1.
1907 in Norway
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Events in the year 1907 in Norway. Monarch - Haakon VII Prime Minister - Christian Michelsen 14 June – Norway adopts female suffrage, norsk Hydro, having been founded in 1905, opens up its first plant at Notodden. Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country, the construction of the Bergen Line is completed. 25 December - Kristian Johansson, ski jumper and World Champion 30 December - Sigmund Ruud, ski jumper, Olympic silver medallist and World Champion
2.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
3.
1910 in Norway
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In 1910 Haakon VII serves his sixth year as King of Norway. On 1 February Wollert Konow takes over as Prime Minister after Gunnar Knudsen, the Parliament passes a resolution about universal suffrage for women in municipal elections on 30 April. In Finnmark the Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line opens this year, and the Bøkfjord Lighthouse outside Kirkenes is completed, the Norwegian Institute of Technology is opened in Trondheim, as well as the accociated Student Society in Trondheim. The factory Norsk Gjærde- og Metaldukfabrik is founded, also the Solør Line between Flisa and Elverum opens this year. Several of the most difficult summits in Norway are first ascended in 1910, the climbing of Stetind in Nordland by Bryn, Rubenson and Schjelderup is followed by the same groups first ascent of Svolværgeita and Trakta in the Lofoten archipelago. There are now 278 newspapers in Norway, among the new newspapers is Tidens Tegn, founded by Ola Thommessen, and the cultural magazine Kunst og Kultur is founded by Harry Fett and Haakon Shetelig. In February anarchist writer Hans Jæger dies, and Nobel Laureate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson dies in April, politicians Stousland, Sunde, Ullmann and Segelcke die this year. In January later Prime Minister Trygve Bratteli is born, and later government minister Jens Haugland is born in April, the popular comedian Leif Juster is born in February this year. Footballers and 1936 Olympic medalists Magnar Isaksen and Magdalon Monsen are born this year, as is illustrator Borghild Rud, professor of anatomy Alf Brodal, monarch – Haakon VII Prime Minister – Gunnar Knudsen, Wollert Konow 15 February – Norsk Gjærde- og Metaldukfabrik established. 30 April – The Parliament passes a resolution about universal suffrage for women in municipal elections,29 May – Nationalforeningen mot tuberkulose founded. 13 July – The railway line Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn opened,30 July – First ascent of Stetind, by Bryn, Rubenson and Schjelderup. 1 August – First ascent of Svolværgeita, by Bryn, Rubenson,3 August – First ascent of Trakta, by Bryn, Rubenson and Schjelderup. 15 September – Norwegian Institute of Technology is opened in Trondheim,4 December – The railway line from Flisa to Elverum opened. Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country, Bøkfjord Lighthouse is established at the mouth of Bøkfjorden, outside Kirkenes. 5 April – First issue of the newspaper Fjordenes Tidende,5 May – First issue of the newspaper Tidens Tegn. The periodical Kunst og Kultur established,26 March – The sports club Grane SK is founded 29 May – The sports club Stenkjær FK founded 2 July – Norges Rigsforbund for Idræt is founded. Eidsvold TF founded Hornindal IL founded Mjøndalen IF founded Stjørdal IL founded IL Varden founded Vestfossen IF founded 10 January – Kitty Petrine Fredriksen,11 January – Trygve Bratteli, twice Prime Minister of Norway. 14 January – Chris Bruusgaard, midwife 18 January – Jens Henrik Nordlie,18 January – Oddmund Hoel, politician
4.
1911 in Norway
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Events in the year 1911 in Norway. Monarch - Haakon VII14 December - Roald Amundsens Norwegian expedition becomes the first to reach the South Pole, norsk Hydros second plant opens at Rjukan, four years after its first plant at Notodden. 19 June - Molde FK football club is founded,1 January - Håkon Melberg, linguist 11 January - Harald Heide Steen, actor 12 January – Halvor J. Sandsdalen, farmer, journalist, poet, novelist, playwright and childrens writer. 3 March - Kristian Henriksen, international player, coach. 5 March - Nils Eriksen, international player and Olympic bronze medallist. 25 April - Hans Beck, ski jumper and Olympic silver medallist,12 September – Bjørn Fraser, naval and aviation officer
5.
1912 in Norway
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Events in the year 1912 in Norway. This activity is today Yara International, the 1912 Parliamentary election took place. 17 February – Hans Mikal Solsem, politician 2 April – Eva Haalke,8 April – Sonja Henie, figure skater, three time Olympic gold medallist, World Champion and actress 10 April – Sally Olsen, social worker
6.
