1.
1908 in Australia
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See also,1907 in Australia, other events of 1908,1909 in Australia, Timeline of Australian history. 30 March – Commonwealth Quarantine service came into operation and took over quarantine stations in every state,20 April –44 are killed and 400 injured in the Sunshine train disaster. 7 May – The Coat of Arms of Australia are granted Royal Assent,8 October – The capital of Australia is chosen, settling a feud between rivals Melbourne and Sydney. 13 November – The Australian Labor Party withdraws its support for the minority government of Prime Minister Alfred Deakin,18 November – The Victorian government passes the Adult Suffrage Bill 1908, granting female suffrage for the first time. 15 December – The Invalid and Old Age Pensions Act is passed, the government of Sir Thomas Bent is returned to power. 1 January – The Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology formally commences operation,3 February – first trans-Tasman radio transmission 16 May – The Commonwealth Literary Fund is established. The funeral was held at the Kew Cemetery in Melbourne,31 January – Victoria wins the 1907–08 Sheffield Shield. 11 February – Australia regains The Ashes with a 308 run victory over England,20 April – The first New South Wales Rugby League premiership begins in Sydney. At the 1908 Summer Olympics held in London, Australia forms a team with New Zealand, australias national rugby league team sets sail for England on the 1908–09 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain
2.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
3.
1910
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As of the start of 1910, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 10–January 20 – The first aviation meeting to be held in the United States, february 8 – William D. Boyce founds the Boy Scouts of America. February 10 – Old Trafford opens to the public, february 20 – Boutros Ghali, the first native-born prime minister of Egypt, is assassinated. March – An uprising against Ottoman rule breaks out in Albania, march 8 – In France Raymonde de Laroche is awarded pilots license #36 by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale, becoming the first woman authorized to fly an airplane. March 10 – Slavery in China, which has existed since the Shang dynasty, is now made illegal, march 18 – The first filmed version of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein comes out. Considered to be the first horror movie, it stars actor Charles Ogle as the monster, march 27 – A fire during a barn-dance in Ököritófülpös, Hungary kills 312. April 20 – Comet Halley is visible from Earth and its next visit was in 1986. May 6 – George V becomes King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland upon the death of his father, may 12 – Second NAACP meeting is held in New York, New York. May 18 – The Earth passes through the tail of Halleys Comet, may 31 – The Union of South Africa is created. June 6 – The Holland Dakota Landbouw Compagnie is established,6 June 1910, page 7, Middelburgsche Courant, Krantenbank, Zeeland June 15 – The British Ship Terra Nova leaves London on its way toward an Antarctic expedition. June 22 – The DELAG Zeppelin dirigible, Deutschland, makes the first commercial flight from Friedrichshafen to Düsseldorf in Germany. July 4 – African-American boxer Jack Johnson defeats white American boxer James J. Jeffries in a boxing match. July 22 – A wireless telegraph sent from the SS Montrose results in the identification, arrest, July 24 – Ottoman forces capture the city of Shkodër to put down the Albanian Revolt of 1910. August – Pan-American Union August 14 – A fire at the Brussels International 1910 destroys exhibitions of Britain, August 22 – The Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty is signed. It becomes null and void in 1965, August 28 – Montenegro is proclaimed an independent kingdom under Nicholas I. August 29 – Emperor Sunjong of Korea abdicates and the monarchy is abolished. September 1 – The Vatican introduces a compulsory oath against modernism, september 1 – In Brazil, Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, the first Fifa World Club Championship, is founded. October – First publication of infrared photographs, by Professor Robert Williams Wood in the Royal Photographic Societys journal, October 5 –5 October 1910 revolution in Portugal leading to the flight of King Manuel II of Portugal to England and proclamation of the First Portuguese Republic
4.
Australian federal election, 1910
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Federal elections were held in Australia on 13 April 1910. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives, and 18 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election, the incumbent Commonwealth Liberal Party led by Prime Minister of Australia Alfred Deakin was defeated by the opposition Australian Labour Party led by Andrew Fisher. It also remains the election in Australias federal history to have occurred following expiration of a full three-year parliamentary term by the effluxion of time. Two referenda to approve proposed amendments to the Constitution were held on the same day, the State Debts referendum was carried, but the Surplus Revenue referendum was not carried. The 113 acts passed in the second Fisher government exceeded even the output of the second Alfred Deakin government over a similar period, at the time, it represented the culmination of Labours involvement in politics. It was a period of reform unmatched in the Commonwealth until the 1940s under John Curtin, independents, William Lyne, George Wise Members in italics did not contest their seat at this election
5.
Monarch
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A monarch is the sovereign head of state in a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state, alternatively, an individual may become monarch by conquest, acclamation or a combination of means. A monarch usually reigns for life or until abdication, if a young child is crowned the monarch, a regent is often appointed to govern until the monarch reaches the requisite adult age to rule. A monarch can reign in multiple monarchies simultaneously, for example, the monarchy of Canada and the monarchy of the United Kingdom are separate states, but they share the same monarch through personal union. Monarchs, as such, bear a variety of titles — king or queen, prince or princess, emperor or empress, archduke, duke or grand duke, Prince is sometimes used as a generic term to refer to any monarch regardless of title, especially in older texts. A king can also be a husband and a queen can be a kings wife. If both people in a reign, neither person is generally considered to be a consort. Monarchy is political or sociocultural in nature, and is associated with hereditary rule. Most monarchs, both historically and in the present day, have been born and brought up within a royal family, different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, agnatic seniority, Salic law, etc. In an elective monarchy, the monarch is elected but otherwise serves as any other monarch, historical examples of elective monarchy include the Holy Roman Emperors and the free election of kings of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In recent centuries, many states have abolished the monarchy and become republics, advocacy of government by a republic is called republicanism, while advocacy of monarchy is called monarchism. A principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the continuity of national leadership. In cases where the monarch serves mostly as a ceremonial figure real leadership does not depend on the monarch, a form of government may in fact be hereditary without being considered monarchy, such as a family dictatorship. Monarchies take a variety of forms, such as the two co-princes of Andorra, positions held simultaneously by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Urgel and the elected President of France. Similarly, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia is considered a monarch despite only holding the position for five years at a time, hereditary succession within one patrilineal family has been most common, with preference for children over siblings, sons over daughters. Other European realms practice one form or another of primogeniture, whereunder a lord was succeeded by his eldest son or, if he had none, by his brother, the system of tanistry was semi-elective and gave weight also to ability and merit. The Salic law, practiced in France and in the Italian territories of the House of Savoy, in most fiefs, in the event of the demise of all legitimate male members of the patrilineage, a female of the family could succeed. Spain today continues this model of succession law, in the form of cognatic primogeniture, in more complex medieval cases, the sometimes conflicting principles of proximity and primogeniture battled, and outcomes were often idiosyncratic
6.
Edward VII
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Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was excluded from political power. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, as king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised and he died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was born at 10,48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace and he was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle and he was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the family throughout his life. As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall, as a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867. In 1863, he renounced his rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on an educational programme devised by Prince Albert. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, Edward did not excel in his studies and he tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent, after the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor was replaced by a personal governor, Robert Bruce. After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, among others, in October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford. Now released from the strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time
7.
George V
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George V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. He was the son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. From the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession behind his father and his own brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence. From 1877 to 1891, George served in the Royal Navy, on the death of his grandmother in 1901, Georges father became King-Emperor of the British Empire, and George was created Prince of Wales. He succeeded his father in 1910 and he was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar. His reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, the Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, in 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations. He had health problems throughout much of his reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son. George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House and he was the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Albert Edward and Alexandra. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and he was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley. As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871, neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually. For three years from 1879, the brothers served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante. Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, after Lausanne, the brothers were separated, Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire, during his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters then HMS Thrush on the North America station, before his last active service in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–92. From then on, his rank was largely honorary
8.
