1.
1912 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1912. February 28 – In a concert in Copenhagen, Carl Nielsen conducts the premiere of his Symphony No.3, march – Hart A. Wand publishes Dallas Blues, a jazz standard and an early published blues song. June 26 – Gustav Mahlers Symphony No.9 is premiered in Vienna by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Bruno Walter, handy publishes The Memphis Blues, one of the first blues songs to become a hit. October 16 – Arnold Schoenbergs Pierrot Lunaire debuts at the Berlin Choralion-Saal, aino Ackté founds an opera festival in Savonlinna, after a period of dormancy, the Savonlinna Opera Festival will become one of the most important cultural events in Finland. The Birmingham Triennial Music Festival is held for the last time, William Henry Bell becomes director of the South African College of Music in Cape Town. After All That Ive Been To You w. Jack Drislane m. Chris Smith Alexanders Ragtime Band w. m, Irving Berlin, E. Ray Goetz, A. Baldwin Sloane All Night Long w. m. Shelton Brooks And The Green Grass Grew All Around w. William Jerome m. Harry Von Tilzer At The Devils Ball w. m, Irving Berlin Baby Seals Blues m. Artie Matthews Bagdad w. Anne Caldwell m, victor Herbert Be My Little Baby Bumble Bee w. Stanley Murphy m. Henry I. W. Elmer Bowman m. Chris Smith Beckys Got A Job In A Musical Show w. m, Irving Berlin Come Back To Me, My Melody Irving Berlin, Ted Snyder Come Back To Playland With Me w. m. Irving Berlin Down In Dear Old New Orleans w. Joe Young m. Conrad & Whidden Dreams Of Long Ago w. Earl Carroll m, enrico Caruso The Elevator Man Going Up, Going Up, Going Up, Going Up. w. m. Irving Berlin Everybody Loves A Chicken w. m, bobby Jones Everybody Two-Step w. Earl C. Jones m. Wallie Herzer Florida Rag V. Lowry The Funny Little Melody w. m, Irving Berlin Giannina Mia w. Otto Harbach m. Rudolf Friml Goodnight, Nurse w. Thomas J. Gray m. W. Raymond Walker He Played It On His Fid, Fid, Fiddle-dee-dee w. m. E. Ray Goetz & Irving Berlin Hitchy-Koo w. L. Wolfe Gilbert m. Lewis F. Muir & Maurice Abrahams Im Afraid, Pretty Maid, Im Afraid w. m. Irving Berlin Im The Lonesomest Gal In Town w. Lew Brown m. Albert Von Tilzer In My Harem w. m, Irving Berlin In the Garden w. m. C. Austin Miles Its A Long Way To Tipperary w. m, Jack Judge & Harry H. Williams Keep Away From The Fellow Who Owns An Automobile w. m. Irving Berlin Kentucky Sue by Lew Brown The Land Of Golden Dreams w. C. M. Denison m. E. F. Dusenberry Last Night Was The End Of The World w. Andrew B. Sterling m. Harry Von Tilzer The Last Shot Got Him w. m, Leo Silesu Love Is Like A Firefly w. Otto Harbach m
2.
