1.
Air show
–
An air show, is a public event at which aviators display their flying skills and the capabilities of their aircraft to spectators, usually by means of aerobatics. Air shows without aerobatic displays, having only aircraft displayed parked on the ground, are called static air shows, in the United States, some of the larger airshows are headlined by military jet demonstration teams including the U. S. Navy Blue Angels and USAF Thunderbirds. The Canadian Forces Snowbirds will headline many airshows in Canada and the United States, some air shows are held as a business venture or as a trade event where aircraft, avionics and other services are promoted to potential customers. Many air shows are held in support of local, national or military charities, military air firms often organise air shows at military airfields as a public relations exercise to thank the local community, promote military careers and raise the profile of the military. Air show seasons vary around the world, the United States enjoys a long season that generally runs from March to November, covering the spring, summer, and fall seasons. Other countries often have much shorter seasons, in Japan air shows are generally events held at Japan Self-Defense Forces bases regularly throughout the year. The European season usually starts in late April or Early May and is usually over by mid October, the Middle East, Australia and New Zealand hold their events between January and March. However, for acts, the off-season does not mean a period of inactivity, pilots. The type of displays seen at an event are constrained by a number of factors, including the weather, most aviation authorities now publish rules and guidance on minimum display heights and criteria for differing conditions. In addition to the weather, pilots and organizers must also consider local airspace restrictions, most exhibitors will plan full, rolling and flat display for varying weather and airspace conditions. The types of shows vary greatly, Air Displays can be held during day or night with the latter becoming increasingly popular. Shows dont always take place over airfields, some have held over the grounds of stately homes or castles. Before the Second World War, air shows were associated with long distance air races, often lasting many days, while the Reno Air Races keep this tradition alive, most air shows today primarily feature a series of aerial demos of short duration. Specialist aerobatic aircraft have piston engines, light weight and big control surfaces, making them capable of very high roll rates. A skilled pilot will be able to climb vertically, perform very tight turns, tumble his aircraft end-over-end, solo military jet demos, also known as tactical demo, feature one aircraft, usually a strike fighter or an advanced trainer. The demonstration focuses on the capabilities of aircraft used in combat operations. Manoeuvres include aileron rolls, barrel rolls, hesitation rolls, Cuban-8s, tight turns, high-alpha flight, a pass, double Immelmans. Tactical demos may include simulated bomb drops, sometimes with pyrotechnics on the ground for effect
2.
Los Angeles County, California
–
Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles, is the most populous county in both the United States and the state of California, the countrys most populous state. Its population is larger than that of 42 individual U. S. states and it has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and at 4,083 square miles, it is larger than the combined areas of the U. S. states of Delaware and Rhode Island. The county is home to more than one-quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U. S and its county seat, the City of Los Angeles, is also its most populous city at about four million. Los Angeles County is one of the counties of California. The county originally included parts of what are now Kern, San Bernardino, Riverside, as the population increased, sections were split off to organize San Bernardino County in 1853, Kern County in 1866, and Orange County in 1889. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,751 square miles, Los Angeles County borders 70 miles of coast on the Pacific Ocean and encompasses mountain ranges, valleys, forests, islands, lakes, rivers, and desert. The western extent of the Mojave Desert begins in the Antelope Valley, most of the population of Los Angeles County is located in the south and southwest, with major population centers in the Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Valley. Other population centers are found in the Santa Clarita Valley, Pomona Valley, Crescenta Valley, the county is divided west-to-east by the San Gabriel Mountains, which are part of the Transverse Ranges of southern California, and are contained mostly within the Angeles National Forest. Los Angeles County includes San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island, non-Hispanic whites numbered 2,728,321, or 28% of the population. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 4,687,889, 36% of Los Angeles Countys population was of Mexican ancestry,3. 7% Salvadoran, and 2. 2% Guatemalan heritage. The largest Asian groups of the 1,346,865 Asians in Los Angeles County are 4. 0% Chinese,3. 3% Filipino,2. 2% Korean,1. 0% Japanese,0. 9% Vietnamese,0. 8% Indian, and 0. 3% Cambodian. The racial makeup of the county is 48. 7% White,11. 0% African American,0. 8% Native American,10. 0% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,23. 5% from other races, and 4. 9% from two or more races. 44. 6% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race, the largest European-American ancestry groups are German, Irish, English and Italian. 45. 9% of the population reported speaking only English at home,37. 9% spoke Spanish,2. 22% Tagalog,2. 0% Chinese,1. 9% Korean,1. 87% Armenian,0. 5% Arabic, and 0. 2% Hindi. At the census of 2000, there were 9,519,338 people,3,133,774 households, the population density was 2,344 people per square mile. There were 3,270,909 housing units at a density of 806 per square mile. 25% of all households were made up of individuals and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.61. In the county, the population was out with 28% under the age of 18, 10% from 18 to 24, 33% from 25 to 44, 19% from 45 to 64
3.
Rancho San Pedro
–
Rancho San Pedro was one of the first California land grants and the first to win a patent from the United States. The land grant was validated by the Mexican government at 48,000 acres in 1828, in 1784, Dominguez was granted a concession of seventeen Spanish leagues, or 75,000 acres, from the Spanish Empire. Cristóbal died soon afterward, but his three sons settled on the ranch, building adobe homes. The Sepúlveda family was awarded 31,629 acres known as Rancho de los Palos Verdes that later became the cities of the Palos Verdes Peninsula, as well as portions of Torrance and San Pedro. With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, in 1869, Union Army Major General William Starke Rosecrans bought 16,000 acres. The Rosecrans Rancho was bordered by what later was Florence Avenue on the north, Redondo Beach Boulevard on the south, Central Avenue on the east, the adobe of Manuel Dominguez, completed in 1826, is a national historic site. The Mexican-American war battle was fought on the rancho site, the Claretians have been based, and gardened, adjacent to the Dominguez Rancho Adobe since circa 1900. List of Ranchos of California Ranchos of Los Angeles County, California
4.
Carson, California
–
Carson is a city in Los Angeles County, California. As of the 2010 census, Carson had a population of 91,714, located 13 miles south of downtown Los Angeles and approximately 14 miles away from the Los Angeles International Airport. Incorporated on February 20,1968, Carson is the youngest municipality in the South Bay region of Metropolitan Los Angeles, according to the United States Census Bureau, Carson has an area of 19.0 square miles. 18.7 square miles of it is land and 0.2 square miles of it is water. Carson is bordered by West Compton on the north, Compton on the northeast, Long Beach on the east, Wilmington on the south, and West Carson and Harbor Gateway on the west. Carson experiences a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, similar to that of the Los Angeles Basin with noticeably cooler temperatures during the due to the nearby Pacific Ocean. Rainfall is scarce during the summer in Carson but receives enough rainfall throughout the year to avoid Köppens BSh, Carson, like many of the Southern California coastal areas, is subject to a late spring/early summer weather phenomenon called June Gloom. This involves overcast or foggy skies in the morning which yield to sun by early afternoon, the 2010 United States Census reported that Carson had a population of 91,714. The population density was 4,835.2 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Carson was 21,864 White,21,856 African American,518 Native American,23,522 Asian,2,386 Pacific Islander,17,151 from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 35,417 persons. The Census reported that 90,411 people lived in households,1,170 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters,3,776 households were made up of individuals and 1,790 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.56, there were 20,726 families, the average family size was 3.90. The median age was 37.6 years, for every 100 females there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males. There were 26,226 housing units at a density of 1,382.6 per square mile, of which 19,529 were owner-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 3%, the vacancy rate was 3. 7%. 68,924 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 21,487 people lived in housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 89,730 people,24,648 households, the population density was 4,762.2 inhabitants per square mile
5.
Los Angeles Times
–
The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
6.
Le Mans
–
Le Mans is a city in France, on the Sarthe River. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine, it is now the capital of the Sarthe department, Le Mans is a part of the Pays de la Loire region. Its inhabitants are called Manceaux and Mancelles, since 1923, the city has hosted the internationally famous 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance sports car race. First mentioned by Claudius Ptolemy, the Roman city Vindinium was the capital of the Aulerci, Le Mans is also known as Civitas Cenomanorum, or Cenomanus. Their city, seized by the Romans in 47 BC, was within the ancient Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis, a 3rd-century amphitheatre is still visible. The thermae were demolished during the crisis of the century when workers were mobilized to build the citys defensive walls. The ancient wall around Le Mans is one of the most complete circuits of Gallo-Roman city walls to survive, as the use of the French language replaced late Vulgar Latin in the area, Cenomanus, with dissimilation, became known as Celmans. Cel- was taken to be a form of the French word for this and that, and was replaced by le, gregory of Tours mentions a Frankish sub-king Rigomer, who was killed by King Clovis I in his campaign to unite the Frankish territories. As the principal city of Maine, Le Mans was the stage for struggles in the century between the counts of Anjou and the dukes of Normandy. When the Normans had control of Maine, William the Conqueror successfully invaded England, in 1069 the citizens of Maine revolted and expelled the Normans, resulting in Hugh V being proclaimed count of Maine. Geoffrey V of Anjou married Matilda of England in the cathedral and their son Henry II Plantagenet, king of England, was born here. The airfield was declared operational on 3 September and designated as A-35 and it was used by several American fighter and transport units until late November of that year in additional offensives across France, the airfield was closed. Le Mans has an old town and the Cathédrale St-Julien, dedicated to St Julian of Le Mans. Remnants of a Roman wall are visible in the old town and these walls are highlighted every summer evening in a light show that tells the history of the town. Arboretum de la Grand Prée Part of the former Cistercian abbey de lEpau, founded by Queen Berengaria, jardin des Plantes du Mans Musée de la reine Bérengère, a museum of Le Mans history located in a gothic manor house. Musée de Tessé, the arts museum of the city, displaying painting. Le Mans has an oceanic climate influenced by the mild Atlantic air travelling inland, summers are warm and occasionally hot, whereas winters are mild and cloudy. Precipitation is relatively uniform and moderate year round, at the 1999 French census, there were 293,159 inhabitants in the metropolitan area of Le Mans, with 146,105 of these living in the city proper
7.
Wilbur Wright
–
They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft on December 17,1903, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In 1904–05 the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft, although not the first to build and fly experimental aircraft, the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed-wing powered flight possible. The brothers fundamental breakthrough was their invention of three-axis control, which enabled the pilot to steer the aircraft effectively and this method became and remains standard on fixed-wing aircraft of all kinds. From the beginning of their work, the Wright brothers focused on developing a reliable method of pilot control as the key to solving the flying problem. This approach differed significantly from other experimenters of the time who put emphasis on developing powerful engines. Using a small wind tunnel, the Wrights also collected more accurate data than any before, enabling them to design and build wings. Their first U. S. patent,821,393, did not claim invention of a machine, but rather. They gained the skills essential for their success by working for years in their shop with printing presses, bicycles, motors. Their work with bicycles in particular influenced their belief that a vehicle like a flying machine could be controlled and balanced with practice. From 1900 until their first powered flights in late 1903, they conducted extensive tests that also developed their skills as pilots. Their bicycle shop employee Charlie Taylor became an important part of the team, the Wright brothers status as inventors of the airplane has been subject to counter-claims by various parties. Much controversy persists over the competing claims of early aviators. The Wright brothers were two of seven born to Milton Wright, of English and Dutch ancestry, and Susan Catherine Koerner, of German. Wilbur was born near Millville, Indiana, in 1867, Orville in Dayton, Ohio, the other Wright siblings were Reuchlin, Lorin, Katharine, and twins Otis and Ida. In elementary school, Orville was given to mischief and was once expelled, the direct paternal ancestry goes back to a Samuel Wright who sailed to America and settled in Massachusetts in 1636. In 1878 their father, who traveled often as a bishop in the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, the device was based on an invention of French aeronautical pioneer Alphonse Pénaud. Made of paper, bamboo and cork with a band to twirl its rotor. Wilbur and Orville played with it until it broke, and then built their own, in later years, they pointed to their experience with the toy as the spark of their interest in flying
8.
