1.
LSU Tigers football
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The LSU Tigers football program, also known as the Fighting Tigers, represents Louisiana State University in the sport of American football. The Tigers compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, LSU ended the 2015 season with 770 victories, the 12th most in NCAA Division I FBS history, and the 4th most of any SEC team, behind Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia. The Tigers also have the 11th highest winning percentage among teams with at least 1,000 games played, LSU has won three National Championships in 1958,2003 and 2007. LSU has been featured in a game with ESPN College GameDay on location a total of 25 times, the Tigers have now made at least one appearance on the show every season since 2003. In recent years, LSU has had a number of players drafted into the National Football League. As of the beginning of the 2016 NFL season, there were 42 former LSU players on active rosters in the NFL, Louisiana State University played its first football game in school history on November 25,1893, losing to rival Tulane in the first intercollegiate contest in Louisiana. The game sparked a rivalry between the Tigers and the Green Wave that has lasted generations, the Tigers were coached by university professor Dr. Charles E. Coates, known for his work in the chemistry of sugar. Future Louisiana governor Ruffin G. Pleasant was the quarterback and captain of the LSU team, in the first game against Tulane, LSU football players wore purple and gold ribbons on their uniforms. According to legend, purple and gold were chosen because they were Mardi Gras colors, the rules of play in 1893 were more like rugby than what might be considered modern football. LSU achieved its first victory by beating Natchez Athletic Club 26–0 in 1894, samuel Marmaduke Dinwidie Clark has the honor of scoring the very first touchdown in LSU history. The first football game played on the LSU campus was at State Field on December 3,1894, LSUs only touchdown in that game was scored by the head coach, Albert Simmons. This was the first year of play for William S. Slaughter who lettered as an end for 5 years, Slaughter was LSUs first five time football letterman. By 1895, LSU had its first win in Baton Rouge, Coach Allen Jeardeau returned for his second but final year at LSU in 1897 for two games in Baton Rouge. A yellow fever outbreak throughout the South caused the postponement of LSUs classes starting, another outbreak of yellow fever similar to the one in 1897 caused LSU to play only one game in 1898. By the time LSU was able to play its game of the season, Allen Jeardeau had departed from the school as head football coach. The job of coach then fell to the captain, Edmond Chavanne. New coach John P. Gregg led the Tigers to a 1–4 season in 1899, the only wins were in an exhibition game against a high school team—which LSU does not officially record as a win—and against rival, Tulane. Chavanne was rehired in 1900, posting a 2–2 record and he was replaced by W. S. Borland as head coach in 1901, who led the team to a successful 5–1 season
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Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association
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The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association was one of the first collegiate athletic conferences in the United States. Twenty-seven of the current Division I FBS football programs were members of this conference at some point, the SIAA was founded on December 21,1894, by Dr. William Dudley, a chemistry professor at Vanderbilt, at the Kimball House in Atlanta. Dudley was a member of the Vanderbilt Athletic Association, formed in 1886 with Dr. W. M. Baskerville as president, most students at Vanderbilt were members. The early sports played on the Vanderbilt campus were baseball, bicycling, Dudley was primarily responsible for the formation of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association. Sewanees opposition stopped it from occurring, the original members were Alabama, Auburn, Georgia, Johns Hopkins, North Carolina, Sewanee, Vanderbilt, and Virginia. Virginia and North Carolina soon dropped before the inaugural 1895 season, the conference was originally formed for the development and purification of college athletics throughout the South. In 1903, a single-game football playoff occurred, but it seems to have been coordinated more so by the two competing schools than the conference itself, several other efforts over the years by individual schools to hold a conference title game fell through. Most SIAA titles claimed by schools in sports were actually more mythical in nature than officially sanctioned by the league. In 1915, a disagreement arose within the conference regarding the eligibility of freshman athletes, generally, the larger universities opposed the eligibility of freshman players, while the smaller schools favored it. As a result, some of the universities formed the Southern Intercollegiate Conference. At the conferences annual meeting on December 10,1920, the SIAA rejected proposals to ban freshman athletes, in protest, some schools that had voted in favor of the propositions immediately announced they would seek to form a new conference. In 1922, the Southern Conference underwent an expansion and added six more members, all at the expense of the SIAA, Florida, Louisiana State, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tulane, and Vanderbilt. With the departure of most of the colleges, the SIAA became a de facto small college conference in 1923. In the 1920s and 1930s, the SIAA increased its membership with the addition of additional small universities. The conference eventually disbanded in 1942 with the onset of American involvement in World War II, original charter members are denoted in boldface. Invited charter members are denoted with an asterisk, in the era in which the SIAA operated, teams tended to join in December, therefore, the first year of conference play in a given sport was often the following calendar year. Conference affiliations reflect those for the 2016–17 school year
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Edgar Wingard
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Edgar Ramey Wingard was an American football, basketball, and baseball coach and college athletics administrator. In 1908, Wingard led his LSU team to a record of 10–0, the team has been recognized as a national champion by the National Championship Foundation, although LSU does not officially claim a national title that season. Wingard was the coach of the basketball team at Butler from 1904 to 1906. He also coached the LSU Tigers baseball team in 1908 and 1909, Wingard died of a cerebral hemorrhage in the summer of 1927 at a hospital in Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania. Edgar Wingard at the College Football Data Warehouse Edgar Wingard at College Basketball at Sports-Reference. com
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State Field
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State Field was the home stadium of the Louisiana State University Tigers football team from 1893 to 1924. The field was built on the old campus of LSU. It was located south of the Pentagon Barracks and slightly southwest of the site of the current Louisiana State Capitol Building adjacent to the Hill Memorial Library and George Peabody Hall. The field was known on the campus simply as the field was later moved to a site with bleachers that was north of the campuses experimental garden. The field was used for LSUs baseball and basketball teams. LSUs first home game was played at State Field on December 3,1894 against the University of Mississippi, the contest resulted in a 26-6 loss to Ole Miss. LSUs last home game at State Field was on November 15,1924 against Northwestern State, LSU won this game by a score of 40-0. LSU moved to the newly opened Tiger Stadium the next week in a game against Tulane on November 27,1924, during the 31 years that State Field was used as LSUs home field,100 home games were played there. LSUs record at State Field was 81-18-1, on May 13,1893, LSU played its first baseball game versus Tulane University. The game resulted in a victory for LSU, from 1893–1924 LSU baseball played 388 games at State Field with LSU having a 192-184-12 record. The LSU basketball team played at State Field
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1907 LSU Tigers football team
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The 1907 LSU Tigers football team represented the LSU Tigers of Louisiana State University during the 1907 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The season was the first year under coach Edgar Wingard and it was also the first year at LSU for star player, Doc Fenton. Fenton, who was from Scranton, Pennsylvania, had heavily recruited by Wingard to play at LSU. Source,1907 LSU Tigers football team The Tigers opened the season in grand fashion, at State Field, a highlight of that game was a 90-yard touchdown run by Doc Fenton. It was Louisiana Techs only loss on the season and this win was followed by losses on the road at Texas and Texas A&M. After these losses, LSU went on to win 4 straight games, the Tigers romped over Howard 57–0. The 17–12 win over Arkansas was the schools first over the school and that 4 game winning streak was broken by a loss to Alabama. In the contest against Alabama, LSU led for most of the game because of two safeties, Alabama scored late in the game from an 85-yard punt return to win the game 6–4. LSUs next game resulted in a win over Baylor and their last game of the season was in an appearance at the Bacardi Bowl. This was LSUs first bowl game, and the first time any U. S. football team played in a foreign country and this game, played in Cuba against the University of Havana resulted in a 56–0 victory for LSU
6.