Monarchy of Norway
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The Norwegian monarch is the monarchical head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The present monarch is King Harald V, who has reigned since 17 January 1991, succeeding his father, the heir apparent is his only son, Crown Prince Haakon. The crown prince undertakes various public functions, as does the kings wife. The crown prince also acts as regent in the kings absence, there are several other members of the Royal Family, including the kings daughter, grandchildren and siblings. Whilst the Constitution of Norway grants important executive powers to the King, formally the King appoints the government according to his own judgement, but parliamentary practice has been in place since 1884. Constitutional practice has replaced the meaning of the word King in most articles of the constitution from the king personally to the elected government. The powers vested in the monarch are significant, but are treated only as reserve powers, the King does not, by convention, have direct participation in government. He ratifies laws and royal resolutions, receives and sends envoys from and to foreign countries and he has a more tangible influence as the symbol of national unity. The annual New Years Eve speech is one occasion when the King traditionally raises negative issues, the King is also Supreme Commander of the Norwegian Armed Forces and Grand Master of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit. The King has no role in the Church of Norway. The position of King of Norway has been in existence since the unification of Norway in 872. In recent years members of the Socialist Left party have proposed the abolition of the monarchy during each new session of parliament and this gives the Norwegian monarchy the unique status of being a popularly elected royal family and receiving regular formal confirmations of support from the Storting. Prior to and in the phase of the Viking Age Norway was divided into several smaller kingdoms. Harald Fairhair was the first king of Norway, the boundaries of Fairhairs kingdom were not identical to those of present-day Norway, and upon his death the kingship was shared among his sons. Some historians emphasise the actual control over the country and assert that Olaf II, alias Saint Olaf. Olaf is generally held to have been the force behind Norways final conversion to Christianity. In the 12th and 13th centuries the Norwegian kingdom was at its geographical and cultural peak, the kingdom included Norway, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Shetland, Orkney and other smaller areas in the British Isles. The king had diplomatic relations with most of the European kingdoms and formed alliances with Scotland and Castile, large castles such as Haakons Hall and cathedrals, the foremost being Nidaros Cathedral, were built
7.
Haakon VII of Norway
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Haakon VII, known as Prince Carl of Denmark until 1905, was a Danish prince who became the first king of Norway after the 1905 dissolution of the union with Sweden. He reigned from November 1905 until his death in September 1957, as one of the few elected monarchs, Haakon quickly won the respect and affection of his people. He played a role in uniting the Norwegian nation in its resistance to the Nazi invasion. He became King of Norway before his father and older brother became kings of Denmark, during his reign, he saw his father, his brother and his nephew, Frederick IX, ascend the throne of Denmark, respectively in 1906,1912 and 1947. He died at the age of 85 on 21 September 1957 and he was succeeded by his only son, Olav V. Prince Carl of Denmark was the son of King Frederik VIII of Denmark. Furthermore, he was a brother of Christian X, a paternal grandson of King Christian IX of Denmark. Prince Carl was born at Charlottenlund Palace near Copenhagen and he belonged to the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg branch of the House of Oldenburg. The House of Oldenburg had been the Danish royal family since 1448, the house was originally from northern Germany, where the Glucksburg branch held their small fief. The family had permanent links with Norway beginning from the late Middle Ages, several of his paternal ancestors had been kings of independent Norway. Christian Frederick, who was King of Norway briefly in 1814, Prince Carl was raised in the royal household in Copenhagen and educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy. Their son, Prince Alexander, the future Crown Prince Olav, was born on 2 July 1903, gradually, Prince Carl became the leading candidate, largely because he was descended from independent Norwegian kings. The new royal family of Norway left Denmark on the Danish royal yacht Dannebrog, at Oscarsborg Fortress, they boarded the Norwegian naval ship Heimdal. After a three-day journey, they arrived in Kristiania early on the morning of 25 November 1905, two days later, Haakon took the oath as Norways first independent king in 518 years. The coronation of Haakon and Maud took place in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim on 22 June 1906, King Haakon gained much sympathy from the Norwegian people. Although the Constitution of Norway vests the King with considerable executive powers, Haakon confined himself to non-partisan roles without interfering in politics, a practice continued by his son and grandson. However, his long rule gave him moral authority as a symbol of the countrys unity. Haakon, Maud and Crown Prince Olav became interested in skiing and this sport is often viewed as typically Norwegian
8.
Young Liberals of Norway
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Young Liberals of Norway is the youth league of the Norwegian political party Venstre. Young Liberals was founded on 27 January 1909, with Anders Kirkhusmo as the first leader, the current president is Tord Hustveit, since 2013. Vice presidents are Grunde Almeland and Øydis Lebiko, and the International Officer is Elin Engerbakk and it advocates a more liberal version of the mother partys social liberalist ideology. To avoid confusion, the official English-language name of the party is Young Liberals of Norway, proposals to change the name of Unge Venstre to Liberal Ungdom have been defeated in successive congresses. The Young Liberals are strongly in favour of fighting climate change, the Young Liberals oppose the construction gas power stations without Carbon capture and storage, and opposes subsidies for polluting industries. The Young Liberals are also in favour of other types of environmental protection, the Young Liberals are in favour of free trade, especially the removal of tariffs on the products of developing nations. This is seen as an part of achieving global economic justice rather than a threat to it. The Young Liberals are arguably the most pro-immigration political group in Norway, the Young Liberals supports compulsory classes in Norwegian as a prerequisite for gaining citizenship. The Young Liberals have recently become prominent in the debate on drug policy. It is calling for decriminalizing use of all drugs, as well as marijuana legalization and regulation, the youth party also advocates administration of clean heroin to drug addicts who have not succeeded in other means of rehabilitation. Furthermore, the party stresses that more resources must be spent on rehabilitation, health care, Young Liberals of Norway are independent of Venstre but co-operates closely with them, for example the leader of Young Liberals is automatically a member of the central governing body of Venstre. Venstre and Young Liberals have different opinions on matters, most prominently in that Young Liberals of Norway supports Norwegian entry into the European Union while Venstre opposes this. The Young Liberals of Norway failed to make Venstre pro-EU during Venstres party congress in April 2009, the Young Liberals are generally more liberal in their views than the mother party, both on social and economic issues. They aim to influence Venstre views so that they accords more with those of the Young Liberals, notable recent victories include convincing Venstre to support heroin prescription in the treatment of addiction, to consider drug decriminalization and to support intellectual property reform. Young Liberals of Norway is organized into 19 regional branches, with clubs in about 50 municipalities. The highest decision-making body of the organisation is the national congress. Between the national congresses, the organisation is governed by a national board and an executive board
9.
