1.
Ty Cobb
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Tyrus Raymond Ty Cobb, nicknamed The Georgia Peach, was an American Major League Baseball outfielder. He was born in rural Narrows, Georgia, Cobb spent 22 seasons with the Detroit Tigers, the last six as the teams player-manager, and finished his career with the Philadelphia Athletics. In 1999, editors at the Sporting News ranked Ty Cobb 3rd on their list of Baseballs 100 Greatest Players, Cobb is widely credited with setting 90 MLB records during his career. He still holds records as of the end of the 2016 season, including the highest career batting average. He still holds the record for stealing home and for stealing second base, third base, and home in succession. Cobb ranks fifth all-time in number of games played and committed 271 errors, Cobbs legacy as an athlete has sometimes been overshadowed by his surly temperament and aggressive playing style, which was described by the Detroit Free Press as daring to the point of dementia. Cobb himself wrote shortly before his death, In legend I am a sadistic, Cobb was notorious for sliding into bases feet first, with his spikes high. Cobb was born in 1886 in Narrows, Georgia, a rural community of farmers that was not an official city or village at the time. He was the first of three born to William Herschel Cobb and Amanda Chitwood Cobb. Cobbs father was a state senator, when he was still an infant, his parents moved to nearby Royston, where he was raised. He played his first years in organized baseball for the Royston Rompers, the semi-pro Royston Reds, and he then tried out for the Anniston Steelers of the semipro Tennessee–Alabama League, with his fathers stern admonition ringing in his ears, Dont come home a failure. Eventually, Rice wrote a note in the Journal that a young fellow named Cobb seems to be showing an unusual lot of talent. After about three months, Cobb returned to the Tourists and finished the season hitting.237 in 35 games, in August 1905, the management of the Tourists sold Cobb to the American Leagues Detroit Tigers for US$750. On August 8,1905, Cobbs mother fatally shot his father with a pistol that his father had purchased for her, court records indicate that Mr. Cobb had suspected his wife of infidelity and was sneaking past his own bedroom window to catch her in the act. She saw the silhouette of what she presumed to be an intruder and, acting in self-defense, shot, Mrs. Cobb was charged with murder and then released on a $7,000 recognizance bond. She was acquitted on March 31,1906, Cobb later attributed his ferocious play to his late father, saying, I did it for my father. He never got to see me play, but I knew he was watching me, and I never let him down. In 1911, Cobb moved to Detroits architecturally significant and now historically protected Woodbridge neighborhood, the Victorian duplex in which Cobb lived still stands
2.
Nap Lajoie
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Napoléon Nap Lajoie, also known as Larry Lajoie and nicknamed The Frenchman, was an American professional baseball second baseman and player-manager. He played in Major League Baseball for the Philadelphia Phillies, Philadelphia Athletics and he managed the Naps from 1905 through 1909. Lajoie was signed to the National Leaguess Phillies in 1896, National League clubs contested the legality of contracts signed by players who jumped to the other league but eventually, Lajoie was allowed to play for Connie Macks Athletics. During the season, Lajoie set the all-time American League single-season mark for the highest batting average, one year later, Lajoie went to the Cleveland Bronchos where he would play until the 1915 season when he returned to play for Mack and the Athletics. Lajoie led the AL in batting five times in his career. Lajoie in 1914 joined Cap Anson and Honus Wagner as the major league players to record 3,000 career hits. He led the NL or AL in putouts five times in his career and he has been called the best second baseman in the history of baseball and the most outstanding player to wear a Cleveland uniform. Cy Young said, Lajoie was one of the most rugged players I ever faced, hed take your leg off with a line drive, turn the third baseman around like a swinging door and powder the hand of the left fielder. He was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937, Lajoie was born in Woonsocket, Rhode Island, to Jean Baptiste and Celina Guertin Lajoie. The elder Lajoie was French-Canadian and had emigrated to the United States, upon arrival to the U. S. he first settled in Rutland, Vermont, but then moved to Woonsocket, where Lajoie, the youngest of eight surviving children, was born. Throughout his childhood Lajoie received little formal education, the elder Lajoie, who worked as a teamster and laborer, died not long into the younger Lajoies childhood, which forced him and his siblings to work to support the family. Lajoie dropped out of school to work in a textile mill and he also began playing semi-professional baseball for the local Woonsocket team under the alias Sandy, because his parents did not approve of their son playing baseball. He earned money as a driver with a horse and buggy. When I told my father I had decided to take the job he was very angry and he shouted that ball players were bums and that nobody respected them, but I was determined to give it a try at least one season, Lajoie later said. He also received the nickname Larry from a teammate who had trouble pronouncing Lajoie, Lajoie admired baseball players such as King Kelly and Charles Radbourn. When word of Lajoies baseball ability spread, he began to play for other teams at $2 to $5 per game. Meanwhile, Lajoie worked as a teamster and he recorded 163 hits in 80 games, and led the team in batting average, doubles, triples, home runs and hits. Lajoie was widely regarded as an outstanding prospect and Indians owner Charlie Marston rejected an offer from the Pittsburgh Pirates for Lajoie in exchange for $500 and he was also scouted by the Philadelphia Phillies and Boston Beaneaters
3.
Major League Baseball
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Major League Baseball is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams now play in the National League and American League, the NL and AL operated as separate legal entities from 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities since 1903, the merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs, with the World Baseball Softball Confederation, MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament. Baseballs first professional team was founded in Cincinnati in 1869,30 years after Abner Doubleday supposedly invented the game of baseball, the first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 in baseball was known as the dead-ball era, Baseball survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s, and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression, shortly after the war, baseballs color barrier was broken by Jackie Robinson. The 1950s and 1960s were a time of expansion for the AL and NL, then new stadiums, Home runs dominated the game during the 1990s, and media reports began to discuss the use of anabolic steroids among Major League players in the mid-2000s. In 2006, an investigation produced the Mitchell Report, which implicated many players in the use of performance-enhancing substances, today, MLB is composed of thirty teams, twenty-nine in the United States and one in Canada. Baseball broadcasts are aired on television, radio, and the Internet throughout North America, MLB has the highest season attendance of any sports league in the world with more than 73 million spectators in 2015. MLB is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution and this document has undergone several incarnations since 1875, with the most recent revisions being made in 2012. Under the direction of the Commissioner of Baseball, MLB hires and maintains the sports umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, MLB maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of Minor League Baseball. This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years, the weakened ruling granted more stability to the owners of teams and has resulted in values increasing at double-digit rates. There were several challenges to MLBs primacy in the sport between the 1870s and the Federal League in 1916, the last attempt at a new league was the aborted Continental League in 1960. The chief executive of MLB is the commissioner, Rob Manfred, the chief operating officer is Tony Petitti. There are five other executives, president, chief officer, chief legal officer, chief financial officer. The multimedia branch of MLB, which is based in Manhattan, is MLB Advanced Media and this branch oversees MLB. com and each of the 30 teams websites. Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the league, MLB Productions is a similarly structured wing of the league, focusing on video and traditional broadcast media
4.
History of the St. Louis Browns
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This article covers the franchises history in St. Louis, which began when the team moved from Milwaukee after the 1901 season and ended with the teams move to Baltimore after the 1953 season. As of April 6,2017, there are only 14 living former St. Louis Browns players, in the late 19th century, the team existed as the Milwaukee Brewers in the Western League. For the 1900 season, the Western League was renamed to American League, Johnson had originally intended to move the Milwaukee Brewers to St. Louis. When he couldnt find an owner, he was forced to operate the team in Milwaukee for a lame-duck season in 1901. Hedges built a new park on the site of the old Browns former home, in their first St. Louis season, the Browns finished second. Although the Browns had only four winning seasons from 1902 to 1922, in 1909, the Browns rebuilt Sportsmans Park as the third concrete-and-steel park in the majors. During this time, the Browns were best known for their role in the race for the 1910 American League batting title. Ty Cobb took the last game of the season off, believing that his lead over Nap Lajoie, of the Cleveland Naps. Browns manager Jack OConnor had ordered rookie third baseman Red Corriden to play on the outfield grass and this all but conceded a hit for any ball Lajoie bunted. Lajoie bunted five straight times down the base line and made it to first easily. On his last at-bat, Lajoie reached base on an error – officially giving him a hitless at-bat, OConnor and coach Harry Howell tried to bribe the official scorer, a woman, to change the call to a hit – even offering to buy her a new wardrobe. Cobb won the title by just a few thousandths of a point over Lajoie. After news broke of the scandal, a writer for the St. Louis Post claimed, All St. Louis is up in arms over the spectacle, conceived in stupidity. The resulting outcry triggered an investigation by American League president Ban Johnson, at his insistence, Hedges fired OConnor and Howell, both men were informally banned from baseball for life. In 1916, Hedges sold the Browns to Philip DeCatesby Ball, Balls early tenure saw the clubs first real sustained period of success on the field, they were a contender for most of the early 1920s. This was fueled by Balls free spending to put a winner of the field, however, Ball made a series of blunders that would ultimately doom the franchise. Shortly after buying the team, he fired general manager Branch Rickey, four years later, Ball allowed the Cardinals to move out of dilapidated Robison Field and share Sportsmans Park with the Browns. Rickey and Cardinals owner Sam Breadon used the proceeds from the Robison Field sale to build baseballs first modern farm system and this effort eventually produced several star players that brought the Cardinals more drawing power than the Browns
5.