1908 Auburn Tigers football team
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The 1908 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1908 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The team went 6–1, outscoring opponents 158–10, Auburn featured a strong defense that held all but one opponent scoreless. The team was the first during the term of coach Mike Donahue at Auburn. The only points allowed all year was in the 10–2 loss to LSU, LSU claimed the title, but most sportswriters crowned Auburn SIAA champion. The win over Sewanee was dubbed by one writer Auburns Greatest Victory In Many Years, Mike Donahue returned as head coach. Newcomers included running back Lewie Hardage, in a game of a 20- and 15-minute halves, Auburn scored three touchdowns in the first half to put away Howard College at West End Park in Birmingham. Despite being outweighed by Howard, Auburn had success running against the Bulldogs tackles in the first half, the second half saw no score on either side with Auburn held in check by the punting of Bennie, Howards left tackle. Both teams were reported to show a lack of preparation, with Auburns talent making the difference in the game, in a game where the Tigers were not forced to punt, Auburn easily defeated the high school team from Gordon College in quick game at the Auburn athletic field. Auburns scrubs scored two touchdowns in the second half to finish out the game. Auburn was held to a score in the first half. Mercers Poole returned an Auburn interception 70 yards before being dragged down short of the line by Auburn halfback W. W. Wynne. Sewanee held the ball for most of the first half, exploiting Auburns tackles—brought in against the inside run—with runs around end, Sewanee was unable to score, however, with Auburns George Sparkman recovering a Sewanee fumble on the Auburn two yard line. Auburn began to move the ball consistently on the late in the first half. In the second half, changes in Auburns defense stymied Sewanees end runs, with seven minutes left in the game, Auburns Lew Hardage returned a Sewanee punt 45 yards for the games only touchdown. It was dubbed by one source Auburns Greatest Victory In Many Years The starting lineup was Sparkman, Bonner, Locke, Davis, Allen, Esslinger, Reynolds, McLure, Wynne, Hardage, Penton. Undefeated LSU met undefeated Auburn for the top spot in the SIAA at the Auburn athletic field, the first touchdown came from John Seip. Later in the half, Auburns T. C. Locke blocked an LSU punt which was recovered by LSUs Fenton behind his own goal for a safety, LSU made the second score using conventional football. “We won every game that fall except LSU, ” Auburn star Walker Reynolds told Clyde Bolton in 1973
7.
1908 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
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The 1908 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1908 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The teams head coach was Dan McGugin, who served his fifth season in that capacity, members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, the Commodores played eight home games in Nashville, Tennessee and finished the season with a record of 7–2–1 and 3–0–1 in SIAA. 1908 was a year for Vanderbilt with a wealth of sophomores. Before Vanderbilt played Michigan, Louis Hasslock had been on duty at Reelfoot Lake with a militia who were to guard against night riders, the Volunteers had compiled four wins in conference play. It was widely considered the best Tennessee football season up to that point, Vanderbilt won the match between the two schools 16 to 9. Walker Leach made a 41-yard field goal to put the Vols up 4 to 0 and this seemed to arouse the local team and Vanderbilt drove down the field for a touchdown. On a fake kick, Leach circled Vanderbilts left end for 60 yards, ray Morrison stopped him short of the goal. Nathan Dougherty was on Tennessees squad
8.