Bergen Line
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The Bergen Line, also called the Bergen Railway, is a 371-kilometre long standard gauge railway line between Bergen and Hønefoss, Norway. The name is applied for the entire route from Bergen via Drammen to Oslo, where the passenger trains go. It is the highest mainline railway line in Northern Europe, crossing the Hardangervidda plateau at 1,237 metres above sea level, the railway opened from Bergen to Voss in 1883 as the narrow gauge Voss Line. In 1909 the route was continued over the mountain to Oslo and the route converted to standard gauge. The line is single track, and was electrified in 1954-64, the Bergen Line is owned and maintained by Bane NOR, and served with passenger trains by Norwegian State Railways and freight trains by CargoNet. The Flåm Line remains as the branch line, after the closure of the Hardanger Line. The western section from Bergen to Voss is also served by the Bergen Commuter Rail, the first documented idea of building a railway between Norways two largest cities was launched by Hans Gløersen on 24 August 1871 in Bergensposten. The forest supervisor in Voss suggested building the railway via Voss, back in 1866 the same person had launched the idea of the Jæren Line. Within days of the launch of the Bergen Line the city council had assimilated support for the suggestion, in 1872 the railway director Carl Abraham Pihl and two engineers went on a survey tour to look at the suggested line. On 20 October 1871 two engineers traversed the two routes from Bergen to Voss, the one via Fana, Os and Hardangerfjord. Though covering a less populated area, the latter would be cheaper to build, a railway committee was created on 25 January 1872 with a limited mandate, which was increased again 20 December. At the same time he launched the idea of a line up Valdres to Lærdal. By 1873 agreement had been reached as to the right-of-way to Voss, on 13 January 1874 Bergen city council started issuing stock for the Voss Line, to begin with 400,000 Norwegian speciedaler was issued. In the 1873 parliamentary election the railway supporter Peter Jebsen was elected, Parliament chose to not issue new railway projects in the 1874 session, and instead make a complete plan for all railway construction in the country—to be proposed by a committee. When the report was launched on 20 March 1875, the Voss Line was not included since it could not show a higher profitability than 1%. During the 1875 session there was not a majority for the Voss Line and this was based on a claim from Johan Jørgen Schwartz, the chairman of the committee, that the investment costs were underestimated. This was countered by Nils Henrik Bruun, a constructor from Bergen, when Jebsen in addition was willing to act as personal guarantee for Bruun in case of his death, the majority in the parliament shifted. On 9 June 1875 parliament voted with 61 against 42 to build Vossebanen, Vossebanen was built with narrow gauge,1,067 mm
10.
Rjukan Line
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The Rjukan Line, at first called the Vestfjorddal Line, was a 16-kilometre Norwegian railway line running through Vestfjorddalen between Mæl and Rjukan in Telemark. The railways main purpose was to transport chemicals from Norsk Hydros plant at Rjukan to the port at Skien, at Mæl the wagons were shipped 30 kilometres on the Tinnsjø railway ferry to Tinnoset where they connected to the Tinnoset Line. The Rjukan Line and the ferries were operated by Norsk Transport, construction of the line started in 1907, and it opened two years later. It became the second Norwegian railway to be electrified in 1911 and it experienced heavy growth, and had fifteen electric locomotives in use. During World War II it was the scene of the Norwegian heavy water sabotage, after the 1960s production declined, and the railway was closed in 1991. It was kept as a heritage railway, the Telemark power-based industry started in 1902 when Sam Eyde, along with Norwegian and Swedish investors, bought Rjukan Falls—establishing A/S Rjukanfos on 30 April 1903. The test plant in Notodden started operation on 2 May 1905 as the first in the world to produce synthetic potassium nitrate, heavy local protests were transmitted to parliament in 1906, but by the next year an agreement was made for the construction of a general purpose line. Norsk Transport received a concession to build—with necessary expropriations and operate a railway for thirty years on 17 July 1907, the companies had a stock equity of NOK34 million. By the time the concession was given construction of the railway had already started, at the most 2,000 workers were involved in the construction of the plant, the Rjukan Line, and the Tinnoset Line. This was in addition to the Svelgfoss Power Station and a new potassium nitrate factory in Notodden, during the construction one worker lost his life in a landslide, while two survived the accident. Housing was provided in simple barracks, and few came with family. Prostitution and the sale of liquor during the prohibition flourished. The Rjukan Line was built with a gradient of 1. 5%. 7%. Construction in Vestfjorddalen was led by Sigurd Kloumann, during May 1908 the workers were not being paid regularly enough, and took to a strike on 6 June,2,120 men were at the most in strike. As a consequence Norsk Hydro became a member of Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise, laying of the tracks started during the fall of 1908, and on 18 February 1909 the first train from Notodden to Vestfjorddalen ran. The official opening of the line from Notodden to Rjukan occurred on 9 August, the Rjukan Line became the second electrified railway in Norway, after the Thamshavn Line, and the first that would be connected to the main railway network. The first electric locomotive was taken into operation on 30 November 1911, because only some of the locomotives were delivered, steam locomotive had to help with the service. Because of insufficient safety routines there were several fatalities among employees, in 1907 the first ferry, an unmotorized barge named Tinnsjø was completed, the steam ship Skarsfos was used to haul it between the two railways
11.