Frankfurt
–
The city is at the centre of the larger Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region, which has a population of 5.8 million and is Germanys second-largest metropolitan region after Rhine-Ruhr. Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013, the centre of the EU is about 40 km to the east of Frankfurts CBD. Frankfurt is culturally and ethnically diverse, with half of the population. A quarter of the population are foreign nationals, including many expatriates, Frankfurt is an alpha world city and a global hub for commerce, culture, education, tourism and traffic. Its the site of many global and European headquarters, Frankfurt Airport is among the worlds busiest. Automotive, technology and research, services, consulting, media, Frankfurts DE-CIX is the worlds largest internet exchange point. Messe Frankfurt is one of the worlds largest trade fairs, major fairs include the Frankfurt Motor Show, the worlds largest motor show, the Music Fair, and the Frankfurt Book Fair, the worlds largest book fair. Frankfurt is home to educational institutions, including the Goethe University, the UAS, the FUMPA. Its renowned cultural venues include the concert hall Alte Oper, Europes largest English Theatre and many museums, Frankfurts skyline is shaped by some of Europes tallest skyscrapers. In sports, the city is known as the home of the top football club Eintracht Frankfurt, the basketball club Frankfurt Skyliners, the Frankfurt Marathon. Its the seat of German sport unions for Olympics, football, Frankfurt is the largest financial centre in continental Europe. It is home to the European Central Bank, Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is one of the worlds largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and accounts for more than 90 percent of the turnover in the German market. Frankfurt is considered a city as listed by the GaWC groups 2012 inventory. Among global cities it was ranked 10th by the Global Power City Index 2011, among financial centres it was ranked 8th by the International Financial Centers Development Index 2013 and 9th by the Global Financial Centres Index 2013. Its central location within Germany and Europe makes Frankfurt a major air, rail, Frankfurt Airport is one of the worlds busiest international airports by passenger traffic and the main hub for Germanys flag carrier Lufthansa. Frankfurter Kreuz, the Autobahn interchange close to the airport, is the most heavily used interchange in the EU, in 2011 human-resource-consulting firm Mercer ranked Frankfurt as seventh in its annual Quality of Living survey of cities around the world. According to The Economist cost-of-living survey, Frankfurt is Germanys most expensive city, Frankfurt has many high-rise buildings in the city centre, forming the Frankfurt skyline. It is one of the few cities in the European Union to have such a skyline and because of it Germans sometimes refer to Frankfurt as Mainhattan, the other well known and obvious nickname is Bankfurt
9.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
10.
Reims
–
Reims, a city in the Grand Est region of France, lies 129 km east-northeast of Paris. The 2013 census recorded 182,592 inhabitants in the city of Reims proper and its river, the Vesle, is a tributary of the Aisne. Founded by the Gauls, it became a city during the period of the Roman Empire. Reims played a prominent ceremonial role in French monarchical history as the site of the crowning of the kings of France. The Cathedral of Reims housed the Holy Ampulla containing the Saint Chrême and it was used for the anointing, the most important part of the coronation of French kings. Reims functions as a subprefecture of the department of Marne, in the region of Grand Est. Although Reims is by far the largest commune in both its region and department, Châlons-en-Champagne is the capital and prefecture of both. Before the Roman conquest of northern Gaul, Reims, founded circa 80 BC as *Durocorteron, at its height in Roman times the city had a population in the range of 30,000 -50,000 or perhaps up to 100,000. Christianity had become established in the city by 260, at which period Saint Sixtus of Reims founded the bishopric of Reims, for centuries the events at the crowning of Clovis I became a symbol used by the monarchy to claim the divine right to rule. Meetings of Pope Stephen II with Pepin the Short, and of Pope Leo III with Charlemagne, took place at Reims, Louis IV gave the city and countship of Reims to the archbishop Artaldus in 940. Louis VII gave the title of duke and peer to William of Champagne, archbishop from 1176 to 1202, by the 10th century Reims had become a centre of intellectual culture. Archbishop Adalberon, seconded by the monk Gerbert, founded schools which taught the liberal arts. Louis XI cruelly suppressed a revolt at Reims, caused in 1461 by the salt tax, during the French Wars of Religion the city sided with the Catholic League, but submitted to Henri IV after the battle of Ivry. In August 1909 Reims hosted the first international meet, the Grande Semaine dAviation de la Champagne. Major aviation personages such as Glenn Curtiss, Louis Blériot and Louis Paulhan participated, hostilities in World War I greatly damaged the city. German bombardment and a subsequent fire in 1914 did severe damage to the cathedral, from the end of World War I to the present day an international effort to restore the cathedral from the ruins has continued. The Palace of Tau, St Jacques Church and the Abbey of St Remi also were protected and restored, the collection of preserved buildings and Roman ruins remains monumentally impressive. During World War II the city suffered additional damage, but in Reims, at 2,41 on the morning of 7 May 1945, General Eisenhower and the Allies received the unconditional surrender of the German Wehrmacht
11.
ILA Berlin Air Show
–
The ILA Berlin Air Show combines a major trade exhibition for the aerospace and defence industries with a public airshow. It is held every year at the new Berlin ExpoCenter Airport near Schönefeld, Brandenburg 18 km southeast of Berlin. The most recent ILA Berlin Air Show was held 1-4 June 2016, established in 1909, it claims to be worlds oldest air show, and it is among the largest and most important aerospace trade fairs today. The format is similar to the Paris Air Show in France and the Farnborough International Airshow in Britain, the Berlin event starts with three professional days closed to the general public, and then on Friday, Saturday and Sunday the public are allowed in. The main display sections planned for 2014 include commercial air transport, space, military aviation, helicopters and it was first held in Frankfurt am Main in 1909, and as such can lay claim to being the oldest aviation show in the world. After the first ILA, following the idea of the aircraft constructor August Euler, before the First World War, the ILA was held in Berlin. Known initially as the German Aviation Show, the fair was increasingly attracting participants from abroad, and in 1978 the symbolic three letters ILA from 1909 were revived. In 1992, the political and economic changes which had taken place in Europe since the fall of the Berlin Wall opened the way for the ILA to return to its birthplace in Berlin. The ILA’s main display sections include commercial aviation, aerospace, military aviation and military technology, equipment and engines, the new multi-purpose exhibition area, called Berlin ExpoCenter Airport adjacent to the BER was finished in time for ILA2012. The main section of the grounds cover approximately 250,000 square metres, the site is situated 18 km southeast of Germanys capital city Berlin. All previous attendance records had been broken at ILA2006, more than 250,000 visitors were recorded at the ILA2006 between 16 and 21 May, including 115,000 trade visitors. 1,014 exhibitors from 42 countries presented products, systems, several thousand experts from all over Europe and from overseas attended the more than 90 accompanying conferences in search of information. Some 4,100 media representatives from 70 countries provided comprehensive coverage of the main technical themes, ILA2006 emphasised the importance of this sector for Germany in its role as a centre for the aerospace industry. Hans-Joachim Gante, Chief Executive of the BDLI, stated, We have become one of the few sectors with sustainable growth in Germany, due above all to our innovative strengths. This was clearly demonstrated at the ILA2006, which is acquiring an international dimension. This was an opportunity for the German aerospace industry to demonstrate that it is among the world leaders. Exhibitors expressed their satisfaction with the discussions and contacts and with the deals that were finalised at this event. In particular the decision to make Russia the partner country proved highly effective, Russia was very strongly represented and was able to establish numerous contacts and business links
12.
Grande Semaine d'Aviation de la Champagne
–
The Grande Semaine dAviation de la Champagne was an aviation meet held near Reims in France during August 1909. It was the first international flying event and was seen both at the time and by later historians as marking the coming of age of heavier-than-air aviation. It was held on the plain of Bétheny, about 5 km north of Reims, a large grandstand was constructed for the event, together with a row of sheds to accommodate the aircraft. Next to the grandstand was the Popular enclosure, complete with an enormous scoreboard, the spectator area was only a few hundred metres from the Laon-Reims railway line, and a temporary station was provided. Sunday,22 August — Contest to decide the French team for the Gordon-Bennett Trophy, Prix de la Vitesse, Prix du Tour de Piste, monday,23 August — Grand Prix de la Champagne, Prix du Tour de Piste, Prix des Aeronauts. Tuesday,24 August — Grand Prix de la Vitesse, Prix du Tour de Piste, wednesday,25 August — Grand Prix de la Champagne, Prix du Tour de Piste, Prix des Aeronauts. Thursday,26 August — Grand Prix de la Champagne, Prix du Tour de Piste, Prix des Aeronauts, friday,27 August — Grand Prix de la Champagne, Prix du Tour de Piste, Prix des Aeronauts. Saturday, August 28 — Coupe Internationale dAviation Gordon-Bennett, Prix des Passagers, Prix du Tour de Piste and it consisted of a time trial over two laps of the 10 km circuit rather than a direct race, and each nation was allowed three entrants. On the Saturday of the race Curtiss made the first flights, first making an attempt for the Circuit Prize and lowering the record to 7 m 55.4 s. Encouraged by this, he made his attempt for the Trophy. Lefebvre then made the first attempt by the French team, only managing a time of 20 m 47.6 s, lathams time was 16 m 32 s. Blériot, flying last, managed a first lap time in the time as Curtiss second lap, but during the second round he was impeded by a squall. Under the rules of the Trophy, Curtiss victory meant that the race would be held in America. Later in the day Blériot did secure one prize, that for the fastest circuit and this was a distance prize offering six prizes of 50,000,25,000,10,000,5,000,5,000, and 5,000 francs. Farman eventually landed because the competition stopped at half-past seven, Farman had replaced the Vivinus engine of his aircraft, which was proving unreliable, with a Gnome Omega rotary engine just before the flight. The final attempts for this were held on the last day, however, Blériot had a spectacular accident, his aircraft crashed and caught fire, and was destroyed, the prize went to Curtiss. Won by Farman, the pilot to carry two passengers. Won by Hubert Latham flying an Antoinette VII with an altitude of 155 m, won by Louis Blériot, flying his Type XII monoplane, with a speed of 76.95 kph
13.
A. Roy Knabenshue
–
Augustus Roy Knabenshue was an American aeronautical engineer and aviator. He was born on July 15,1875 in Lancaster, Ohio, in 1904, at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Roy Knabenshue piloted Thomas Scott Baldwins California Arrow dirigible to a height of 2,000 feet and was able to return to the takeoff point. He was the first to make a flight over New York City in 1905. He performed barnstorming and worked as the manager of the Wright Exhibition Team. From 1933 to 1944 he worked for the National Park Service and then worked for a Los Angeles and he had a second stroke at his home at a trailer park in Arcadia, California on February 21,1960. He died on March 6,1960 at the Evergreen Sanitarium in Temple City, interment and services were held March 9,1960 at the Portal of the Folded Wings in Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood, California. One of the first in America to pilot a steerable balloon In 1904 he piloted the first successful dirigible in America at the St
14.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
15.
Los Angeles
–
Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
16.
Glenn Curtiss
–
Glenn Hammond Curtiss was an American aviation pioneer and a founder of the U. S. aircraft industry. He began his career as a racer and builder before moving on to motorcycles. As early as 1904, he began to manufacture engines for airships, in 1908 Curtiss joined the Aerial Experiment Association, a pioneering research group, founded by Alexander Graham Bell at Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia to build flying machines. Curtiss made the first officially witnessed flight in North America, won a race at the worlds first international air meet in France and his contributions in designing and building aircraft led to the formation of the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, now part of Curtiss-Wright Corporation. His company built aircraft for the U. S. Army and Navy, Curtiss civil and military aircraft were predominant in the inter-war and World War II eras. Curtiss was born in 1878 in Hammondsport, New York to Frank Richmond Curtiss, although his formal education extended only to Grade 8, his early interest in mechanics and inventions was evident at his first job at the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company in Rochester, New York. He invented a stencil machine adopted at the plant and later built a camera to study photography. On March 7,1898, Curtiss married Lena Pearl Neff, daughter of Guy L. Neff and Jenny M. Potter, in Hammondsport, New York. They had two children, Carlton N. Curtiss Glenn Hammond Curtiss Curtiss began his career as a Western Union bicycle messenger, a bicycle racer, in 1901, he developed an interest in motorcycles when internal combustion engines became more available. In 1902, Curtiss began manufacturing motorcycles with his own single-cylinder engines and his first motorcycles carburetor was adapted from a tomato soup can containing a gauze screen to pull the gasoline up via capillary action. In 1903, he set a land speed record at 64 miles per hour for one mile. Corson of the Hendee Mfg Co visited Hammondsport in July 1904, corsons motorcycles had just been trounced the week before by Hell Rider Curtiss in an endurance race from New York to Cambridge, Maryland. In 1907, Curtiss set an world record of 136.36 miles per hour, on a 40 horsepower 269 cu in V8-powered motorcycle of his own design and construction in Ormond Beach. The air-cooled F-head engine was intended for use in aircraft and he would remain the fastest man in the world, the title the newspapers gave him, until 1911, and his motorcycle record was not broken until 1930. This motorcycle is now in the Smithsonian Institution, Curtisss success at racing strengthened his reputation as a leading maker of high-performance motorcycles and engines. In 1904, Curtiss became a supplier of engines for the California aeronaut Tom Baldwin, in that same year, Baldwins California Arrow, powered by a Curtiss 9 HP V-twin motorcycle engine, became the first successful dirigible in America. In 1907, Alexander Graham Bell invited Curtiss to develop an engine for heavier-than-air flight experimentation. Bell regarded Curtiss as the greatest motor expert in the country, between 1908 and 1910, the AEA produced four aircraft, each one an improvement over the last
17.