1908 Tennessee Volunteers football team
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The 1908 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1908 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The season was the second of head coach George Levenes three-year tenure, the Volunteers had compiled four wins in Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association play, the most in team history. It was widely considered the best Tennessee football season up to that point, fullback Clarence McCollum returned a fumble 75 yards against North Carolina. In the second week of play, the Vols beat Maryville 39–5, Tennessee celebrated the victory over Kentucky State 7–0, as they were outweighed 10 pounds to the man. A 40-yard run by Leach set up a run by Peery. Leach scored all of Tennessees points in the 10–0 victory over Georgia with a 30-yard fumble return for a touchdown, Tennessee defeated John Heismans Georgia Tech team 6–5, in a game in which they clearly outplayed the Yellow Jackets. Tech scored first thanks to three consecutive completed forward passes and he scored another just after the referee blew the whistle to end the contest. 1908 was a year for Vanderbilt with a wealth of sophomores. Vanderbilt won the match between the two schools 16 to 9, walker Leach made a 41-yard field goal to put the Vols up 4 to 0. This seemed to arouse the local team and Vanderbilt drove down the field for a touchdown, on a fake kick, Leach circled Vanderbilts left end for 60 yards. Ray Morrison stopped him short of the goal, alabama surprised with the 4 to 0 victory over Tennessee to close the season. Walker Leach and Nathan Dougherty were selected All-Southern, Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin noted All things considered, Leach was perhaps the best football player of the year in Dixie. A History of Southern Football 1890–1928
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1908 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
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The 1908 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1908 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. J. R. Davis was selected All-Southern, vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin wrote, He has one glaring fault—a tendency to tackle around the eyebrows. Otherwise he is a splendid foot ball man and he weighs two hundred pounds, is never hurt, never fumbles, bucks a line hard and furnishes excellent interference. He was the strength and stay of Tech, the University of Georgia attacked Techs recruitment tactics in football. UGA alumni incited a Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association investigation into Techs recruitment of a player UGA had recruited as well, the Georgia Alumni claimed that Tech had created a fraudulent scholarship fund, which they used to persuade the player to attend Tech rather than UGA. The SIAA ruled in favor of Tech, but the 1908 game was cancelled that season due to bad blood between the rivals
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1908 Georgia Bulldogs football team
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The 1908 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1908 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Bulldogs completed the season with a 5–2–1 record, Georgia had victories against Clemson and South Carolina, but lost to one of its main rivals, Auburn. This was the teams first and only season under the guidance of head coach Branch Bocock, one of the players on the 1908 team was quarterback George Kid Woodruff. After a successful season, Woodruff traveled abroad in 1909 and returned to the University in 1910 and 1911, the game against Alabama on November 14,1908 was the 100th game played by the football team since starting in 1892. Georgia tied Alabama in that game, bringing Georgias record in the first 100 games to 45–47–8,0.490 winning percentage,1908 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season Football Through the Years. Athletics at the University from the Beginning Through 1947, history of the University of Georgia
11.
Louisiana State University
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Louisiana State University is a public coeducational university located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The university was founded in 1853 in what is now known as Pineville, Louisiana, LSU is the flagship institution of the Louisiana State University System. In 2015, the university enrolled over 26,000 undergraduate and over 5,000 graduate students in 14 schools, several of LSUs graduate schools, such as the E. J. Ourso College of Business and the Paul M. Hebert Law Center, have received recognition in their respective fields of study. LSUs athletics department fields teams in 21 varsity sports, and is a member of the NCAA, the university is represented by its mascot, Mike the Tiger. Louisiana State University Agricultural & Mechanical College had its origin in land grants made by the United States government in 1806,1811. It was founded as an academy and is still today steeped in military tradition. In 1853, the Louisiana General Assembly established the Seminary of Learning of the State of Louisiana near Pineville in Rapides Parish in Central Louisiana. Modeled initially after Virginia Military Institute, the institution opened with five professors and nineteen cadets on January 2,1860, the original location of the Old LSU Site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On January 26,1861, after only a year at the helm, the school closed on June 30,1861, with the start of the American Civil War. During the course of the war, the university reopened briefly in April 1863, the losses sustained by the institution during the Union occupation were heavy, and after 1863 the seminary remained closed for the remainder of the Civil War. Following the surrender of the Confederates at Appomattox Court House on April 9,1865 and these cannons had been captured from Confederate forces after the close of the war and had been used during the initial firing upon Fort Sumter in April 1861. The cannons are still displayed in front of LSUs Military Science/Aerospace Studies Building, the seminary officially reopened its doors on October 2,1865, only to be burned October 15,1869. On November 1,1869, the institution resumed its exercises in Baton Rouge, in 1870, the name of the institution was officially changed to Louisiana State University. It temporarily opened in New Orleans, June 1,1874 and this prompted the final name change for the university to the Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College. On June 7,1925, Oscar B, turner, a professor of agronomy, was murdered by an axe-wielding assailant on campus. On April 30,1926, the present LSU campus was formally dedicated, prior to this, LSU utilized the quarters of the Institute for the Deaf, Mute, and Blind. Land for the present campus was purchased in 1918, construction started in 1922, the campus was originally designed for 3000 students, but was cut back due to budget problems
12.
Triple-threat man