Tinnoset Line
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The Tinnoset Line was a 30-kilometer long Norwegian railway line that went from Tinnoset to Notodden in Telemark. The railway was part of the chain used to transport fertilizer from Norsk Hydros factory in Rjukan to the port in Skien. The railway opened in 1909 and was closed when the plant closed in 1991, the railway is sometimes mistakenly believed to be part of the Rjukan Line. The railways starts in the north at the mouth of Lake Tinn where the railway arrived from Mæl. The railway continued south from Notodden along the Bratsberg Line, Norsk Hydro was founded in 1905 by Sam Eyde as a Norwegian fertilizer manufacturer, and the first factory was opened in Notodden. Fertilizer factories need a lot of energy, and then it was necessary to locate the plants near hydroelectric power plants, in 1911 Rjukan Salpeterfabrikk was opened. The railway service used the Telemark Canal until 1919 when the Bratsberg Line opened from Notodden to Skien, the railway was used both to transport raw materials to the factory and to transport the finished fertilizer to the harbor at Skien. There was also passenger trains that ran, in 1912 the state bought the Tinnos Line from Norsk Hydro, and started construction of a new railway from Notodden to Skien, to replace the canal barges, with the railway being completed in 1916. The Norwegian State Railways took over the operations in 1920 when the new railway from Notodden to Kongsberg was completed. The railway ferry service was provided by four different ships, SF Rjukanfoss, SF Hydro, SF Ammonia, the three first were steam ships, and the latter two are still anchored at Mæl. The service was the only ever railway ferry service on a lake in Norway, in 1929 Norsk Hydro also establish itself at Herøya in Porsgrunn, and in 1991 the factory in Rjukan, and therefore also the railway line, was closed. The passenger trains, operated by NSB, had been discontinued already in 1985, in 1997 the ownership of the track was transferred to Stiftelsen Rjukanbanen, a foundation that started heritage operation of the line in 1999. Web site on the Rjukan and Tinnos Lines Private web site with focus on ferries on Lake Tinn
12.
Rjukan
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Rjukan is a town and the administrative centre of Tinn municipality in Telemark, Norway. It is situated in Vestfjorddalen, between Møsvatn and Lake Tinn, and got its name after Rjukan Falls west of the town, the Tinn municipality council granted township status for Rjukan in 1996. Rjukan was formerly a significant industrial centre in Telemark, and the town was established between 1905 and 1916, when Norsk Hydro started saltpetre production there, Rjukan was chosen because Rjukan Falls, a 104-metre waterfall, provided easy means of generating large quantities of electricity. The man with the idea to use the Rjukan falls was Sam Eyde, in 1934 Norsk Hydro built what was at the time the worlds largest power plant at Vemork in Rjukan, and with it a hydrogen plant. A by-product of hydrogen production via water electrolysis was heavy water and it was the later Nobel prize winner Odd Hassel who told Norsk Hydro that they were in fact producing heavy water. The Norsk Hydro was run by the Germans during World War II, and later sabotaged multiple times by the Norwegian resistance movement, after 1960, most of the saltpetre production in Rjukan was transferred to Norsk Hydro factories at Herøya in Porsgrunn. Some industry is present in Rjukan, among them Scan Alloys. Rjukan has a history of tourism. Tourists have come to the valley for over a century. Rjukan Falls is a landmark in Norway, and has been portrayed by several famous artists. The area has good terrain for skiing, and the town is a starting point for hiking on the Hardangervidda plateau. In the 1860s, Krokan by the Rjukan waterfall was Norwegian Mountain Touring Associations first hut, after the waterfall was harnessed for hydro power production the hut was sold. Today it is re-opened, situated by the road from Rjukan to Vinje. In later years Rjukan has become famous for its ice climbing possibilities, the season is long, from November to April and the waterfalls are many and varied. Between September and March, Rjukan lies in the shadow of the mountains, in 2013, at a cost of 5 million Norwegian kroner, large mirrors were placed on the mountainside to reflect the sun to illuminate the town square
13.