Governor-general
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Governor-General or governor general, in modern usage, is the title of an office-holder appointed to represent the monarch of a sovereign state in the governing of an independent realm. Governors-General have also previously been appointed in respect of major colonial states or other territories held by either a monarchy or republic, in modern usage, the term governor-general originated in those British colonies which became self-governing within the British Empire. In these cases, the Crowns representative in the federated Dominion was given the title of governor general. Another non-federal state, Newfoundland, was a Dominion for 16 years with the Kings representative retaining the title of governor throughout this time, since 2016, the title governor-general has been given to all representatives of the sovereign in independent Commonwealth realms. In these countries the governor-general acts as the representative, performing the ceremonial and constitutional functions of a head of state. The only other nation which uses the designation is Iran. In Iran, the authority is headed by a governor general. As such they held the prerogative powers of the monarch. The monarch or imperial government could overrule any governor-general, though this could often be cumbersome, the governors-general are entitled to wear a unique uniform, which are not generally worn today. If of the rank of general, equivalent or above. The report resulting from the 1926 Imperial Conference stated, in other words, the political reality of a self-governing Dominion within the British Empire with a governor-general answerable to the sovereign became clear. British interference in the Dominion was not acceptable and independent country status was clearly displayed, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were clearly not controlled by the United Kingdom. The governor-general, however, is appointed by the monarch. Executive authority is vested in the monarch, though much of it can be exercisable only by the governor-general on behalf of the sovereign of the independent realm. Except in rare cases, the only acts in accordance with constitutional convention and upon the advice of the national prime minister. The governor-general is still the representative of the sovereign and performs the same duties as they carried out historically. In some realms, the monarch could in principle overrule a governor-general, in Australia the present Queen is generally assumed to be head of state, since the governor-general and the state governors are defined as her representatives. However, since the governor-general performs almost all national regal functions, to a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed in Canada as to which officeholder—the monarch, the governor general, or both—can be considered the head of state
9.
William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley
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William Humble Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley KP, GCB, GCMG, GCVO, KStJ, TD, PC, DL, styled Viscount Ednam before 1885, was a British Conservative politician. He was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland between 1902 and 1905 and the fourth Governor-General of Australia between 1908 and 1911, in 1920 he sold his country seat Witley Court to Sir Herbert Smith. Dudley was born in London, the son of William Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley and he visited Australia in 1886–87 as part of a yachting cruise. Dudley became part of the circle of the Prince of Wales. From 1895 to 1896 he was Mayor of Dudley, Dudley became a Major in the Queens Own Worcestershire Hussars in 1885. He was present at operations in the Oranje Free State in February to May 1900, some of the actions he was involved with were at Poplar Grover, Driefontein, Vet River, and Zand River. From May to June 1900 he was present at operations in the Transvaal, some of the actions he was involved with were Johannesburg, Pretoria, and Diamond Hill. He then return to the United Kingdom, and in July to November 1900 he was involved with the suppression of the Irish troubles in Belfast. When war was declared in 1914, the Worcestershires formed into the 1st South Midland Mounted Brigade, the Brigade was ordered to Egypt and was based in Chatby Camp, near Alexandria, by April 1915. The brigade didnt see any action until they were ordered to prepare to fight as infantry in August and it was at this time that the men were sent to Suvla Bay, and took part in the Gallipoli campaign. The regiment were in support of the Anzacs in their attempt to break through the Turkish defenses and this attack obviously failed miserably, and they were evacuated in January 1916. Lord Dudley had already left the area in 1915, and had posted to East Mudros as Commandant. In 1916, Lord Dudley was then attached to the staff of the 40th Infantry Division. Leaving the military in 1916, Lord Dudley retired as a lieutenant colonel, Dudley sat on the Conservative benches in the House of Lords and served under Lord Salisbury as Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade from 1895 to 1902. He is immortalized in Joyces description of his Vice-Regal progress through Dublin in Ulysses, during this time he was also the Grand Master of the Order of St. Not long after his arrival, he found himself swearing in a Labor cabinet under Andrew Fisher, the new Governor-General soon found himself involved in another controversy. It was part of Labor policy to establish an independent Australian navy, the Liberal opposition, on the other hand, supported the campaign for Australia to raise money to build ships for the Royal Navy, the so-called Dreadnought campaign. So when Dudley made a speech in support of the Dreadnought campaign, he was straying into party politics, in 1909 Fishers minority government resigned, and Dudley refused him an early election
10.
Prime minister
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A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss members of the cabinet. In most systems, the minister is the presiding member. In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the minister is the presiding and actual head of government. In such systems, the head of state or the head of states official representative usually holds a ceremonial position. The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise powers that are constitutionally vested in the crown. The first actual usage of the prime minister or Premier Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers, the term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, however, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century, the monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII, William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I, Clarendon under Charles II and these ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as the minister, the chief minister, the first minister and finally the prime minister. The power of ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the skills of holding high office. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, when the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse, Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful, late in Annes reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power. The monarch could no longer any law or impose any tax without its permission. It is at point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge. A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714, George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government
11.
Alfred Deakin
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Alfred Deakin was a leader of the movement for Australian federation and later the second Prime Minister of Australia. Deakin was a contributor to the establishment of liberal reforms in the colony of Victoria. He also played a part in establishing irrigation in Australia. Throughout the 1890s Deakin was a participant in conferences of representatives of the Australian colonies that were established to draft a constitution for the proposed federation and he played an important role in ensuring that the draft was liberal and democratic and in achieving compromises to enable its eventual success. Between conferences, he worked to popularise the concept of federation and he then fought hard to ensure acceptance of the proposed constitution by the Government of the United Kingdom. As Prime Minister, Deakin completed a significant legislative program that makes him, with Labors Andrew Fisher, Deakin resigned from Parliament prior to the 1913 election, with Joseph Cook winning the Liberal Party leadership ballot. Alfred was born on 3 August 1856, Deakin worked as a storekeeper, water-carter and general carrier and then became a partner in a coaching business and later manager of Cobb and Co in Victoria. In 1871 he graduated with good passes in history, algebra and Euclid and basic passes in English and he began evening classes in law at the University of Melbourne, while working as a schoolteacher and private tutor. Deakin graduated in 1877 and began practising as a barrister, but had difficulty in obtaining briefs, in May 1878, he met David Syme, the owner of the Melbourne daily The Age, who paid him to contribute reviews, leaders and articles on politics and literature. In 1880, he became editor of The Leader, The Ages weekly, during this period Syme converted him from supporting free trade to protectionism. He became active in the Australian Natives Association and began to practise vegetarianism, the radical Premier, Graham Berry, offered him the position of Attorney-General in August, but Deakin turned him down. In 1882, Deakin married Elizabeth Martha Anne Browne, daughter of a well-known spiritualist and they lived with Deakins parents until 1887, when they moved to Llanarth, in Walsh Street, South Yarra. They had three daughters, Ivy, Stella and Vera by 1891, in 1883 Deakin became Commissioner for Public Works and Water Supply, and in 1884 he became Solicitor-General and Minister of Public Works. In 1885 Deakin secured the passage of the colonys pioneering Factories and Shops Act, enforcing regulation of employment conditions, in December 1884 he went to the United States to investigate irrigation, and presented a report in June 1885, Irrigation in Western America. Percival Serle described this report as a piece of accurate observation. In June 1886, he introduced legislation to nationalise water rights, in 1885, Deakin became Chief Secretary and Commissioner for Water Supply and from 1890 Minister for Health and, briefly, Solicitor-General. In 1889, he became the member for the Melbourne seat of Essendon and Flemington, in 1890 the government was brought down over its use of the militia to protect non-union labour during the maritime strike. In addition, Deakin lost his fortune and his fathers fortune in the property crash of 1893, in 1892, he unsuccessfully defended the mass murderer Frederick Bailey Deeming and assisted the defence in the 1893–94 libel trial of David Syme
12.
