1.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
2.
1910 in Norway
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In 1910 Haakon VII serves his sixth year as King of Norway. On 1 February Wollert Konow takes over as Prime Minister after Gunnar Knudsen, the Parliament passes a resolution about universal suffrage for women in municipal elections on 30 April. In Finnmark the Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line opens this year, and the Bøkfjord Lighthouse outside Kirkenes is completed, the Norwegian Institute of Technology is opened in Trondheim, as well as the accociated Student Society in Trondheim. The factory Norsk Gjærde- og Metaldukfabrik is founded, also the Solør Line between Flisa and Elverum opens this year. Several of the most difficult summits in Norway are first ascended in 1910, the climbing of Stetind in Nordland by Bryn, Rubenson and Schjelderup is followed by the same groups first ascent of Svolværgeita and Trakta in the Lofoten archipelago. There are now 278 newspapers in Norway, among the new newspapers is Tidens Tegn, founded by Ola Thommessen, and the cultural magazine Kunst og Kultur is founded by Harry Fett and Haakon Shetelig. In February anarchist writer Hans Jæger dies, and Nobel Laureate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson dies in April, politicians Stousland, Sunde, Ullmann and Segelcke die this year. In January later Prime Minister Trygve Bratteli is born, and later government minister Jens Haugland is born in April, the popular comedian Leif Juster is born in February this year. Footballers and 1936 Olympic medalists Magnar Isaksen and Magdalon Monsen are born this year, as is illustrator Borghild Rud, professor of anatomy Alf Brodal, monarch – Haakon VII Prime Minister – Gunnar Knudsen, Wollert Konow 15 February – Norsk Gjærde- og Metaldukfabrik established. 30 April – The Parliament passes a resolution about universal suffrage for women in municipal elections,29 May – Nationalforeningen mot tuberkulose founded. 13 July – The railway line Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn opened,30 July – First ascent of Stetind, by Bryn, Rubenson and Schjelderup. 1 August – First ascent of Svolværgeita, by Bryn, Rubenson,3 August – First ascent of Trakta, by Bryn, Rubenson and Schjelderup. 15 September – Norwegian Institute of Technology is opened in Trondheim,4 December – The railway line from Flisa to Elverum opened. Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country, Bøkfjord Lighthouse is established at the mouth of Bøkfjorden, outside Kirkenes. 5 April – First issue of the newspaper Fjordenes Tidende,5 May – First issue of the newspaper Tidens Tegn. The periodical Kunst og Kultur established,26 March – The sports club Grane SK is founded 29 May – The sports club Stenkjær FK founded 2 July – Norges Rigsforbund for Idræt is founded. Eidsvold TF founded Hornindal IL founded Mjøndalen IF founded Stjørdal IL founded IL Varden founded Vestfossen IF founded 10 January – Kitty Petrine Fredriksen,11 January – Trygve Bratteli, twice Prime Minister of Norway. 14 January – Chris Bruusgaard, midwife 18 January – Jens Henrik Nordlie,18 January – Oddmund Hoel, politician
3.
Monarchy of Norway
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The Norwegian monarch is the monarchical head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The present monarch is King Harald V, who has reigned since 17 January 1991, succeeding his father, the heir apparent is his only son, Crown Prince Haakon. The crown prince undertakes various public functions, as does the kings wife. The crown prince also acts as regent in the kings absence, there are several other members of the Royal Family, including the kings daughter, grandchildren and siblings. Whilst the Constitution of Norway grants important executive powers to the King, formally the King appoints the government according to his own judgement, but parliamentary practice has been in place since 1884. Constitutional practice has replaced the meaning of the word King in most articles of the constitution from the king personally to the elected government. The powers vested in the monarch are significant, but are treated only as reserve powers, the King does not, by convention, have direct participation in government. He ratifies laws and royal resolutions, receives and sends envoys from and to foreign countries and he has a more tangible influence as the symbol of national unity. The annual New Years Eve speech is one occasion when the King traditionally raises negative issues, the King is also Supreme Commander of the Norwegian Armed Forces and Grand Master of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit. The King has no role in the Church of Norway. The position of King of Norway has been in existence since the unification of Norway in 872. In recent years members of the Socialist Left party have proposed the abolition of the monarchy during each new session of parliament and this gives the Norwegian monarchy the unique status of being a popularly elected royal family and receiving regular formal confirmations of support from the Storting. Prior to and in the phase of the Viking Age Norway was divided into several smaller kingdoms. Harald Fairhair was the first king of Norway, the boundaries of Fairhairs kingdom were not identical to those of present-day Norway, and upon his death the kingship was shared among his sons. Some historians emphasise the actual control over the country and assert that Olaf II, alias Saint Olaf. Olaf is generally held to have been the force behind Norways final conversion to Christianity. In the 12th and 13th centuries the Norwegian kingdom was at its geographical and cultural peak, the kingdom included Norway, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Shetland, Orkney and other smaller areas in the British Isles. The king had diplomatic relations with most of the European kingdoms and formed alliances with Scotland and Castile, large castles such as Haakons Hall and cathedrals, the foremost being Nidaros Cathedral, were built
4.