1917 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1917. S. See Category, Musical groups established in 1917 All The World Will Be Jealous Of Me w. Al Dubin m. Ernest R. Ball Any Time Is Kissing Time w. Oscar Asche m, frederic Norton from the musical Chu Chin Chow Are You From Heaven. W. m. L. Wolfe Gilbert & Anatole Friedland A Bachelor Gay w. Frank Clifford Harris & Valentine m. James W. Tate from the musical The Maid of the Mountains Barnyard Blues w. m. Edwin B. Charles Shisler Cheer Up, Liza John L. Golden, Raymond Hubbell Cleopatra Had A Jazz Band w. Jack Coogan m, jimmy Morgan Come To The Fair w. Helen Taylor m. Easthope Martin The Darktown Strutters Ball w. m, shelton Brooks Dixie Jass Band One-Step Original Dixieland Jass Band Down in the Valley trad US Eileen w. Henry Blossom m. Victor Herbert For Me And My Gal w. Edgar Leslie & E. Ray Goetz m. George W. Meyer For Your Country and My Country w. m. Irving Berlin Give a Man a Horse He Can Ride w. James Thomson m. Geoffrey OHara Give Me the Moonlight, Hirsch Good Luck and God Be With You, Laddie Boy w. Gus Edwards Good Bye Broadway, Hello France w. C. Francis Reisner & Benny Davis m, goodbye, Mule, with Yer Old Hee-Haw. w. William Herschell m. Barclay Walker Good-bye, That Means You w. Andrew B, sterling m. Arthur Lange Good-bye-ee w. m. R. P. Weston & Bert Lee Hail, the Gangs All Here w. D. A. Esrom m. Theodore F. Morse & Arthur Sullivan Have A Heart w. P. G. Wodehouse m. Jerome Kern Hawaiian Butterfly w. George A. Billy Baskette & Joseph H. Santley Homeward Bound m. George Meyer w. Howard Johnson, teresa del Riego How Can I Forget When Theres So Much To Remember w. m. Irving Berlin Huckleberry Finn by Cliff Hess I Dont Know Where Im Going But Im On My Way w. m, willie White Ill Take You Back To Italy w. m. Irving Berlin Im All Bound Round With The Mason-Dixon Line w. Sam M. Lewis & Joe Young m, irving Berlin, Edgar Leslie & George W. Meyer Lily Of The Valley w. L. Wolfe Gilbert m. Fred Fisher Love Will Find A Way w. Harry Graham m, introduced by José Collins in the musical The Maid of the Mountains Madmoiselle From Armentieres w. m. anon McNamaras Band w. John J. Stamford m. Shamus OConnor The Modern Maidens Prayer w. Ballard MacDonald m. James F. Hanley My Sunshine Jane w. J. Keirn Brennan m. Ernest R. Ball My Sweetie w. m. Al Jolson, B. G. DeSylva & Gus Kahn Napoleon w. P. G, Wodehouse m. Jerome Kern Nesting Time In Flatbush w. P. G. Wodehouse m. Jerome Kern Oh Its A Lovely War w. m. Maurice Scott Oh Johnny, Oh Johnny, Oh, abe Olman Ole Miss Rag w. m. Handy On The Road To Home Sweet Home w. Gus Kahn m, egbert van Alstyne Ostrich Walk m. Edwin B
3.
1907 in art
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The year 1907 in art involved some significant events. February 7 – Vanessa Stephen marries Clive Bell, september – A cast of G. F. Watts sculpture Physical Energy is erected posthumously in Kensington Gardens in London. Henri Matisse begins to teach at the Académie Matisse in Paris, adolphe Valette joins the staff of Manchester Municipal School of Art. Kunsthalle Mannheim designed by Hermann Billing to serve an International Art Exhibition, the Chicago Plan is produced by Daniel Burnham and Edward H. Bennett, and illustrated by Jules Guerin. Bernard Berenson publishes North Italian Painters of the Renaissance, cadmium Red pigment first produced, in Germany. Georges Braque exhibited Viaduc à lEstaque, now at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, simultaneously, there was a retrospective exhibition of 56 works by Paul Cézanne, as a tribute to the artist who died in 1906. W. W. Marie Z. Peto, American trompe-lœil painter November 27 – Paul Ritter, German architectural painter November 28 – Stanisław Wyspiański, Polish dramatist, painter and designer
4.
Bach House (Eisenach)
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The Bach House in Eisenach, Thuringia, Germany, is a museum dedicated to the composer Johann Sebastian Bach who was born in the city. On its 600 m² it displays around 250 original exhibits, among them a Bach music autograph, the core of the building complex is a half-timbered house, ca.550 years old, which was mistakenly identified as Bachs birth house in the middle of the 19th century. In 1905, the Leipzig-based Neue Bachgesellschaft acquired the building, in 1907, it was opened as the first Bach museum. The Bach family was a musical family, with members working in musical professions throughout Thuringia since the first half of the 16th century until the end of the 18th century. Already in 1665, Johann Christoph Bach was appointed organist at St. Georges in Eisenach, Bachs father Johann Ambrosius Bach accepted a position as the Eisenach councils Haußmann in 1671. The family first rented rooms in a house in the Rittergasse 11. Since only property owners could claim citizenship, in 1674 Johann Ambrosius Bach bought a house in the Fleischgass, the original house in the Fleischgass is no longer standing, it was replaced twiceover in the 18th and 19th centuries. Johann Sebastian Bach was born on 21 March 1685 in Eisenach and he spent the first 10 years of his life at Eisenach. The familys musical tradition brought him into contact with music. His father early taught him to string and wind instruments. At St. Georges, Bach could witness his cousin Johann Christoph Bach playing the organ, on 1 May 1694, Bachs mother Elisabeth Bach died, on 20 February 1695 also Bachs father Ambrosius died. In July 1695, Johann Sebastian and his brother Johann Jacob left Eisenach to live with the family of their older brother Johann Christoph in Ohrdruf, the historical Bach House is one of the oldest residential buildings in Eisenach. It originally consisted of two buildings, of which the part was built in 1456 and the western part in 1458. At around 1611, both were joined, in the museum, a cowbell from 1688 found in the Bach House garden reminds of this past. At the time of Bachs birth it was owned by Heinrich Börstelmann, in 1746, the family of Caroline Amalie Rausch née Bach moved into the building and lived there until 1779. Caroline Amalie was the daughter of Bachs second cousin and friend Johann Bernhard Bach and sister to Johann Ernst Bach, in 1868, the local music society dedicated the memorial plate above the front entrance, thus publicly marking the place as Bachs birthplace. Since then, however, no evidence in support of this claim has surfaced. Three eternal projects were approved, the edition of a Bach-Jahrbuch, biannual Bachfeste
5.