Andrew Fisher
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Andrew Fisher was an Australian politician who served as Prime Minister of Australia on three separate occasions between 1908-1915. Fishers second government between 1910-13 completed a vast legislative programme which made him, along with Protectionist Alfred Deakin, the Fisher government legacy of reforms and national development lasted beyond the divisions that would later occur with World War I and Billy Hughes conscription push. After the minority governments of 1904 Chris Watson and his own in 1908-1909 it was the worlds third Labour Party government at a national level. It was the first time a Labour Party had controlled any house of a legislature, at the time, it represented the culmination of Labours involvement in politics. Passing 113 Acts, the 1910–13 government was a period of reform unmatched in the Commonwealth until the 1940s under John Curtin, serving a collective total of four years and ten months, Fisher is second to Bob Hawke as Australias longest serving Labor Prime Minister. The original spelling of Labour was changed to Labor in 1912 at the instigation of King OMalley, Fisher was born in Crosshouse, a mining village near Kilmaurs, East Ayrshire, Scotland. He was the second of eight children of Robert Fisher and Jane Garvin, Fishers education consisted of some primary schooling, some night schooling, and the reading of books in the library of the cooperative his father had helped to establish. At the age of ten, he working in a coal mine. He worked six days a week for hours a day. He then had to walk 2 and 1/2 miles to attend night school, at 17 years old, Fisher was elected secretary of the local branch of the Ayrshire Miners Union, the first step on a road to politics. The union called a strike in 1881 to demand a 10% increase to wages, after finding employment at another mine, he once again led miners to strike for higher wages in 1885. This time, he was not only sacked but also blacklisted, unable to find work, Fisher and his brother emigrated to Queensland in 1885. Despite leaving Scotland, Fisher is said to have retained a distinctive Scottish accent for the rest of his life, here, Fisher worked as a miner, first in Burrum and then in Gympie. He became a driver after attaining the necessary qualifications in 1891. In the same year, he was elected as the president of an engine drivers union. He was also active in the Amalgamated Miners Union, becoming President of the Gympie branch by 1891, in 1891, Fisher was elected as the first president of the Gympie branch of the Labour Party. In 1893, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland as Labour member for Gympie, in his maiden speech, he pushed for a 50% decrease in military spending and declared support for a federation. Another policy area that captured his attention during this term, was the employment of workers from the Pacific Islands in sugar plantations, the 1896 establishment of the Gympie Truth, a newspaper that he was to partly own, was part of his response
13.
Election
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An election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century, Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. This process is used in many other private and business organizations. Electoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoral systems where they are not in place, psephology is the study of results and other statistics relating to elections. To elect means to choose or make a decision, and so other forms of ballot such as referendums are referred to as elections. Elections were used as early in history as ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and throughout the Medieval period to select rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor, in Vedic period of India, the raja of a gana was apparently elected by the gana. The raja belonged to the noble Kshatriya varna, and was typically a son of the previous raja, however, the gana members had the final say in his elections. The Pala king Gopala in early medieval Bengal was elected by a group of feudal chieftains, such elections were quite common in contemporary societies of the region. In Chola Empire, around 920 CE, in Uthiramerur, palm leaves were used for selecting the village committee members, the leaves, with candidate names written on them, were put inside a mud pot. To select the members, a young boy was asked to take out as many leaves as the number of positions available. This was known as the Kudavolai system, ancient Arabs also used election to choose their caliph, Uthman and Ali, in the early medieval Rashidun Caliphate. Questions of suffrage, especially suffrage for minority groups, have dominated the history of elections, males, the dominate cultural group in North America and Europe, often dominated the electorate and continue to do so in many countries. Early elections in such as the United Kingdom and the United States were dominated by landed or ruling class males. However, by 1920 all Western European and North American democracies had universal male suffrage. Despite legally mandated universal suffrage for males, political barriers were sometimes erected to prevent fair access to elections. The question of who may vote is an issue in elections. In Australia Aboriginal people were not given the right to vote until 1962, suffrage is typically only for citizens of the country, though further limits may be imposed. However, in the European Union, one can vote in municipal elections if one lives in the municipality and is an EU citizen, the nationality of the country of residence is not required
14.
Monarchy of Australia
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The monarchy of Australia is a form of government in which a hereditary king or queen serves as the nations sovereign. The present monarch is Elizabeth II, styled Queen of Australia and she is represented in Australia by the governor-general, in accordance with the Australian constitution and letters patent from the Queen. In each of the states, the monarch is represented by a governor, the Australian monarch, besides reigning in Australia, separately serves as monarch for each of 15 other Commonwealth nations known as realms. This developed from the colonial relationship between these countries and the United Kingdom, but they are now independent of each other and are legally distinct. Likewise, on all matters relating to any Australian state, the monarch is advised by the ministers of the Crown of that state, the British government is thus considered a foreign power in regard to Australias domestic and foreign affairs. The sovereigns Australian title is currently Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. Typically, the monarch is styled King or Queen of Australia and is addressed as such when in Australia or performing duties on behalf of Australia abroad, prior to 1953, the title had simply been the same as that in the United Kingdom. Australia, however, wished to have the United Kingdom mentioned as well, thus, the resolution was a title that included the United Kingdom but, for the first time, also separately mentioned Australia and the other Commonwealth realms. The passage of a new Royal Style and Titles Act by the Parliament of Australia put these recommendations into law, Queen Elizabeth II signed her assent at Government House, Canberra, on 19 October 1973. Australia does not pay any money to the Queen, either for personal income or to support the royal residences outside Australia, only when the Queen is in Australia does the Australian government support her in the performance of her duties. This rule applies equally to members of the Royal Family. Succession is according to British laws that have incorporated into Australian law. By adhering to the Statute of Westminster in 1942, Australia agreed to change its rules of only in agreement with the UK. Parallel proclamations are made by the governors in each state, regardless of any proclamations, the late sovereigns heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she continues to reign until death. The legal personality of a component of the Australian state is expressed by reference to the sovereign. In criminal prosecutions, the state as a party is named as The Queen—for instance. However, the prosecutors themselves are referred to as representing the Crown, more commonly and conveniently, however, the entity is referred to directly—for example, as The Commonwealth or The State of New South Wales or simply New South Wales
15.