Santa Anita Park
–
Santa Anita Park is a thoroughbred racetrack in Arcadia, California, United States. It offers some of the prominent racing events in the United States during the winter, with its backdrop of the San Gabriel Mountains, it is considered by many the worlds most beautiful race track. In 2010, Santa Anitas ownership was moved to MI Developments Inc, Santa Anita Park was originally part of Rancho Santa Anita, which was owned originally by former San Gabriel Mission Mayor-Domo, Claudio Lopez, and named after a family member, Anita Cota. The ranch was acquired by rancher Hugo Reid, a Scotsman. Later, it was owned by multimillionaire horse breeder and racer Lucky Baldwin, Baldwin initially built a racetrack adjacent to the present site in what is today Arcadia, outside of the city of Los Angeles, in 1904. It closed in 1909 and burned in 1912, in 1933, California legalized parimutuel wagering and several investor groups worked to open racetracks. In the San Francisco area, a group headed by Dr. Charles H Doc Strub was having trouble locating a site, in the Los Angeles area, a group headed by movie producer Hal Roach was in need of further funds. These two groups combined and the newly formed Los Angeles Turf Club reopened the track on Christmas Day in 1934, in February 1935, the first Santa Anita Handicap was run. The races $100,000 purse, largest of any race ever in the United States until that time, in its heyday, the tracks races attracted such stars Betty Grable, Lana Turner, Edgar Bergen, Jane Russell, Cary Grant, Esther Williams, and other stars. Bing Crosby, Joe E. Brown, Al Jolson, under the leadership of Doc Strub, Santa Anita initiated many innovations that are now standard in thoroughbred horse racing, such as the use of starting gates and photo finishes for every race. It is interesting to note that the implementation of photo finishes at Santa Anita actually recorded an increase in dead heats, Santa Anita was so successful that in its first year under Doc Strubs leadership, it paid its investors a 100% dividend on their investment. In 1940, Seabiscuit won the Santa Anita Handicap in his last start, two years later, in 1942, racing at Santa Anita was suspended due to the Second World War, when Santa Anita was used as an assembly center for Japanese Americans excluded from the West Coast. For several months in 1942, over 18,000 people lived in horse stables and military-style barracks constructed on the site, including actor George Takei, after the track reopened in 1945, it went through the postwar years with prosperity. A downhill turf course, which added a distinctly European flair to racing at Santa Anita, was added in 1953, due to its proximity to Los Angeles, Santa Anita has traditionally been associated with the film and television industries. The racetrack sequences in the Marx Brothers 1937 classic A Day at the Races were filmed there, several stars, including Bing Crosby, Spencer Tracy, Errol Flynn, Alex Trebek, and MGM mogul, Louis B. Mayer, have owned horses that raced at the park, the 1958 Santa Anita Derby was attended by 61,123 people, making the attendance that day a record crowd. They had come to watch Silky Sullivan come from 28 lengths off the pace, the 1960s brought about a major renovation of Santa Anita Park, including a much-expanded grandstand as well as major seating additions. In 1968, Del Mar Racetrack relinquished its dates for a fall meeting, a group of horsemen including Clement Hirsch intervened and established the not-for-profit Oak Tree Racing Association
18.
Pacific Electric
–
Organized around the city centers of Los Angeles and San Bernardino, it connected cities in Los Angeles County, Orange County, San Bernardino County and Riverside County. The system had four districts, Northern District, San Gabriel Valley, including Pasadena, Mount Lowe, South Pasadena, Alhambra, El Monte, Covina, Duarte, Glendora, Azusa, Sierra Madre, and Monrovia. Eastern District, Pomona, San Bernardino, Arrowhead Springs, Riverside, Rialto, Southern District, Long Beach, Newport Beach, Huntington Beach, San Pedro via Dominguez, Santa Ana, El Segundo, Redondo Beach via Gardena, and San Pedro Via Torrance. Western District, Hollywood, Glendale/Burbank, San Fernando Valley, Beverly Hills, Santa Monica, Manhattan/Redondo/Hermosa Beaches, Venice, Electric trolleys first appeared in Los Angeles in 1887. The Pacific Electric Railway was created in 1901 by railroad executive Henry E. Huntington, Hellman, the President of the Nevada Bank, San Franciscos largest, became one of the largest bond holders for these lines and he and the younger Huntington developed a close business relationship. When uncle Collis died, Henry lost a battle for control of the Southern Pacific to Union Pacific President E. H. Harriman. Huntington then decided to focus his energies on Southern California, Hellman added that he had already tasked engineer Epes Randolph to survey and lay out the companys first line which would be to Long Beach. Hellman and his group of investors owned the majority of stock. Using surrogates, the syndicate began purchasing property and rights-of-ways, the new companys first main project, the line to Long Beach, opened July 4,1902. Huntington experienced periods of opposition from organized labor with the construction of the new railways, tensions between union leaders and like-minded Los Angeles businessmen were high from the early 1900s up through the 1920s. Strikes and boycotts troubled the Pacific Electric throughout those years until they reached the height of violence in the 1919 Streetcar Strike of Los Angeles, the efforts of organized labor simmered with the onset of World War I. Railroads were one part of the enterprise, revenue from passenger traffic rarely generated a profit, unlike freight. The real money for the investors was in supplying electric power to new communities, to get the railways and electricity to their towns, local groups offered the Huntington interests opportunities in local land. Soon Huntington and his partners had significant holdings in the companies developing Naples, Bay City, Huntington Beach, Newport Beach. In early 1903, Harriman proposed a plan with three-cent fare plan to the Los Angeles City Council. Huntington countered with a book which gave the rider 500 miles of travel for $6.25. The Council vetoed the idea, unable to believe adequate service could be provided for such a low fare. The final confrontation came over a war for the 6th Street franchise, in which the franchise, finally went to the top bidder for $110,000
19.
Monoplane
–
A monoplane is a fixed-wing aircraft with a single main wing plane, in contrast to a biplane or other multiplane, each of which has multiple planes. A monoplane has inherently the highest efficiency and lowest drag of any wing configuration and is the simplest to build, however, during the early years of flight, these advantages were offset by its greater weight and lower manoeuvrability, making it relatively rare until the 1930s. Since then, the monoplane has been the most common form for a fixed-wing aircraft, although the first successful aircraft were biplanes, the first attempts at heavier-than-air flying machines were monoplanes, and many pioneers continued to develop monoplane designs. For example, the first aeroplane to be put into production was the 1907 Santos-Dumont Demoiselle, while the Blériot XI flew across the English Channel in 1909, throughout 1909–1910, Hubert Latham set multiple altitude records in his Antoinette IV monoplane, eventually reaching 1,384 m. The equivalent German language term is Eindecker, as in the mid-wing Fokker Eindecker fighter of 1915 which for a time dominated the skies in what known as the Fokker scourge. The German military Idflieg aircraft designation system prior to 1918 prefixed monoplane type designations with an E, however, the success of the Fokker was short-lived, and World War I was dominated by biplanes. Towards the end of the war, the parasol monoplane became popular, nonetheless, relatively few monoplane types were built between 1914 and the late 1920s, compared with the number of biplanes. The reasons for this were primarily practical, towards the end of the First World War, the inherent high drag of the biplane was beginning to restrict performance. Engines were not yet enough to make the heavy cantilever-wing monoplane viable. It remained popular throughout the 1920s, on flying boats with a shallow hull, a parasol wing allows the engines to be mounted above the spray from the water when taking off and landing. It was popular on flying boats during the 1930s, an example being the Consolidated PBY Catalina. It died out when taller hulls became the norm during World War II, most military aircraft of WW II were monoplanes, as have been virtually all aircraft since. Jet and rocket engines have more power, and all modern high-speed aircraft. The inherent efficiency of the monoplane can best be realised in the cantilever wing which carries all structural forces internally. By contrast, a wing has additional drag from the exposed bracing struts and/or wires. On the other hand, the wing has greater structural efficiency. This in turn means that for a wing of a size, bracing allows it to fly slower with a lower-powered engine, while a heavy cantilever wing needs a more powerful engine. A cantilever wing can be lighter by making it thicker
20.
Biplane
–
A biplane is a fixed-wing aircraft with two main wings stacked one above the other. The first powered, controlled aeroplane to fly, the Wright Flyer, used a biplane wing arrangement, while a biplane wing structure has a structural advantage over a monoplane, it produces more drag than a similar unbraced or cantilever monoplane wing. Improved structural techniques, better materials and the quest for greater speed made the biplane configuration obsolete for most purposes by the late 1930s. Biplanes offer several advantages over conventional cantilever monoplane designs, they permit lighter wing structures, low wing loading, however, interference between the airflow over each wing increases drag substantially, and biplanes generally need extensive bracing, which causes additional drag. Biplanes are distinguished from tandem wing arrangements, where the wings are placed forward and aft, instead of above, the term is also occasionally used in biology, to describe the wings of some flying animals. In a biplane aircraft, two wings are placed one above the other, either or both of the main wings can support ailerons, while flaps are more usually positioned on the lower wing. Bracing is nearly always added between the upper and lower wings, in the form of wires and/or slender interplane struts positioned symmetrically on either side of the fuselage. The primary advantage of the biplane over the traditional single plane or monoplane is to combine great stiffness with light weight. A braced monoplane wing must support itself fully, while the two wings of a help to stiffen each other. The biplane is therefore inherently stiffer than the monoplane, also, the structural forces in the spars of a biplane wing tend to be lower, so the wing can use less material to obtain the same overall strength and is therefore much lighter. A disadvantage of the biplane was the need for extra struts to space the wings apart, the low power supplied by the engines available in the first years of aviation meant that aeroplanes could only fly slowly. This required an even lower stalling speed, which in turn required a low wing loading, combining both large wing area with light weight. A biplane wing of a span and chord has twice the area of a monoplane the same size and so can fly more slowly. Alternatively, a wing of the same area as a monoplane has lower span and chord, reducing the structural forces. Biplanes suffer aerodynamic interference between the two planes and this means that a biplane does not in practice obtain twice the lift of the similarly-sized monoplane. The farther apart the wings are spaced the less the interference, given the slow speed and low power of early aircraft, the drag penalty of the wires and struts and the mutual interference of airflows were relatively minor and acceptable factors. The smaller biplane wing also allows greater maneuverability, during World War One, this further enhanced the dominance of the biplane and, despite the need for speed, military aircraft were among the last to abandon the biplane form. Specialist sports Aerobatic biplanes are still occasionally made, biplanes were originally designed with the wings positioned directly one above the other
21.