Chalmers Automobile
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Chalmers Motor Company was an American automobile company located in Detroit, Michigan. It was named after Hugh Chalmers of the National Cash Register Company, like Maxwell the brand is now owned by Chrysler. The Chalmers was formed when Hugh Chalmers bought out the interests of ER Thomas in the Thomas-Detroit company in 1908, the name was changed to Chalmers in 1911. During 1917 following Aprils declaration of war, Maxwell Motor Co took over Chalmers operations to make cars, Chalmers then faltered in the 1920s post-World War I recession. It merged with the Maxwell Automobile Company, forerunner of Chrysler, in 1922, with a 115 in wheelbase on 34 in wheels, Chalmers were expensive cars for the period. The Chalmers 30 Coupe at US2400 was nearer the US$2000 Enger 40, while 40 Touring and 40 Roadster at US2750 and 40 Torpedo at US3000 were still below Americans lowest-price model, taking part in early racing, a Chalmers won the 1910 Glidden Tour. The company also originated the Chalmers Award in professional baseball, List of automobile manufacturers List of defunct automobile manufacturers Brass era Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925, new York, Bonanza Books,1950 Chalmers Automobile Registry
6.
Car
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A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry. The year 1886 is regarded as the year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by a combustion engine. Both fuels cause air pollution and are blamed for contributing to climate change. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries, electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use, the costs of car usage include the cost of, acquiring the vehicle, interest payments, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society of car use include, maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits may include transportation, mobility, independence. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies and it was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, the word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum, or the Middle English word carre. In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word karros, the Gaulish language was a branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word Karr, the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh where Car llusg and car rhyfel still survive. It originally referred to any wheeled vehicle, such as a cart, carriage. Motor car is attested from 1895, and is the formal name for cars in British English. Autocar is a variant that is attested from 1895
7.
Batting average
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Batting average is a statistic in cricket, baseball, and softball that measures the performance of batsmen in cricket and batters in baseball. The development of the statistic was influenced by the cricket statistic. In cricket, a batting average is the total number of runs they have scored divided by the number of times they have been out. The number is also simple to interpret intuitively, if all the batsmans innings were completed, this is the average number of runs they score per innings. If they did not complete all their innings, this number is an estimate of the average number of runs they score per innings. Batting average has been used to gauge cricket players relative skills since the 18th century, most players have career batting averages in the range of 20 to 40. This is also the range for wicket-keepers, though some fall short. All-rounders who are more prominent bowlers than batsmen typically average something between 20 and 30,15 and under is typical for specialist bowlers. Under this qualification, the highest Test batting average belongs to Australias Sir Donald Bradman, given that a career batting average over 50 is exceptional, and that only four other players have averages over 60, this is an outstanding statistic. The fact that Bradmans average is so far above that of any other cricketer has led several statisticians to argue that, statistically at least, he was the greatest sportsman in any sport. As at 21 October 2016, Adam Voges of Australia has recorded an average of 72.75 from 27 innings played and it should also be remembered, especially in relation to the ODI histogram above, that there were no ODI competitions when Bradman played. If their scores have a geometric distribution then total number of runs scored divided by the number of times out is the maximum likelihood estimate of their true unknown average, Batting averages can be strongly affected by the number of not outs. A different, and more developed, statistic which is also used to gauge the effectiveness of batsmen is the strike rate. It measures a different concept however – how quickly the batsman scores – so it does not supplant the role of batting average and it is used particularly in limited overs matches, where the speed at which a batsman scores is more important than it is in first-class cricket. Table shows players with at least 20 innings completed, in baseball, the batting average is defined by the number of hits divided by at bats. It is usually reported to three places and read without the decimal, A player with a batting average of.300 is batting three-hundred. A point is understood, in only, to be.001. If necessary to break ties, batting averages could be taken beyond the.001 measurement, henry Chadwick, an English statistician raised on cricket, was an influential figure in the early history of baseball
8.
American League
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The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, or simply the American League, is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball in the United States and Canada. It developed from the Western League, a league based in the Great Lakes states. It is sometimes called the Junior Circuit because it claimed Major League status for the 1901 season,25 years after the formation of the National League. At the end of season, the American League champion plays in the World Series against the National League champion. Through 2016, American League teams have won 64 of the 112 World Series played since 1903, the 2016 American League champions are the Cleveland Indians. The New York Yankees have won 40 American League titles, the most in the history, followed by the Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics. Originally a minor league known as the Western League, the American League later developed into a major league after the American Association disbanded, in its early history, the Western League struggled until 1894, when Ban Johnson became the president of the league. Johnson led the Western League into major league status and soon became the president of the newly renamed American League, babe Ruth, noted as one of the most prolific hitters in Major League Baseball history, spent the majority of his career in the American League. The American League has one notable difference versus the National League, in 1902, the Milwaukee Brewers moved to St. Louis and were renamed the St. Louis Browns. In 1902, The Cleveland Bluebirds were also renamed the Cleveland Broncos, in 1903, the Broncos were renamed the Cleveland Naps. In 1915, the Naps were renamed the Cleveland Indians, in 1903, the Baltimore Orioles moved to New York and were renamed the New York Highlanders. In 1913, the Highlanders were renamed the New York Yankees, in 1904, the Chicago White Stockings were renamed the Chicago White Sox. In 1908, the Boston Americans were renamed the Boston Red Sox, in 1954, the St. Louis Browns moved to Baltimore and were renamed as the Baltimore Orioles. In 1955, the Philadelphia Athletics moved to Kansas City and were renamed as the Kansas City Athletics, in 1961, the league expanded and added two teams as the Los Angeles Angels and the Washington Senators, expanding the league to 10 teams. The original Senators team moved to Minneapolis/St, Paul in 1961 and were renamed as the Minnesota Twins. The Angels team name changed to the California Angels in 1966, then to the Anaheim Angels in 1997, the Kansas City Royals and the Seattle Pilots were added to the American League, expanding the league to 12 teams. In 1970, the Seattle Pilots moved to Milwaukee and were renamed the Milwaukee Brewers, in 1972, the Washington Senators relocated to the Dallas/Fort Worth area and were renamed the Texas Rangers. In 1977, the league expanded to fourteen teams, when the Seattle Mariners, in 1998, the Tampa Bay Rays was added to the American League and at the same time, the Milwaukee Brewers were switched to the National League, leaving the American League with 14 teams
9.
National League
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Both leagues currently have 15 teams. The two league champions of 1903 arranged to compete against each other in the inaugural World Series, after the 1904 champions failed to reach a similar agreement, the two leagues formalized the World Series as an arrangement between the leagues. National League teams have won 48 of the 112 World Series contested from 1903 to 2016, the 2016 National League champions are the Chicago Cubs. By 1875, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players was dangerously weak, additionally, Hulbert had a problem—five of his star players were threatened with expulsion from the NAPBBP because Hulbert had signed them to his club using what were considered questionable means. Hulbert had a vested interest in creating his own league. After recruiting St. Louis privately, four western clubs met in Louisville, Kentucky, Boston Red Stockings, the dominant team in the N. A. Hartford Dark Blues from the N. A. Mutual of New York from the N. A. St. Louis Brown Stockings from the N. A, the only strong club from 1875 excluded in 1876 was a second one in Philadelphia, often called the White Stockings or Phillies. The first game in National League history was played on April 22,1876, at Philadelphias Jefferson Street Grounds, 25th & Jefferson, the new leagues authority was tested after the first season. The National League operated with six clubs during 1877 and 1878, over the next several years, various teams joined and left the struggling league. By 1880, six of the eight members had folded. The two remaining original NL franchises, Boston and Chicago, remain in operation today as the Atlanta Braves, in 1883 the New York Gothams and Philadelphia Phillies began National League play. Both teams remain in the NL today, the Phillies in their original city, the NL encountered its first strong rival organization when the American Association began play in 1882. The A. A. played in cities where the NL did not have teams, offered Sunday games and alcoholic beverages in locales where permitted, the National League and the American Association participated in a version of the World Series seven times during their ten-year coexistence. These contests were less organized than the modern Series, lasting as few as three games and as many as fifteen, with two Series ending in disputed ties, the NL won four times and the A. A. only once, in 1886. Starting with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1887, the National League began to raid the American Association for franchises to replace NL teams that folded and this undercut the stability of the A. A. Other new leagues that rose to compete with the National League were the Union Association, the Union Association was established in 1884 and folded after playing only one season, its league champion St. Louis Maroons joining the NL. The NL suffered many defections of star players to the Players League, the Brooklyn, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and New York franchises of the NL absorbed their Players League counterparts. The labor strife of 1890 hastened the downfall of the American Association, after the 1891 season, the A. A. disbanded and merged with the NL, which became known legally for the next decade as the National League and American Association
10.