Governor-General of Australia
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The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the Australian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The Governor-General is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia, when travelling abroad, the Governor-General is seen as the representative of Australia, and of the Queen of Australia, so is treated as a head of state. The Governor-General is supported by a staff headed by the Official Secretary to the Governor-General, a Governor-General is not appointed for a specific term, but is generally expected to serve for five years subject to a possible short extension. Since 28 March 2014, the Governor-General has been General Sir Peter Cosgrove, from Federation in 1901 until 1965,11 out of the 15 Governors-General were British aristocrats, they included four barons, three viscounts, three earls, and one prince. Since then, all but one of the Governors-General have been Australian-born, as of 2017, only one Governor-General, Dame Quentin Bryce, was a woman. The selection of a Governor-General is a responsibility for the Prime Minister of Australia, the candidate is approached privately to confirm whether they are willing to accept the appointment. The prime minister advises the monarch to appoint his nominee. This has been the procedure since November 1930, when James Scullins proposed appointment of Sir Isaac Isaacs was fiercely opposed by the British government, Scullin was equally insistent that the monarch must act on the relevant prime ministers direct advice. Both of these appointments had been agreed to despite British government objections, despite these precedents, George V remained reluctant to accept Scullins recommendation of Isaacs and asked him to consider Field Marshal Sir William Birdwood. However, Scullin stood firm, and, on 29 November, the King agreed to Isaacss appointment and this right to not only advise the monarch directly, but also to expect that advice to be accepted, was soon taken up by all the other Dominion prime ministers. This, among other things, led to the Statute of Westminster 1931, having agreed to the appointment, the monarch then permits it to be publicly announced in advance, usually several months before the end of the current Governor-Generals term. During these months, the person is referred to as the Governor-General-designate, the actual appointment is made by the monarch. Governors-General have during their tenure the style His/Her Excellency the Honourable, since May 2013, the style used by a former Governor-General is the Honourable, it was at the same time retrospectively granted for life to all previous holders of the office. From the creation of the Order of Australia in 1975, the Governor-General was, ex officio, Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order, and therefore became entitled to the post-nominal AC. In 1986 the Letters Patent were amended again, and Governors-General appointed from that time were again, ex officio, until 1989, all Governors-General were members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and thus held the additional style the Right Honourable for life. The same individuals were also usually either peers, knights, or both, in 1989, Bill Hayden, a republican, declined appointment to the British Privy Council and any imperial honours. Dame Quentin Bryce was the first Governor-General to have had no title or pre-nominal style. Until 2015, the honour continued after the retirement from office of the Governor-General, formerly, the Governor-General automatically became a knight or dame upon being sworn in
16.
Prime Minister of Australia
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The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia, almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed minister was John Gorton. Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable for life, the senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia. The Prime Minister is, like ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to hand in the commission, in the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Despite the importance of the office of minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply Prime Minister, except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry, Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies, in August 1941 Menzies resigned as prime minister. In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly and his deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as prime minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader, Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australias shortest-serving prime minister. Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December, the governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader
17.
Chief Justice of Australia
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The Chief Justice of Australia is the informal title for the presiding justice of the High Court of Australia and the highest-ranking judicial officer in the Commonwealth of Australia. The incumbent is Susan Kiefel, the first woman to hold the office, the Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under, the Judiciary Act 1903, with the first appointments to the High Court commencing on 5 October 1903. The Chief Justice is first among equals among the Justices of the High Court, all Justices, including the Chief Justice, are appointed by the Governor-General of Australia, on the advice of the federal government. They can be removed only by the Governor-General, on a request from both houses of the parliament, although this has never been done. Since 1977, appointment has been until the retirement age of seventy. The Chief Justice often acts as the Governor-Generals deputy, especially at such as the opening of Parliament after an election. Chief Justice Samuel Griffith was several times consulted by Governors-General of Australia on the exercise of the reserve powers, the Chief Justice also administers the Oath of Allegiance to the Monarch and an Oath of Office to the Governor-General-designate when he or she takes up his or her appointment. Chief Justice Sir John Latham was absent from the office when he served from 1940 to 1941 as Australias first ambassador to Japan, Sir George Rich was Acting Chief Justice in Lathams absence
18.
Samuel Griffith
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Sir Samuel Walker Griffith GCMG, PC, QC, was an Australian politician, Premier of Queensland, Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia, and a principal author of the Constitution of Australia. Griffith was born in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, the son of the Rev. Edward Griffith. He was the brother of Mary Harriett Griffith, although of Welsh extraction, his forebears for at least three generations had lived in England. The family migrated to Queensland when Samuel was eight, during his course he was awarded the Cooper and Barker scholarships and other prizes. In 1865, he gained the T. S. Mort Travelling Fellowship, Travelling to Europe, he spent some of his time in Italy, and became much attached to the Italian people and their literature. Many years after, he was to become the first Australian translator of Dante, on his return to Brisbane, Griffith studied law and was articled to Arthur Macalister, in one of whose ministries Griffith afterwards had his first portfolio. Griffith was called to the bar in 1867, in 1870, Griffith returned to Sydney to complete an M. A. In the same year, he married Julia Janet Thomson, in 1872 Griffith was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, for East Moreton. Throughout his career he saw himself as a lawyer first and a politician second, Griffith took silk in 1876 as a Queens Counsel. In Parliament he gained a reputation as a liberal reformer and he was Attorney-General, Minister for Education and Minister for Works, and became leader of the liberal party in 1879. His great enemy was the conservative leader Sir Thomas McIlwraith, whom he accused of corruption, Griffith became Premier in November 1883 displacing McIlwraith. Griffiths election as Premier was assisted by auditor-general William Leworthy Goode Drews report on the colonys loans having reached over £13 million, Griffith won the next election largely on his policy of preventing the importation of Kanaka labour from the islands. He passed an act for this purpose, but it was found that the danger of the destruction of the industry was so great that the measure was never made operative. Recruiting was, however, placed under regulations and some of the worst abuses were swept away, Griffith took a special interest in British New Guinea, and was eventually responsible for the sending of Sir William MacGregor there in 1888. Griffith was regarded as an ally of the labour movement. He introduced a bill to trade unions, and declared that the great problem of this age is not how to accumulate wealth. In 1888 his government was defeated, in opposition he wrote radical articles for The Boomerang, William Lanes socialist newspaper. But in 1890 Griffith suddenly betrayed his friends and became Premier again at the head of an unlikely alliance with McIlwraith
19.
Premier of New South Wales
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The Premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature, prior to Federation in 1901 the term Prime Minister of New South Wales was used, Premier was used from 1901. The current Premier is Gladys Berejiklian, the Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party, Berejiklian replaced Mike Baird on 23 January 2017, after Baird resigned as Premier. As of January 2017, nine former Premiers are alive, the oldest being Barrie Unsworth, the most recent premier to die was Tom Lewis on 25 April 2016. List of Premiers of New South Wales by time in office Deputy Premier of New South Wales
20.
Charles Wade
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Sir Charles Gregory Wade KCMG, KC, JP was Premier of New South Wales 2 October 1907 –21 October 1910. According to Percival Serle, Wade was a man of high character. His career as a judge was short, but his sense of justice and grasp of principles and details, Charles Gregory Wade was born in Singleton, New South Wales. He was the son of William Burton Wade, a civil engineer, educated at All Saints College, Bathurst, and The Kings School, Parramatta. Wade won the Broughton and Forrest scholarships and went to Merton College and he had a distinguished career, both as a scholar and an athlete, graduating with honours in classics and representing his university and England at rugby union. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1886 and he married Ella Louise Bell, daughter of a civil engineer, in 1890. He made a reputation as a barrister and was appointed a prosecutor in 1891. From 1902, he represented employers before the new Industrial Arbitration Court, from 1904 to 1917, he represented Gordon. Within a year of his first election he joined the Carruthers ministry as Attorney-General, when Carruthers resigned Wade became Premier on 2 October 1907, but still retained his previous portfolios. There was some remission of taxation and each year the treasurer was able to show a surplus, during the 1909–10 coal strike, Wade appeared to favour the mine-owners and lost significant community support. In spite of his good record Wade was defeated at the election. In November 1916, Labor premier William Holman, a supporter of conscription, formed a coalition with Liberal Reform to stay in office, Wade was prominent in the negotiations for a coalition, but the state of his health did not allow him to seek office. He also declined the office of agent-general for New South Wales, a few months later, finding his health much improved, he became agent-general. A series of seven lectures on Australia delivered at University College, London, was published in 1919 under the title Australia, Problems and Prospects. In December of that year Wade was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales at Sydney and took up his duties in March 1920. Wade died after an illness at his house at the Sydney suburb of Potts Point, New South Wales and was survived by Lady Wade. His funeral was held at St. Andrews Cathedral, Sydney on 22 September 1922 and he was buried at South Head Cemetery on the same day. Wade became a Kings Counsel in 1906, was knighted in 1918 and was created KCMG in 1920, list of Six Nations Championship hat-tricks
21.