Johann Sebastian Bach
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Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and musician of the Baroque period. Bachs compositions include the Brandenburg Concertos, the Goldberg Variations, the Mass in B minor and his music is revered for its technical command, artistic beauty, and intellectual depth. He is now regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time. Bach was born in Eisenach, in the duchy of Saxe-Eisenach and his father Johann Ambrosius Bach was the director of the town musicians, and all of his uncles were professional musicians. His father probably taught him to play the violin and harpsichord, apparently at his own initiative, Bach attended St. Michaels School in Lüneburg for two years. He received the title of Royal Court Composer from Augustus III in 1736, Bachs health and vision declined in 1749, and he died on 28 July 1750. Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, the capital of the duchy of Saxe-Eisenach, in present-day Germany and he was the son of Johann Ambrosius Bach, the director of the town musicians, and Maria Elisabeth Lämmerhirt. He was the eighth and youngest child of Johann Ambrosius, who taught him violin. His uncles were all musicians, whose posts included church organists, court chamber musicians. One uncle, Johann Christoph Bach, introduced him to the organ, Bachs mother died in 1694, and his father died eight months later. The 10-year-old Bach moved in with his eldest brother, Johann Christoph Bach, there he studied, performed, and copied music, including his own brothers, despite being forbidden to do so because scores were so valuable and private and blank ledger paper of that type was costly. He received valuable teaching from his brother, who instructed him on the clavichord, also during this time he was taught theology, Latin, Greek, French and Italian at the local gymnasium. By 3 April 1700 Bach and his schoolfriend Georg Erdmann–who was two years Bachs elder–were enrolled in the prestigious St. Michaels School in Lüneburg, some two weeks travel north of Ohrdruf and their journey was probably undertaken mostly on foot. His two years there were critical in exposing Bach to a range of European culture. In addition to singing in the choir, he played the Schools three-manual organ and he came into contact with sons of aristocrats from northern Germany, sent to the highly selective school to prepare for careers in other disciplines. While in Lüneburg, Bach had access to St. Johns Church and possibly used the famous organ from 1553. His role there is unclear, but it probably included menial, non-musical duties, despite strong family connections and a musically enthusiastic employer, tension built up between Bach and the authorities after several years in the post. Bach was dissatisfied with the standard of singers in the choir and he called one of them a Zippel Fagottist
6.
