a few days later brought in $335,500, the new museum, designed by the firm of McKim, Mead and White, opened in 1915. The building came to be recognized as one of the finest examples of the Beaux-Arts architectural style in Minnesota. The art historian Bevis Hillier organized the exhibition Art Deco at the museum, presented from July to September 1971, the building was originally meant to be the first of several sections, but only the front piece built. Several additions have subsequently been built according to plans, including a 1974 addition by Kenzo Tange. An expansion designed by Michael Graves was completed in June 2006, before the latest expansion, just 4 percent of the museums nearly 100,000 objects could be on view at the same time, now that figure is 5 percent. Target Corporation, for which the new wing is named, was the biggest donor, in 2015 the institute rebranded itself, dropping the final s from its name, to become the Minneapolis Institute of Art and encouraging the use of the nickname Mia instead of the acronym MIA. The museum features a collection of approximately 80,000 objects spanning 5,000 years of world history. Its collection includes paintings, photographs, prints & drawings, textiles, architecture, the Asian collection includes Chinese architecture, jades, bronzes, and ceramics. The institute owns the Purcell-Cutts House, just east of Lake of the Isles, the house was designed by Purcell & Elmslie and is a masterpiece of Prairie School architecture. It was donated to the museum by Anson B, cutts Jr. the son of its second owner. The house is available for tours on the weekend of each month. In order to encourage private collecting and assist in the acquisition of important works of art, the groups schedule lectures, symposia, and travel for members. The museum features a series of exhibitions that bring in traveling collections from other museums for display
38.
Vladimir Baranov-Rossine
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Wladimir Davidovich Baranoff-Rossine was a Ukrainian, Russian and French painter, avant-garde artist, and inventor. Wladimir Baranoff-Rossine was born in Kherson, Ukraine, in 1902 he studied at the School of the Society for the Furthering of the Arts in St. Petersburg. From 1903 to 1907 he attended the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg, in 1908 he exhibited with the group Zveno in Kiev organized by the artist David Burliuk and his brother Wladimir Burliuk. In 1910 he moved to Paris, where until 1914 he was a resident in the artists colony La Ruche together with Alexander Archipenko, Sonia Delaunay-Terk, Nathan Altman and he exhibited regularly in Paris after 1911. He returned to Russia in 1914, in 1916 he had a solo exhibition in Oslo. In 1918 he had exhibits with the union of artists Mir Iskusstva in Petrograd, in the same year he had an exhibition with the group Jewish Society for the Furthering of the Arts in Moscow, together with Nathan Altman, El Lissitzky and David Shterenberg. He participated at the First State Free Art Exhibition in Petrograd in 1919, in 1922 Baranoff-Rossine was the teacher at the Higher Artistic-Technical Workshops in Moscow. In 1925 he emigrated to France, continuously experimenting, Baranoff-Rossine applied the art of colour to military art with the technique of camouflage or the Cameleon process and this was marketed with Robert Delaunay. Baranov-Rossine is credited as an author of pointillist or dynamic military camouflage and he also invented a photochromometer that allowed the determination of the qualities of precious stones. In another field, he perfected a machine made, sterlized and distributed fizzy drinks, the Multiperco. During the German occupation Baranoff-Rossine was deported to a German concentration camp, list of Russian artists Website dedicated to Wladimir Baranoff-Rossine A web-site including his invention of the Optophonic Piano
39.