Detroit Tigers
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The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit, Michigan. The Tigers compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League Central division. One of the ALs eight charter franchises, the club was founded in Detroit in 1901 and they are the oldest continuous one-name, one-city franchise in the AL. The Tigers have won four World Series championships,11 AL pennants, the Tigers also won division titles in 1972,1984 and 1987 while members of the AL East. The team currently plays its games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit. The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown, in 1912, the team moved into Navin Field, which was built on the same location. It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium and it was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000. The club is a member of the American League, one of four clubs still located in its original city. It was established as a member in 1901. The Tigers played their first game as a league team at home against the Milwaukee Brewers on April 25,1901. After entering the ninth inning behind 13–4, the team staged a comeback to win 14–13. The team finished third in the eight-team league,11 years later, an elegant stadium was constructed on the site of Bennett Park and named Navin Field for owner Frank Navin. In 1938, it was improved and named Briggs Stadium, and was subsequently renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961, Tiger Stadium was used by the Tigers until the end of the 1999 season. Since 2000, they have played in Comerica Park, there are various legends about how the Tigers got their nickname. One involves the orange stripes they wore on their black stockings, Tigers manager George Stallings took credit for the name, however, the name appeared in newspapers before Stallings was manager. Another legend concerns a sportswriter equating the 1901 teams opening day victory with the ferocity of his alma mater and they had played significant roles in certain Civil War battles and in the 1898 Spanish–American War. The baseball team was informally called both Wolverines and Tigers in the news. The earliest known use of the name Tigers in the media was in the Detroit Free Press on April 16,1895, upon entry into the majors, the ballclub sought and received formal permission from the Light Guard to use its trademark
11.
Cleveland Indians
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The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The Indians compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League Central division. Since 1994, they have played at Progressive Field, the teams spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear, Arizona. The Indians current World Series championship drought is the longest active drought, the name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season. The name referenced the nickname Indians that was applied to the Cleveland Spiders baseball club during the time when Louis Sockalexis, common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos, the latter being a reference to their logo, Chief Wahoo, a controversial Native American caricature. The teams mascot is named Slider, the franchise originated in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers, a minor league team in the Western League. The team moved to Cleveland in 1900 and changed its name to the Cleveland Lake Shores, one of the American Leagues eight charter franchises, the major league incarnation of the club was founded in Cleveland in 1901. Originally called the Cleveland Bluebirds, the played in League Park until moving permanently to Cleveland Stadium in 1946. At the end of the 2016 season, they had a regular season record of 9. In 1857 baseball games were a spectacle in Clevelands Public Squares. City authorities tried to find an ordinance forbidding it, to the joy of the crowd, – Harold Seymour 1865–1868 Forest Citys of Cleveland 1869–1872 Forest Citys of Cleveland From 1865 to 1868 Forest Citys was an amateur ball club. During the 1869 season, Cleveland was among several cities which established professional baseball teams following the success of the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team. In the newspapers before and after 1870, the team was called the Forest Citys. In 1871 the Forest Citys joined the new National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, ultimately, two of the leagues western clubs went out of business during the first season and the Chicago Fire left that citys White Stockings impoverished, unable to field a team again until 1874. Cleveland was thus the NAs westernmost outpost in 1872, the year the club folded, Cleveland played their full schedule to July 19 followed by two games versus Boston in mid-August and disbanded at the end of the season. 1879–1881 Cleveland Forest Citys 1882–1884 Cleveland Blues In 1876, the National League supplanted the NA as the professional league. Cleveland were not among its members, but by 1879 the league was looking for new entries. The Cleveland Forest Citys baseball team was then re-created, the National League required distinct colors for the 1882 season, so the Cleveland Forest Citys became the Cleveland Blues
12.
Baltimore Orioles
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The Baltimore Orioles are an American professional baseball team based in Baltimore, Maryland. The Orioles compete in Major League Baseball as a member of the American League East division, Louis, Missouri to become the St. Louis Browns. After 52 often-beleaguered years in St. Louis, the franchise was purchased in November 1953 by Baltimore business interests led by Clarence Miles, the franchise officially moved to Baltimore for the 1954 season and adopted the historic Orioles name in honor of the official state bird of Maryland. The Orioles name had also used by several previous major and minor league baseball clubs in Baltimore. Nicknames for the team include the Os and the Birds, the Orioles experienced their greatest success from 1966 to 1983, when they made six World Series appearances, winning three of them. The franchise has won a total of nine division championships, six pennants. The Orioles are also known for their successful stadium, the trend-setting Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The modern Orioles franchise can trace its roots back to the original Milwaukee Brewers of the minor Western League, the Brewers were there when the WL renamed itself the American League in 1900. At the end of the 1900 season, the American League removed itself from baseballs National Agreement, two months later, the AL declared itself a competing major league. As a result of several shifts, the Brewers were one of only two Western League teams that didnt fold, move or get kicked out of the league. In its first game in the American League, the team lost to the Detroit Tigers 14–13 after blowing a lead in the 9th inning. To this day, it is a league record for the biggest deficit overcome that late in the game. During the first American League season in 1901, they finished last with a record of 48–89 and its lone Major League season, the team played at Lloyd Street Grounds, between 16th and 18th Streets in Milwaukee. The Miles-Krieger -Hoffberger group renamed their new team the Baltimore Orioles soon after taking control of the franchise, the name has a rich history in Baltimore, having been used by a National League team in the 1890s. In 1901, Baltimore and McGraw were awarded a franchise in the growing American League. After a battle with Ban Johnson, the Head of the American League in 1902, McGraw took many of the top players including Dan McGann, Roger Bresnahan and Joe McGinnity to the New York Giants. As an affront to Johnson, McGraw kept the black and orange colors of the New York Giants, which San Francisco wears to this day. In 1903, the rest of the team was transferred to New York where they were nicknamed the Highlanders until circa 1912, as a member of the high-minor league level International League, the Orioles competed at what is now known as the AAA level from 1903 to 1953
13.
Manager (baseball)
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In baseball, the field manager is an individual who is responsible for matters of team strategy on the field and team leadership. Managers are typically assisted by one and six assistant coaches, whose responsibilities are specialized. A manager is essentially equivalent to the coach in other North American professional sports leagues. How much control a manager takes in a games strategy varies from manager to manager and from game to game. Some managers control pitch selection, defensive positioning, decisions to bunt, steal, pitch out, managers are typically assisted by two or more coaches. Typically, the title of manager is used in professional baseball. In many cases, a manager is a professional, semi-professional or college player. Many current and former managers are former catchers which include Mike Matheny, John Gibbons, Brad Ausmus, Joe Torre, Mike Scioscia, Bruce Bochy, the managers responsibilities normally are limited to in-game decisions, with off-the-field and roster management decisions falling to the teams general manager. The term manager used without qualification almost always refers to the field manager, some owners carried out both GM and field managerial duties themselves. Major League Baseball managers differ from the coaches of most other professional sports in that they dress in the same uniform as the players and are assigned a jersey number. The wearing of a uniform is frequently practiced at other levels of play. The manager may be called skipper or skip informally by his players
14.