Balloon (aeronautics)
–
In aeronautics, a balloon is an unpowered aerostat, which remains aloft or floats due to its buoyancy. A balloon may be free, moving with the wind, or tethered to a fixed point and it is distinct from an airship, which is a powered aerostat that can propel itself through the air in a controlled manner. Many balloons have a basket, gondola or capsule suspended beneath the envelope for carrying people or equipment. A balloon is conceptually the simplest of all flying machines, the balloon is a fabric envelope filled with a gas that is lighter than the surrounding atmosphere. As the entire balloon is less dense than its surroundings, it rises, taking along with it a basket, attached underneath, which carries passengers or payload. Although a balloon has no propulsion system, a degree of control is possible through making the balloon rise or sink in altitude to find favorable wind directions. There are three types of balloon, The hot air balloon or Montgolfière obtains its buoyancy by heating the air inside the balloon. The Rozière type has both heated and unheated lifting gases in separate gasbags and this type of balloon is sometimes used for long-distance record flights, such as the recent circumnavigations, but is not otherwise in use. Both the hot air, or Montgolfière, balloon and the gas balloon are still in common use, Montgolfière balloons are relatively inexpensive, as they do not require high-grade materials for their envelopes, and they are popular for balloonist sport activity. The first tethered manned balloon flight was by a larger Montgolfier balloon, the first free balloon flight was by the same Montgolfier balloon on 21 November 1783. When heated, air expands, so a given volume of space contains less air and this makes it lighter and, if its lifting power is greater than the weight of the balloon containing it, it will lift the balloon upwards. A hot air balloon can stay up while it has fuel for its burner. The Montgolfiers early hot air balloons used a solid-fuel brazier which proved less practical than the balloons that had followed almost immediately. In the 1950s, the convenience and low cost of bottled gas burners led to a revival of hot air ballooning for sport and leisure. A man-carrying balloon using the gas hydrogen for buoyancy was made by Professor Jacques Charles and flown less than a month after the Montgolfier flight. In the 19th century, it was common to use gas to fill balloons, this was not as light as pure hydrogen gas, having about half the lifting power. Light gas balloons are predominant in scientific applications, as they are capable of reaching much higher altitudes for longer periods of time. They are generally filled with helium, although hydrogen has more lifting power, it is explosive in an atmosphere rich in oxygen
22.
Dirigible
–
An airship or dirigible balloon is a type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft that can navigate through the air under its own power. Aerostats gain their lift from large gas bags filled with a gas that is less dense than the surrounding air. In early dirigibles, the gas used was hydrogen, due to its high lifting capacity. Helium gas has almost the same lifting capacity and is not flammable, unlike hydrogen, significant amounts were first discovered in the United States and for a while helium was only used for airships by the United States. Most airships built since the 1960s have used helium, though some have used hot air, the envelope of an airship may form a single gas bag, or may contain a number of internal gas-filled cells. An airship also has engines, crew, and optionally also payload accommodation, the main types of airship are non-rigid, semi-rigid, and rigid. Non-rigid airships, often called blimps, rely on internal pressure to maintain the shape of the airship, semi-rigid airships maintain the envelope shape by internal pressure, but have some form of supporting structure, such as a fixed keel, attached to it. Rigid airships have a structural framework which maintains the shape and carries all structural loads. Rigid airships were first flown by Count Zeppelin and the vast majority of rigid airships built were manufactured by the firm he founded, as a result, rigid airships are called zeppelins. S. Navy helium-filled rigids, the USS Akron and USS Macon respectively, during the pioneer years of aeronautics, terms such as airship, air-ship, air ship and ship of the air meant any kind of navigable or dirigible flying machine. In 1919 Frederick Handley Page was reported as referring to ships of the air, in the 1930s, large intercontinental flying boats were also sometimes referred to as ships of the air or flying-ships. Nowadays the term airship is used only for powered, dirigible balloons, semirigid architecture is the more recent and the late appearance is caused by both advancements about deformable structures and exigiency of reducing weight and volume of the airships. They have a structure that ensure to keep the shape jointly with overpressure of the gas envelope. An aerostat is an aircraft which remain aloft using buoyancy or static lift, Airships are a type of aerostat. The term aerostat has also used to indicate a tethered or moored balloon as opposed to a free-floating balloon. A blimp is a non-rigid aerostat, in American usage it refers specifically to a non-rigid type of dirigible balloon or airship. In British usage it refers to any non-rigid aerostat, including balloons and other kite balloons, having a streamlined shape. The initials LZ, for Luftschiff Zeppelin, usually prefixed their crafts serial identifiers, streamlined Parsifal-shaped rigid airships are usually referred to as Zeppelin, because of the fame that this company has acquired due to the number of airships it produced
23.
Louis Paulhan
–
Isidore Auguste Marie Louis Paulhan, known as Louis Paulhan, was a pioneering French aviator. He is known for winning the first Daily Mail aviation prize for a flight between London and Manchester in 1910, Paulhan was born at Pézenas, Hérault, and his heavier-than-air flying career began with making model aircraft. Stationed at St Cyr as a pilot during his military service. The same year he won a competition for model aircraft design in which the first prize was to be a construction of the winning design. His design was so complex that instead he was given a Voisin airframe, with the help of family and friends, he obtained an engine and taught himself to fly in 1909. He was issued with French pilot licence No.10 and he quickly established himself as gifted pilot. He took part in airshows, including one in Douai in July 1909, where he set new records for altitude and duration, covering 47 km. In Lyon, flying a Farman III, he broke three records, height, speed and weight, carrying a 73-kilogram passenger, on 29 October 1909 Paulhan made the first official powered flight at Brooklands, Surrey, England, in his biplane made by Farman Aviation Works. This was also the first public flying display at Brooklands and some 20,000 spectators watched him fly to a height of 720 feet. Local press reported that the land surrounded by the Brooklands Motor Racing Track was converted into an aerodrome for this event by a gang of men working day and night. In January 1910, Paulhan was invited to America to take part in airshows and competitions and he arrived with two Blériot monoplanes and two Farman biplanes. The Wright brothers, though not taking part in the event, were there with their lawyers to prevent Paulhan, the Wrights claimed that the ailerons on their aircraft infringed patents. Paulhan flew anyway, winning all of the prizes and $19,000 and he set up a new altitude record of 4,164 feet, beating his own previous record of 1,900 feet, and won the endurance prize with a flight lasting 1hr 49mn 40sec. He gave William Randolph Hearst his first experience of flight, for three days Boeing waited, but on the fourth day he discovered Paulhan had already left the meet. Possibly, one of the biggest missed opportunities in Paulhans life was the ride he never gave Boeing, from Los Angeles, Paulhan moved on to give exhibitions in Salt Lake City, Utah, where the Deseret News headline announced that the Air King is Here to Fly. He also appeared in New Orleans and made the first aeroplane flight in Texas, the Wright brothers case led, on 17 February, to a Federal judge ordering Paulhan to pay $25,000 for every paid display. Furious, he cancelled his American tour and went to New York City to challenge the Wright brothers by giving public demonstration flights for free. The affair threatened the international aviation meet to be hosted by the Aero Club of America
24.
Aviation
–
Aviation is the practical aspect or art of aeronautics, being the design, development, production, operation and use of aircraft, especially heavier than air aircraft. The word aviation was coined by French writer and former naval officer Gabriel La Landelle in 1863, from the verb avier, itself derived from the Latin word avis and the suffix -ation. The modern age of aviation began with the first untethered human lighter-than-air flight on November 21,1783, the practicality of balloons was limited because they could only travel downwind. It was immediately recognized that a steerable, or dirigible, balloon was required, jean-Pierre Blanchard flew the first human-powered dirigible in 1784 and crossed the English Channel in one in 1785. Rigid airships became the first aircraft to transport passengers and cargo over great distances, the best known aircraft of this type were manufactured by the German Zeppelin company. The most successful Zeppelin was the Graf Zeppelin and it flew over one million miles, including an around-the-world flight in August 1929. However, the dominance of the Zeppelins over the airplanes of that period, the Golden Age of the airships ended on May 6,1937 when the Hindenburg caught fire, killing 36 people. The cause of the Hindenburg accident was blamed on the use of hydrogen instead of helium as the lift gas. An internal investigation by the manufacturer revealed the coating used to protect the material over the frame was highly flammable. Changes to the coating formulation reduced the risk of further Hindenburg type accidents, although there have been periodic initiatives to revive their use, airships have seen only niche application since that time. In 1799 Sir George Cayley set forth the concept of the airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion. Seven years later, on 14 October 1897, Aders Avion III was tested without success in front of two officials from the French War ministry, the report on the trials was not publicized until 1910, as they had been a military secret. In November 1906 Ader claimed to have made a flight on 14 October 1897. Although widely believed at the time, these claims were later discredited, however, the most widely accepted date is December 17,1903 by the Wright brothers. The Wright brothers were the first to fly in a powered and controlled aircraft, previous flights were gliders or free flight, but the Wright brothers combined both, setting the new standard in aviation records. Aircraft began to transport people and cargo as designs grew larger, the Wright brothers took aloft the first passenger, Charles Furnas, one of their mechanics, on May 14,1908. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, the war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets. Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide aircraft for the new middle-class market
25.
Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company
–
Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company was an American aircraft manufacturer formed in 1916 by Glenn Hammond Curtiss. After significant commercial success in the teens and 20s, it merged with the Wright Aeronautical in 1929 to form Curtiss-Wright Corporation. According to Bell, it was a scientific association, not for gain but for the love of the art. In 1909, the AEA was disbanded and Curtiss formed the Herring-Curtiss Company with Augustus Moore Herring on March 20,1909, which was renamed the Curtiss Aeroplane Company in 1910. The Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company was created on January 13,1916 from the Curtiss Aeroplane Company of Hammondsport, New York and Curtiss Motor Company of Bath, burgess Company of Marblehead, Massachusetts, became a subsidiary in February 1916. With the onset of World War I, military orders rose sharply, the company housed an aircraft engine factory in the former Taylor Signal Company-General Railway Signal Company. An ancillary operation was begun in Toronto, Ontario that was involved in production and training, setting up the first flying school in Canada in 1915. Curtiss was instrumental in the development of U. S. Naval Aviation by providing training for pilots, the first major order was for 144 various subtypes of the Model F trainer flying boat. In 1914, Curtiss had lured B. Douglas Thomas from Sopwith to design the Model J trainer, the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company worked with the United States British and Canadian allies, resulting in JN-4 trainers being built in Canada. In order to complete large military orders, JN-4 production was distributed to five other manufacturers, after the war, large numbers of JN-4s were sold as surplus, making influential as the first plane for many interwar pilots, including Amelia Earhart. The Curtiss HS-2L flying boat was used extensively in the war for anti-submarine patrols and was operated from bases in Nova Scotia, Canada, France and Portugal. The John Cyril Porte of the Royal Navy and Curtiss worked together to improve the design of the Curtiss flying boats resulting in the Curtiss F5L and the similar Felixstowe F.3. Curtiss also worked with the US Navy to develop the NC-4, which became the first aircraft to fly across the Atlantic Ocean in 1919, making several stops en route. By the end of World War I, the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company would claim to be the largest aircraft manufacturer in the world, employing 18,000 in Buffalo and 3,000 in Hammondsport, New York. Curtiss produced 10,000 aircraft during that war, and more than 100 in a single week, peace brought cancellation of wartime contracts. In September 1920, the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company underwent a reorganization and Glenn Curtiss cashed out his stock in the company for $32 million. He continued as a director of the company but served only as an advisor on design, clement M. Keys gained control of the company and it later became the nucleus of a large group of aviation companies. Curtiss seaplanes won the Schneider Cup in two races, those of 1923 and 1925
26.