Mariachi
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Mariachi is a musical expression that dates back to at least 18th century Western Mexico. Modifications of the music include influences from music such as polkas and waltzes, the addition of trumpets. The musical style began to take on national prominence in the first half of the 20th century, with its promotion at presidential inaugurations, in 2011 UNESCO recognized mariachi as an Intangible Cultural Heritage, joining six others of this list from Mexico. The origin of the word is disputed, but prominent theories attribute it to indigenous roots, one states that it comes from the name of the wood used to make the dance platform. Another states that mariachi comes from the name of a tree called pilla or cirimo. In many Mexican cultures they are also called Marietti, Mariachi can refer to the music, the group, or just one musician. The word mariachi was thought to have derived from the French word marriage, dating from the French intervention in Mexico in the 1860s and this was a common explanation on record jackets and travel brochures. This theory was disproven with the appearance of documents that showed that the word existed before this invasion, prior to the arrival of the Spanish, indigenous music was played with rattles, drums, flutes, and conch-shell horns as part of religious celebrations. The Spanish introduced violins, guitars, harps, brass instruments, and woodwinds, the Europeans introduced their instruments to use during Mass, but they were quickly adapted to secular events. Indigenous and mestizo peoples learned to play and make these instruments, often giving them modified shapes, in addition to instruments, the Spanish introduced the concept of musical groups—which, in the colonial period, generally consisted of two violins, a harp, and various guitars. This grouping gave rise to a number of musical styles in Mexico. One of these musical styles was the son. Modern mariachi music developed from this son style, with “mariachi” as a name for son jaliscense. Those who could play the son jaliscense/mariachi music could find work at haciendas at a higher rate than those who could not, the distinction of mariachi from the older son jaliscense occurred slowly sometime during the 19th century. The music originated in the center-west of Mexico, most claims for its origin lie in the state of Jalisco but neighboring states of Colima, Nayarit, and Michoacán have also claimed it. However, by the late 19th century, the music was firmly centered in Jalisco, most legends put the origin of the modern mariachi in the town of Cocula, Jalisco. The distinction from son to modern mariachi comes from the modification of the music, one variety was the salon orchestras called orquestas típicas that performed in more rural settings, notably in charro outfits. This use of the outfit was repeated with urban mariachi in the 1920s
7.
Elihu Root
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Elihu Root was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the Secretary of War under two presidents, including President Theodore Roosevelt. He moved frequently between high-level appointed government positions in Washington, D. C. and private-sector legal practice in New York City. For that reason, he is considered to be the prototype of the 20th century political wise man, advising presidents on a range of foreign. He was elected by the legislature as a U. S. Senator from New York and served one term, 1909–1915, Root was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1912. Root was a lawyer, whose clients included major corporations. Root served as president or chairman of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the Carnegie Institution of Washington, as Secretary of War under McKinley and Roosevelt, Root designed American policies for the new colonial possessions, especially the Philippines and Cuba. His role in suppressing a Filipino revolt angered anti-imperialist activists at home and he was a strong advocate of what became the Panama Canal, and he championed the Open Door to expand world trade with China. He restructured the National Guard into a reserve, and created the Army War College for the advanced study of military doctrine. In the United States Senate, Root was part of the conservative Republican support network for President William Howard Taft and he played a central role at the Republican National Convention in 1912 in getting Taft renominated. By 1916–17, he was a proponent of preparedness, with the expectation the United States would enter World War I. President Woodrow Wilson sent him to Russia in 1917 in an effort to establish an alliance with the new revolutionary government that had replaced the czar. Root supported Wilsons vision of the League of Nations, but with reservations along the proposed by Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge. Elihu Root was born in Clinton, New York, to Oren Root and Nancy Whitney Buttrick and his father was professor of mathematics at Hamilton College. After studying at schools, including Williston Seminary, where he was a classmate of G. Stanley Hall. Despite his parents encouragement to become a Presbyterian minister, Root went to New York City to attend New York University School of Law and his brother Oren then became a minister and followed in their fathers footsteps as Mathematics professor at Hamilton. After admission to the New York bar, Root went into practice as a lawyer. While mainly focusing on law, Root was a junior defense counsel for William Boss Tweed during his corruption trial
8.