Jack O'Connor (catcher)
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John Joseph OConnor, also known as Peach Pie, was a utility player in Major League Baseball in the American Association, the National League, and the American League, primarily used as an outfielder. He began his career as a fielder and catcher for the Cincinnati Red Stockings. OConnor moved west to play with the Perfectos until 10 games into the 1900 season and he played one season with the New York Highlanders before finishing his career back in St. Louis with the Browns. OConnor is one of only 29 players in history to date who have appeared in Major League games in four decades. He died in St. Louis at age 71, OConnor was the player-manager of the Browns in 1910, finishing a dismal 47–107. He is best known for trying to help Nap Lajoie win the batting title, Cobb was leading Lajoie.385 to.376 in the batting race going into that last day. OConnor ordered rookie third baseman Red Corriden to station himself in shallow left field, Lajoie bunted five straight times down the third base line and made it to first easily. On his last at-bat, Lajoie reached base on an error, officially giving him a hitless at-bat. OConnor and coach Harry Howell tried to bribe the official scorer, Cobb won the batting title by less than one percentage point over Lajoie.385069 to.384095. The resulting outcry triggered an investigation by American League president Ban Johnson, at his insistence, Browns owner Robert Hedges fired both OConnor and Howell, and released them as players, both men were informally banned from baseball for life. In 1981, however, research revealed that one game was counted twice for Cobb when he went 2-for-3, as a result, his 1910 batting statistics should have been shown as 194-for-506 and.383399, less than 0.0007 behind Lajoie at 227-for-591
15.
Third baseman
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In the scoring system used to record defensive plays, the third baseman is assigned the number 5. The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls, the third base position requires a strong and accurate arm, as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base. The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play, the third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory. Third base is known as the hot corner, because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter, a third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour. Third basemen often must begin in an even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected. As with middle infielders, right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base. Mike Squires, who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983, is a rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty. Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast. Players who could hit with more ability often were not suited for third base, since the 1950s the position has become more of a power position with sluggers such as Eddie Mathews, Mike Schmidt and Ron Santo becoming stars. There are fewer third basemen in the Baseball Hall of Fame than there are Hall of Famers of any other position
16.
Hit (baseball)
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If a batter reaches first base because of offensive interference by a preceding runner, he is also credited with a hit. A hit for one base is called a single, for two bases a double, and for three bases a triple, a home run is also scored as a hit. Doubles, triples, and home runs are also called extra base hits, an infield hit is a hit where the ball does not leave the infield. Infield hits are uncommon by nature, and most often earned by speedy runners, a no-hitter is a game in which one of the teams prevented the other from getting a hit. Throwing a no-hitter is rare and considered an accomplishment for a pitcher or pitching staff. In most cases in the game, no-hitters are accomplished by a single pitcher who throws a complete game. A pitcher who throws a no-hitter could still allow runners to reach safely, by way of walks, errors, hit batsmen. If the pitcher allows no runners to reach base, the no-hitter is a perfect game, in 1887, Major League Baseball counted bases on balls as hits. The result was skyrocketing batting averages, including some near.500, Tip ONeill of the St. Louis Browns batted.485 that season, the experiment was abandoned the following season. There is controversy regarding how the records of 1887 should be interpreted, the number of legitimate walks and at-bats are known for all players that year, so computing averages using the same method as in other years is straightforward. In 1968, Major League Baseball formed a Special Baseball Records Committee to resolve this issues, the Committee ruled that walks in 1887 should not be counted as hits. Most current sources list ONeills 1887 average as.435, as calculated by omitting his walks and he would retain his American Association batting championship. However, the variance between methods results in differing recognition for the 1887 National League batting champion, cap Anson would be recognized, with his.421 average, if walks are included, but Sam Thompson would be the champion at.372 if they are not. The official rulebook of Major League Baseball states in Rule 10, Rule 10.05 Comment, In applying Rule 10.05, the official scorer shall always give the batter the benefit of the doubt. Runner is called out for interference with a fielder attempting to field a batted ball, unless in the scorers judgment the batter-runner would have been safe had the interference not occurred
17.
At bat
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In baseball, an at bat or time at bat is a batters turn batting against a pitcher. An at bat is different from a plate appearance, a batter is credited with a plate appearance regardless of what happens during his turn at bat. A batter is credited with an at bat only if that plate appearance does not have one of the results enumerated below, a batter will not receive credit for an at bat if their plate appearance ends under the following circumstances, He receives a base on balls. He hits a fly or a sacrifice bunt. He is awarded first base due to interference or obstruction, usually by the catcher and he is replaced by another hitter before his at bat is completed, in which case the plate appearance and any related statistics go to the pinch hitter. In addition, if the inning ends while he is still at bat, in this case, the batter will come to bat again in the next inning, though the count will be reset to no balls and no strikes. Note that just because a player is described as being at bat in this sense, he will not necessarily be given an at bat in his statistics and this ambiguous terminology is usually clarified by context. To refer explicitly to the meaning of at bat described above. Batting order At bats with runners in scoring position
18.
First baseman
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First base, or 1B, is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner in order to score a run for that players team. A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base, in the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the first baseman is assigned the number 3. Also called first sacker or cornerman, the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility, flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders, the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls. In order for the runner to be called out, the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and they often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a.270 plus batting average. Good defensive first basemen, according to Bill James, are capable of playing off first base so that they can field ground balls hit to the side of first base. The first baseman then relies upon the pitcher to cover first base to receive the ball to complete the out, indications of a good defensive first baseman include a large number of assists and a low number of throwing errors by other infielders. The nature of play at first base often requires first basemen to stay close to the bag to hold runners or to reach the bag before the batter. First basemen are not typically expected to have the range required of a baseman, shortstop. As a result, first base is not usually perceived to be as physically demanding as other positions, however, it can also be a very hard position to play, a large amount of concentration and timing is required. Though many play at first base their entire career, it is common for players to be moved to first base in order to extend their careers or to accommodate other recently acquired players. Facing a possible trade or a reduction in playing time. Catchers and corner outfielders are often moved to first base due to deteriorating health or if their fielding abilities at their position are detrimental to the team. When first base is not occupied by a baserunner, the first baseman usually stands behind first base, the distance he plays from the base and foul line is dependent on the current hitter and any runners on base. The exact position may depend on the first basemans experience, preference. For a known right-handed pull hitter, the first baseman might position himself further towards the second basemans normal fielding position, for a known left-handed pull hitter, the first baseman will position himself closer to the foul line in order to stop a ball hit down the line. To protect against a bunt on the first base side of the infield, as soon as the pitcher commits to throwing towards home plate, the first basemen will charge towards the hitter to field the bunt. During these plays, it is the responsibility of the second basemen to cover first base, with a base runner present at first base, the first baseman stands with his right foot touching the base to prepare for a pickoff attempt. Once the pitcher commits to throwing towards home plate, the first baseman comes off the bag in front of the runner and gets in a fielding position
19.
Error (baseball)
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The term error can also refer to the play during which an error was committed. In that case, the play will be scored both as a hit and an error. Similarly, a batter does not receive credit for a run batted in when runs score on an error, passed balls and wild pitches are separate statistical categories and are not scored as errors. There is a loophole in the rules on errors for catchers. There is therefore a no fault condition for the attempting to prevent a steal. However, when considering that the majority of stolen base attempts are successful, if the runner takes an additional base due to the wild throw, an error is charged for that advance. However, if the catchers glove is hit by the bat, it is counted as a catchers interference, traditionally, the number of errors was a statistic used to quantify the skill of a fielder. However, fans and analysts have questioned the usefulness and significance of errors as a metric for fielding skill, notably, mental misjudgments, such as failure to cover a base or attempting a force out when such a play is not available, are not considered errors. A more subtle, though more significant objection to the error, in order for a fielder to be charged with an error, he must have done something right by being in the correct place to be able to attempt the play. A poor fielder may avoid many errors simply by being unable to reach batted or thrown balls that a fielder could successfully reach. Thus, it is possible that a poor fielder will have fewer errors than any fielder with higher expectancies, however, this still leaves statistics, such as fielding percentage, that are based on errors as a way to compare the defensive abilities of players. Errors also hold significance in calculating the earned run average of a pitcher, runs scored due to an error are unearned, and do not count toward a pitchers ERA. In Major League Baseball, Herman Long holds the Major League records with 1096 errors in his career between 1889 and 1904, bill Dahlen, Deacon White and Germany Smith are the only other players to make 1,000 errors during their MLB careers. All of these players played at least one season before 1900, the 20th century record is held by Rabbit Maranville with 711 errors. Among active players, Adrián Beltré leads with 275 errors over 2475 career games as of June 14,2015, the major league record for errors by a pitcher in a career is held by Hippo Vaughn, with 64 errors. That also is the National League record, the American career mark is held by Ed Walsh. The most errors made by a pitcher in a season is 28 by Jim Whitney, the American League record of 15 is held by three pitchers, Jack Chesbro, Rube Waddell, and Ed Walsh. The record for most errors made by a pitcher in one inning is three, first set by Cy Seymour in 1898, the record was tied by Tommy John in 1988, Jaime Navarro in 1996 and Mike Sirotka in 1999
20.