Bergen Line
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The Bergen Line, also called the Bergen Railway, is a 371-kilometre long standard gauge railway line between Bergen and Hønefoss, Norway. The name is applied for the entire route from Bergen via Drammen to Oslo, where the passenger trains go. It is the highest mainline railway line in Northern Europe, crossing the Hardangervidda plateau at 1,237 metres above sea level, the railway opened from Bergen to Voss in 1883 as the narrow gauge Voss Line. In 1909 the route was continued over the mountain to Oslo and the route converted to standard gauge. The line is single track, and was electrified in 1954-64, the Bergen Line is owned and maintained by Bane NOR, and served with passenger trains by Norwegian State Railways and freight trains by CargoNet. The Flåm Line remains as the branch line, after the closure of the Hardanger Line. The western section from Bergen to Voss is also served by the Bergen Commuter Rail, the first documented idea of building a railway between Norways two largest cities was launched by Hans Gløersen on 24 August 1871 in Bergensposten. The forest supervisor in Voss suggested building the railway via Voss, back in 1866 the same person had launched the idea of the Jæren Line. Within days of the launch of the Bergen Line the city council had assimilated support for the suggestion, in 1872 the railway director Carl Abraham Pihl and two engineers went on a survey tour to look at the suggested line. On 20 October 1871 two engineers traversed the two routes from Bergen to Voss, the one via Fana, Os and Hardangerfjord. Though covering a less populated area, the latter would be cheaper to build, a railway committee was created on 25 January 1872 with a limited mandate, which was increased again 20 December. At the same time he launched the idea of a line up Valdres to Lærdal. By 1873 agreement had been reached as to the right-of-way to Voss, on 13 January 1874 Bergen city council started issuing stock for the Voss Line, to begin with 400,000 Norwegian speciedaler was issued. In the 1873 parliamentary election the railway supporter Peter Jebsen was elected, Parliament chose to not issue new railway projects in the 1874 session, and instead make a complete plan for all railway construction in the country—to be proposed by a committee. When the report was launched on 20 March 1875, the Voss Line was not included since it could not show a higher profitability than 1%. During the 1875 session there was not a majority for the Voss Line and this was based on a claim from Johan Jørgen Schwartz, the chairman of the committee, that the investment costs were underestimated. This was countered by Nils Henrik Bruun, a constructor from Bergen, when Jebsen in addition was willing to act as personal guarantee for Bruun in case of his death, the majority in the parliament shifted. On 9 June 1875 parliament voted with 61 against 42 to build Vossebanen, Vossebanen was built with narrow gauge,1,067 mm
5.