Telemark
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Telemark is a county in Norway, bordering Vestfold, Buskerud, Hordaland, Rogaland and Aust-Agder. The county administration is in Skien, until 1919 the county was known as Bratsberg amt. The county is located in southeastern Norway, extending from Hardangervidda to the Skagerrak coast, the coastline extends from Langesundsfjorden to Gjernestangen at the border with Aust-Agder. Telemark has a broken and heterogeneous landscape, including many hills. The international road E18 goes through the parts of Telemark, namely Grenland. E134, another important motorway and the fastest route between Oslo and Bergen, goes through the municipalities of Vinje, Tokke, Kviteseid, Seljord, Hjartdal, rV36, stretching from Porsgrunn to Seljord, links the E18 and E134 motorways. Telemark is well served by railways, the Sørlandet Line runs through the traditional districts of Vestmar and Midt-Telemark, serving the municipalities of Drangedal, Nome, Bø and Sauherad. Grenland is primarily served by the Vestfold Line, but also has connections through the Bratsberg Line which runs between Skien and Notodden, geiteryggen Airport in Skien offers flights to Bergen and Stavanger. From Langesund, Fjordline operates ferry services to Sweden and Denmark, the main bus lines in the county are operated by Telemark Bilruter, serving western and middle parts of the county, and Nettbuss which serves the middle, eastern and southern parts of the county. Drangedal Bilruter serves the Vestmar region, the largest population centres are Skien, Porsgrunn, Notodden, Rjukan and Kragerø. Other important places are Bø, Seljord, Fyresdal and Vinje, the Norse form of the name was Þelamǫrk. The first element is the genitive case of þelir, the name of an old Germanic tribe. The last element is mǫrk woodland, borderland, march, the term originally was applied to Upper Telemark. Until 1919, the county was called Bratsberg amt, the amt was named after the farm Bratsberg, since this was the seat of the amtmann. The first element is the case of brattr m steep mountain. Telemark lent its name to Telemark skiing, a style invented by Sondre Norheim, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. It shows an old type of axe, significant for the county. The film The Heroes of Telemark is loosely based on the Norwegian heavy water sabotage, born in Vestfjørddalen Theodor Kittelsen, artist born in Kragerø Vidkun Quisling, politician, collaborationist leader during World War II
14.
Norsk Hydro
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Norsk Hydro ASA is a Norwegian aluminium and renewable energy company, headquartered in Oslo. Hydro is one of the largest aluminium companies worldwide and it has operations in some 50 countries around the world and is active on all continents. The Norwegian state owns 43. 8% of the company through the Ministry of Trade, a further 6. 5% is owned by Folketrygdfond, which administers the Government Pension Fund of Norway. Norsk Hydro employs approximately 12,500 people, Svein Richard Brandtzæg has been the CEO since 2009. The company had a significant presence in the oil and gas industry until October 2007, the technology had been developed by the Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland. The method is known as the Birkeland–Eyde process. The process required large amounts of energy, and for this. Later also Rjukan Falls was developed and its power harnessed, in the establishing the city of Rjukan. Hydros first factory was built at Notodden followed up another at Rjukan. Then in 1912 production is established at Glomfjord in Nordland, in 1930 Norsk Hydro opened a plant at Herøya outside Porsgrunn. To begin with it was to function as a port for the fertilizer as well as a point to import limestone. From 1936 Hydro also started producing fertilizer at Herøya, there was also opened a railway, Rjukanbanen, connecting Rjukan with Hærøy. The railway opened in 1909 and consisted of a ferry across Lake Tinn, railway again with the Tinnoset Line. The canal was superseded by the Bratsberg Line in 1916, by 1945, IG Farben had become a majority shareholder in Norsk Hydro. The plant at Herøya was a result of no longer being dependent on immediate proximity to the power sources. This provided the advantage of being able to have the plants, the first steps towards light metal production came in 1940 when Hydro started construction of a magnesium carbonate plant at Herøya, but the German invasion of Norway stopped the plans. In 1941 the Oslo Consortium invested money equivalent to year 2014 Norwegian kroner 172 million, collaboration with the Nazi-German regime, did not result in any company employees being convicted after the war. During the Second World War Norsk Hydro collaborated with IG Farben, the construction was however ended on July 24,1943 when an allied bombardment completely destroyed the facilities, killing 55 construction workers
15.
Fertilizer
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A fertilizer or fertiliser is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. Fertilizers enhance the growth of plants and this goal is met in two ways, the traditional one being additives that provide nutrients. The second mode by which some fertilizers act is to enhance the effectiveness of the soil by modifying its water retention and aeration and this article, like many on fertilizers, emphasises the nutritional aspect. The nutrients required for plant life are classified according to the elements. Instead compounds containing these elements are the basis of fertilizers, the macronutrients are consumed in larger quantities and are present in plant tissue in quantities from 0. 15% to 6. 0% on a dry matter basis. Plants are made up of four elements, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are widely available as water and carbon dioxide, although nitrogen makes up most of the atmosphere, it is in a form that is unavailable to plants. Nitrogen is the most important fertilizer since nitrogen is present in proteins, DNA, to be nutritious to plants, nitrogen must be made available in a fixed form. Only some bacteria and their host plants can fix atmospheric nitrogen by converting it to ammonia, phosphate is required for the production of DNA and ATP, the main energy carrier in cells, as well as certain lipids. Micronutrients are consumed in quantities and are present in plant tissue on the order of parts-per-million, ranging from 0.15 to 400 ppm DM. These elements are present at the active sites of enzymes that carry out the plants metabolism. Because these elements enable catalysts their impact far exceeds their weight percentage, Fertilizers are classified in several ways. They are classified according to whether they provide a single nutrient, multinutrient fertilizers provide two or more nutrients, for example N and P. Fertilizers are also sometimes classified as inorganic versus organic. Inorganic fertilizers exclude carbon-containing materials except ureas, organic fertilizers are usually plant- or animal-derived matter. Inorganic are sometimes called synthetic fertilizers since various chemical treatments are required for their manufacture, the main nitrogen-based straight fertilizer is ammonia or its solutions. Ammonium nitrate is widely used. Urea is another source of nitrogen, having the advantage that it is solid and non-explosive, unlike ammonia and ammonium nitrate. A few percent of the fertilizer market has been met by calcium ammonium nitrate
16.