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
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The St. Louis Post-Dispatch is the major regional newspaper in St. Louis, in the U. S. state of Missouri, serving Greater St. Louis. It is the only remaining printed newspaper in the city. It is the fifth-largest newspaper in the midwestern United States, and is the 26th-largest newspaper in the U. S, according to its masthead, the publication has received eighteen Pulitzer Prizes. The paper is owned by Lee Enterprises of Davenport, Iowa, Circulation dropped for the daily paper from 213,472 to 191,631 to 178,801 for the two years after 2010, ending on September 30,2011, and September 30,2012. The Sunday paper also decreased from 401,427 to 332,825 to 299,227 and he appointed John A. Cockerill as the managing editor. Its first edition,4,020 copies of four pages each, in 1882, James Overton Broadhead ran for US Congress against John Glover. Broadheads friend and law partner, Alonzo W. Slayback, publicly defended Broadhead, the next day,13 Oct 1882, Cockerill re-ran an offensive card by John Glover that the paper had published the prior November. Incensed, Slayback barged into Cockerills offices at the paper demanding an apology, Cockerill shot and killed Slayback, he claimed self-defense, and a pistol was allegedly found on Slaybacks body. A grand jury refused to indict Cockerill for murder, but the consequences for the paper were severe. Therefore, in May 1883, Pulitzer sent Cockerill to New York to manage the New York World for him, the Post-Dispatch was one of the first daily newspapers to print a comics section in color, on the back page of the features section, styled the Everyday Magazine. At one time, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch had the second-largest news bureau in Washington, after his retirement, generations of Pulitzers guided the newspaper, ending when great-grandson Joseph Pulitzer IV left the company in 1995. The Post-Dispatch was characterized by an editorial page and columnists. The editorial page was noted also for political cartoons by Daniel R. Fitzpatrick, several months prior to the anniversary edition, the newspaper published a 63rd anniversary tribute to Our Own Oddities, a lighthearted feature that ran from 1940 to 1990. During the presidency of Harry S. Truman, the paper was one of his most outspoken critics and it associated him with the Pendergast machine in Kansas City, and constantly attacked his integrity. A Pulitzer Prize-winning campaign to clean up smoke pollution in St. Louis, in the late 1930s and early 1940s, the city had the filthiest air in America. The sports coverage, including nine St. Louis baseball Cardinals championships, an NBA title by the St. Louis Hawks in 1958, coverage of the citys cultural icons including Kate Chopin, Tennessee Williams, Chuck Berry, and Miles Davis. He said no family members would serve on the board of the merged company, the Post-Dispatch underwent a major redesign in September 2005, which brought a new layout, new fonts, and localized editions for St. Charles County and Illinois. Many readers have criticized the new format for devoting a larger percentage of space to advertisements
21.
Ban Johnson
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Byron Bancroft Ban Johnson was an American executive in professional baseball who served as the founder and first president of the American League. Johnson developed the AL—a descendant of the minor league Western League—into a clean alternative to the National League, to encourage a more orderly environment, Johnson strongly supported the new leagues umpires, which eventually included Hall of Famer Billy Evans. With the help of league owners and managers such as Charles Comiskey, Charles Somers and Jimmy McAleer, Johnson lured top talent to the AL, which soon rivaled the more established National League. Johnson dominated the AL until the mid-1920s, when a dispute with Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis culminated in his forced resignation as league president. Born in Norwalk, Ohio, Johnson went on to law at Marietta College. He subsequently became the editor of a newspaper in Cincinnati. During this time, Johnson befriended Charles Comiskey, who was manager of the Cincinnati Reds. At the urging of Comiskey and Reds owner John T. Brush, Johnson was elected as president of the Western League, Johnson had criticized the National League for its rowdy atmosphere, which was driving away families and women. He set about making baseball more friendly to both, contrary to the practice of the time, Johnson gave his umpires unqualified support and had little tolerance for players or managers who failed to show them due respect. Johnson also fined and suspended players who used language on the field. Soon, the Western League was recognized as not only the strongest minor league, Johnson, however, had a bigger plan—another major league. With the help of Comiskey, who had purchased the Sioux City franchise and moved it to St. Paul in 1894 after leaving the Reds and he also had Comiskey move his Saint Paul team to Chicago, where they eventually became the White Sox. The latter move was made with the blessing of the NL, for the 1900 season, the Western League was renamed as the American League, although it remained a minor league. The 1900 season was an success, and Johnson received a 10-year contract extension. In October, he withdrew the AL from the National Agreement, the final step came on January 28,1901, when he declared the AL would operate as a major league. He then placed teams in Baltimore, Boston, Philadelphia and Washington, the Buffalo Bisons were to be a member of the new American League and their manager Franklin was told right up to Jan. 29,1901, that Buffalo was in the league and not to worry, Ban Johnson unceremoniously dumped Buffalo and it was later revealed that he not only had been negotiating surreptitiously with Boston people for several months, but also that he had money invested in the Boston franchise. Johnson also had a stake in the Washington franchise, which he kept until 1903
22.
Harry Howell (baseball)
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Harry Taylor Howell born in New Jersey was a pitcher for the Brooklyn Bridegrooms/Brooklyn Superbas, Baltimore Orioles, Baltimore Orioles/New York Highlanders and St. Louis Browns. He helped the Superbas win the 1900 National League Pennant and he led the National League in Games Finished in 1900 and the American League in 1903 and led the American League in Complete Games in 1905. He currently ranks 82nd on the MLB All-Time ERA List, 87th on the All-Time Complete Games List and he is also the Baltimore Orioles Career Leader in ERA.74 ERA and a 1.212 WHIP. He died in Spokane, Washington at the age of 79, Cobb was leading Lajoie.385 to.376 in the batting race going into that last day. OConnor ordered rookie third baseman Red Corriden to station himself in shallow left field to allow what otherwise would be routine infield ground outs to be base hits, Lajoie bunted five straight times down the third base line and made it to first easily. On his last at-bat, Lajoie reached base on an error, officially giving him a hitless at-bat. OConnor and Howell tried to bribe the official scorer, a woman, to change the call to a hit, Cobb won the batting title by less than one point over Lajoie.385069 to.384095. The resulting outcry triggered an investigation by American League president Ban Johnson, at his insistence, Browns owner Robert Hedges fired both OConnor and Howell, and released them as players, both men were informally banned from baseball for life. In 1981, however, research revealed that one game was counted twice for Cobb when he went 2-for-3, as a result, his 1910 batting statistics should have been shown as 194-for-506 and.383399, less than.0007 behind Lajoie at 227-for-591. List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders 1910 Chalmers Award Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference, or Baseball-Reference
23.
Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award
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The Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award is an annual Major League Baseball award, given to one outstanding player in the American League and one in the National League. Since 1931, it has been awarded by the Baseball Writers Association of America, MVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. The BBWAA does not offer a definition of what most valuable means. First basemen, with 34 winners, have won the most MVPs among infielders, followed by second basemen, third basemen, of the 24 pitchers who have won the award,15 are right-handed while 9 are left-handed. Walter Johnson, Carl Hubbell, and Hal Newhouser are the pitchers who have won multiple times. Barry Bonds has won the most often and the most consecutively, jimmie Foxx was the first player to win multiple times,9 players have won three times, and 19 have won twice. Frank Robinson is the player to win the award in both the American and National Leagues. The awards only tie occurred in the National League in 1979, there have been 18 unanimous winners, who received all the first-place votes. The New York Yankees have the most winning players with 22, the award has never been presented to a member of the following four teams, Arizona Diamondbacks, Miami Marlins, New York Mets, and Tampa Bay Rays. The most recent recipients are Mike Trout in the American League, in recent decades, pitchers have rarely won the award. When Justin Verlander won the AL award in 2011, he became the first pitcher in league to be named the MVP since Dennis Eckersley in 1992. Verlander also became the first starting pitcher to win this award since Roger Clemens had accomplished the feat in 1986. The National League went even longer without an MVP award to a pitcher—after Bob Gibson won in 1968, the 1910 race for best average in the American League was between the Detroit Tigers widely disliked Ty Cobb and Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Indians. On the last day of the season, Lajoie overtook Cobbs batting average with seven bunt hits against the St. Louis Browns, American League President Ban Johnson said a recalculation showed that Cobb had won the race anyway, and Chalmers ended up awarding cars to both players. The following season, Chalmers created the Chalmers Award, a committee of baseball writers were to convene after the season to determine the most important and useful player to the club and to the league. Since the award was not as effective at advertising as Chalmers had hoped, in 1922 the American League created a new award to honor the baseball player who is of the greatest all-around service to his club. Winners, voted on by a committee of eight baseball writers chaired by James Crusinberry, received a bronze medal, voters were required to select one player from each team and player-coaches and prior award winners were ineligible
24.