George Bellows
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George Wesley Bellows was born and raised in Columbus, Ohio. He was the child of George Bellows and Anna Wilhelmina Smith Bellows. He was born four years after his parents married, at the ages of fifty and forty and his mother was the daughter of a whaling captain based in Sag Harbor, Long Island, and his family returned there for their summer vacations. He began drawing well before kindergarten, and his elementary–school teachers often asked him to decorate their classroom blackboards at Thanksgiving, at age 10 George decided to become an athlete, and trained himself to become a popular baseball and basketball player. He became good enough at both sports to play ball for years afterward. During his senior year, a scout from the Indianapolis team made him an offer. He declined, opting to enroll at The Ohio State University, there he played for the baseball and basketball teams, and provided illustrations for the Makio, the schools student yearbook. He was encouraged to become a baseball player, and he worked as a commercial illustrator while a student. Despite these opportunities in athletics and commercial art, Bellows desired success as a painter and he left Ohio State in 1904 just before he was to graduate and moved to New York City to study art. Bellows was soon a student of Robert Henri, before the later-famous artist had set up his own famous school, while studying there, Bellows became associated with Henris The Eight and the Ashcan School, a group of artists who advocated painting contemporary American society in all its forms. By 1906, Bellows and fellow art student Edward Keefe had set up a studio at 1947 Broadway Street, Bellows first achieved widespread notice in 1908, when he and other pupils of Henri organized an exhibition of mostly urban studies. While many critics considered these to be painted, others found them welcomely audacious. Bellows taught at the Art Students League of New York in 1909 and his fame grew as he contributed to other nationally recognized juried shows. Bellows urban New York scenes depicted the crudity and chaos of people and neighborhoods. From 1907 through 1915, he executed a series of paintings depicting New York City under snowfall, however, Bellows series of paintings portraying amateur boxing matches were arguably his signature contribution to art history. They are characterized by dark atmospheres, through which the bright, growing prestige as a painter brought changes in his life and work. Though he continued his earlier themes, Bellows also began to receive commissions, as well as social invitations. Additionally, he followed Henris lead and began to summer in Maine, painting seascapes on Monhegan and Matinicus islands
40.
Karl Bitter
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Karl Theodore Francis Bitter was an Austrian-born American sculptor best known for his architectural sculpture, memorials and residential work. The son of Carl and Henrietta Bitter, he was born in the municipal district Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus of Vienna and his early training took place at the Vienna Kunstgewerbeschule, and after that at the Kunstakademie. At the Academy, he studied with August Kühne and Edmund Heller, upon his graduation, he was apprenticed to an architectural sculptor, Joseph Kaffsack. This was the period that the Ringstraße was being built in Vienna, and he was drafted into the Austrian Army, and deserted while on leave. He was unable to return to Austria for many years because of his desertion and he later was pardoned by Emperor Franz Josef of Austria, who hoped to lure the famous sculptor back to Vienna. Bitter immigrated to the United States in 1889, arriving in New York City and he applied for citizenship, and set to work as an assistant with a firm of house decorators. While employed with this firm, he competed for the Astor memorial bronze gates of Trinity Church and won, the work gave him sufficient capital to build and establish a small studio on 13th Street. Bitter modeled seated statues of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton to flank the entrance to the Cuyahoga County Courthouse in Cleveland and he portrayed the men in early middle age, as in the 1780s when they clashed over what kind of nation the United States should become. Missouri commissioned a copy of Jefferson, and Bitter made minor alterations to portray Jefferson as he looked as President when he signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty in 1803, for the commission from the University of Virginia, Bitter aged Jefferson further, portraying him as he looked in retirement. About this time, Bitter was discovered by Richard Morris Hunt, from that time on Bitter was never without work. Louis Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri, where Lee Lawrie trained with his guidance, in 1906/1907, he presided over the National Sculpture Society. Although Bitter arose out of the Classical/Naturalist styles he was turning towards a more modern approach to sculpture. Much of the work in Buffalo and St. Louis was allegorical in nature and his wife survived the accident as he had pushed her out of the way of the oncoming car. Like many of the sculptors and painters of the day, Bitter frequently employed the services of the muse and historys first super model, on 30 June 1901, he married Marie A. Sherrill, of Cincinnati, Ohio. They had three children, Francis T. R. Bitter, Marietta C. E. Bitter and their son Francis Bitter, born in 1902, became a prominent American physicist. For a time, Bitters studio was located in a building, known as The Castle in Weehawken, the Castle was created as a part of the Eldorado Amusement Park. Now located in 30th Street Station, elements of Fire and Water Tamed and Harnessed in Service to Man, pediment over 15th Street tunnel, length,50 ft, destroyed. 10 relief panels commemorating cities served by the PRR, exterior of train shed, destroyed, Sculpture group surrounding clock, exterior, destroyed
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