James McGowen
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James Sinclair Taylor McGowen was an Australian politician and the first Labor Premier of New South Wales from 21 October 1910 to 30 June 1913. McGowen was the son of James McGowen, a boilermaker, and his wife Eliza Ditchfield, immigrants from Lancashire and was born at sea, on the Western Bride and his father worked building in bridges, initially in Victoria, and later in New South Wales. After limited schooling he was apprenticed as a boiler maker in 1870 and he became a member of the United Society of Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders of New South Wales on its establishment in 1873, he became secretary in 1874. He entered the department and in 1888 was elected president of the executive of Trades Hall committee. He worked hard and successfully to raise funds to build the Trades Hall at Sydney and he held the seat continuously to 1917. While the Australian Labor Party eventually became the most disciplined in the world, McGowen was one of three to sign the pledge to abide by party discipline. As a result of his increasingly skillfulness as a parliamentarian and his relative seniority he became Labors parliamentary leader in 1894, after the 1898 election George Reids Protectionist Government was dependent on Labor to push through New South Wales adoption of Federation. McGowen stood for the Federal seat of South Sydney in 1901, mcGowens honesty and judiciousness were reassuring the public and were a major factor in Labors 1910 election win. While he was Premier from to 1913, he was not a director of the parliamentary party. As well as Premier, he was also Colonial Treasurer during most of 1911 and Colonial Secretary from December 1911, in 1913, while Holman was in England, he attempted to settle a gas workers strike by threatening to replace them with non-union labour. This alienated the party and Holman deposed him as leader on his return in June 1913, McGowen became Minister for Labour and Industry until January 1914. As a result of the state Labour governments efforts, improved low-cost medical services were widely available throughout New South Wales. In addition, public works were expanded, and important educational reforms were enacted, together with reforms in law, income tax, arbitration. Three of his sons served in World War I, including one killed at Gallipoli in 1915, the 1916 Labor conference decided to oppose conscription. McGowen disagreed and was expelled along with most of the parliamentary party, at the 1917 election he was defeated by the official Labor candidate William McKell, but, now Nationalist, Premier Holman appointed him to the then unelected Legislative Council in July 1917. He died of disease in Petersham and was survived by his wife, five of their seven sons. His largely attended funeral was held at St. Pauls Church, Redfern, New South Wales on 8 April 1922, and he was then buried at Rookwood Cemetery
22.
Premier of South Australia
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The Premier of South Australia is the head of government in the state of South Australia, Australia. The Government of South Australia follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of South Australia acting as the legislature, the current Premier is Jay Weatherill, the Leader of the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party. Weatherill replaced Mike Rann on 21 October 2011, after Rann resigned as Premier, before the 1890s when there was no formal party system in South Australia, MPs tended to have historical liberal or conservative beliefs. The liberals dominated government from the 1893 election to 1905 election with the support of the South Australian United Labor Party, Labor took government with the support of eight dissident liberals in 1905 when Labor won the most seats for the first time. The rise of Labor saw non-Labor politics start to merge into various party incarnations, Labor formed South Australias first majority government after winning the 1910 state election, triggering the merger. The 1910 election came two weeks after federal Labor formed Australias first elected majority government at the 1910 federal election, no Country or rural conservative parties emerged as serious long-term forces in South Australian state politics, often folding into the main non-Labor party. There are six living former premiers, the oldest being Steele Hall, the most recent premier to die was John Bannon on 13 December 2015. In the following timeline, the legend includes the Liberal and Democratic Union, the Liberal Union, the Liberal Party of Australia is represented as Liberal only. The grey area represents the duration of Playmander electoral malapportionment, beginning in 1936, in effect until the 1970 election
23.
Archibald Peake
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Archibald Henry Peake was an Australian politician. He was Premier of South Australia on three occasions, from 1909 to 1910 for the Liberal and Democratic Union, and from 1912 to 1915 and 1917 to 1920 for its successor and he had also been Treasurer and Attorney-General in the Price-Peake coalition government from 1905 to 1909. Peakes family migrated from Chelsea, London in 1862, initially settled in Victoria, Peake was educated at state schools under his father, but in later life widened his education by studying in English history and literature. He entered the service of the council of Narracoorte, became district clerk in 1878. In 1893 he contested Albert in an election for the House of Assembly and was beaten by 50 votes, but four years later won the seat by two votes. He resigned his position as clerk when he entered politics. Peake was elected to the South Australian House of Assembly as the Member for Albert representing Narracorte, after his election, Peake was at first an independent supporting the Liberal Governments of Charles Kingston and Frederick Holder. He became disillusioned with the Government of John Jenkins leading him to leader of a group of 15 members under the Liberal banner. Peake was elected as one of three members for the new seat of Victoria and Albert in May 1902, he held this seat until March 1915, at the 1905 election Peake sought a Liberal-Labor alliance, the only difference between us is a difference of degree and of speed. As Treasurer, he delivered three surplus budgets in a row as agricultural conditions improved, at the 1906 election, Labor came close to a majority in their own right. However, Peake and his party resisted a change to the arrangements, Peake had formed the Liberal and Democratic Union which had a network of branches in 1906. After Prices death, the Labor Party demanded the Premier position for its new leader John Verran, Peake refused and was able to form a Government which lasted for a year. Labor was victorious, forming South Australias first majority government at the 1910 election, in the same year, the LDU merged with the two independent conservative parties to form the Liberal Union under Peakes leadership. The parties readily approved the merger, however the LDU which salvaged the fewest of their principles from the merger were more hesitant, Peake persuaded a party conference that the day of the middle party is passed, and approved the merger by just one vote. The Liberal Union was affiliated with the federal Commonwealth Liberal Party, Peake was elected as Premier at the 1912 election as Verrans Government had been unable to deal with a number of significant industrial disputes. Peakes Government created the Industrial arbitration court which established a minimum wage for state awards, Peake was a teetotaller Presbyterian who held a plebiscite establishing six oclock closing for hotels in 1915 which became the law in South Australia for the next fifty years. Peake lost to the Labor Party under Crawford Vaughan at the 1915 election, however, he was elected as Member for Alexandra and became Leader of the Opposition. Vaughan lost his majority after the Labor Party split over conscription, Peake became Premier of a coalition government of Liberal Union and National Labor members
24.