1914 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1914 throughout the world. June 9 – Honus Wagner of the Pittsburgh Pirates becomes the member of the 3000 hit club. July 17 – Red Murray of the New York Giants catches game winning catch and is struck by lightning. September 9 – In the second game of a doubleheader, George Davis of the Boston Braves pitches a no-hitter against the Philadelphia Phillies in a 7-0 win. September 19 – Ed Lafitte tosses a no-hitter for the Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League in a 6-2 win over the Kansas City Packers, september 27 – Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Naps becomes the third member of the 3000 hit club. October 13 – The Boston Braves defeat the Philadelphia Athletics, 3-1, in Game 4 of the World Series to win their first World Championship and this was the first four-game sweep in World Series history. The Cubs had defeated the Tigers four games to none in 1907, november 1 – Philadelphia Athletics owner Connie Mack starts a fire sale, asking waivers on Jack Coombs, Eddie Plank and Chief Bender. Coombs goes to the Brooklyn Robins as Plank and Bender escape Macks maneuvering by jumping to the Federal League. Despite the American League Pennant title, Philadelphia fans did not support the Athletics, january 13 – Aaron Clapp,57, first baseman for the 1879 Troy Trojans of the National League. January 20 – Pat Lyons,53, Canadian second baseman who played for the Cleveland Spiders of the National League in 1890. February 1 – Sam Weaver,58, pitcher who posted a 68-80 record, february 9 – Buster Brown,32, National League pitcher who had a 51-103 record and a 3.21 ERA for the St. Louis Cardinals, Philadelphia Phillies and Boston Doves/Braves. February 9 – Jack Farrell,56, second baseman for 11 seasons, february 21 – Farmer Vaughn,49, catcher who hit.274 with 21 home runs and 525 RBI in 925 games for five teams from 1886 to 1899. February 23 – Nat Jewett,69, catcher for the 1872 Brooklyn Eckfords of the National Association, february 28 – Art Sladen,53, outfielder for the Boston Reds of the Union Association in 1884. According to Lee Allen, in The American League Story, there were those who considered it appropriate that Waddell should pass away on April Fools Day, Louis Browns ten games to five. April 16 – Podge Weihe,51, American Association outfielder who hit.254 in two seasons with the Indianapolis Hoosiers and Cincinnati RedStockings, April 27 – Herb Worth,66, outfielder for the 1872 Brooklyn Atlantics of the National Association. May 8 – George Fox,45, first baseman for the Louisville Colonels of the American Association, may 26 – Jumbo Latham,61, first baseman who hit.247 in 334 games for five different teams from 1875 to 1884, while managing two of them. June 16 – Bert Dorr,52, pitcher for the 1882 St. Louis Browns, july 5 – Wee Willie Mills,36, pitcher for the National League New York Giants in 1901. July 9 – Ossee Schreckengost,39, catcher for eleven seasons, most notably with the Philadelphia Athletics from 1902 to 1908, who pioneered one-handed style and batted.300 twice
25.
Chrysler
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FCA US is one of the Big Three American automobile manufacturers. FCA US has its headquarters in Auburn Hills, Michigan and sells vehicles worldwide under its flagship Chrysler brand, as well as the Dodge, Jeep, other major divisions include Mopar, its automotive parts and accessories division, and SRT, its performance automobile division. The Chrysler Corporation was founded by Walter Chrysler in 1925, out of what remained of the Maxwell Motor Company, Chrysler greatly expanded in 1928, when Mr. The brand diversification efforts were inspired by Mr. Chryslers time working for General Motors, in the 1960s the company expanded into Europe, by taking control of French, British and Spanish auto companies, Chrysler Europe was sold in 1978 to PSA Peugeot Citroën for $1. Chrysler struggled through the 1970s to adapt to changing markets, increased US import competition, the company began an engineering partnership with Mitsubishi Motors, and began selling Mitsubishi vehicles branded as Dodge and Plymouth in North America. By the late 1970s, Chrysler was on the verge of bankruptcy, New CEO Lee Iacocca was credited with returning the company to profitability in the 1980s. In 1985, Diamond-Star Motors was created, further expanding the Chrysler-Mitsubishi relationship, in 1987, Chrysler acquired American Motors Corporation, which brought the profitable Jeep brand under the Chrysler umbrella. Like the other Big Three automobile manufacturers, Chrysler was hit hard by the industry crisis of 2008–2010. On June 10,2009, Chrysler emerged from the proceedings with the United Auto Workers pension fund, Fiat S. p. A. The bankruptcy resulted in Chrysler defaulting on over $4 billion in debts, by May 24,2011, Chrysler finished repaying its obligations to the U. S. government five years early, although the cost to the American taxpayer was $1.3 billion. Over the next few years Fiat gradually acquired the other parties shares while removing much of the weight of the loans in a short period. On January 1,2014, Fiat S. p. A announced a deal to purchase the rest of Chrysler from the United Auto Workers retiree health trust. The deal was completed on January 21,2014, making Chrysler Group a subsidiary of Fiat S. p. A, in May 2014, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, NV was established by merging Fiat S. p. A. into the company. This was completed in August 2014, Chrysler Group LLC remained a subsidiary until December 15,2014, when it was renamed FCA US LLC, to reflect the Fiat-Chrysler merger. The Chrysler company was founded by Walter Chrysler on June 6,1925, Walter Chrysler arrived at the ailing Maxwell-Chalmers company in the early 1920s. He was hired to overhaul the companys troubled operations, in late 1923 production of the Chalmers automobile was ended. In January 1924, Walter Chrysler launched the well-received Chrysler automobile, the Chrysler was a 6-cylinder automobile, designed to provide customers with an advanced, well-engineered car, but at a more affordable price than they might expect. The original 1924 Chrysler included an air filter, high compression engine, full pressure lubrication
26.
National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
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The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located at 25 Main Street in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. The Halls motto is Preserving History, Honoring Excellence, Connecting Generations, the word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark, Clark had sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression, which reduced the local tourist trade, and Prohibition, which devastated the local hops industry. A new building was constructed, and the Hall of Fame was dedicated on June 12,1939, the erroneous claim that U. S. Civil War hero Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall. An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994, dale Petroskey became the organizations president in 1999. In 2002, the Hall launched Baseball As America, an exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years. The Hall of Fame has since also sponsored educational programming on the Internet to bring the Hall of Fame to schoolchildren who might not visit, the Hall and Museum completed a series of renovations in spring 2005. The Hall of Fame also presents an annual exhibit at FanFest at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Jeff Idelson replaced Petroskey as president on April 16,2008. In 2012, Congress passed and President Barack Obama signed a law ordering the United States Mint to produce and sell commemorative, non-circulating coins to benefit the private, non-profit Hall. The bill, House Bill H. R.2527, was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Rep. Richard Hanna, a Republican from New York, the coins, which depict baseball gloves and balls, are the first concave designs produced by the Mint. The mintage included 50,000 gold coins,400,000 silver coins, the Mint released them on March 27,2014, and the gold and silver editions quickly sold out. The Hall receives money from surcharges included in the sale price,114 members of the Hall of Fame have been inducted posthumously, including four who died after their selection was announced. Of the 35 Negro league members,29 were inducted posthumously, the Hall of Fame includes one female member, Effa Manley. The newest inductees, enshrined on July 24,2016, are players Mike Piazza, the incoming class of 2017, to be formally enshrined on July 30, consists of executives John Schuerholz and Bud Selig and players Jeff Bagwell, Tim Raines, and Iván Rodríguez. In addition to honoring Hall of Fame inductees, the National Baseball Hall of Fame has presented 40 men with the Ford C, while Frick and Spink Award honorees are not members of the Hall of Fame, they are recognized in an exhibit in the Hall of Fames library. ONeil Award honorees are also not Hall of Fame members, but are listed alongside a permanent statue of the namesake and first recipient, Buck ONeil. From a final ballot typically including 25–40 candidates, each writer may vote for up to 10 players, until the late 1950s, any player named on 75% or more of all ballots cast is elected. A player who is named on fewer than 5% of ballots is dropped from future elections, players receiving 5% or more of the votes but fewer than 75% are reconsidered annually until a maximum of ten years of eligibility
27.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
28.