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In gridiron football, a triple-threat man is a player who excels at all three of the skills of running, passing, and kicking. In modern usage, such a player would be referred to as a utility player, triple-threat men were the norm in the early days of football, as substitution rules were stringent. Thus, in addition to the need for passing, running, as injury awareness grew and substitution rules loosened, teams shifted to kicking specialists, which made the triple-threat man obsolete. One of the last triple-threat men in football was George Blanda. Danny White, a quarterback and punter, retired in 1989, since then, non-specialists have placekicked only extremely infrequently in the NFL. One instance occurred when Doug Flutie—also adept at running and passing as a scrambling quarterback—drop kicked an extra point in 2006 during the last play of his career. There are, however, still dual-threat quarterbacks and wildcat halfbacks, a quarterback who played wide receiver in high school or college may sparingly catch passes or be converted into a wide receiver who occasionally passes. For over forty years the NFL single-season scoring record was held by a triple-threat man, Hornung set a record of 176 points in 1960 by scoring fifteen touchdowns, kicking forty-one extra points, and also kicking fifteen field goals. The record remained unbroken until 2006, when San Diego Chargers running back LaDainian Tomlinson scored 186 points, unlike Hornung, who scored points three different ways, Tomlinsons points all came from touchdowns scored as he set an NFL record with 28 rushing touchdowns and 31 total. Possibly the only active triple-threat man is Taylor Heinicke, quarterback for the Old Dominion University Monarchs football team, starting quarterback of the team, in 2012 he passed for 5,076 yards, ran for 470, and punted for 415 yards. Saint Louis Universitys Bradbury Robinson, who threw the first legal pass in football history in 1906, was undoubtedly the first triple-threat man. He was the Blue and Whites premier passer and sportswriters of the era reported that he excelled as a kicker and was an electrifying runner, St. Louis Post-Dispatch sportswriter Ed Wray covered SLU football throughout Robinsons career. In an October 1947 column, Wray declared that the title of first triple-threat man belonged to Robinson because throughout the 1906 season used Robinson to pass, kick and he was an A1 punter, too. This three way use of Robby added greatly to the teams offensive deception, referee Horatio B. Hackett of West Point was amazed by Robinson’s passing. Hackett officiated major college games for three decades and was a member of footballs rules committee, the Minneapolis Star quoted Lt. Hackett as saying of Robinson, Whew, that chap is a wonder. He beats anything I ever saw and he looks as though 40 yards is dead for him, and hes got accuracy with it. Hall of Fame coach David M. Nelson wrote that “St. Louis had a passer in Brad Robinson. ”In his book The Anatomy of a Game, Football, the Rules. “Considering the size, shape and weight of the ball”, Nelson concluded, sports historian John Sayle Watterson agreed
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Doc Fenton
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George Ellwood Doc Fenton was an American college football player. He was elected to the Louisiana State University Hall of Fame in 1937, Doc Fenton was born on April 30,1887 in Scranton, Pennsylvania to Robert Emmett Fenton and Catherine Farr. After leaving Scranton High School, Fenton began his football career at St. Michaels College, in Canada. At St. Michaels, he played rugby, Fenton later talked about his time at St. Michaels by stating “I got all the fundamentals playing rugby in Toronto. I learned how to kick on the run, and I learned how to operate in an open field. ”Fenton earned the reputation of doing everything well with a football and he later played football at Mansfield State Normal School in Pennsylvania from 1904 to 1906. He started out as an end at Mansfield, but later became a star receiver in 1906, mike Lally was his teammate at both Mansfield and LSU. One account reads In Lally and Fenton the University has a pair that can hardly be equaled. In the game Fenton showed that he has lost none of his ability to dodge, his swiftness as a runner, his power as a punter and kicker, Fenton was heavily recruited by LSU and Mississippi A&M. Fenton ultimately ended up signing with LSU for the 1907 season. Fenton was selected for LSUs All-Time football team in 1935 and he was nominated though not selected for an Associated Press All-Time Southeast 1869–1919 era team. One of Fentons favorite plays was the tackle over tackle play, in this play, Fenton faked a handoff to a back, then gave the ball to a tackle and led the blocking behind the other tackle. “Doc was the hub, ” recalled tackle Marshall “Cap” Gandy and he was shifted to quarterback early during the 1908 season. The team went 10–0 and was selected as national champion by the National Championship Foundation, Fentons 125 points led the nation in scoring. He had a school record 36 extra points and 6 field goals, the National Football Foundation selected Fenton as a retroactive Heisman Trophy winner of 1908. Fenton was selected All-Southern by Nash Buckingham in the Memphis Commercial Appeal, in the 10–2 win over Auburn, Auburn scored a safety when Fenton was knocked unconscious by a spectators cane as he tried to get out of the endzone. He returned a kick 95 yards for at touchdown the following week against Mississippi A&M. Fenton again started at quarterback on the 1909 team which finished second in the SIAA behind Sewanee and he was selected All-Southern by John Heisman. George Ellwood Doc Fenton at the College Football Hall of Fame
14.
Penn Quakers football
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The Penn Quakers football team is the college football team at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Penn has played in 1,364 football games, the most of any school in any division, Penn plays its home games at historic Franklin Field, the oldest stadium in football. All Penn games are broadcast on WNTP or WFIL radio, Penn bills itself as college footballs most historic program. The Quakers have had 63 First Team All-Americans, and the college is the alma mater of John Heisman, the team has won a share of 7 national championships and competed in the granddaddy of them all in 1917. Penns total of 837 wins puts them 11th all-time in college football,18 members of the College Football Hall of Fame played at Penn and 5 members of the College Football Hall of Fame coached at Penn. Penn has had 11 unbeaten seasons, Penn is one of the few college football teams to have had an exclusive contract with a network for broadcasting all their home games. For the 1950 season, ABC Sports broadcast all of Penns home games, the only other teams to have exclusive contracts are Miami and Notre Dame. The Quakers competed as an independent until 1956, when they accepted the invitation to join the Ivy League. See, NCAA #Football television controversy Penn joined the Ivy League in 1956 when it was formed, Penn won its 1st Ivy League Football Championship in 1959. It was not until 1982,23 years later, that Penn would win its 2nd Ivy League Football Championship, since that year Penn has become a dominant football power in the Ivy League. They are tied with Dartmouth in winning a record 18 Ivy League Football Championships, Penn, however, is first in outright Ivy League titles, and first in undefeated Ivy League titles. NCAA record for most college football games played -1,364, NCAA record for consecutive overtime losses -3 games Most outright Ivy League titles -13, Highest number of unbeaten Ivy League seasons -8, Longest Ivy League winning streak -20 straight games. Penn also holds the next two Longest Ivy League win streaks, record 18 Ivy League Football Championships. Penns home stadium Franklin Field is not only the oldest stadium in football, brooke - Twice All-America, College football Hall of Fame. Outland - namesake of the Outland Trophy, College Football Hall of Fame Penns total of three major award winners surpasses several BCS programs to this day. A total of 51 players from Penn have been drafted in the NFL, including NFL Hall of Famers Chuck Bednarik and Bert Bell and NFL first-round pick Skip Minisi. List of Penn Quakers in the NFL Draft Penns rivalry with Cornell is the 5th-most played college football rivalry of all time and their first game was in 1893 and have played every year since, except in 1918. Penn leads in the series, 72–46–5, since the official formation of the Ivy League in 1956 Penn has won 31 games and Cornell has won 29 games
15.