Ferruccio Busoni
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Ferruccio Busoni was an Italian composer, pianist, conductor, editor, writer, and teacher. Busoni was born in Empoli, just south of Florence, he was the son of professional musicians, initially trained by his father, he later studied at the Vienna Conservatory and then with Wilhelm Mayer and Carl Reinecke. In the ensuing years, after brief periods teaching in Helsinki and Moscow, he devoted himself to composing, teaching, and touring as a virtuoso pianist in Europe and his writings on music were influential, they covered not only aesthetics but considerations of microtones and other innovative topics. He was based in Berlin from 1894 but spent much of World War I in Switzerland, Busoni was an outstanding pianist from an early age. His visits to America led to interest in North American indigenous tribal melodies which were reflected in some of his works. His compositions include works for piano, including a monumental Piano Concerto and his other compositions include chamber music, vocal and orchestral works, and also operas, one of which, Doktor Faust, was left unfinished at the time of his death. Busoni died in Berlin at the age of 58, Busoni was born in the Tuscan town of Empoli, the only child of two professional musicians, Ferdinando, a clarinettist, and Anna, a pianist. The family shortly moved to Trieste. A child prodigy, largely taught by his father, he began performing and composing at the age of seven, commercially promoted by his parents in a series of further concerts, he was later to say I never had a childhood. In 1875 he made his concerto début playing Mozarts Piano Concerto No.24, from the ages of nine to eleven, with the help of a patron, Busoni studied at the Vienna Conservatory. His first performances in Vienna were glowingly received by the critic Eduard Hanslick, in 1877 he heard the playing of Franz Liszt, and was introduced to the composer who admired his performance. In the following year he composed a four-movement concerto for piano, leaving Vienna he had a brief period of study in Graz with Wilhelm Mayer, and conducted a performance of his own composition Stabat Mater, Op.55 in the composers initial numbering sequence, in 1879. Other early pieces were published at time, including settings of Ave Maria. Busoni was elected in 1881 to the Accademia Filharmonica of Bologna, in the mid 1880s he was based in Vienna where he met with Karl Goldmark and helped to prepare the vocal score for the latters 1886 opera, Merlin. He also met Johannes Brahms, to whom he dedicated two sets of piano Etudes, and who recommended him to study in Leipzig with Carl Reinecke. During this period he supported himself by giving recitals, and also by the support of a patron. He also continued to compose, and made his first attempt at an opera, Sigune, in a letter he describes how, finding himself penniless in Leipzig, he appealed to the publisher Schwalm to take his compositions. Schwalm demurred but said he would commission a fantasy on Peter Corneliuss opera The Barber of Baghdad for fifty marks down, and a hundred on completion
9.
Cosima Wagner
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Cosima Wagner was the illegitimate daughter of the Hungarian pianist and composer Franz Liszt and Marie dAgoult. Commentators have recognised Cosima as the inspiration for Wagners later works. In 1857, after a childhood largely spent under the care of her grandmother and with governesses, although the marriage produced two children, it was largely a loveless union, and in 1863 Cosima began a relationship with Wagner, who was 24 years her senior. She shared Wagners convictions of German cultural and racial superiority, and under her influence and this was a defining feature of Bayreuth for decades, into the Nazi era which closely followed her death in 1930. Thus, although she is perceived as the saviour of the festival. In January 1833 the 21-year-old Hungarian pianist and composer Franz Liszt met Marie dAgoult, maries antecedents were mixed, her German mother, from a prominent Frankfurt banking family, had married a French nobleman, the Comte de Flavigny. Marie had been married since 1827 to Charles, Comte dAgoult, drawn together by their mutual intellectual interests, Marie and Liszt embarked on a passionate relationship. In March 1835 the couple fled Paris for Switzerland, ignoring the scandal they left in their wake, they settled in Geneva where, on 18 December, Marie gave birth to a daughter, Blandine-Rachel. In the following two years Liszt and Marie travelled widely in pursuit of his career as a concert pianist, late in 1837, when Marie was heavily pregnant with their second child, the couple were at Como in Italy. Here, on 24 December in a hotel in Bellagio. They named her Francesca Gaetana Cosima, the third name being derived from St Cosmas. With her sister she was left in the care of wet nurses, while Liszt and their third child and only son, Daniel, was born on 9 May 1839 in Venice. In 1839, while Liszt continued his travels, Marie took the risk of returning to Paris with her daughters. Liszts solution was to remove the girls from Marie and place them with his mother, Anna Liszt, by this means, both Marie and Liszt could continue their independent lives. Relations between the couple cooled, and by 1841 they were seeing little of other, it is likely that both engaged in other affairs. By 1845 the breach between them was such that they were communicating only through third parties, Liszt forbade contact between mother and daughters, Marie accused him of attempting to steal the fruits of a mothers womb, while Liszt insisted on his sole right to decide the childrens future. Marie threatened to fight him like a lioness, but soon gave up the struggle, though they were living in the same city, she did not see either of her daughters for five years, until 1850. Cosima and Blandine remained with Anna Liszt until 1850, joined eventually by Daniel, Cosimas biographer George Marek describes Anna as a simple, uneducated, unworldly but warmhearted woman
10.