History of the Baltimore Orioles
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The Baltimore Orioles are a Major League Baseball team based in Baltimore, Maryland. They are in the Eastern Division of the American League and they are owned by attorney Peter Angelos. The modern Orioles franchise can trace its roots back to the original Milwaukee Brewers of the minor Western League, the Brewers were there when the WL renamed itself the American League in 1900. At the end of the 1900 season, the American League removed itself from baseballs National Agreement, two months later, the AL declared itself a competing major league. As a result of several shifts, the Brewers were one of only two Western League teams that didnt either fold or move. During the first American League season, they finished dead last with a record of 48-89, during its lone Major League season, the team played at Lloyd Street Grounds, between 16th and 18th Streets in Milwaukee. As the baseball war heated up the American League began to challenge the senior circuit more directly, the American League already fielded teams in Boston, Chicago, and Philadelphia, solid National League cities. It had planned to move the Brewers to St. Louis, in 1902, however, the team did move to St. Louis, where it became the Browns, in reference to the original name of the legendary 1880s club that by 1902 was known as the Cardinals. In their first St. Louis season, the Browns finished second, although they usually fielded terrible or mediocre teams, they were very popular at the gate. During this time, the Browns were best known for their role in the race for the 1910 American League batting title. Detroits Ty Cobb took the last game of the season off, however, Cobb was one of the most despised players in baseball, and Browns catcher-manager Jack OConnor ordered rookie third baseman Red Corriden to station himself in shallow left field. In each of his next five at bats, Lajoie bunted down the third-base line, in his last at-bat, he reached base on an error – officially giving him a hitless at-bat. OConnor and coach Harry Howell tried to bribe the official scorer, Cobb won the batting title by just a few thousandths of a point over Lajoie. The resulting outcry triggered an investigation by American League president Ban Johnson, at his insistence, Browns owner Robert Hedges fired OConnor and Howell, both men were informally banned from baseball for life. In 1916, after years of prosperity at the gate, Hedges sold the team to cold-storage magnate Phil Ball, balls tenure as owner saw the Browns first period of prosperity, they were a contender for most of the early 1920s, even finishing second in 1922. He made an effort to make the Browns competitive, reinvesting all profits back into the team. Ball, however, committed several errors that dogged the franchise for years to come. His first major blunder was to fire Branch Rickey, the resident genius in the Browns front office, in 1919 because of a conflict of egos, causing Rickey to jump to the crosstown Cardinals
29.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
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Borchert Field
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Borchert Field was a baseball park in the United States in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was the field for several professional baseball clubs for most of the years from 1888 through 1952. It was made obsolete by the new County Stadium in 1953 and was demolished later that year, the site is now covered by Interstate 43. The park was built on a block bounded by North 7th, 8th, Chambers. This was a used by a number of ballparks in the late 19th. The best-known example of this design is likely the Polo Grounds in New York City. Originally known as Athletic Park, the park opened for baseball 129 years ago in May 1888, during winter, it was flooded and served as an ice hockey rink. The ballfield replaced the Wright Street Grounds, the ballpark operated as the home of the Milwaukee Creams of the Western League, later renamed the Brewers. The Creams/Brewers played there through the 1894 season, the ballfield was also sublet to the Milwaukee Brewers club of the major league American Association for the last part of the 1891 season, replacing the disbanded Cincinnati Kellys Killers. 1891 was the last year of the AA as a major league, the AA merged into the National League for 1892, and the Milwaukee franchise was dropped. Louis as the St. Louis Browns in 1902 and that team became the Baltimore Orioles in 1954. A new minor version of the American Association formed in 1902. Meanwhile, another new minor league club, the Creams, began play in a new version of the Western League, Milwaukee was too small to support two ballclubs, and the Western League entry folded after 1903. The Western League and the AA formed a rivalry, and would maintain business relations through the years. The AA Brewers would play for 51 seasons before displaced by the Milwaukee Braves, during the 1920s, the ballpark had been unofficially dubbed Borcherts Orchard by the media. Borchert Field was also home to Milwaukees short-lived entries in the Negro Leagues and the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, the Chicks won a pennant in their only year of operation. One of the more times for the stadium occurred during the early 1940s when Bill Veeck owned the team. The screen was on wheels, so any given day it might be in place or not, there was no rule against that activity as such, so he got away with it
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Lloyd Street Grounds
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Lloyd Street Grounds was a baseball park located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was used by two different professional baseball clubs during 1895–1903, the field faced due north, so Lloyd Street ran directly behind home plate and the grandstand. The first occupants of the Lloyd Street Grounds were the Milwaukee Brewers of the Western League, which opened the park in 1895 after leaving Athletic Park, the Western League became the American League in 1900, but was still officially a minor league. In 1901 the American League became a league, retaining Milwaukee as one of its charter members. The first major league game played at Lloyd Street was on 3 May 1901 and the last on 12 September 1901. For 1902, the Brewers announced they were moving to St. Louis to become the St. Louis Browns, where remained until 1954. A new Western League formed in 1902, with the Milwaukee Creams as a charter member and this club played for two years in competition with the new Milwaukee Brewers of the newly formed American Association, which had re-opened the park eventually known as Borchert Field. The city wasnt large enough to support two clubs, and the Western entry folded after 1903, but 1903 was the end of the Westerns Milwaukee experiment, and of the Lloyd Street ballpark as a professional venue. When the National League contracted by four teams following the 1899 season, ban Johnson, the President of the minor Western League, decided to step up his league to the top level, changing its name to the American League. He placed teams in cities that the National League had shunned, almost from the start of the season plans were underway to relocate the Brewers, this resulted in the club finishing dead last with a 48-89 record. The Brewers moved to St. Louis the following season, Milwaukee was a successful minor league city for years, before getting another Major League team in 1953, when the NLs Braves moved from Boston. After the Braves left Milwaukee without a team again in 1966, coincidentally, the Pilots moved from Seattle after just one season, as had the original Brewers 68 years earlier. List of baseball parks in Milwaukee Lloyd Street Grounds Michael Benson, Baseball Parks of North America, McFarland,1989
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Sportsman's Park
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Sportsmans Park was the name of several former Major League Baseball ballpark structures in the central United States, in St. Louis, Missouri. All but one of these were located on the piece of land, at the northwest corner of Grand Boulevard and Dodier Street. The physical street address was 2911 North Grand Boulevard, in 1923, the stadium hosted St. Louiss first NFL team, the St. Louis All-Stars. Baseball was played on the Sportsmans Park site as early as 1867, the tract was acquired in 1866 by August Solari, who began staging games there the following year. It was the home of the St. Louis Brown Stockings in the National Association, originally called the Grand Avenue Ball Grounds. Some sources say the field was renamed Sportsmans Park in 1876, the local papers also still used the alternate name Grand Avenue Park until at least 1885. The first grandstand—one of three on the built in 1881. At that time, the diamond and the grandstands were on the southeast corner of the block, the park was leased by the then-major American Association entry, the St. Louis Brown Stockings, or Browns. The Browns were a strong team in the mid-1880s. When the National League absorbed the strongest of the old Association teams in 1892, soon they went looking for a new ballpark, finding a site just a few blocks northwest of the old one, and calling it New Sportsmans Park, which was later renamed Robison Field. They also changed colors from Brown to Cardinal Red, thus acquiring a new nickname. When the American League Browns moved from Milwaukee in 1902, they built a new version of Sportsmans Park and they initially placed the diamond and the main stand at the northwest corner of the block. This Sportsmans Park saw football history made and it became both the practice field and home field for Saint Louis University football teams, coached by the visionary Eddie Cochems, father of the forward pass. These included a 39–0 thrashing of Iowa before a crowd of 12,000, robinson launched an amazingly long pass in the game against the Jayhawks, which was variously reported to have traveled 67 or 87 yards in the air. College Football Hall of Fame coach David M. Nelson called the extraordinary, considering the size, shape and weight of the fat. Sports historian John Sayle Watterson agreed, in his book, College Football, History, Spectacle, Controversy, Watterson described Robinsons long pass as truly a breathtaking achievement. St. Louis finished with an 11–0 record in 1906, outscoring its opponents 407–11, the previous wooden grandstand was retained as left-field bleachers for a while, but was soon replaced with permanent bleachers. The Cardinals came back to their home in mid-1920, as tenants of the Browns, after abandoning the outdated