Grantland Rice
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Henry Grantland Rice was an early 20th-century American sportswriter known for his elegant prose. His writing was published in newspapers around the country and broadcast on the radio, Grantland Rice was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, the son of Bolling Hendon Rice, a cotton dealer, and his wife, Mary Beulah Rice. His grandfather Major H. W. Rice was a Confederate veteran of the Civil War, on the football team, he lettered in the year of 1899 as an end and averaged two injuries a year. On the baseball team, he was captain in 1901, Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin in Spaldings Football Guides summation of the season in the SIAA wrote, The standing. First, Vanderbilt, second, Sewanee, a mighty good second, Rice coached the 1908 Vanderbilt baseball team. After taking early jobs with the Atlanta Journal and the Cleveland News, the job at the Tennessean was given to him by former Sewanee Tigers coach Billy Suter, who coached baseball teams against which Rice played while at Vanderbilt. Afterwards he obtained a series of jobs with major newspapers in the Northeastern United States. In 1914 he began his Sportlight column in the New York Tribune and he also provided monthly Grantland Rice Sportlights as part of Paramount newsreels from 1925–1954. In dramatic lore they are known as famine, pestilence, destruction and their real names are, Stuhldreher, Miller, Crowley and Layden. The passage added great import to the event described and elevated it to a level far beyond that of a football game. He became even better known after his columns were nationally syndicated beginning in 1930 and he and his writing are among the reasons that the 1920s in the United States are sometimes referred to as the Golden Age of Sports. Rices all-time All-America backfield was Jim Thorpe, Red Grange, Ken Strong and his sense of honor can be seen in his own actions. Before leaving for service in World War I, he entrusted his entire fortune, about $75,000, on his return from the war, Rice discovered that his friend had lost all the money in bad investments, and then had committed suicide. Rice accepted the blame for putting “that much temptation” in his friends way, Rice then made monthly contributions to the man’s widow throughout his life. Appleton and Company of New York, Rice married Fannie Katherine Hollis on April 11,1906, they had one child, the actress Florence Rice. Rice died at the age 73 on July 13,1954 and he is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. For when the One Great Scorer comes To mark against your name, He writes – not that you won or lost – But how you played the Game. The loafer has no come-back and the quitter no reply, When the Anvil Chorus echoes, as it will, against the sky, But there’s one quick answer ready that will wrap them in a hood, Make good
16.
Battle for the Rag
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The Battle for the Rag is an American college football rivalry game played by the LSU Tigers football team of Louisiana State University and the Tulane Green Wave football team of Tulane University. The game was played every year since its inception in 1893. The winner is awarded a satin trophy flag known as the Tiger Rag at LSU, the flag is divided diagonally, with the logos of each school placed on opposite sides and the Seal of Louisiana in the center. LSUs name for the flag comes from the popular tune Tiger Rag and it is believed that this flag was destroyed in a 1982 fire at Tulanes University Center. In 2001, LSU and Tulane worked together to create a reconstruction of the rag based upon archived photographs, in 2006 the rivalry was officially renewed, returning to yearly play for the first time since 1994. The teams began play that year and continued until 2009, when it was announced that LSU would pay Tulane $700,000 to void the final six years of the home-and-home series, LSU held that it would benefit if the remaining games were all played in Baton Rouge. Not wanting to give up its home games, Tulane agreed to end the series early, source, College Football Data Warehouse † LSU was declared the winner by forfeit in the 1896 and 1901 games. The score for each prior to a forfeit declaration was, 1896-Tulane 2, LSU0. Official scores subsequent to the forfeitures are listed in the table. # Rankings are from the AP Poll released prior to each game. List of NCAA college football rivalry games LSU-Tulane series history Gameday notes for the 2001 meeting between the two teams LSU and Tulane Agree to Football Series
17.
John Seip
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John Jacob Bill Seip was a college football player. He was a prominent end for the LSU Tigers of Louisiana State University from 1907 to 1909, Seip was also selected for LSUs All-Time football team in 1935. Seip was one of players on LSU teams of this era from Pennsylvania, including Doc Fenton. He was nominated though not selected for an Associated Press All-Time Southeast 1869-1919 era team. Seip ran back a 67-yard punt return in LSUs first ever game, as well as the first football game played by an American team outside of the United States. LSU beat the University of Havana 56 to 0, Seip was a member of the 1908 LSU Tigers football team which went 10–0 and was selected as national champion by the National Championship Foundation. He was selected All-Southern in 1909,1910 was a disastrous year for the Tigers. After the 1908 campaign, and a strong 1909 campaign which saw their only SIAA loss come to SIAA champion Sewanee, stovall, end, Mike Lally, halfback, and Seip would all be lost for the year. Seip was ruled ineligible the week before the Sewanee game, john Seip at Find a Grave
18.
End (gridiron football)
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An end in American and Canadian football is a player who lines up at either end of the line of scrimmage, usually beside the tackles. Rules state that an offensive formation must always consist of seven players on the line of scrimmage. The position was used in this sense until roughly the 1960s, on offense, an end who lines up close to the other linemen is known as a tight end and is the only lineman who aside from blocking can run or catch passes. One who lines up some distance from the line is known as a split end. In recent years and the proliferation of the pass, the generic term wide receiver has come to define both split ends and flankers. The terms “split end” and “flanker” are often ditched today for terms like X and Z receivers, bill Carpenter was the first Lonesome end. On defense, there is a commonly used position called the defensive end and its primary role is to rush the passer, as well as to stop offensive runs to the outer edges of the line of scrimmage. However, as there are no rules regulating the formation of the defense, players at this position commonly take on, don Hutson of the Alabama Crimson Tide and the Green Bay Packers was one of the sports greatest. The self described other end opposite Hutson in college at Alabama was legendary coach Bear Bryant, gaynell Tinsley was another prominent of Hutsons time. Amos Alonzo Stagg of Yale and Arthur Cumnock of Harvard were ends on the first All-America team, Stagg went on to a hall of fame coaching career, some called Cumnock the greatest Harvard player of all time. Mike Ditka and Ron Sellers were some of the last to play the position in college, glossary of American football History of American football positions Tight end Defensive end Wide receiver
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Center (gridiron football)