Rjukan Line
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The Rjukan Line, at first called the Vestfjorddal Line, was a 16-kilometre Norwegian railway line running through Vestfjorddalen between Mæl and Rjukan in Telemark. The railways main purpose was to transport chemicals from Norsk Hydros plant at Rjukan to the port at Skien, at Mæl the wagons were shipped 30 kilometres on the Tinnsjø railway ferry to Tinnoset where they connected to the Tinnoset Line. The Rjukan Line and the ferries were operated by Norsk Transport, construction of the line started in 1907, and it opened two years later. It became the second Norwegian railway to be electrified in 1911 and it experienced heavy growth, and had fifteen electric locomotives in use. During World War II it was the scene of the Norwegian heavy water sabotage, after the 1960s production declined, and the railway was closed in 1991. It was kept as a heritage railway, the Telemark power-based industry started in 1902 when Sam Eyde, along with Norwegian and Swedish investors, bought Rjukan Falls—establishing A/S Rjukanfos on 30 April 1903. The test plant in Notodden started operation on 2 May 1905 as the first in the world to produce synthetic potassium nitrate, heavy local protests were transmitted to parliament in 1906, but by the next year an agreement was made for the construction of a general purpose line. Norsk Transport received a concession to build—with necessary expropriations and operate a railway for thirty years on 17 July 1907, the companies had a stock equity of NOK34 million. By the time the concession was given construction of the railway had already started, at the most 2,000 workers were involved in the construction of the plant, the Rjukan Line, and the Tinnoset Line. This was in addition to the Svelgfoss Power Station and a new potassium nitrate factory in Notodden, during the construction one worker lost his life in a landslide, while two survived the accident. Housing was provided in simple barracks, and few came with family. Prostitution and the sale of liquor during the prohibition flourished. The Rjukan Line was built with a gradient of 1. 5%. 7%. Construction in Vestfjorddalen was led by Sigurd Kloumann, during May 1908 the workers were not being paid regularly enough, and took to a strike on 6 June,2,120 men were at the most in strike. As a consequence Norsk Hydro became a member of Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise, laying of the tracks started during the fall of 1908, and on 18 February 1909 the first train from Notodden to Vestfjorddalen ran. The official opening of the line from Notodden to Rjukan occurred on 9 August, the Rjukan Line became the second electrified railway in Norway, after the Thamshavn Line, and the first that would be connected to the main railway network. The first electric locomotive was taken into operation on 30 November 1911, because only some of the locomotives were delivered, steam locomotive had to help with the service. Because of insufficient safety routines there were several fatalities among employees, in 1907 the first ferry, an unmotorized barge named Tinnsjø was completed, the steam ship Skarsfos was used to haul it between the two railways
6.
Telemark
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Telemark is a county in Norway, bordering Vestfold, Buskerud, Hordaland, Rogaland and Aust-Agder. The county administration is in Skien, until 1919 the county was known as Bratsberg amt. The county is located in southeastern Norway, extending from Hardangervidda to the Skagerrak coast, the coastline extends from Langesundsfjorden to Gjernestangen at the border with Aust-Agder. Telemark has a broken and heterogeneous landscape, including many hills. The international road E18 goes through the parts of Telemark, namely Grenland. E134, another important motorway and the fastest route between Oslo and Bergen, goes through the municipalities of Vinje, Tokke, Kviteseid, Seljord, Hjartdal, rV36, stretching from Porsgrunn to Seljord, links the E18 and E134 motorways. Telemark is well served by railways, the Sørlandet Line runs through the traditional districts of Vestmar and Midt-Telemark, serving the municipalities of Drangedal, Nome, Bø and Sauherad. Grenland is primarily served by the Vestfold Line, but also has connections through the Bratsberg Line which runs between Skien and Notodden, geiteryggen Airport in Skien offers flights to Bergen and Stavanger. From Langesund, Fjordline operates ferry services to Sweden and Denmark, the main bus lines in the county are operated by Telemark Bilruter, serving western and middle parts of the county, and Nettbuss which serves the middle, eastern and southern parts of the county. Drangedal Bilruter serves the Vestmar region, the largest population centres are Skien, Porsgrunn, Notodden, Rjukan and Kragerø. Other important places are Bø, Seljord, Fyresdal and Vinje, the Norse form of the name was Þelamǫrk. The first element is the genitive case of þelir, the name of an old Germanic tribe. The last element is mǫrk woodland, borderland, march, the term originally was applied to Upper Telemark. Until 1919, the county was called Bratsberg amt, the amt was named after the farm Bratsberg, since this was the seat of the amtmann. The first element is the case of brattr m steep mountain. Telemark lent its name to Telemark skiing, a style invented by Sondre Norheim, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. It shows an old type of axe, significant for the county. The film The Heroes of Telemark is loosely based on the Norwegian heavy water sabotage, born in Vestfjørddalen Theodor Kittelsen, artist born in Kragerø Vidkun Quisling, politician, collaborationist leader during World War II
7.