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Memorial Stadium (Baltimore)
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Memorial Stadium was a sports stadium in Baltimore, Maryland, that formerly stood on 33rd Street on an oversized block also bounded by Ellerslie Avenue, 36th Street, and Ednor Road. The rebuilt multi-sport stadium, when reconstruction was completed in the summer of 1954, the stadium was also known as The Old Gray Lady of 33rd Street, and also as The Worlds Largest Outdoor Insane Asylum. C. Canadian Football League, 1994–1995 Baltimore Ravens, National Football League, 1996–1997 Baltimore City College vs Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, Thanksgiving Day 1954–1999, Calvert Hall College vs Loyola Blakefield Thanksgiving Day 1957–1999, known as Calvert Hall vs. Loyola, the Turkey Bowl. Army vs Navy United States Military Academy, vs. United States Naval Academy, Memorial Stadium started out in life as Municipal Stadium, also known as Baltimore Stadium, and as Venable Stadium. Designed by Pleasants Pennington and Albert W. Lewis, it was built in 1922 over a period at the urging of the Mayor. It was also known for a time as Babe Ruth Stadium, after the then-recently deceased Hall of Famer and Baltimore native. Seating 31,000 at the time, the new stadium consisted of a single, horseshoe-shaped deck, with the end facing north. A roofless upper deck was added later in 1953–1954 when the St, during the 90-minute parade, the new Birds signed autographs, handed out pictures and threw styrofoam balls to crowd as the throngs marched down several major city streets ending on East 33rd Street. Inside, more than 46,000 watched the Orioles beat the Chicago White Sox, 3–1, to win their home opener, both the new Orioles and the Colts had some great successes over the next few decades, winning several championships. Among the Colts greats were quarterback Johnny Unitas, wide receiver Raymond Berry, over the next few decades, both teams became among the winningest and competitive franchises in their sports, sending a number of players to their respective Halls of Fame. On May 2,1964, an accident involving a stadium escalator caused the death of a teenaged girl. That day, the Orioles held Safety Patrol Day to honor schoolchildren who served in their schools safety patrols, in which helped their fellow students travel to. For the event,20,000 schoolchildren from around the state of Maryland were given admission to the Orioles game against the Cleveland Indians. The moving steps cut and mutilated the children until a stadium usher, 65-year-old Melville Gibson, finally reached the escalators emergency shut-off switch and turned the escalator off. Previously, the switch had been moved to a wall across from the escalator in order to prevent pranksters from turning it off while people were on it. A 14-year-old girl, Annette S. Costantini, was killed in the accident,46 other children were injured, some seriously. The gate at the top of the escalator — called a people channeler — had apparently been left there after a previous event, the gates purpose was to control the flow of people getting onto the escalator. Children heading for the deck then got onto the escalator
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Oriole Park at Camden Yards
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Oriole Park at Camden Yards, often referred to simply as Camden Yards or Oriole Park, is a Major League Baseball ballpark located in Baltimore, Maryland. Home to the Baltimore Orioles, it is the first of the major league ballparks constructed during the 1990s and early 2000s. It was completed in 1992 to replace Memorial Stadium, the park is situated in downtown Baltimore, a few blocks west of the Inner Harbor in the Camden Yards Sports Complex. The Orioles celebrated the ballparks 20th anniversary during the 2012 season, historically, Oriole Park at Camden Yards is one of several venues that have carried the Oriole Park name for various Baltimore franchises over the years. Prior to Camden Yards, the predominant design trend of big league ballparks was the symmetrical multi-purpose stadium, Memorial Stadium, the Orioles home since they moved from St. Louis in 1954, was an early example of such a design. In 1984, the Baltimore Colts moved to Indianapolis, in part because Baltimore, the master plan was designed by international design firm RTKL. The stadium design was completed by the architectural firm Populous, which had pioneered retro ballparks on the league level four years earlier with Pilot Field in Buffalo. Populous original design was similar to the new Comiskey Park. However, at the urging of architectural consultant Janet Marie Smith, construction began in 1989, and lasted 33 months. Former Orioles owner Eli Jacobs favored naming the new field Oriole Park, after considerable debate a compromise was reached to use both names. The ballpark opened on April 6,1992 with the Orioles hosting the Cleveland Indians, the first run scored at Camden Yards occurred when Chris Hoiles hit a ground rule double that brought in Sam Horn. The Orioles went on to win the game 2-0 on Rick Sutcliffes shutout, Camden Yards hosted the 1993 MLB All-Star Game. On September 6,1995, Camden Yards witnessed Cal Ripken, Jr. s record-setting 2, exactly one year later, Eddie Murray blasted his 500th home run there. Two orange seats stand out from the dark green plastic chairs. One, located at Section 96, Row 7, Seat 23 in the right-center field bleachers, commemorates the spot where Murrays 500th home run landed. The other, Section 86, Row FF, Seat 10 in the left field bleachers, was the spot for Ripkens 278th home run as a shortstop. That home run was hit on July 15,1993, Ripken finished his career with 345 home runs as a shortstop and 431 overall. On October 8,1995, Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass at Camden Yards as part of his visit to Baltimore, after the 2008 season, a new HD video display and scoreboard were installed below the right field bleachers
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West End Park (Houston)
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West End Park was a baseball park in Houston from 1905 to the 1940s. It was the primary ballpark for the city when it was constructed, instead, West End Park was located in the freedmens town area of the Fourth Ward, with its entrance at Andrews and Heiner Streets. It was bounded by Andrews Street, Heiner Street, and Howe streets, today, the Interstate 45 Pierce Elevated passes over the area where the ballpark was, from Andrews Street to the Bagby Street exit. Construction of a new ballpark in Houston became necessary after the redevelopment of Herald Park into a residential neighborhood during the 1904 season, on January 9,1905, the Houston Buffaloes organization was given authorization by the Houston City Council for construction to begin on West End Park. During construction, a sandy soil was used for the field, by March 15, the ball parks construction was nearly completed only lacking paint on the grandstand and field preparation. West End Park opened on April 1,1905 as a park with an exhibition game between Houston and the Baton Rouge Cajuns of the Cotton States League. The suggested name chosen would allow its submitter to receive a ticket to the new park. Ultimately, John T. Schulte of 1018 LaBranch Street was chosen as the winner through a committee vote on April 16,1905. Other names considered included San Jacinto Park, Dick Dowling Park, San Felipe Park, Washington Park, other materials used for renovations, such as fences and more bleachers were purchased from nearby Marmion Park. On December 5,1911, the grandstand of West End Park was destroyed by a fire, the losses were estimated to exceed $5,000. The grandstand roof was blown off several years later when a storm hit Houston on November 25,1915. On January 5,1927, Sam Breadon, then owner of the team, on January 18, it was announced that the location had been purchased in the East End. Houstons new ballpark, Buffalo Stadium was then constructed for the 1928 season, on August 1,1928, the Houston Board of Education officially purchased the park from the Houston Baseball Association for $100,000 for use as school athletic fields. The park continued under the name and continued to be used for secondary school, amateur and collegiate athletics. With football being the event for Houston public schools, West End Park was eventually replaced when Public School Stadium opened in 1942. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, most of the occupied by the ballpark was used for various purposes when Heiner Street was extended. The Sells Floto Circus used the West End Park grounds for their show when they came to Houston in September 1907, West End Park was often used as a site for American football games. In 1908, the ballpark was the host of what was dubbed the state championship in school football with a game between Houston High School and San Antonio High School
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Fiscalini Field
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Fiscalini Field is a stadium in San Bernardino, California, USA. Over the years, the stadium was the spring training homes of the Pittsburgh Pirates and St. Louis Browns and was the field for the San Bernardino Stars. Today, Fiscalini Field is used for NCAA Division II college baseball games hosted by California State University, community college baseball games featuring San Bernardino Valley College are also played there plus San Bernardino Youth Baseball Pony league the rest of the year. The park was built in 1934, and named Perris Hill Park after Fredrick Thomas Perris. The CSUSB and San Bernardino Youth baseball baseball teams play there. Adult league games are played on the field from June to September, CSUSB starts on September In preparation for collegiate season. Games are played on Friday and all day Saturdays and Sundays, there are currently two different levels of Pony League play, Colt and palomino Pony divisions