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Center is a position in American football and Canadian football. The center is the innermost lineman of the line on a football teams offense. The center is also the player who passes the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play, in recent years, the importance of centers for a football team has increased, due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses. According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome, you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle, if you dont, everything can get screwed up. Your running game wont be effective and youll also have somebody in your quarterbacks face on every play, the centers first and primary role is to pass the football to the quarterback. This exchange is called a snap, most offensive schemes make adjustments based on how the defensive line and linebackers align themselves in relation to the offensive line, and what gaps they line up in. Because the center has a view of the defensive formation before the snap. This call is typically based on the position of the linemen or linebackers in his gaps. In some cases the center may call an adjustment for the offensive line. This was taken to an extreme by the Indianapolis Colts in the early 21st century, the center is therefore usually the most intelligent player on the offensive line, which is critical to a centers success. After the snap, the center performs blocking assignments, the blocking assignments vary by offense but typically consist of the following, Run blocking assignments will vary based on the current play and the defensive formation when the ball is snapped. Typically, these assignments consist of the following, Blocking middle or backside linebackers in certain formations, assisting guards in their blocking assignments. This may be a center/guard double-team where the center and guard are assigned to the target to get extra push or drive. Assistance may also be just a quick hit or chip to throw the player off balance and help the guard to execute his block. Backside blocking of defensive tackles for pulling guards, in some offensive schemes, certain plays will involve pulling an offensive lineman to block for the ball carrier. If a guard needs to pull for a block, the center will typically block the defensive tackle in order to fill the guards void, pass blocking for a center is similar to run blocking for a center. The center will initially help guards based on the position of the defensive linemen, in the case of a blitz, the center may need to pick up a rushing linebacker, safety or corner. A good center also needs to stay vigilant during pass blocking to protect against defensive stunts and twists, on most plays, the center will snap the ball directly into the quarterbacks hands
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Robert L. Stovall
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Robert Luther Strauss Big Stovall was a college football player and a unit foreman of the state highway department. Stovall was a center for the 1908 LSU Tigers football team which went 10–0 and was selected as national champion by the National Championship Foundation and his younger brother Rowson Stovall was also on the team, called Little Stovall in contrast to his Big brother. Robert was selected All-Southern by Grantland Rice in 1909, robert L. Stovall at Find a Grave
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Mansfield University of Pennsylvania
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Mansfield University of Pennsylvania is a small, public, liberal arts university located in the borough of Mansfield, Tioga County, Pennsylvania. It is one of the fourteen state universities that are part of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, on January 23,2015, the University was accepted as the 29th member of the Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges. The university is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, Mansfield University has 2,800 students and 160 faculty. The four core values of the University’s creed, which was developed in 1912, are Character, Scholarship, Culture, Mansfield University traces its heritage back to 1857, when Mansfield Classical Seminary opened on January 7 of that year. At 10 a. m. on April 22, with a foot of snow on the ground, immediately after the fire the founders vowed to persevere and reconstruct an even bigger and better building. Mansfield Classical Seminary was rebuilt and reopened on November 23,1859, rev. James Landreth was elected Principal and Miss Julia A. Hosmer was named preceptress. In 1862, Simon B. Elliott submitted application for Mansfield Classical Seminary to become a State Normal School, the application was accepted in December 1862, and Mansfield Classical Seminary became the Mansfield Normal School, the third state normal school in Pennsylvania. In 1874, the new dormitory was built for a cost of $15,000. It would later be renamed North Hall, in 1892 at the Great Mansfield Fair electric lights were installed and a game of football was played between Mansfield Normal and Wyoming Seminary, ending in a draw. It is later recorded as the first night game played in the United States. In 1902, Mansfield Normal School moved to a program from the two-year normal course. On June 4,1926, Mansfield State Normal School is granted the right to give four-year Collegiate degrees, finally, on May 13,1927, the name Mansfield Normal is officially changed to Mansfield State Teachers College. During World War II, several hundred male students entered military service, most of the sports are suspended at the college for the duration of the war. Post war, sports resumed with MSTC capturing two consecutive State Championships in football for the 1946 and 1947 seasons, during the 1950s, both South Hall and Alumni Hall were replaced with new buildings. In 1960, the Pennsylvania Department of Education granted the expansion of arts programs to colleges in the system. The campus continued to expand with the construction of new buildings. In 1992, the MU baseball team placed second in the NCAA Division II World Series, the team also advanced to the series in 1993 and 1994. Also that year, Mansfield University and Mansfield Borough celebrated the first Fabulous 1890s celebration, the first night football game was the subject of an advertising campaign by GE that year
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Blocking (American football)
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In American football, blocking or interference involves legal movements in which one player obstructs another players path with their body. The purpose of blocking is to prevent defensive players from tackling the ball carrier, Blocking is also not permitted beyond five yards from the line of scrimmage until the quarterback has handed off the ball to a runner or a receiver has touched the ball after it has been passed. Outside sports, running interference is a metaphor that refers to a persons helping someone in the performance of a task without directly assisting in the task, often this is done by attracting attention to oneself or throwing oneself into harms way. Zone blocking is a technique that is a simple and effective scheme for creating lanes for running plays, in a zone blocking scheme, fleet-footedness and athletic ability trump size as desirable qualities in offensive linemen. Coordination and technique more than muscle in implementing a successful scheme because defensive linemen are often double-teamed at the point of attack. In this blocking scheme, which takes much from the Veer blocking system, one of the simplest reasons many teams have incorporated zone blocking in their offenses is that zone blocking rules do not change based on the defensive front. In a man block system, blockers are paired with according to certain rules to create a running lane. If the defensive front changes, or if the stunts or blitzes. This requires learning multiple rules for the same play, Zone blocking uses very consistent rules that do not change according to the defensive front. Some teams base their entire offense on it, including the NFLs Washington Redskins, New Orleans Saints, Seattle Seahawks, Kansas City Chiefs and Green Bay Packers. The University of Iowa under head coach Kirk Ferentz, a former NFL offensive line coach, utilizes zone blocking, the University of Michigan also started using zone blocking under head coach Lloyd Carr in the 2006 season, and continued to do so under his successor, Rodriguez. The Carolina Panthers made the switch to zone blocking under offensive