Lincoln J. Beachey
–
Lincoln J. Beachey was a pioneer American aviator and barnstormer. He became famous and wealthy from flying exhibitions, staging aerial stunts, helping invent aerobatics and he was known as The Man Who Owns the Sky, and sometimes the Master Birdman. Beachey was acknowledged even by his competitors as The Worlds Greatest Aviator and he was known by sight to hundreds of thousands and by name to the whole world. Beachey was born on March 3,1887, in San Francisco, following in his older brother Hillarys footsteps, he worked as a ground crewman for dirigible pilot Thomas Scott Baldwin. He helped build the dirigible California Arrow and made his first dirigible flight in 1905, later he helped design a faster, more aerodynamic dirigible known as the Beachey-Baldwin. Meanwhile, his brother Hillary began flying aeroplanes at the meet, at the 1911 Los Angeles airshow, Beachey made the first successful recovery from an engine failure that caused his plane to go into a nose-diving spin from an altitude of over 3,000 feet. No previous pilot had survived a similar situation, after that, Beachey joined the exhibition team of aviation pioneer Glenn Curtiss. Unfamiliar with Curtiss designs, it is said he crashed three times while learning to fly them, but soon achieved mastery of this new design, in June the organizers of the U. S. -Canadian Carnival offered $1,000 to the first person to fly an aeroplane over Niagara Falls, while gradually climbing, Beachey circled his plane over the falls several times. After he completed this performance he dove down into the mists of the falls, then he flew his plane under the Honeymoon Bridge 6 meters above the rapids and down the length of the Niagara Gorge. Local papers described his plane as looking like an orange crate. Although Wilfred Parke is credited with developing Parkes technique to recover from a tailspin, climbing to 5,000 feet, he forced his plane into the spin and then turned the rudder in the direction of the spin, allowing him to level out. He repeated the maneuver eleven more times to confirm that it worked, thus Beachey became an aviation superstar, In one year,17 million people saw him fly. At the time, the population of the United States was just 90 million people and his achievements include inventing figure 8s and the vertical drop. He was also the first pilot to achieve terminal velocity by flying straight toward the ground, several pilots died trying to imitate him. After the death of someone he knew, Beachey briefly retired, after 3 months, he came out of retirement and perfected a trick known as the loop. At the 1911 Chicago International Aviation Meet, Beachey raced a train—and let his wheels touch the top of the train as it passed underneath. Here he also won awards for his stunts, and set a new altitude record
27.
Charles K. Hamilton
–
Charles Keeney Hamilton was an American pioneer aviator nicknamed the crazy man of the air. He was, in the words of the U. S, centennial of Flight Commission, known for his dangerous dives, spectacular crashes, extensive reconstructive surgeries, and ever present cigarette and was frequently drunk. Hamilton was born in New Britain, Connecticut and he was a hot air balloonist and parachute jumper at fairs and circuses at the age of 18. Three years later, he became friends with aeronautical engineer and aviator A. Roy Knabenshue, on the day Louis Bleriot flew the English Channel, July 25,1909, Hamilton was sailing his own airship across the Bay of Osaka in Japan. In late 1909, he started taking flying lessons from Glenn Curtiss and he joined Curtisss exhibition team and quickly acquired fame and a nationwide reputation as a daredevil flyer. He then embarked on an 11-city, two-month exhibition tour across the American Southwest, starting at Phoenix, Arizona and ending in San Diego, on February 19, Hamilton became the first to fly an airplane in Tucson, Arizona. In San Diego, he became just the third American flier to remain aloft for at least an hour, crossing the ocean to Mexico, Hamilton became the first to fly in the state of Washington, when he piloted the Reims Racer over Seattle on March 11. He had to be fished out of the lake, but suffered minor injuries. Undaunted, he flew at Tacoma, Washington, and crossed the border to become the First Air Visitor to Vancouver, the next day, he flew to New Westminster and back, covering 20 miles in 30 minutes. He participated in an air meet in Spokane, Washington between April 1–3, on April 9, he flew over Mercer Island and Lake Washington. In San Antonio, Texas, he set a record for the quickest takeoff,79 feet in 3.8 seconds, in May, he performed in Atlanta and Augusta, Georgia, before heading to Mineola, New York, Curtisss headquarters. On June 13,1910, Hamilton won a prize of $10,000, sponsored by The New York Times and he departed from Governors Island in New York harbor at 7,30 am and reached Philadelphia at 9,26 am. With a stopover in Philadelphia, the trip took a little over 11 hours. He received a welcome in his hometown of New Britain. It was also the first in New England, between June and August, he performed at Knoxville, Nashville and Atlantic City. In Nashville, he made the first night flight in America, when Hamilton fell behind on payments, Glenn Curtiss repossessed the Reims Racer. Hamilton then had a new airplane built by Walter Christie, who had a car, finished on August 31, it was reputed to have the most powerful airplane engine yet, boasting 110 hp. Hamilton named his new airplane the Hamiltonian. In September, however, the Hamiltonian stalled and crashed during a flight outside Sacramento, California, Hamilton was badly cut, bruised and burned
28.
Clifford B. Harmon
–
Clifford Burke Harmon was a wealthy real estate developer and aviator. He founded the International League of Aviators and was the sponsor of the Harmon Trophy, harmons real estate success came from developing suburban New York, New York villages, such as Pelhamwood and Harmon-on-Hudson. He was born on July 1,1866 in Urbana, Ohio and he had a brother, William Elmer Harmon. On August 20,1910 Harmon became the first man to fly across the Long Island Sound and he flew from Garden City to Greenwich. In 1926 he started the Harmon Trophy for aviation, in 1931 he created the Clifford B. Harmon Cup to be awarded to amateur golfers, in 1932 he may have tried to commit suicide in Cannes, France. He died on June 25,1945 in Cannes, France, in his will he left $48,431 for the continuation of the Harmon Trophy. Among other things, the Metro North Railroad station Croton-Harmon and the Croton-Harmon School District are named after Harmon
29.
Early Birds of Aviation
–
The Early Birds of Aviation is an organization devoted to the history of early pilots. The organization was started in 1928 and accepted a membership of 598 pioneering aviators, membership was limited to those who piloted a glider, gas balloon, or airplane, prior to December 17,1916. The cutoff date was set at December 17 to correspond to the first flights of Wilbur,1916 was chosen as a cutoff because a large number of people were trained in 1917 as pilots for World War I. Twelve of the aviators were women, the original organization dissolved once the last living member had died. This occurred with the death of 99-year-old George Debaun Grundy, Jr. on May 19,1998, the organization was restarted and is devoted to collecting and publishing biographies on those who met the 1916 deadline. There were many pilots who soloed before the 1916 deadline who never applied to the club to be members, some have been made honorary members. The following are the 598 aviator members, Nicholas Rippon Abberly and he was born on March 25,1891. He built and flew a pusher configuration aircraft in Mineola, New York on Long Island in September 1910 and he soloed the aircraft in October 1910. He was born on March 31,1896, in Talladega, Alabama and he became a Lieutenant in the Naval Air Service from 1918 to 1919. He was the manager of the Birmingham Municipal Airport and founded the Birmingham Aero Club on January 31,1932. Acker and Rountree founded and managed the National Air Carnival, an annual Birmingham based airshow, in 1946 he became the director for the National Aviation Clinic in Oklahoma City and ran the Omaha airshow. He died on October 22,1952, in Jefferson, Alabama, raynold Edward Acre Baxter Harrison Adams Walter Joseph Addems was the penultimate member of the Early Birds of Aviation to die. William Herbert Aitken Eduardo Aldasoro Suárez Juan Pablo Aldasoro Archibald Livingston Allan and he was born on December 20,1886, in Bayonne, New Jersey. Walter E. Allen Malcolm Graeme Allison Lawrence Malcolm Allison Francis Inman Amory Alex Francis Arcier Charles Anthony Arens was the secretary of the Early Birds of Aviation and he was born on December 17,1895 in Chicago, Illinois. Robert James Armor Edward Robert Armstrong Robert T. Armstrong George B, Arnold General Henry Harley Arnold Arthur Cruger Aston William Vincent Astor. He was born on May 27,1897, in Brookline, edgar Wirt Bagnell, learned to fly at Newport News, Virginia in 1915. He died at a home in Berkeley, California on August 27,1958. He was born on December 6,1886 and he died on July 10,1967, in Goteborg, Sweden
30.
Didier Masson
–
Didier Masson was a pioneering French aviator. He was born in Asnières, France and he died and was buried in Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico. In one of the more aerial victories of history, Masson shot down an enemy plane after his own planes motor quit running. Later in life, he was a manager for pioneer Pan American World Airways, didier Masson apprenticed as a jeweler for a short while in 1903 before joining the French army. He served in the 129e Regiment dInfanterie from 1904 to 1906, after his enlistment ended, he worked for a magneto manufacturer for some years. In 1909, he hired on as a mechanic with Louis Paulhan, Masson claimed to have soloed in 1909 while still in his native country. When Paulhan made a tour of the United States in 1910. The two of them were advertised as appearing at an air meet in Boston on 19 August 1910, at Garden City, New York, Masson successfully test-hopped a biplane built by aviation pioneer E. Lilian Todd in the latter part of 1910. With Paulhans help, Masson continued to both solo and dual flight time even though too poor to own his own airplane. In January 1911, he set out to simultaneously be the first aviator to deliver newspapers by air, the projected hour and 45-minute flight was planned to carry the Los Angeles Times to San Bernardino, with an en route flyover of Pomona. On 7 January 1911, Masson took off from Los Angeles in the aircraft Pegasus at 0700 hours. After a navigational error of 180 degrees, high winds, also in January 1911, Masson won a prize for amateur pilots at Tanforan race track in San Francisco, California. He continued to fly in California, including a flight over Santa Barbara, on 3 June, Masson arrived in Honolulu accompanied by Clarence H. Walker and the latters bride and Curtiss biplane. Walker staged an exhibition on 11 June that lost money for its promoter, on 16 June, Massons two monoplanes arrived on the ship Sierra. At 0611 hours,18 June 1911, Masson took off on the first of ten promised flights, as he had promised, he flew over Schofield Barracks to let the army officers see him. The return flight from Kapiolani Park at 1330 hours did not go smoothly, even after servicing, Massons new and untested plane did not depart, angering a crowd of spectators. Invidious comparison to an earlier barnstormer, J. C. Bud Mars, was made, however, Masson was saved from the mob by local police. Four days later, the French pilot crashed that same plane from 100 feet altitude, destroying the plane, in October 1911, Masson wowed Canadians in Alberta with his exhibition of flying despite a paucity of aviation gasoline
31.
Wright brothers
–
They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft on December 17,1903, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In 1904–05 the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft, although not the first to build and fly experimental aircraft, the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed-wing powered flight possible. The brothers fundamental breakthrough was their invention of three-axis control, which enabled the pilot to steer the aircraft effectively and this method became and remains standard on fixed-wing aircraft of all kinds. From the beginning of their work, the Wright brothers focused on developing a reliable method of pilot control as the key to solving the flying problem. This approach differed significantly from other experimenters of the time who put emphasis on developing powerful engines. Using a small wind tunnel, the Wrights also collected more accurate data than any before, enabling them to design and build wings. Their first U. S. patent,821,393, did not claim invention of a machine, but rather. They gained the skills essential for their success by working for years in their shop with printing presses, bicycles, motors. Their work with bicycles in particular influenced their belief that a vehicle like a flying machine could be controlled and balanced with practice. From 1900 until their first powered flights in late 1903, they conducted extensive tests that also developed their skills as pilots. Their bicycle shop employee Charlie Taylor became an important part of the team, the Wright brothers status as inventors of the airplane has been subject to counter-claims by various parties. Much controversy persists over the competing claims of early aviators. The Wright brothers were two of seven born to Milton Wright, of English and Dutch ancestry, and Susan Catherine Koerner, of German. Wilbur was born near Millville, Indiana, in 1867, Orville in Dayton, Ohio, the other Wright siblings were Reuchlin, Lorin, Katharine, and twins Otis and Ida. In elementary school, Orville was given to mischief and was once expelled, the direct paternal ancestry goes back to a Samuel Wright who sailed to America and settled in Massachusetts in 1636. In 1878 their father, who traveled often as a bishop in the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, the device was based on an invention of French aeronautical pioneer Alphonse Pénaud. Made of paper, bamboo and cork with a band to twirl its rotor. Wilbur and Orville played with it until it broke, and then built their own, in later years, they pointed to their experience with the toy as the spark of their interest in flying
32.