Fertilizer
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A fertilizer or fertiliser is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. Fertilizers enhance the growth of plants and this goal is met in two ways, the traditional one being additives that provide nutrients. The second mode by which some fertilizers act is to enhance the effectiveness of the soil by modifying its water retention and aeration and this article, like many on fertilizers, emphasises the nutritional aspect. The nutrients required for plant life are classified according to the elements. Instead compounds containing these elements are the basis of fertilizers, the macronutrients are consumed in larger quantities and are present in plant tissue in quantities from 0. 15% to 6. 0% on a dry matter basis. Plants are made up of four elements, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are widely available as water and carbon dioxide, although nitrogen makes up most of the atmosphere, it is in a form that is unavailable to plants. Nitrogen is the most important fertilizer since nitrogen is present in proteins, DNA, to be nutritious to plants, nitrogen must be made available in a fixed form. Only some bacteria and their host plants can fix atmospheric nitrogen by converting it to ammonia, phosphate is required for the production of DNA and ATP, the main energy carrier in cells, as well as certain lipids. Micronutrients are consumed in quantities and are present in plant tissue on the order of parts-per-million, ranging from 0.15 to 400 ppm DM. These elements are present at the active sites of enzymes that carry out the plants metabolism. Because these elements enable catalysts their impact far exceeds their weight percentage, Fertilizers are classified in several ways. They are classified according to whether they provide a single nutrient, multinutrient fertilizers provide two or more nutrients, for example N and P. Fertilizers are also sometimes classified as inorganic versus organic. Inorganic fertilizers exclude carbon-containing materials except ureas, organic fertilizers are usually plant- or animal-derived matter. Inorganic are sometimes called synthetic fertilizers since various chemical treatments are required for their manufacture, the main nitrogen-based straight fertilizer is ammonia or its solutions. Ammonium nitrate is widely used. Urea is another source of nitrogen, having the advantage that it is solid and non-explosive, unlike ammonia and ammonium nitrate. A few percent of the fertilizer market has been met by calcium ammonium nitrate
8.
Skien
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Skien is a city and municipality in Telemark county, Norway. It is part of the region of Grenland. The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Skien, Skien is also the administrative centre of Telemark county. Skien is one of Norways oldest cities, with a history dating back to the Middle Ages. From the 15th century, the city was governed by a 12-member council, the modern municipality of Skien was established on 1 January 1838. The rural municipalities of Gjerpen and Solum were merged into the municipality of Skien on 1 January 1964 and this area is home to more than 100,000 people. Skien was historically Norways most important port town for shipping timber and one of Norways leading commercial cities with extensive contact with neighbouring countries, the city was the birthplace of playwright Henrik Ibsen, and many of his famous dramas are set in places reminiscent of 19th-century Skien. In general the population of Skien is younger than the national average,60. 4% Of Skiens population is ethnic Norwegian, an increase of 6% since 2002. 19. 6% of Skien´s population are either first or second generation immigrants, the number is expected to rise to around 37% by 2030. African Norwegians make up the single largest ethnic minority, in 2013, 40% of Skiens primary school pupils were registered as having another first language than Norwegian. The Old Norse form of the name was Skiða, and the town is named after a brook with this name. The coat-of-arms are derived from the oldest known seal of the city, the seal shows two skis and in the middle a cross, with a small star on the crosspoint. The skis are an element and the cross is a religious symbol. There have been several theories about the meaning of the cross and it has been suggested that it is a symbol for the main church in Skien, the Holy Cross church. The small star may be a symbol of St. Mary as the medieval church of Skien was devoted to her. Besides the skis and cross, there are two meadow buttercups on each side, in 1854, the arms were shown as two skis, but the cross was now made from ski poles, as another canting element. This remained so until the half of the 20th century. In the 1980s, the city adopted the current arms
9.