Skien
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Skien is a city and municipality in Telemark county, Norway. It is part of the region of Grenland. The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Skien, Skien is also the administrative centre of Telemark county. Skien is one of Norways oldest cities, with a history dating back to the Middle Ages. From the 15th century, the city was governed by a 12-member council, the modern municipality of Skien was established on 1 January 1838. The rural municipalities of Gjerpen and Solum were merged into the municipality of Skien on 1 January 1964 and this area is home to more than 100,000 people. Skien was historically Norways most important port town for shipping timber and one of Norways leading commercial cities with extensive contact with neighbouring countries, the city was the birthplace of playwright Henrik Ibsen, and many of his famous dramas are set in places reminiscent of 19th-century Skien. In general the population of Skien is younger than the national average,60. 4% Of Skiens population is ethnic Norwegian, an increase of 6% since 2002. 19. 6% of Skien´s population are either first or second generation immigrants, the number is expected to rise to around 37% by 2030. African Norwegians make up the single largest ethnic minority, in 2013, 40% of Skiens primary school pupils were registered as having another first language than Norwegian. The Old Norse form of the name was Skiða, and the town is named after a brook with this name. The coat-of-arms are derived from the oldest known seal of the city, the seal shows two skis and in the middle a cross, with a small star on the crosspoint. The skis are an element and the cross is a religious symbol. There have been several theories about the meaning of the cross and it has been suggested that it is a symbol for the main church in Skien, the Holy Cross church. The small star may be a symbol of St. Mary as the medieval church of Skien was devoted to her. Besides the skis and cross, there are two meadow buttercups on each side, in 1854, the arms were shown as two skis, but the cross was now made from ski poles, as another canting element. This remained so until the half of the 20th century. In the 1980s, the city adopted the current arms
17.
1991 in Norway
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Events in the year 1991 in Norway. Monarch – Olav V – until his death on January 17, then Harald V Prime Minister – Gro Harlem Brundtland 17 January – Olav V, municipal and county elections are held throughout the country. 5 April – Nora Mørk, handball player,25 July – Amanda Kurtović, handball player. 17 January – Olav V of Norway, King of Norway 17 January – Alf Sanengen, resistance member, chemist, research administrator 25 January – Per Gjelten, Nordic skier. 5 February – Torgeir Andersen, politician 5 February – Tora Øyna, politician 7 February – Arne Randers Heen,17 May – Lars LAbée-Lund, police
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Knut Hamsun
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Knut Hamsun was a major Norwegian writer, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1920. Hamsuns work spans more than 70 years and shows variation with regard to the subject, perspective and he published more than 20 novels, a collection of poetry, some short stories and plays, a travelogue, and some essays. The young Hamsun objected to realism and naturalism and he argued that the main object of modernist literature should be the intricacies of the human mind, that writers should describe the whisper of blood, and the pleading of bone marrow. Hamsun is considered the leader of the Neo-Romantic revolt at the turn of the 20th century, with such as Hunger, Mysteries, Pan. His later works—in particular his Nordland novels—were influenced by the Norwegian new realism, portraying life in rural Norway and often employing local dialect, irony. Hamsun is considered to be one of the most influential and innovative literary stylists of the past hundred years, isaac Bashevis Singer called Hamsun the father of the modern school of literature in his every aspect—his subjectiveness, his fragmentariness, his use of flashbacks, his lyricism. The whole modern school of fiction in the twentieth century stems from Hamsun, on August 4,2009, the Knut Hamsun Centre was opened in Hamarøy. Since 1916, several of Hamsuns works have been adapted into motion pictures, Knut Hamsun was born as Knud Pedersen in Lom in the Gudbrandsdal valley of Norway. He was the son of Tora Olsdatter and Peder Pedersen. When he was three, the moved to Hamsund, Hamarøy in Nordland. They were poor and an uncle had invited them to farm his land for him, at nine Knut was separated from his family and lived with his uncle Hans Olsen, who needed help with the post office he ran. Olsen used to beat and starve his nephew, and Hamsun later stated that his chronic nervous difficulties were due to the way his uncle treated him. In 1874 he finally escaped back to Lom, for the five years he did any job for money, he was a store clerk, peddler, shoemakers apprentice, sheriffs assistant. At 17 he became an apprentice, at about the same time he started to write. He asked businessman Erasmus Zahl to give him significant monetary support, Hamsun later used Zahl as a model for the character Mack appearing in his novels Pan, Dreamers, and Benoni and Rosa. He spent several years in America, traveling and working at various jobs, working all those odd jobs paid off, and he published his first book about it, Den Gaadefulde, En Kjærlighedshistorie fra Nordland. In his second novel Bjørger, he attempted to imitate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnsons writing style of the Icelandic saga narrative, the melodramatic story follows a poet Bjørger and his love for Laura. This book was published under the pseudonym Knud Pedersen Hamsund and this book later served as the basis for Victoria, En Kærligheds Historie
19.