Aileron
–
An aileron is a hinged flight control surface usually forming part of the trailing edge of each wing of a fixed-wing aircraft. Ailerons are used in pairs to control the aircraft in roll, movement around this axis is called rolling or banking. The aileron was first patented by the British scientist and inventor Matthew Piers Watt Boulton in 1868, considerable litigation ensued within the United States over the legal issues of lateral roll control, until World War I which compelled the U. S. Government to legislate a legal resolution. The name aileron, from French, meaning wing, also refers to the extremities of a birds wings used to control their flight. It first appeared in print in the 7th edition of Cassells French-English Dictionary of 1877, in the context of powered airplanes it appears in print about 1908. Prior to that, ailerons were often referred to as rudders, their older technical sibling, among the earliest printed aeronautical use of aileron was that in the French aviation journal LAérophile of 1908. He was the first to patent an aileron control system in 1868, Boultons description of his lateral flight control system was both clear and complete. It was the first record we have of appreciation of the necessity for active lateral control as distinguished from, with this invention of Boultons we have the birth of the present-day three torque method of airborne control as was praised by Charles Manly. This was also endorsed by C. H, the fact that the Wright brothers were able to gain a patent in 1906 did not invalidate Boultons lost and forgotten invention. The pioneering U. S. aeronautical engineer Octave Chanute published descriptions and drawings of the Wright brothers 1902 glider in the leading periodical of the day, LAérophile. This prompted Esnault-Pelterie, a French military engineer, to build a Wright-style glider in 1904 that used ailerons in lieu of wing warping. The French journal L’Aérophile then published photos of the ailerons on Esnault-Pelterie’s glider which were included in his June 1905 article, during the early years of powered flight the Wrights had better roll control on their designs than airplanes that used movable surfaces. From 1908, as aileron designs were refined it became clear that ailerons were much more effective, ailerons also had the advantage of not weakening the airplanes wing structure as did the wing warping technique, which was one reason for Esnault-Pelteries decision to switch to ailerons. By 1911 most biplanes used ailerons rather than wing warping - by 1915 ailerons had become almost universal on monoplanes as well, the Wright brothers quietly changed their aircraft flight controls from wing warping to the use of ailerons at that time as well. In 1886 his third glider design used rotation of the wing rather than just a trailing edge portion for roll control. By his own all of these changes in addition to his use of an elevator for pitch control provided entire control of the machine in the wind. Both Bullet prototypes crashed during their first flights when their wings broke off in flight due to flutter as a result of being deliberately unbraced. S, the patents importance lay in its claim of a new and useful method of controlling an airplane. Curiously, John J. Montgomery was granted U. S, Patent 831173 at nearly the same time for his methods of wing warping
33.
William Randolph Hearst
–
Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887 after being given control of The San Francisco Examiner by his wealthy father. Acquiring more newspapers, Hearst created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in major American cities at its peak and he later expanded to magazines, creating the largest newspaper and magazine business in the world. Politically he espoused the Progressive Movement, speaking on behalf of the working class and he controlled the editorial positions and coverage of political news in all his papers and magazines and thereby exercised enormous political influence. He also called for war in 1898 against Spain—as did many other newspaper editors—but he did it in sensational fashion, after 1918, he called for an isolationist foreign policy to avoid any more entanglement in what he regarded as corrupt European affairs. He was at once a militant nationalist, a fierce anti-communist, and deeply suspicious of the League of Nations and of the British, French, Japanese, and Russians. He was a supporter of Franklin Roosevelt in 1932–34, but then broke with FDR. His life story was the inspiration for Charles Foster Kane. His famous mansion, Hearst Castle, on a hill overlooking the Pacific Ocean near San Simeon, is now a State Historical Monument and a National Historic Landmark. William R. Hearst was born in San Francisco, to mining engineer, goldmine owner and U. S. senator George Hearst. His paternal great-grandfather was John Hearst, of Ulster Protestant origin and he migrated to America from Ballybay, County Monaghan as part of the Cahans Exodus with his wife and six children in 1766 and settled in South Carolina. Their immigration to South Carolina was spurred in part by the governments policy that encouraged the immigration of Irish Protestants. The names John Hearse and John Hearse Jr, the Hearse spelling of the family name never was used afterward by the family members themselves, or any family of any size. Hearsts mother, née Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson, was also of Irish ancestry and she was the first woman regent of University of California, Berkeley, funded many anthropological expeditions and founded the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology. Following preparation at St. Pauls School in Concord, New Hampshire, while there he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, the A. D. Searching for an occupation, in 1887, Hearst took over management of a newspaper, the San Francisco Examiner, a self-proclaimed populist, Hearst went on to publish stories of municipal and financial corruption, often attacking companies in which his own family held an interest. Within a few years, his paper dominated the San Francisco market, outcault, the inventor of color comics, and all of Pulitzers Sunday staff as well. Another prominent hire was James J. Montague, who came from the Portland Oregonian, Hearst imported his best managers from the San Francisco Examiner and quickly established himself as the most attractive employer among New York newspapers. Hearsts activist approach to journalism can be summarized by the motto, While others Talk, the New York Journal and its chief rival, the New York World, mastered a style of popular journalism that came to be derided as yellow journalism, after Outcaults Yellow Kid comic
34.
William Boeing
–
William Edward Boeing was an American aviation pioneer who founded The Boeing Company. Boeing was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Catholic parents, Marie M. from Vienna, Austria, and Wilhelm Böing, Boeing Sr. had made a fortune from timber lands and mineral rights near Lake Superior. He moved to Hoquiam, Washington state, and purchased extensive timberlands around Grays Harbor on the Pacific side of the Olympic Peninsula and also bought into lumber operations. He made a success of the venture, in part by shipping lumber to the East Coast via the new Panama Canal, Boeing decided to take lessons at the Glenn L. Martin Flying School in Los Angeles and he purchased one of Martins planes. Martin pilot James Floyd Smith traveled to Seattle to assemble Boeings new Martin TA hydroaeroplane, huge crates arrived by train, and Smith assembled the plane in a tent hangar erected on the shore of Lake Union. Boeings test pilot, Herb Munter, soon cracked up the plane, when he was told by Martin that replacement parts would not become available for months, Boeing told his friend Cdr. George Conrad Westervelt, We could build a better plane ourselves and they soon built and flew the B & W Seaplane, an amphibian biplane that had outstanding performance. Boeing decided to go into the business and bought an old boat works on the Duwamish River near Seattle for his factory. In 1916, Boeing went into business with George Conrad Westervelt as B & W, the companys first plane was the Boeing Model 1. In 1921, William Boeing married Bertha Marie Potter Paschall and she had previously been married to Nathaniel Paschall, a real estate broker with whom she bore two sons, Nathaniel Nat Paschall Jr. and Cranston Paschall. These two sons became Boeings stepsons, the couple had a son of their own, William E. The stepsons went into manufacturing as a career. Nat Paschall was a manager for Douglas Aircraft and then McDonnell Douglas. Boeing Jr. became a private pilot and industrial real estate developer. Bertha Potter Paschall Boeing was the daughter of Howard Cranston Potter, in 1934, the United States government accused William Boeing of monopolistic practices. The same year, the Air Mail Act forced airplane companies to separate operations from development. Boeing Airplane Company, though a major manufacturer in a fragmented industry, non-whites could only occupy a property on the land if they were employed as a domestic servant by a person of the White or Caucasian race. Boeing retired from the aircraft industry and he then spent the remainder of his years in property development and thoroughbred horse breeding
35.
Curtiss Aeroplane Company
–
Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company was an American aircraft manufacturer formed in 1916 by Glenn Hammond Curtiss. After significant commercial success in the teens and 20s, it merged with the Wright Aeronautical in 1929 to form Curtiss-Wright Corporation. According to Bell, it was a scientific association, not for gain but for the love of the art. In 1909, the AEA was disbanded and Curtiss formed the Herring-Curtiss Company with Augustus Moore Herring on March 20,1909, which was renamed the Curtiss Aeroplane Company in 1910. The Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company was created on January 13,1916 from the Curtiss Aeroplane Company of Hammondsport, New York and Curtiss Motor Company of Bath, burgess Company of Marblehead, Massachusetts, became a subsidiary in February 1916. With the onset of World War I, military orders rose sharply, the company housed an aircraft engine factory in the former Taylor Signal Company-General Railway Signal Company. An ancillary operation was begun in Toronto, Ontario that was involved in production and training, setting up the first flying school in Canada in 1915. Curtiss was instrumental in the development of U. S. Naval Aviation by providing training for pilots, the first major order was for 144 various subtypes of the Model F trainer flying boat. In 1914, Curtiss had lured B. Douglas Thomas from Sopwith to design the Model J trainer, the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company worked with the United States British and Canadian allies, resulting in JN-4 trainers being built in Canada. In order to complete large military orders, JN-4 production was distributed to five other manufacturers, after the war, large numbers of JN-4s were sold as surplus, making influential as the first plane for many interwar pilots, including Amelia Earhart. The Curtiss HS-2L flying boat was used extensively in the war for anti-submarine patrols and was operated from bases in Nova Scotia, Canada, France and Portugal. The John Cyril Porte of the Royal Navy and Curtiss worked together to improve the design of the Curtiss flying boats resulting in the Curtiss F5L and the similar Felixstowe F.3. Curtiss also worked with the US Navy to develop the NC-4, which became the first aircraft to fly across the Atlantic Ocean in 1919, making several stops en route. By the end of World War I, the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company would claim to be the largest aircraft manufacturer in the world, employing 18,000 in Buffalo and 3,000 in Hammondsport, New York. Curtiss produced 10,000 aircraft during that war, and more than 100 in a single week, peace brought cancellation of wartime contracts. In September 1920, the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company underwent a reorganization and Glenn Curtiss cashed out his stock in the company for $32 million. He continued as a director of the company but served only as an advisor on design, clement M. Keys gained control of the company and it later became the nucleus of a large group of aviation companies. Curtiss seaplanes won the Schneider Cup in two races, those of 1923 and 1925
36.
Farman Aviation Works
–
Farman Aviation Works was a French aircraft company founded and run by the brothers Richard, Henri, and Maurice Farman. In 1941 the Farman brothers reestablished the firm as the Société Anonyme des Usines Farman, maurices son, Marcel Farman, reestablished the SAUF in 1952, but his effort proved unsuccessful and the firm was dissolved in 1956. The Farman brothers designed and built more than 200 types of aircraft between 1908 and 1941 and they also built cars until 1931. In 1907, Henry Farman bought his first aircraft from the Voisin, in 1908, after further modifications which included re-covering it with Continental rubberized fabric and addition of side-curtains, the aircraft was re-designated Farman I-bis. Ailerons were fitted after Wilbur Wrights flying demonstration at Le Mans in August 1908, a second aircraft, to be called Farman II, was built by the Voisin brothers incorporating design refinements to Farmans specification. Voisin sold this aircraft to J. T. C, moore-Brabazon, who exported it to England, where it was renamed the Bird of Passage. This episode angered Farman, who in early 1909 ended his association with Voisin, aircraft designed and built by Henry Farman had a HF prefix, while examples designed and built by his brother Maurice carried a MF prefix. Opdycke, Leonard E. French Aeroplanes Before the Great War Atglen, PA, Schiffer 1999 ISBN 0-7643-0752-5 A brief introduction about Farman, and links to most of their work
37.
Baroness de la Roche
–
Raymonde de Laroche, born Elise Raymonde Deroche, was a French pilot and the first woman in the world to receive an aeroplane pilots licence. Born on 22 August 1882 in Paris, Elise Raymonde Deroche was the daughter of a plumber and she had a fondness for sports as a child, as well as for motorcycles and automobiles when she was older. As a young woman she became an actress and used the stage name Raymonde de Laroche, in October 1909, de Laroche appealed to her friend, aviator and aeroplane builder Charles Voisin, to instruct her in how to fly. On 22 October 1909, de Laroche went to the Voisin brothers base of operations at Chalons,90 miles east of Paris, voisins aircraft could seat only one person, so she operated the plane by herself while he stood on the ground and gave instructions. After she mastered taxiing around the airfield, she lifted off and this initial voyage into the air was only a very short one, and terra firma was regained after 300 yards. Flight was also responsible for bestowing the title Baroness upon de Laroche, flight added that on the following day she circled the flying field twice, the turnings being made with consummate ease. On 8 March 1910, de Laroche became the first woman in the world to receive a licence when the Aero-Club of France issued her licence #36 of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. De Laroche participated in meetings at Heliopolis in Egypt as well as Saint Petersburg, Budapest. During the show in St. Petersburg, she was congratulated by Tsar Nicholas II. There, she was presented again as Baroness de Laroche. Thereafter, the title commonly used. In July 1910, de Laroche was participating in the airshow at Reims in France. On 8 July, her aeroplane crashed, and she suffered severe injuries that her recovery was in doubt. On 26 September 1912, she and Charles Voisin were involved in a car crash, Voisin was killed, and she was severely injured. On 25 November 1913 de Laroche won the Aero-Club of Frances Femina Cup for a non-stop long-distance flight of over 4 hours duration. During World War I, as flying was considered too dangerous for women, she served as a military driver, in June 1919 de Laroche set two womens altitude records, one at 15,700 feet, and also the womens distance record, at 201 miles. On 18 July 1919 de Laroche, who was a talented engineer and she co-piloted an experimental aircraft, on its landing approach the aeroplane went into a dive and crashed, killing both de Laroche and the co-pilot. There is a statue of de Laroche at Le Bourget Airport in France, the Smithsonian web page about de la Roche Early Aviators – De Laroche Biography
38.