John Verran
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John Verran was the 26th Premier of South Australia from 1910 to 1912 and a senator for South Australia from August 1927 to November 1928, representing the South Australian United Labor Party. The 1910 state election saw Labor form a majority government, the first time a party had done so in South Australia and he was a resident of Moonta, and was member for the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Wallaroo from 1901 to 1918. As premier, Verran helped to improve conditions for Aborigines while also making efforts to make home ownership possible for the underprivileged. Verran was born at Gwennap, Cornwall in UK, on 9 July 1856, the family lived at Kapunda, South Australia, until he was eight, and then moved to Moonta where copper had been discovered in 1861. Verran received very little education and before he was 10 years old was working at the copper-mines as a pickey-boy and he attended a night school some years later. Verran learned to read with encouragement from the ministers of the Primitive Methodist church at Moonta, when 18 he went to the Queensland gold-mines but soon returned to Moonta, where he worked as a miner for nearly 40 years. He was elected president of the Moonta miners association and held office from 1895 to 1913. Verran was a member and local preacher in the Primitive Methodist church. Verran married Catherine Trembath in Moonta on 21 February 1880 and they had eight children together before she died in 1914. In 1901 he was elected a member of the South Australian House of Assembly in a by-election for Wallaroo, on the death of Premier Thomas Price in 1909, Verran became Labor leader. Labor demanded the Premier position for Verran, however LDU leader Archibald Peake refused which saw Peake form a one-year government, on 3 June 1910 Verran became Premier, and was also commissioner of public works and minister of mines and of water-supply. Lasting less than 21 months, the government faced riots due to a strike in Adelaide streets. Considerable sums were spent on railways and harbours, relations between the assembly and the council were strained, with Verran petitioning the British parliament to veto the councils decision. Verran called a 1912 election over the power of the house to veto the lower, however Labor suffered a swing against them. As a backbencher during World War I, Verran was supported by the All British League in leading a campaign against people of German descent. Verran was succeeded as leader of the Labor party by Crawford Vaughan in 1913, in 1918 he stood as a National Party candidate and was defeated. He stood as an independent in 1921 and a Liberal in 1924, Verran was also defeated at the federal election held in 1925. In 1927 he was elected by the South Australian parliament to fill the vacancy in the federal Senate caused by the death of Senator Charles McHugh and he lost his seat in 1928 and henceforth lived in retirement
25.
Premier of Queensland
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The Premier of Queensland is the head of government in the Australian state of Queensland. By convention the Premier is the leader of the party with a majority in the unicameral Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Queensland, the incumbent Premier of Queensland since the 2015 election is Annastacia Palaszczuk of the Australian Labor Party. Under section 42 of the Constitution of Queensland the Premier and other members of Cabinet are appointed by the Governor and are responsible to Parliament. The text of the Constitution assigns to the Premier certain powers, such as the power to assign roles to Assistant Ministers, although ministerial appointments are the prerogative of the Governor of Queensland, in normal circumstances the Governor will make these appointments under the advice of the Premier. A re-elected government will be resworn, with adjustments to the ministry as determined by the Premier, the Premier has an office in the Executive Annexe of Parliament House, Brisbane, which is normally used while Parliament is sitting. At other times the Premiers ministerial office is in 1 William Street, before the 1890s, there was no developed party system in Queensland. Political affiliation labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, before the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, political parties were more akin to parliamentary factions, and were fluid, informal and disorganised by modern standards. As of February 2015, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being Russell Cooper, the most recent premier to die was Wayne Goss, on 10 November 2014. List of Premiers of Queensland by time in office Government of Queensland Politics of Queensland
26.
William Kidston
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William Kidston was an Australian politician and Premier of Queensland, from January 1906 to November 1907 and again from February 1908 to February 1911. William Kidston was born in Falkirk, Scotland on 17 August 1849 and he became an apprentice ironmoulder at age 13. He married Margaret Scott in 1874, dissatisfied with ironmoulding, he emigrated to New South Wales with his family in 1882, and moved again to Queensland, arriving in Rockhampton at 1883. In Rockhampton, Kidston started a new career as a bookseller, during the early 1890s, growing industrial unrest pitted the newly formed trade union movement against the conservative colonial government led by Thomas McIlwraith in a series of strikes. A major strike by shearers in 1891 led to the government deploying military forces, Kidston, a member of the local militia, was in strong support of the strikers, and received a court martial when he refused enrolment as a special constable in the anti-strike force. The unionists defeat at the hands of the government prompted the movement to aim for political representation in the Parliament of Queensland. The Australian Labour Federation sought to repeal the antiquated anti-striking laws that had used against the strikers. Kidston wrote a poem, entitled The Ballot is the Thing, Kidston became the main ALF figure in Rockhampton and campaigned for electoral reform – abolition of plural voting, and extension of the franchise. In addition to the cause of the movement, Kidston also supported the separatist organisations in Rockhampton that sought to make Central Queensland a separate colony. Kidston stood unsuccessfully as a separatist candidate for Rockhampton in 1893, in the elections of 1896 he was elected as an endorsed Labor candidate. In Parliament, Kidston began agitating for a coalition of progressive elements to defeat the conservative Continuous Ministry now led by Hugh Nelson. Such overtures met with enthusiasm from either the Labor or Liberal elements. He was again re-elected in 1902, by which stage the separatist movement was dying down, the government lasted only a week before it was defeated on the floor of parliament, an experience which convinced Kidston of the necessity of seeking support outside of the ALF proper. In 1903 an alliance of disaffected Ministerialists, Liberals and the ALF brought down Philps government, Kidston, a close friend of Morgan, again became treasurer. He was, along with William Browne, one of two Labor members of the ministry, after Brownes death in 1904, Kidston became the most senior Labor minister. The parliamentary situation, with numbers for both the Morgan-Kidston coalition and the ex-Ministerialists, proved unwieldy, and an election was called. Labor became the largest party in the parliament but Kidston was content to let Morgan retain the dominant role in the coalition, Kidston defended Labors coalition with Morgan, arguing that it had resulted in a public works programme, and fairer taxation and electoral systems. Morgans death in early 1906 led to Kidstons ascension as premier, in May 1907 he announced the formation of his own political party, to which a majority of the Labor members in parliament declared allegiance
27.
Premier of Tasmania
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The Premier of Tasmania is the head of the executive government in the Australian state of Tasmania. By convention, the party or political grouping which has majority support in the House of Assembly will nominate its leader to be Premier, the nominated politician is then invited by the Governor of Tasmania to act as their principal adviser. Before the 1890s, there was no party system in Tasmania. Party labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, the current convention of appointing the Premier from the House of Assembly was not generally applied prior to 1920, with Premiers often appointed from the Legislative Council. The incumbent Premier of Tasmania since the 2014 election is Will Hodgman of the Liberal Party of Australia, as of 24 January 2011, eight former premiers are alive, the oldest being Tony Rundle. The most recent premier to die was Sir Angus Bethune, on 27 August 2004, the most recently serving premier to die was Jim Bacon, on 20 June 2004. List of Premiers of Tasmania by time in office Leader of the Opposition Governors of Tasmania PREMIERS OF TASMANIA Parliament of Tasmania
28.