coordinator Jeff Davidson for the 2007 season, the power running game became stagnant, and especially ineffective in goal-line/short yardage situations, thus resulting in Hennings firing and the switch to zone blocking. That season also saw the emergence of rookie Steve Slaton with the Houston Texans under their new Alex Gibbs-designed zone blocking scheme, using a running back out of the backfield, zone plays are usually categorized into three types, Inside Zone, Outside Zone and Stretch. These types describe the initial landmark of the ball carrier, a common approach is, Inside the tackles for IZ, just outside the tackle for OZ and just inside the last offensive player for the stretch. For each type of zone there are many different blocking schemes available, if uncovered, he is asked to help play-side on a double team by using wide lateral steps or even bucket steps. The resulting double team then reacts to the movement of the linemen as well as the movement of the linebacker, the initial movement of the double teams helps to equalize defensive talent and creates cutback lanes. Another scheme asks the offensive linemen to imagine a railroad track parallel to the running backs path and this could be a linebacker, but also a slanting defensive linemen from somewhere else. Starting from either inside or outside, some offensive lines always pair two on one and use a fullback to block the remaining defender outside and this makes it necessary for the offensive linemen to use a variety of line-splits and steps
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American football plays
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In American football a play is a close to the ground plan of action or strategy used to move the ball down the field. A play occurs at either the snap from the center or at kickoff, most commonly plays occur at the snap during a down. These plays range from basic to very complicated, football players keep a record of these plays in their playbook. A play begins in one of two ways, A play from scrimmage begins when the ball is delivered from the center to a back, usually the quarterback. The ball carriers forward progress is stopped to the point where a stalemate occurs and it is clear that the ball cannot be advanced any farther, the ball carrier steps out of bounds. A forward pass touches the ground before it is caught, the ball touching the ground in other situations does NOT end the play. In the case of a fumble, the play continues until one of the above conditions is met. When the play ends, the ball is set for the next play, for the first three instances above, the ball is set at the point of its maximum forward progress. If he runs backwards of his own volition, the ball is marked where he goes down, in the case of an incomplete pass, the ball is placed at the previous line of scrimmage. Play then resumes as described above, the offensive team must have seven players on the line of scrimmage at the start of a play. Those players may be positioned at any place along the line of scrimmage, the defensive team may position as many as 11 players on the line of scrimmage. Usually, there are from 3 to 8 defensive players on the line of scrimmage, run block -- An active type of blocking, where the player steps forward in an attempt to push a defensive player out of the path of the ball carrier. Pass block-- A passive type of blocking, where the player steps backward to establish a pocket around the quarterback to give the quarterback a chance to pass. Lead block-- A situation where one player precedes the ball carrier along his path in order to clear any defensive players that have not already been blocked. Pull -- When a member of the line takes a step back from his usual place in a line. Pulling can be done on pass and run plays, pocket -- The protected area around a quarterback established by the offensive line in order to give him adequate time and sight lines in order to complete a pass. Gap -- A space between blockers, hole -- A space in the line where a ball carrier aims on a running play. These can be predesignated holes defined by the spacing between players before the snap, or they can be established by moving players around and establishing the holes after the snap
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Hand-off
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In American football, a hand-off is the act of handing the ball directly from one player to another, i. e. without it leaving the first players hands. Most rushing plays on offense begin with a handoff from the quarterback to running back. The biggest risk with any hand-off is the chance of fumble on the exchange, a hand-off can occur in any direction. Sometimes called a switch in touch football, alternately spelled without the hyphen, i. e. handoff
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Tackle (gridiron football position)
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Tackle is a playing position in American and Canadian football. Historically, in the one-platoon system prevalent in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the modern system of specialized units, offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions, the offensive tackle is a position on the offensive line, left and right. The term tackle is a vestige of an era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense. A tackle is the position on the offensive line. They power their blocks with quick steps and maneuverability, the tackles are mostly in charge of the outside protection. If the tight end goes out for a pass, the tackle must cover everyone that his guard does not, usually they defend against defensive ends. In the NFL, offensive tackles often measure over 6 ft 4 in and 300 lb, the Wonderlic is taken before the draft to assess each players aptitude for learning and problem solving, a score of 26 is estimated to correspond with an IQ of 112. The right tackle is usually the teams best run blocker, most running plays are towards the strong side of the offensive line. Consequently, the tackle will face the defending teams best run stoppers. He must be able to gain traction in his blocks so that the back can find a hole to run through. The left tackle is usually the teams best pass blocker, of the two tackles, the left tackles will often have better footwork and agility than the right tackle in order to counteract the pass rush of defensive ends. When a quarterback throws a pass, the quarterbacks shoulders are aligned roughly perpendicular to the line of scrimmage. Right-handed quarterbacks, the majority of players in the position, thus turn their backs to defenders coming from the left side, creating a vulnerable blind side that the left tackle must protect. A2006 book by Michael Lewis, The Blind Side, Evolution of a Game, made into a 2009 motion picture, the book and the films introduction discuss how the annual salary of left tackles in the NFL skyrocketed in the mid-90s. Recent examples include Eric Fisher, Luke Joeckel, Lane Johnson, Matt Kalil, Trent Williams, Jake Long, and Joe Thomas
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Bicycle wheel