Charles Keeney Hamilton
–
Charles Keeney Hamilton was an American pioneer aviator nicknamed the crazy man of the air. He was, in the words of the U. S, centennial of Flight Commission, known for his dangerous dives, spectacular crashes, extensive reconstructive surgeries, and ever present cigarette and was frequently drunk. Hamilton was born in New Britain, Connecticut and he was a hot air balloonist and parachute jumper at fairs and circuses at the age of 18. Three years later, he became friends with aeronautical engineer and aviator A. Roy Knabenshue, on the day Louis Bleriot flew the English Channel, July 25,1909, Hamilton was sailing his own airship across the Bay of Osaka in Japan. In late 1909, he started taking flying lessons from Glenn Curtiss and he joined Curtisss exhibition team and quickly acquired fame and a nationwide reputation as a daredevil flyer. He then embarked on an 11-city, two-month exhibition tour across the American Southwest, starting at Phoenix, Arizona and ending in San Diego, on February 19, Hamilton became the first to fly an airplane in Tucson, Arizona. In San Diego, he became just the third American flier to remain aloft for at least an hour, crossing the ocean to Mexico, Hamilton became the first to fly in the state of Washington, when he piloted the Reims Racer over Seattle on March 11. He had to be fished out of the lake, but suffered minor injuries. Undaunted, he flew at Tacoma, Washington, and crossed the border to become the First Air Visitor to Vancouver, the next day, he flew to New Westminster and back, covering 20 miles in 30 minutes. He participated in an air meet in Spokane, Washington between April 1–3, on April 9, he flew over Mercer Island and Lake Washington. In San Antonio, Texas, he set a record for the quickest takeoff,79 feet in 3.8 seconds, in May, he performed in Atlanta and Augusta, Georgia, before heading to Mineola, New York, Curtisss headquarters. On June 13,1910, Hamilton won a prize of $10,000, sponsored by The New York Times and he departed from Governors Island in New York harbor at 7,30 am and reached Philadelphia at 9,26 am. With a stopover in Philadelphia, the trip took a little over 11 hours. He received a welcome in his hometown of New Britain. It was also the first in New England, between June and August, he performed at Knoxville, Nashville and Atlantic City. In Nashville, he made the first night flight in America, when Hamilton fell behind on payments, Glenn Curtiss repossessed the Reims Racer. Hamilton then had a new airplane built by Walter Christie, who had a car, finished on August 31, it was reputed to have the most powerful airplane engine yet, boasting 110 hp. Hamilton named his new airplane the Hamiltonian. In September, however, the Hamiltonian stalled and crashed during a flight outside Sacramento, California, Hamilton was badly cut, bruised and burned
39.
Ornithopter
–
An ornithopter is an aircraft that flies by flapping its wings. Designers seek to imitate the flight of birds, bats. Though machines may differ in form, they are built on the same scale as these flying creatures. Manned ornithopters have also built, and some have been successful. The machines are of two types, those with engines, and those powered by the muscles of the pilot. Some early manned flight attempts may have intended to achieve flapping-wing flight. These include the flights of the 11th-century monk Eilmer of Malmesbury. Roger Bacon, writing in 1260, was also among the first to consider a means of flight. In 1485, Leonardo da Vinci began to study the flight of birds and he grasped that humans are too heavy, and not strong enough, to fly using wings simply attached to the arms. He therefore sketched a device in which the aviator lies down on a plank, in 1841, an ironsmith kalfa Manojlo who came to Belgrade from Vojvodina attempted flying with a device described as an ornithopter. The first ornithopters capable of flight were constructed in France, jobert in 1871 used a rubber band to power a small model bird. Alphonse Pénaud, Abel Hureau de Villeneuve, and Victor Tatin, tatins ornithopter was perhaps the first to use active torsion of the wings, and apparently it served as the basis for a commercial toy offered by Pichancourt circa 1889. Gustave Trouvé was the first to use internal combustion, and his 1890 model flew a distance of 80 metres in a demonstration for the French Academy of Sciences, the wings were flapped by gunpowder charges activating a Bourdon tube. From 1884 on, Lawrence Hargrave built scores of ornithopters powered by rubber bands, springs, steam and he introduced the use of small flapping wings providing the thrust for a larger fixed wing, this innovation eliminated the need for gear reduction, thereby simplifying the construction. Frost made ornithopters starting in the 1870s, first models were powered by engines, then in the 1900s. Erich von Holst, also working in the 1930s, achieved great efficiency, in 1961, Percival Spencer and Jack Stephenson flew the first successful engine-powered, remotely piloted ornithopter, known as the Spencer Orniplane. The Orniplane had a 90. 7-inch wingspan, weighed 7.5 pounds and it had a biplane configuration, to reduce oscillation of the fuselage. Manned ornithopters fall into two categories, Those powered by the muscular effort of the pilot, and those powered by an engine
40.
Gyroplane
–
While similar to a helicopter rotor in appearance, the autogyros rotor must have air flowing through the rotor disc to generate rotation. Invented by the Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva to create an aircraft that could fly safely at low speeds, De la Ciervas aircraft resembled the fixed-wing aircraft of the day, with a front-mounted engine and propeller in a tractor configuration to pull the aircraft through the air. Under license from Cierva in the 1920s and 1930s, the Pitcairn & Kellett companies made further innovations, late-model autogyros patterned after Etienne Dormoys Buhl A-1 Autogyro and Igor Bensens designs feature a rear-mounted engine and propeller in a pusher configuration. The latter term was adopted as a trademark by Bensen Aircraft. An autogyro is characterized by a rotor that turns because of the passage of air through the rotor from below. The vertical component of the total aerodynamic reaction of the rotor gives lift for the vehicle, because the craft must be moving forward in order to force air through the overhead rotor, autogyros are generally not capable of vertical takeoff or landing. A few types have short takeoff or landing. Pitch control is achieved by tilting the rotor fore and aft, three designs to affect the tilt of the rotor are a tilting hub, swashplate, or servo-flaps. On pusher configuration autogyros, the rudder is placed in the propeller slipstream to maximize yaw control at low airspeed. There are three primary flight controls, control stick, rudder pedals, and throttle, typically, the control stick is termed the cyclic and tilts the rotor in the desired direction to provide pitch and roll control. The rudder pedals provide yaw control, and the throttle controls engine power, collective pitch controls are not usually fitted to autogyros, but can be found on the Air & Space 18A and McCulloch J-2 and the Westermayr Tragschrauber and are capable of near VTOL performance. Unlike a helicopter, autogyros without collective pitch or another jump start facility need a runway to take off, however, like helicopters, each autogyro has a specific height–velocity diagram for safest operation, although the dangerous area is usually smaller than for helicopters. So-called tipjets, actually hydrogen peroxide rockets, are placed at the tips of the rotor, the rockets are used only during takeoff and emergency landing, so they do not consume much propellant. Furthermore, the weight and engine power may be reduced by half because a smaller engine is needed for takeoff. The Fairey Jet Gyrodyne and Fairey Rotodyne had true tipjets instead of the rockets and they were technically successful but were not mass-produced due to concerns about tipjet noise. Modern autogyros typically follow one of two basic configurations, the most common design is the pusher configuration, where the engine and propeller are located behind the pilot and rotor mast, such as in the Bensen Gyrocopter. It was developed by Igor Bensen in the decades following World War II, less common today is the tractor configuration. In this version, the engine and propeller are located at the front of the aircraft, ahead of the pilot and this was the primary configuration in early autogyros, but became less common after the advent of the helicopter
41.
Waldo Dean Waterman
–
Waldo Dean Waterman was an inventor and aviation pioneer from San Diego, California. Waterman built his first aircraft, a hang glider, in 1909 while still in high school. He successfully flew the biplane hang glider on a slope near his home and he then took on a partner to help build a powered aircraft that he entered in the first Dominguez Air Meet in January 1910. The aircraft was not completed in time for the meet, however, he began testing the aircraft on North Island. It was under-powered and required an auto-tow assist to get airborne and he flew the aircraft with some success but crashed, breaking both ankles. In 1911, Glenn Curtiss moved his headquarters to North Island. In early 1912, the US Navy moved its three aircraft to Curtiss testing station, by this time Waterman was a fixture at the station and was a frequent ride-along. In 1912, Waterman entered the University of California as a student of mechanical engineering, later he became Chief Engineer at the U. S. Aircraft Corporation and remained to liquidate the company at the end of the war, with some assets purchased from the U. S. Aircraft Corporation, Waterman moved to Santa Monica, where he became test pilot for Bach Aircraft and established the Waterman Aircraft Manufacturing Company. However, he was forced out of business when the U. S. Army began dumping war-surplus aircraft on the market for a tiny fraction of what Waterman could sell his custom aircraft for. In 1929, Waterman built his first tailless monoplane, the Whatsit, some consider the Whatsit to be the first monoplane flying wing, but J. W. Dunne had built something along the same lines as early as the summer of 1911 in England. The Whatsit was certainly a step in that direction, though it had a truncated fuselage, a development of the Whatsit was the high-wing Waterman Arrowplane. In addition to the design, he also placed the landing gears not under the fuselage. At North Island, while experimenting with the Navys flying boats, in 1917 He built a flying car he called the Autoplane. The Autoplane never flew, but was exhibited at the Pan-American Aeronautic Exposition in New York Citys Grand Central Palace, Waterman was certainly inspired by Curtiss and 20 years later made one of the first successful flying cars. The Waterman Arrowbile was based on the Arrowplane and it was a high-wing monoplane, with detachable wings and was powered by a Studebaker engine. Three Arrowbiles attempted a flight from Santa Monica to Cleveland but one had to back after only reaching Arizona
42.
Aeroplane
–
An airplane or aeroplane is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or propeller. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations, the broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. Commercial aviation is a massive industry involving the flying of tens of thousands of daily on airliners. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, the Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in 1903, recognized as the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight. They built on the works of George Cayley dating from 1799, between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal also studied heavier-than-air flight. Following its limited use in World War I, aircraft continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the battles of World War II. The first jet aircraft was the German Heinkel He 178 in 1939, the first jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, was introduced in 1952. The Boeing 707, the first widely successful commercial jet, was in service for more than 50 years. Aéroplane originally referred just to the wing, as it is a plane moving through the air, in an example of synecdoche, the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the airplane is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and most of the Commonwealth, the aeroplane is usually applied to these aircraft. Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the Greek legend of Icarus and Daedalus, and this machine may have been suspended for its flight. Some of the earliest recorded attempts with gliders were those by the 9th-century poet Abbas ibn Firnas, leonardo da Vinci researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his Codex on the Flight of Birds. In 1799, George Cayley set forth the concept of the airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion. Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, in 1856, Frenchman Jean-Marie Le Bris made the first powered flight, by having his glider LAlbatros artificiel pulled by a horse on a beach. Then Alexander F. Mozhaisky also made some innovative designs, in 1883, the American John J. Montgomery made a controlled flight in a glider. Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were Otto Lilienthal, Percy Pilcher, sir Hiram Maxim built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a 110-foot wingspan that was powered by two 360-horsepower steam engines driving two propellers
43.