Elliott Lewis
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Sir Neil Elliott Lewis, KCMG, Australian politician, was Premier of Tasmania on three occasions. He was also a member of the first Australian federal ministry, Lewis was born in Hobart, son of Neil Lewis, a merchant, and his wife Anne Maria, née Cox. N. E. Lewis was the grandson of Richard Lewis and nephew of David Lewis, educated at the Hobart High School, Lewis took the diploma of associate of arts with gold medal, and was awarded a Tasmanian scholarship. Lewis then attended Balliol College, Oxford University graduating B. A.1882 and he was admitted as a barrister in London in 1883 and returned to Tasmania where he was admitted as a barrister in December 1885 and commenced a private practice. Lewis was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly at the 1886 election, during this time he represented conservative interests and policies in opposition to liberals such as Philip Fysh, Sir Edward Braddon and Andrew Inglis Clark. He served in Henry Dobsons ministry from 1892 until 1894 as Attorney-General and he was also an ardent federalist, having accompanied his predecessor as Premier, Sir Edward Braddon, as part of the Tasmanian delegation to the 1897–1898 convention. He served in this role until 1903, encouraging producing interests, Lewis was appointed as Minister without Portfolio in the first federal ministry under Edmund Barton in January 1901. However, he decided not to stand for election to the Federal Parliament in March, Lewis and Sir James Dickson are the only people to have held ministerial office in an Australian federal government without ever being a member of the Commonwealth Parliament. Lewis was the last surviving member of the inaugural Barton Cabinet, at the 1903 election, Lewis seat of Richmond was abolished, and he failed to win the new seat of Central Hobart, the only time a Tasmanian premier has been defeated in a general election. Lewis failed in an attempt in 1906, but won one of the Denison seats under the statewide Hare-Clark system at the 1909 election—ironic in light of his ardent opposition to the system. Lewis was to serve in Parliament for another 13 years, Lewis was again Premier of Tasmania in 1909, and again from 1909 to 1912. During these times he held the post of Attorney-General. After leaving politics in 1922, he became Lieutenant-Governor of Tasmania 1933-1935 and was the first president of the Tasmanian Amateur Athletic Association, Lewis was vice-chancellor of the University of Tasmania in 1903-09 and chancellor in 1924-33. Lewis was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 15 May 1901, in preparation of the royal visit of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall. The following year he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and he married, in 1896, Lina Henrietta Youl, daughter of Charles Youl, JP, and granddaughter of Sir James Arndell Youl, KCMG. Australian Commonwealth ministries 1901-2004 Serle, Percival, parliamentary library profile List of Premiers of Tasmania Who Was Who, A & C Black 1920-2008
29.
Premier of Western Australia
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The Premier of Western Australia is the head of the executive branch of government in the Australian state of Western Australia. The Premier has similar functions in Western Australia to those performed by the Prime Minister of Australia at the national level, subject to the different Constitutions. The incumbent Premier of Western Australia is Mark McGowan who won the 2017 state election and was sworn in on 17 March 2017 by Governor Kerry Sanderson as the 30th Premier of Western Australia. The premier must be a member of one of the two Houses of the Parliament of Western Australia, and by convention the premier is a member of the lower house, the Legislative Assembly. He or she is appointed by the governor on the advice of the lower house, consequently, the premier is almost always the leader of the political party or coalition of parties with the majority of seats in the lower house. The office of premier of Western Australia was first formed in 1890, the Constitution of Western Australia does not explicitly provide for a premier, and the office was not formally listed as one of the executive offices until the appointment of Ross McLarty in 1947. Nonetheless, John Forrest immediately adopted the title on taking office as first premier of Western Australia in 1890, John Forrest was the only premier of Western Australia as a self-governing colony. Following the Federation of Australia in 1901, Western Australia became an Australian state, Party politics began in Western Australia with the rise of the Labor party in 1901. By 1904, the party system was entrenched in Western Australian politics, since then the premiers have been associated with political parties. Western Australias constitution contains nothing to preclude the premier being a member of the upper house, historically and by convention, however, the premier is a member of the Assembly. During the economic boom of the 1980s, the Western Australian government became involved with a number of large businesses. A succession of deals were made between the government and businesses, and these ultimately caused great losses for the state, a subsequent royal commission found evidence of widespread corruption. Three former premiers were found to have acted improperly and two of them, Ray OConnor and Brian Burke, were jailed and this scandal became popularly known as WA Inc. As of 4 April 2017, seven former premiers are alive, the oldest being Peter Dowding, the most recent premier to die was Ray OConnor, on 25 February 2013, aged 86. He served as premier for a month before resigning after no seat could be found. b Prior to the 1904 election, no organised political parties existed, walter Kingsmill served as Acting Premier during this time
30.
Newton Moore
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Major-General Sir Newton James Moore KCMG, was the eighth Premier of Western Australia and a member of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1918 to 1932. Newton Moore was born in Fremantle, Western Australia, son of James Moore, auctioneer and later mayor of Bunbury and he was educated at Arthur Street Primary School in Bunbury before attending Prince Alfred College in Adelaide, South Australia. In 1886 he was apprenticed as a surveyor to Alexander Forrest, after qualifying in 1894, he worked as a contract surveyor in and around the Bunbury area. In April 1898 he married Isabella Lowrie, sister of William Lowrie, in 1899 Moore was elected to the Bunbury Municipal Council, and was Mayor of Bunbury from 1900 to 1904. In 1903 he was also a member of the Royal Commission on Forestry, Moore was also involved in the Western Australian militia, commencing a long career as a private with the BRV in 1894. By 1900 he had risen to captain and was instrumental in assisting in the formation of the BVR Mounted Infantry Section, after the Commonwealth reorganisation of 1903, the unit was renamed the 18th Australian Light Horse. Moore served as acting commander until 1908, when he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, in August 1908, Moore was appointed commanding officer of the 5th Military District Intelligence Section, where he remained until March 1914. In 1901, Moore contested the Western Australian Legislative Assembly seat of Bunbury, in 1904 he contested the seat again and won. In August 1905, he was appointed Minister for Lands and Agriculture in Cornthwaite Rasons government, on Rasons resignation on 7 May 1906, he became Premier of Western Australia. Just 36 years old, he was at the time the youngest ever Premier and he remains the most inexperienced politician ever to hold the office, having served in Parliament for less than two years at the time of his appointment. Moores emphasis as Premier was on agricultural development and he personally retained the Lands and Agriculture portfolio, and pursued a policy of cheap land for settlers. In September 1907, after a dispute with the Legislative Council, however, Governor Bedford would not accept his resignation, nor would he consent to an early dissolution, so Moore resumed office. In 1908, Moore led the Liberal Party to another election victory, as the state had previously seen nine Premiers in a little over five years, this was a welcome respite from a period of great instability. On 16 September 1910, Moore resigned as Premier and Colonial Treasurer on the grounds of ill health, Moore was made CMG in June 1908, and KCMG in June 1910. In February 1911, he resigned his Bunbury seat to take up the office of Agent-General for Western Australia in London, in 1915, while still Agent-General, the Australian government appointed him General Officer Commanding Australian Imperial Forces in the United Kingdom. He held that position until 1917, during which time he was promoted to the rank of major-general and he was elected to the seat on 4 October 1918. In the 1918 general election on 14 December he instead stood for, after a break from politics in 1923 and 1924, he won the seat of Richmond upon Thames in the general election of 29 October 1924, and held it until his resignation on 13 April 1932. For ten years, he was Chairman of the Standing Orders Committee of the House of Commons and he established himself as an excellent representative of Australia, and his opinion on Empire matters was highly valued by British ministers
31.