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A bicycle wheel is a wheel, most commonly a wire wheel, designed for a bicycle. A pair is called a wheelset, especially in the context of ready built off the shelf performance-oriented wheels. Bicycle wheels are designed to fit into the frame and fork via dropouts. The first bicycle wheels followed the traditions of building, a wooden hub, a fixed steel axle, wooden spokes. A typical modern wheel has a hub, wire tension spokes. A hub is the part of a bicycle wheel. It consists of an axle, bearings and a hub shell, the hub shell typically has two machined metal flanges to which spokes can be attached. Hub shells can be one-piece with press-in cartridge or free bearings or, in the case of older designs, the axle is attached to dropouts on the fork or the frame. The axle can attach using a, Quick release - a lever and skewer that pass through a hollow axle designed to allow for installation, nut - the axle is threaded and protrudes past the sides of the fork/frame. Bolt - the axle has a hole with threads cut into it, thru axle - a removable axle with a threaded end that is inserted through a hole in one fork leg, through the hub, and then screwed into the other fork leg. Some axles have integrated cam levers that compress axle elements against the leg to lock it in place. Diameters for front thru axles include 20 mm,15 mm, most thru axles are found on mountain bikes, although some cyclocross and road bikes are using them. Thru axles repeatable locate the wheel in the fork or frame, unlike other axle systems, the thru axle is specific to the fork or frame, not the hub. Hubs/wheels do not include axles, and the axle is generally supplied with the fork or frame, female axle - hollow center axle, typically 14,15,17, or 20 mm in diameter made of chromoly and aluminum, with two bolts thread into on either side. This design can be stronger than traditional axles, which are commonly only 8 mm,9 mm,9.5 mm. Modern bicycles have adopted standard axle spacing, the hubs of front wheels are generally 100 mm wide fork spacing, road wheels with freehubs generally have a 130 mm wide rear wheel hub. Mountain bikes have adopted a 135 mm rear hub width, which allows clearance to mount a brake disc on the hub or to decrease the wheel dish for a more durable wheel, freeride and downhill are available with 150 mm spacing. The bearings allow the hub shell to rotate freely about the axle, most bicycle hubs use steel or ceramic ball bearings
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Spoke
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A spoke is one of some number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel, connecting the hub with the round traction surface. The term originally referred to portions of a log that had split lengthwise into four or six sections. The radial members of a wagon wheel were made by carving a spoke into their finished shape, a spokeshave is a tool originally developed for this purpose. Eventually, the spoke was more commonly applied to the finished product of the wheelwrights work. The spoked wheel was invented to allow the construction of lighter and swifter vehicles, the earliest known examples are in the context of the Sintashta culture, dating to ca.2000 BC. Soon after this, horse cultures of the Caucasus region used horse-drawn spoked-wheel war chariots for the part of three centuries. Celtic chariots introduced an iron rim around the wheel in the 1st millennium BC, the spoked wheel was in continued use without major modification until the 1870s, when wire wheels and rubber tires were invented. Spokes can be made of wood, metal, or synthetic fiber depending on whether they will be in tension or compression, the original type of spoked wheel with wooden spokes was used for horse-drawn carriages and wagons. In early motor cars, wooden spoked wheels of the type were normally used. In a simple wooden wheel, a load on the hub causes the wheel rim to flatten slightly against the ground as the lowermost wooden spoke shortens, the other wooden spokes show no significant change. They are also dished, usually to the outside of the vehicle, also, the dishing allows the wheel to compensate for expansion of the spokes due to absorbed moisture by dishing more. For use in bicycles, heavy wooden-spoked wheels were replaced by wheels with spokes made of tensioned, adjustable metal wires. These are also used in wheelchairs, motorcycles, and automobiles, some types of wheels have removable spokes that can be replaced individually if they break or bend. These include bicycle and wheelchair wheels, high quality bicycles with conventional wheels use spokes of stainless steel, while cheaper bicycles may use galvanized or chrome plated spokes. While a good quality spoke is capable of supporting about 225 kgf of tension, since bicycle and wheelchair wheel spokes are only in tension, flexible and strong materials such as synthetic fibers, are also occasionally used. Metal spokes can also be ovalized or bladed to reduce aerodynamic drag, a variation on the wire-spoked wheel was Tiogas Tension Disk, which appeared superficially to be a solid disk but was in fact constructed using the same principles as a normal tension-spoked wheel. Instead of individual spokes, a continuous thread of Kevlar was used to lace the hub to the rim under high tension. The threads were encased in a translucent disk for protection and some aerodynamic benefit, Wire spokes can be radial to the hub but are more often mounted tangentially to the hub
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Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Baton Rouge is the capital of the U. S. state of Louisiana and its second-largest city. It forms the seat of East Baton Rouge Parish and is located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River. As the Capital City, Baton Rouge is the hub for Louisiana. The metropolitan area surrounding the city, known as Greater Baton Rouge, is also the second-largest in Louisiana, the urban area has around 594,309 inhabitants. Baton Rouge is an industrial, petrochemical, medical, research, motion picture. The Port of Greater Baton Rouge is the tenth largest in the United States in terms of tonnage shipped, the Baton Rouge area owes its historical importance to its strategic site upon the Istrouma Bluff, the first natural bluff upriver from the Mississippi River Delta. This allowed development of a business quarter safe from seasonal flooding, in addition, the city built a levee system stretching from the bluff southward to protect the riverfront and low-lying agricultural areas. The city is a rich center, with settlement by immigrants from numerous European nations. It was ruled by seven different governments, French, British, and Spanish in the era, West Floridian, United States territory and state, Confederate. Human habitation in the Baton Rouge area has been dated to 12000 –6500 BC based on evidence found along the Mississippi, Comite, earthwork mounds were built by hunter-gatherer societies in the Middle Archaic period, from roughly the 4th millennium BC. Eastern Muskogean began to diversify internally in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, at the time, the region appeared to be occupied by a collection of moderately-sized native chiefdoms interspersed with autonomous villages and tribal groups. French explorer Sieur dIberville led a party up the Mississippi River in 1699. The explorers saw a red pole marking the boundary between the Houma and Bayogoula tribal hunting grounds, see also Red Sticks for the ceremonial use of red sticks among the Muscogee. The location of the red pole was presumably at Scotts Bluff and it was reportedly a 30-foot-high painted pole adorned with fish bones. The settlement of Baton Rouge by Europeans began in 1721 when a military post was established by French colonists. Since European settlement, Baton Rouge has been governed by France, Britain, Spain, Louisiana, the Republic of West Florida, the Confederate States, and the United States. In 1755, when French-speaking settlers of Acadia in Canadas Maritime provinces were driven into exile by British forces, popularly known as Cajuns, the descendants of the Acadians maintained a separate culture. During the first half of the 19th century, the city grew steadily as the result of steamboat trade, Baton Rouge was incorporated in 1817
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Pelican Park (New Orleans)
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Pelican Park was a sports stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana from 1908-1914. The ballpark was bound by South Carrollton Avenue, Palmyra Street, Banks Street, a contest was conducted to name the new ballpark. Pelican Park won out over scores of other entries and it reopened on April 13,1915 as Pelican Stadium. It was home to the New Orleans Pelicans baseball organization from 1908-1914, New Orleans Pelicans Sports in New Orleans
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New Orleans
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
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