Olav Duun
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Olav Duun was a noteworthy author of Norwegian fiction. He is generally recognized to be one of the outstanding writers in Norwegian literature. He once lacked only one vote to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, Duun was born in the traditional district Ytre Namdal, on Jøa an island in the Namsen Fjord in Fosnes municipality, Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. His parents were Johannes Antonius Duun and Ellen Duun, Olav Duun was born Ole Johannesen Raaby. Duun was the oldest in a family of eight siblings, during his years as a boy his family lived at several farms on the island, the last one being Duun. He adopted the last name Duun when he left the island to start his training as a teacher and he attended the state school at Trøndelag. In 1901, Duun took a position as a teacher at Levanger in Nord-Trøndelag county. He completed the graduate teacher examination in 1904, in 1908, he was hired by the Ramberg school at Botne in Vestfold, where he combined teaching profession with writing poetry. He worked as a teacher in Holmestrand until 1927, at the age of fifty, he retired in order to devote his time to writing. Duun was known as one of the writers of 20th-century Norwegian fiction. He stands as a synthesis of the Norwegian folk spirit. Duun wrote in Landsmål, an amalgam of peasant dialects that developed into Nynorsk, in the period 1907-38 he published 25 novels, four short story collections and two childrens books. Many of his books incorporate the dialects of his subjects, peasants, fishermen and his novels analyze the psychological and spiritual characteristics of rural, peasant life. The most notable works are his six volume, The People of Juvik and this work was translated into English and published as, The Trough of the Waves, The Blind Man, The Big Wedding, Odin in Fairyland, Odin Grows Up and Storm. Olav and Emma Duuns House is the residence of Olav Duun and his wife Emma. There is a library containing manuscripts, letters, and other related to the writing career of Olav Duun. The first floor is at the disposal of recipients of the Duun Scholarship, in the garden, a memorial park has been constructed containing commemorative rocks with lyrical quotes from Olav Duun’s poems. The address is 20 Olav Duun Street
20.
1944 in Norway
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Events in the year 1944 in Norway. 20 April - The German ammunition transport Voorbode accidentally explodes in the harbour of the Western Norway city of Bergen, killing around 160 people,3 October - Soviet troops cross the border to Norway. 4 October - British aircraft bomb the U-boat bunker Bruno and the area in Bergen harbour. As a result,194 civilians, including 60 children, are killed,25 October - the Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive the Red Army liberates Kirkenes, the first town in Norway to be liberated. 28 October - Hitler orders the German forces to withdraw from northern Norway, the Germans were determined to leave nothing of value to the Soviets, as Hitler had ordered to leave the area devoid of people, shelter and supplies. 29 October - The Laksevåg borough of Bergen was bombed again,10 November - The first Norwegian troops arrive in Finnmark. 12 November -29 Royal Air Force Avro Lancaster bombers sink the German battleship Tirpitz anchored in a fjord at Tromsø,27 November - The German prisoner ship Rigel is sunk off Sandnessjøen by Fleet Air Arm bombers in the deadliest ship disaster in Norwegian history. 31 December - Allied bombers tried to bomb the Victoria Terrasse building in Oslo, which was used as the Gestapo headquarters, løken, politician and Minister Bjørn Myrseth, biologist and businessperson Nic
21.
1982 in Norway
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Events in the year 1982 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Kåre Willoch 11 March – Widerøe Flight 933 crashed into the Barents Sea near Mehamn, killing all 15 on board,2 July - A bomb explodes in a locker at the Oslo Central Station. A young woman is killed and eleven others are injured,9 July - An unexploded bomb is found and defused in the cargo storage at the Oslo central station. 9 October - An 18-year-old confesses that it was he who was behind the bombing of the Central Station in Oslo,11 October - Eight paintings worth an estimated 25 million NOK are stolen from the National Gallery in Oslo. 18 October - the trail of Arnfinn Nesset, who accused of killing 25 patients at the Geriatric institution in Orkdal where he was the director. The Norwegian Ministry of Culture and Church Affairs is established Gunvor Hofmo, writer, sissel Lange-Nielsen, writer, literary critic, and journalist, is awarded the Riksmål Society Literature Prize. Åge Rønning, writer and journalist, is awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature for his novel Kolbes reise
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1983 in Norway
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Events in the year 1983 in Norway. Nesset was sentenced to 21 years in prison, the maximum punishment possible by Norwegian law,8 June – Willochs Second Cabinet was appointed. 18 August – Much of the Archbishops Palace in Trondheim burned down, municipal and county elections are held throughout the country. Odd Abrahamsen, poet, is awarded the Riksmål Society Literature Prize, karin Bang, poet and novelist, is awarded the Gyldendals Endowment literature prize. 1 July – Marit Larsen, singer and songwriter 3 January - Ludvig Ellefsrød, politician 16 January Gunnar S
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1998 in Norway
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Events in the year 1998 in Norway. 7 October - Operations cease at Oslo Airport, Fornebu 8 October - The main airport serving Oslo is moved from the Fornebu airport to the all-new Gardermoen airport,17 December - Martin Ødegaard, footballer 8 January – Audun Hetland, illustrator. Sandsdalen, farmer, journalist, poet, novelist, playwright,18 July – Lars Mathias Hille Esmark, civil servant and business person in the tourist industry. 19 July - Rune Nilsen, triple jumper 26 July – Olav Bø,10 December - Trygve Haugeland, politician and Minister 31 December - Erling Norvik, politician Øystein Elgarøy, astronomer Yngvar Løchen, sociologist