1944 in Norway
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Events in the year 1944 in Norway. 20 April - The German ammunition transport Voorbode accidentally explodes in the harbour of the Western Norway city of Bergen, killing around 160 people,3 October - Soviet troops cross the border to Norway. 4 October - British aircraft bomb the U-boat bunker Bruno and the area in Bergen harbour. As a result,194 civilians, including 60 children, are killed,25 October - the Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive the Red Army liberates Kirkenes, the first town in Norway to be liberated. 28 October - Hitler orders the German forces to withdraw from northern Norway, the Germans were determined to leave nothing of value to the Soviets, as Hitler had ordered to leave the area devoid of people, shelter and supplies. 29 October - The Laksevåg borough of Bergen was bombed again,10 November - The first Norwegian troops arrive in Finnmark. 12 November -29 Royal Air Force Avro Lancaster bombers sink the German battleship Tirpitz anchored in a fjord at Tromsø,27 November - The German prisoner ship Rigel is sunk off Sandnessjøen by Fleet Air Arm bombers in the deadliest ship disaster in Norwegian history. 31 December - Allied bombers tried to bomb the Victoria Terrasse building in Oslo, which was used as the Gestapo headquarters, løken, politician and Minister Bjørn Myrseth, biologist and businessperson Nic
10.
2005 in Norway
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Events in the year 2005 in Norway. Monarch, Harald V Prime Minister, Kjell Magne Bondevik to 17 October Jens Stoltenberg 1 January – The University of Stavanger is established,11 March – Ole Christian Kvarme is appointed bishop of Oslo. 8 June – At least 10 are dead after an outbreak of Legionnaires disease, the source is localized to a Borregaard teatment plant in Sarpsborg. 13 June – The new Svinesund Bridge is opened joining Norway, the old Svinesund Bridge still stands 1 kilometre to the east. 14 July – The Nærøyfjord, the Geiranger Fjord and the Struve Geodetic Arc are designated by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites,12 September – The 2005 Parliamentary election takes place. The election was won by the opposition centre-left Red-Green Coalition, which took 87 seats,19 September – The trial of the accused in the NOKAS robbery starts in Stavanger. 17 October – Stoltenbergs Second Cabinet was appointed, Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 Rock band Accidents Never Happen forms 7 June – Centennial of the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden. Metliaas, civil servant and politician Ove Skaug, engineer and civil servant
11.
Knut Hamsun
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Knut Hamsun was a major Norwegian writer, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1920. Hamsuns work spans more than 70 years and shows variation with regard to the subject, perspective and he published more than 20 novels, a collection of poetry, some short stories and plays, a travelogue, and some essays. The young Hamsun objected to realism and naturalism and he argued that the main object of modernist literature should be the intricacies of the human mind, that writers should describe the whisper of blood, and the pleading of bone marrow. Hamsun is considered the leader of the Neo-Romantic revolt at the turn of the 20th century, with such as Hunger, Mysteries, Pan. His later works—in particular his Nordland novels—were influenced by the Norwegian new realism, portraying life in rural Norway and often employing local dialect, irony. Hamsun is considered to be one of the most influential and innovative literary stylists of the past hundred years, isaac Bashevis Singer called Hamsun the father of the modern school of literature in his every aspect—his subjectiveness, his fragmentariness, his use of flashbacks, his lyricism. The whole modern school of fiction in the twentieth century stems from Hamsun, on August 4,2009, the Knut Hamsun Centre was opened in Hamarøy. Since 1916, several of Hamsuns works have been adapted into motion pictures, Knut Hamsun was born as Knud Pedersen in Lom in the Gudbrandsdal valley of Norway. He was the son of Tora Olsdatter and Peder Pedersen. When he was three, the moved to Hamsund, Hamarøy in Nordland. They were poor and an uncle had invited them to farm his land for him, at nine Knut was separated from his family and lived with his uncle Hans Olsen, who needed help with the post office he ran. Olsen used to beat and starve his nephew, and Hamsun later stated that his chronic nervous difficulties were due to the way his uncle treated him. In 1874 he finally escaped back to Lom, for the five years he did any job for money, he was a store clerk, peddler, shoemakers apprentice, sheriffs assistant. At 17 he became an apprentice, at about the same time he started to write. He asked businessman Erasmus Zahl to give him significant monetary support, Hamsun later used Zahl as a model for the character Mack appearing in his novels Pan, Dreamers, and Benoni and Rosa. He spent several years in America, traveling and working at various jobs, working all those odd jobs paid off, and he published his first book about it, Den Gaadefulde, En Kjærlighedshistorie fra Nordland. In his second novel Bjørger, he attempted to imitate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnsons writing style of the Icelandic saga narrative, the melodramatic story follows a poet Bjørger and his love for Laura. This book was published under the pseudonym Knud Pedersen Hamsund and this book later served as the basis for Victoria, En Kærligheds Historie