Bayreuth Festival
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The Bayreuth Festival is a music festival held annually in Bayreuth, Germany, at which performances of operas by the 19th-century German composer Richard Wagner are presented. Wagner himself conceived and promoted the idea of a festival to showcase his own works, in particular his monumental cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen. Performances take place in a specially designed theatre, the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, the Festival has become a pilgrimage destination for Wagner enthusiasts, who often must wait years to obtain tickets. The origins of the Festival itself lie rooted in Richard Wagners interest in establishing his financial independence, a souring of the relationship with his patron, Ludwig II of Bavaria, led to his expulsion from Munich, where he had originally intended to launch the festival. Wagner next considered Nuremberg, which would have reinforced the significance of works such as Die Meistersinger. On the advice of Hans Richter, however, the focus fell upon Bayreuth which enjoyed three distinct advantages, first, the town boasted a splendid venue, the Markgräfliches Opernhaus built for Margrave Frederick and his wife, Friederike Sophie Wilhelmine in 1747. With its ample capacity and strong acoustics, the house was a good match for Wagners vision. Finally, the town had no cultural life that could offer competition to Wagners own artistic dominance, the Festival, once launched, would be the dominant feature of Bayreuths cultural landscape. In April 1870, Wagner and his wife Cosima visited Bayreuth, on inspection, the Opera House proved to be inadequate. It was built to accommodate the baroque orchestras of the 18th century and was unsuited for the complex stagings. Nonetheless, the Burgermeisters proved open to assisting Wagner with the construction of a new theatre. After a fruitless meeting in the spring of 1871 with the German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck to obtain funds, Wagner embarked on a tour across Germany, including Leipzig. Societies were established, among other places, in Leipzig, Berlin, despite making direct appeals based on Wagners role as a composer of the new German Reich, the Societies and other fundraising channels were well short of the needed sum by the end of 1872. Wagner made another appeal to Bismarck in August 1873 and was again denied, desperate, Wagner turned to his former patron, Ludwig II who reluctantly agreed to help. In January 1874, Ludwig granted 100,000 Thaler and construction on the theatre, designed by architect Gottfried Semper, a planned 1875 debut was postponed for a year due to construction and other delays. Since its opening in 1876, the Bayreuth Festival has been a socio-cultural phenomenon, the inauguration took place on 13 August 1876, with a performance of Das Rheingold. Artistically, the festival was a success, financially, however, the festival was a disaster and did not begin to make money until several years later. Wagner abandoned his plan to hold a second festival the following year
11.
Fred Fisher
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Fred Fisher was a German-born American songwriter and Tin Pan Alley music publisher. His parents were Max and Theodora Breitenbach, after visiting the United States in 1892, he immigrated in 1900, where he adopted the name Fred Fischer. He founded the Fred Fischer Music Publishing Company in 1907, during World War I he changed his surname to Fisher to make it seem less Germanic. In 1914, Fred Fisher married Ana Fisher and their children – Daniel, Marvin, and Doris – also wrote songs professionally. Fisher died in Manhattan, New York and was interred at Maimonides Cemetery in Brooklyn, in 1970, Fred Fisher was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. The Ripleys Believe It or Not column credited him with writing more Irish songs than anyone else, OCLC10206915 Chicago, by Fred Fisher, Fred Fisher OCLC20597644 Thats When Your Heartaches Begin, by William Raskin, George Brown, and Fred Fisher, Fred Fisher Music Co. OCLC26008157 My Man – Fanny Brice sings Id Rather Be Blue, oh, You Beautiful Doll – This film is a fictionalized Hollywood biography featuring many of Fishers songs. A Tin Pan Alley promoter turns serious composer Fred Breitenbach into songwriter Fred Fisher, general references Source Citation, American National Biography. Edited by John A. Garraty and Mark C, New York, Oxford University Press,1999 American Popular Songs. From the Revolutionary War to the present, New York, Random House,1966 American Songwriters. New York, H. W. Wilson Co.1987 The ASCAP Biographical Dictionary, New York, American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers,1966 ASCAP Biographical Dictionary. Compiled for the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers by Jaques Cattell Press, New York, R. R. Bowker,1980 Biographical Dictionary of American Music. West Nyack, NY, Parker Publishing Co.1973 Biography Index, a cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines. Volume 1, January 1946 - July 1949, New York, H. W. Wilson Co.1949 Biography Index. A cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines, volume 6, September 1961 - August 1964. New York, H. W. Wilson Co.1965 Biography Index, a cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines. Volume 15, September 1986 - August 1988, New York, H. W. Wilson Co.1988 Biography Index. A cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines, volume 16, September 1988 - August 1990