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2005 in Norway
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Events in the year 2005 in Norway. Monarch, Harald V Prime Minister, Kjell Magne Bondevik to 17 October Jens Stoltenberg 1 January – The University of Stavanger is established,11 March – Ole Christian Kvarme is appointed bishop of Oslo. 8 June – At least 10 are dead after an outbreak of Legionnaires disease, the source is localized to a Borregaard teatment plant in Sarpsborg. 13 June – The new Svinesund Bridge is opened joining Norway, the old Svinesund Bridge still stands 1 kilometre to the east. 14 July – The Nærøyfjord, the Geiranger Fjord and the Struve Geodetic Arc are designated by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites,12 September – The 2005 Parliamentary election takes place. The election was won by the opposition centre-left Red-Green Coalition, which took 87 seats,19 September – The trial of the accused in the NOKAS robbery starts in Stavanger. 17 October – Stoltenbergs Second Cabinet was appointed, Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 Rock band Accidents Never Happen forms 7 June – Centennial of the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden. Metliaas, civil servant and politician Ove Skaug, engineer and civil servant
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Lars Bergendahl
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Lars Bergendahl was a Norwegian cross-country skier who competed during the 1930s. He won several medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, in 1937, Bergendahl earned golds in the 18 km cross country event and 4 x 10 km relay. In 1938, he earned a silver in the 4 x 10 km relay, in 1939, Bergendahl won the 50 km cross-country skiing event. Bergendahl won the mens 50 km at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1940, because of his successes, Bergendahl was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1939. His uncle, Lauritz, won the medal in 1910, Bergendahl fought in the Norwegian Campaign following the German invasion of Norway in 1940. Together with other sportsmen Bergendahl served in the improvised ski unit Sørkedalen Company in April 1940
26.
1997 in Norway
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Events in the year 1997 in Norway. 4 June – Great Nordic Biker War, a car exploded outside a Bandidos motorcycle gang clubhouse in Drammen, killing Irene Astrid Bäkkenvold. 15 September – The 1997 Parliamentary election takes place, while Labour won a plurality of seats, they were unable to reach Jaglands 36, 9% threshold, gaining 35% of the vote. 17 October – Bondeviks First Cabinet was appointed,22 December - Værøy is struck by a 3.3 magnitude earthquake. 27 January – Berte Rognerud, politician 10 February – Harriet Andreassen, labour activist, politician and Minister 17 February – Lorentz Nitter,9 March – Ingvard Sverdrup, politician 15 March – Kåre Holt, author 17 March Harald Gustav Nilsen, illustrator. Vikan, politician 20 July – Alf Engen, skier and skiing school owner/teacher in America 2 August – Harald Kihle, painter,4 August – Randi Monsen, illustrator
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1988 in Norway
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Events in the year 1988 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Gro Harlem Brundtland May 6 – Widerøe Flight 710, february 23 - Edvard Munchs painting Vampire was stolen from the Munch Museum in Oslo. July – Seal hunting inspector Odd F. Lindberg submits a highly critical report on the conditions of the hunt, with the national and international attention that follows this becomes arguably the biggest news story in Norway this year. August 15 –15 people are killed in the Måbødalen bus accident, august 21 - The Stolen Munch painting Vampire is retrieved. December 5 - TVNorge, the first advertising-supported Norwegian channel, begins its broadcasting, june 26 - Leonard Cohen concert at Kalvøya, Bærum. 12 April - Tone Damli Aaberge, singer,17 April - Pernille Wibe, team handball player
28.
1969 in Norway
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Events in the year 1969 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Per Borten 6 April - Railway accident occurs in Darbu,8 September - The 1969 Parliamentary election takes place. 24 December - The oil company Phillips Petroleum made the first oil discovery in the Norwegian sector of North Sea, Olav Nordrå, writer, is awarded the Riksmål Society Literature Prize. 12 November – Ragnhild Larsen, diver 25 November – Peder P
29.
1973 in Norway
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Events in the year 1973 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Lars Korvald until 16 October, Trygve Bratteli 21 July – Lillehammer affair, Israeli Mossad agents assassinate a Moroccan waiter in Lillehammer. He had been mistaken for Ali Hassan Salameh, one of the leaders of Black September, the Palestinian group responsible for the 1972s Munich Olympics Massacre, six Mossad agents were arrested by the Norwegian authorities and the incident became known as the Lillehammer affair. 10 September – The 1973 Parliamentary election takes place,16 October – Brattelis Second Cabinet was appointed. 22 November -1973 oil crisis, The government approves the weekend closure of all petrol stations,5 December -1973 oil crisis, Driving ban for vehicles on weekends. The popular chart show Norsktoppen debuts on NRK Radio, kirsti Sparboe and Erik Bye win the 1972 Spellemannprisen in the female and male vocalist categories respectively. Popol Vuh, Philharmonic Company Orchestra, Birgitte Grimstad, Einar Schanke, Egil Monn-Iversen, Bør Børson Jr. knutsen & Ludvigsen win in the category Music for children and Jens Book-Jenssen win the Special Award