Pancho Barnes
–
Florence Lowe Pancho Barnes was a pioneer aviator, the founder of the first movie stunt pilots union. In 1930, she broke Amelia Earharts air speed record, Barnes raced in the Womens Air Derby and was a member of the Ninety-Nines. In later years, she was known as the owner of the Happy Bottom Riding Club and she was born as Florence Leontine Lowe on July 22,1901, to Thaddeus Lowe II and his first wife, Florence May Dobbins, in Pasadena, California. She was born to a family, growing up in a huge mansion in San Marino. During her formative years, she attended the areas finest private schools and her father, an avid sportsman, encouraged her to appreciate the great outdoors and Florence became an accomplished equestrian. Her grandfather was Thaddeus S. C, Lowe, who had pioneered American aviation with the establishment of the nations first military air unit, the Army of the Potomacs balloon corps during the American Civil War. He took his granddaughter to an air show when she was only 10 years old, in 1919, Florence married Reverend C. Rankin Barnes of South Pasadena, California, and they had a son, having spent four months abroad in Mexico, getting caught up with revolutionaries and escaping the attention of authorities, disguised as a man, she began to use the nickname Pancho about this time. Barnes returned to San Marino, California, with an inheritance bequeathed her on her parents death and she soloed after six hours of formal instruction. Barnes ran an ad-hoc barnstorming show and competed in air races.19 mph, Barnes broke this record in a Travel Air Type R Mystery Ship. After her contract with Union Oil expired, Barnes moved to Hollywood to work as a stunt pilot for movies, in 1931, she started the Associated Motion Picture Pilots, a union of film industry stunt fliers which promoted flying safety and standardized pay for aerial stunt work. She flew in several movies of the 1930s, including Howard Hughes Hells Angels. Barnes had extensive connections in Hollywood, Barnes is credited with helping Hurrell start his career in Hollywood after he took the photo she was to use on her pilots license, introducing him to her Hollywood friends. In a short period of time, Hurrell became the most in-demand photographer in Hollywood, Barnes lost most of her money in the Great Depression. By 1935, she had only her apartment in Hollywood left, Pancho became very close friends with many of the early test pilots, including Chuck Yeager, General Jimmy Doolittle, and Buzz Aldrin. Panchos ranch became famous for the parties and high-flying lifestyle of all the guests, after successful flight trials, the Muroc and Edwards test pilots often enjoyed some good times at the Happy Bottom Riding Club. As proprietor, Barnes would offer them a free steak dinner for breaking the sound barrier. A change of command in 1952, however, contributed to Barnes getting into a conflict with the United States Air Force
44.
Thaddeus S. C. Lowe
–
Thaddeus Sobieski Constantine Lowe, also known as Professor T. S. C. By the late 1850s he was known for his advanced theories in the meteorological sciences as well as his balloon building. Among his aspirations were plans for a transatlantic flight, Lowes scientific endeavors were cut short by the onset of the American Civil War. He recognized his duty in offering his services as an aeronaut for the purposes of performing aerial reconnaissance on the Confederate troops on behalf of the Union Army. In July 1861 Lowe was appointed Chief Aeronaut of the Union Army Balloon Corps by President Abraham Lincoln. Though his work was successful, it was not fully appreciated by all members of the military. Lowe returned to the sector and continued his scientific exploration of hydrogen gas manufacturing. He invented the gas process by which large amounts of hydrogen gas could be produced from steam. His inventions and patents on this process and ice making machines made him a millionaire, in 1887 he moved to Los Angeles, California, and eventually built a 24,000 sq. ft. home in Pasadena. He opened several ice making plants and founded Citizens Bank of Los Angeles, Lowe was introduced to David J. Macpherson, a civil engineer, who had drawn up plans for a scenic mountain railroad. In 1891 they incorporated the Pasadena & Mount Wilson Railroad Co. the railway opened on July 4,1893 and was met with quick interest and success. Lowe continued construction toward Oak Mountain, renamed Mount Lowe, at an exhausting rate, by 1899 Lowe had gone into receivership and eventually lost the railway to Jared S. Torrance. Lowes fortunes had been all but lost, and he lived out his days at his daughters home in Pasadena where he died at age 80. Thaddeus Lowe was born August 20,1832 to Clovis and Alpha Green Lowe in Jefferson Mills, Coos County, Lowe’s grandfather, Levi Lowe, fought in the Revolutionary War, and his father was a drummer boy in the War of 1812. Both Clovis and Alpha were native New Hampshirites, of pioneer stock, Clovis was a cobbler, but later became a merchant in Jefferson. He dabbled in politics and was elected to state legislature at one time. His politics and opinion were well respected in the state, versions of the life of young Thaddeus vary. He apparently did work for another farm owned by the Plaisted’s, Clovis and Mary had seven more children, but there is a timeline confusion that may indicate she already had children when she married Clovis
45.
Farman III
–
The Farman III, also known as the Henry Farman 1909 biplane, was an early French aircraft designed and built by Henry Farman in 1909. Its design was imitated, so much so that aircraft of similar layout were generally referred to as being of the Farman type. Henry Farmans first aircraft had been bought from the Voisin brothers in 1907, soon after his first flights Farman began to modify and improve the design of the aircraft, which was known as either the Farman I or Voisin-Farman I. During 1908 Farman re-covered the aircraft with Continental rubberized fabric and added the side-curtains, following the Wilbur Wright-piloted flying demonstrations at Le Mans in August 1908, Farman fitted ailerons to the aircraft. The Voisin brothers built another aircraft, to be called the Farman II, Voisin later sold this aircraft to J. T. C. Brabazon subsequently exported the aircraft to England, where it known as the Bird of Passage. This episode angered Farman, and caused him to sever his association with Voisin in early 1909, the Farman III was, like the Voisin, an equal-span pusher biplane with a single forward elevator and biplane tail surfaces carried on booms. Farmans design eliminated the covered nacelle for the pilot which also carried the elevator in the Voisin, lateral control was effected by ailerons on both upper and lower wings. The undercarriage also differed considerably, replacing the pair of wheels with a pair of skids each carrying a pair of wheels sprung using bungee cord, as first flown in April 1909 the aircraft had vertical fixed surfaces carrying twin rudders on their trailing edges and very broad-chord ailerons. The airframe was made of wood, mainly ash, with members joined using aluminium sockets, wing and tail surfaces were covered with a single fabric surface, with the ribs and two spars enclosed in pockets. The fixed vertical surfaces had been removed and the ailerons replaced with ones by the time the aircraft appeared at Reims in August. The original engine was a 50 hp 4-cylinder inline water-cooled Vivinus, the aircraft had been entered with the Vivinus engine, and the last-minute engine replacement caused some of his competitors to try to get him disqualified. Production aircraft were fitted with a variety of engines, including the Gnome, in 1910 the design was modified by adding an elevator to the upper tailplane surface. The Farman III had enormous influence on European aircraft design, especially in England, drawings and details of the aircraft were published in England by Flight, and it was so widely imitated that its layout became referred to as the Farman Type. Among these aircraft are the Bristol Boxkite, the Short S.27, the Bristol aircraft was so similar to Farmans design that he considered legal action. Farman was rewarded by success, and many examples of the type were sold. Farman III aircraft were built in Germany by the Albatros Flugzeugwerke at Johannistal as the Albatros F-2. Type de Course Examples of a racing variant were built in 1910 and this had a reduced wingspan, with the upper wing spanning 8.5 m and a monoplane tail
46.
Huntington Park, California
–
Huntington Park is a city in the Gateway Cities district of southeastern Los Angeles County, California. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 58,114. To this day, about 30% of its residents work at factories in nearby Vernon, the vacuum was filled almost entirely by two groups of Latinos, upwardly mobile families eager to leave the barrios of East Los Angeles, and recent Mexican immigrants. A weekly certified farmers market is now hosted at Salt Lake Park every Wednesday from 9am-1, on November 18,1930, the Warners Theater at 6714 Pacific Boulevard, opened and its first attraction was The Life of the Party. This theater has been closed for decades and it was bought by Pacific Boulevard Holdings/ Retail Management Corp for $1,600,000. California Theatre opened on 1925 and was operated by Fox Theatres as the Fox California Theatre, in the 80s it was known as the California 3 Theatre. This theatre closed in 2006 and was converted into a retail space. It was renamed California 2 Theatres and now there is a Tuxedo shop along with retail stores. During the 2014 World Cup, Mexico won the game with Croatia to move on to the next round, all retail stores and restaurants were told to close. The cops were in riot gear and on horseback to keep the residents safe, five people were arrested at the moment. Huntington Park is located at 33°59′N 118°13′W, before California abolished judicial townships, Huntington Park was located in San Antonio Township. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.0 square miles. Cities surrounding Huntington Park include Bell, Cudahy, Los Angeles, Maywood, South Gate, in addition unincorporated areas, including Florence-Graham and Walnut Park, are adjacent to Huntington Park. The 2010 United States Census reported that Huntington Park had a population of 58,114, the population density was 19,270.0 people per square mile. The Census reported that 57,859 people lived in households,248 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 1,377 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 81 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,644 households were made up of individuals and 694 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.96. There were 12,296 families, the family size was 4.19. The median age was 28.9 years, for every 100 females there were 99.6 males
47.
Atlantic
–
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the worlds oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 square kilometres. It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earths surface and about 29 percent of its surface area. It separates the Old World from the New World, the Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean, in contrast, the term Atlantic originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the Strait of Gibraltar and the North African coast. The Greek word thalassa has been reused by scientists for the huge Panthalassa ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea hundreds of years ago. The term Aethiopian Ocean, derived from Ancient Ethiopia, was applied to the Southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century, many Irish or British people refer to the United States and Canada as across the pond, and vice versa. The Black Atlantic refers to the role of ocean in shaping black peoples history. Irish migration to the US is meant when the term The Green Atlantic is used, the term Red Atlantic has been used in reference to the Marxian concept of an Atlantic working class, as well as to the Atlantic experience of indigenous Americans. Correspondingly, the extent and number of oceans and seas varies, the Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea, to the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe, the Strait of Gibraltar and Africa. In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean, the 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean, the Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs, and seas. Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km compared to 135,663 km for the Pacific. Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km2 or 23. 5% of the ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km3 or 23. 3%. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers 81,760,000 km2 and has a volume of 305,811,900 km3, the North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km2 and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km2. The average depth is 3,646 m and the maximum depth, the bathymetry of the Atlantic is dominated by a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It runs from 87°N or 300 km south of the North Pole to the subantarctic Bouvet Island at 42°S, the MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves, in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary, transverse ridges. The MAR reaches above 2000 m along most of its length, the MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other
48.
Mississippi River
–
The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest drainage system on the North American continent. Flowing entirely in the United States, it rises in northern Minnesota, with its many tributaries, the Mississippis watershed drains all or parts of 31 U. S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth longest and fifteenth largest river in the world by discharge, the river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries, most were hunter-gatherers, but some, such as the Mound Builders, formed prolific agricultural societies. The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the way of life as first explorers, then settlers. The river served first as a barrier, forming borders for New Spain, New France, and the early United States, and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link. Formed from thick layers of the silt deposits, the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the country. In recent years, the river has shown a shift towards the Atchafalaya River channel in the Delta. The word itself comes from Messipi, the French rendering of the Anishinaabe name for the river, see below in the History section for additional information. In addition to historical traditions shown by names, there are at least two measures of a rivers identity, one being the largest branch, and the other being the longest branch. Using the largest-branch criterion, the Ohio would be the branch of the Lower Mississippi. Using the longest-branch criterion, the Middle Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson-Beaverhead-Red Rock-Hellroaring Creek River would be the main branch and its length of at least 3,745 mi is exceeded only by the Nile, the Amazon, and perhaps the Yangtze River among the longest rivers in the world. The source of this waterway is at Browers Spring,8,800 feet above sea level in southwestern Montana and this is exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the phrase Trans-Mississippi as used in the name of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. It is common to qualify a regionally superlative landmark in relation to it, the New Madrid Seismic Zone along the river is also noteworthy. These various basic geographical aspects of the river in turn underlie its human history and present uses of the waterway, the Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis, Missouri. The source of the Upper Mississippi branch is traditionally accepted as Lake Itasca,1,475 feet above sea level in Itasca State Park in Clearwater County, however, the lake is in turn fed by a number of smaller streams. From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis, Missouri, fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes, including power generation and recreation. The remaining 29 dams, beginning in downtown Minneapolis, all locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river
_(LAAMP_20).jpg)
.jpg)