Frank Wilson (politician)
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Frank Wilson, CMG, was the ninth Premier of Western Australia, serving on two separate occasions – from 1910 to 1911 and then again from 1916 to 1917. Frank Wilson was born at Monkwearmouth, Sunderland, England on 12 May 1859 and he was educated in Sunderland, then Moravian School in Neuwied, Germany, and finally at Wesley College, Sheffield. He was then apprenticed to Peacock Bros. and Sons, a Sunderland firm of shipbrokers, at the age of nineteen, he joined his brother in the establishment of an engineering works. Two years later, he married Annie Phillips, Wilson remained in the engineering business for eight years, until an engineering strike in 1886 caused the business substantial losses. In October 1891, Wilson came to Perth, Western Australia to take up an appointment as managing director of the Canning Jarrah Timber Company and he became director of numerous other companies, and acted as a mining agent. For many years he was president of the Timber merchants and Saw Millers Association, in the general election of 1901, Wilson successfully contested the seat of Perth, his Canning seat having been abolished under the Constitution Acts Amendment Act 1899. After unsuccessfully contesting the Claremont by-election on 11 June 1902, he was elected to the seat of Sussex at the 1904 state election, Wilson was Minister for Works for the duration of Cornthwaite Rasons government, from August 1905 until May 1906. He might then have become premier but stood aside in favour of Newton Moore, in Moores ministry Wilson was initially appointed Colonial Treasurer, Minister for Agriculture and Minister for Education. By June 1909 he had relinquished these portfolios, and he was then appointed Minister for Works, for part of 1910, he was acting premier while Moore was absent in England. On 16 September 1910, Moore resigned the premiership on the grounds of ill health and his government was responsible for the legislation that established the University of Western Australia, and also initiated the Redistribution of Seats Bill 1911. In June 1911, Wilson was made CMG, Wilson held the office of premier until the general election of 7 October 1911, when his government was heavily defeated by the Labour party. He then became Leader of the Opposition until July 1916, during this time, he was chosen as a foundation member of the Senate of the University of Western Australia, and would remain a member until December 1915. He also represented Western Australia at the coronation of King George V in June 1911, Labour was returned in the election of 1914, but its majority was reduced to a margin of two seats. Over the next two years, two Labour members resigned, Labour lost both by-elections, so that by November 1916, the government had only 24 seats in a house of fifty. On 27 July 1916, the Liberal and Country parties cooperated to defeat the government in the Legislative Assembly, after being refused a dissolution of Parliament by the governor, the premier John Scaddan resigned, and Wilson became premier for the second time. At one point in February 1917, a dispute between the parties prompted Wilson to tender his resignation, but this was refused by the governor. At the same time, federal party politics was being transformed by the nationalist movement, there was some pressure on Wilson to form a Nationalist Party at the state level, and this pressure increased after Billy Hughes Nationalist Party easily won the federal election of May 1917. Later that month, Wilson called a meeting of Liberal, Country Party and National Labor members, however, in early June the members of the new party voted to reconstruct the ministry by caucus election
32.
Premier of Victoria
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The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the government in the Australian state of Victoria. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Victoria, and is the leader of the party able to secure a majority in the Legislative Assembly. Responsible government came to the colony of Victoria in 1855, between 1856 and 1892, the head of the government was commonly called the Premier or the Prime Minister, but neither title had any legal basis. The head of government always held another portfolio, usually Chief Secretary or Treasurer, the first head of government to hold the title of Premier without holding another portfolio was William Shiels in 1892. The incumbent Premier of Victoria since the 2014 election is Daniel Andrews of the Australian Labor Party, as of September 2016, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being John Cain. The most recent premier to die was Joan Kirner, on 1 June 2015, department of Premier and Cabinet, Victoria Deputy Premier of Victoria List of Premiers of Victoria by time in office ABC News - Premiers of Victoria
33.
John Murray (Victorian politician)
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John Murray, Australian politician, was the 23rd Premier of Victoria. Murray was born near Koroit, Victoria, the son of James Murray and his wife Isabella, née Gordon, when Murray was a child his parents settled on a farm, Glenample station, at Port Campbell in the Western District of Victoria. Murray attended Allansford National School and, from 1868, Henry Kemmiss Warrnambool Grammar School, Murray visited Britain when around 20 years of age and was horrified by the poverty he saw there, but returned to Victoria. Murray inherited the farm and lived all his life. On 4 April 1888 Murray married Alice Jane Bateman at Warrnambool, in 1883 Murray opposed James Francis for Warrnambool in the Victorian Legislative Assembly, but was defeated. Francis died in 1884, Murray obtained the vacant seat and held it until his death 32 years later, Murray was often opposed, and in his early days his indulgence in alcohol threatened his career. Murray overcame this weakness and afterwards as an advocate of temperance did not hesitate to mention the danger he had been in, after 1907, however, Murray emerged as the leader of a country faction of Bents Liberal Party which opposed his free-spending policies. In January 1909 he successfully moved a motion of no-confidence in Bents government and succeeded him as Premier, also becoming Chief Secretary, Murray was chief secretary in 1902-04 and from 1909 formal chairman of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines. But conflict between rural and urban factions of the Liberal Party remained chronic, with the urban leader William Watt undermining Murray just as Murray had undermined Bent, by May 1912 Murray had had enough and resigned. He then accepted office as Chief Secretary in Watts government from 1912 to 1913, Murray died in Warrnambool on 4 May 1916 after his trap-pony had bolted. Murray was physically a big man, good-natured and well-read, an excellent speaker who used humour and irony. An able administrator with a tendency to indolence, he was a leader in the house, often turning the laugh against his opponents. A History of the Parliament of Victoria, 1856-1990, Oxford University Press, Melbourne,1992 Serle, Percival
34.
Governor of New South Wales
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The Governor of New South Wales is the viceregal representative of the Australian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, in the state of New South Wales. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, the Governor is appointed by the queen on the advice of the Premier of New South Wales, for an unfixed period of time—known as serving At Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the norm. The current Governor is retired General David Hurley, who succeeded Dame Marie Bashir on 2 October 2014, the office has its origin in the 18th-century colonial governors of New South Wales upon its settlement in 1788, and is the oldest continuous institution in Australia. The office of Governor is required by the New South Wales Constitution Act,1902, besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor-designate. The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct the governor-designate as a Companion of the Order of Australia. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The premier may therefore recommend to the Queen that the remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor may also resign and three have died in office, furthermore, if the Lieutenant Governor becomes incapacitated while serving in the office of Governor, the next most senior judge of the Supreme Court is sworn in as the Administrator. Between 1788 and 1957, all governors were born outside of New South Wales and were members of the Peerage. Taylor once noted that out and governing New South Wales became the British aristocracys abiding consolation. Coincidentally the first Australian-born Governor, Sir John Northcott on 1 August 1946, was also the first Australian-born Governor of any state, the first Governors were all military officers and the majority of governors since have come from a military background, numbering 19. Samuels was the first governor in New South Wales history without either a political, public service or military background, the first woman to hold this position is also the first Lebanese-Australian governor, Dame Marie Bashir. In this capacity, the governor will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council, the Governor alone is constitutionally mandated to summon parliament. The governor grants Royal Assent in the Queens name, legally, if the governor withholds the Queens assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No modern viceroy has denied Royal Assent to a bill, with most constitutional functions delegated to Cabinet, the governor acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. He or she will host members of Australias royal family, as well as foreign royalty, also as part of international relations, the governor receives letters of credence and of recall from foreign consul-generals appointed to Sydney. The governor is also tasked with fostering unity and pride, the governor also traditionally serves as Honorary and Regimental Colonel in the Royal New South Wales Regiment and as Honorary Air Commodore of No.22 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force. Since 1946, the governor has also always made the Chief Scout of New South Wales
35.
Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford
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Thesiger had been born on 12 August 1868 in London, England, the son of the 2nd Baron Chelmsford and Adria Heath. He was educated at Winchester College and progressed in 1887 to Magdalen College and he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with first-class honours in law in 1891 and further gained a masters degree in 1894. Thesiger was also elected as a fellow of All Souls College, in 1893 he was called to the Bar of the Inner Temple to practice law. He joined the army as a Captain in the Dorset Regiment, a keen cricketer, he Captained the Oxford XI and also played for Middlesex. On 27 July 1894 he married Frances Charlotte Guest, daughter of Baron Wimborne at St Georges and he was member of the London County Council between 1904 and 1905 and again as an alderman from 1913 and 1919. On 9 April 1905, he succeeded to the title of 3rd Baron Chelmsford of Chelmsford upon his fathers death and he arrived in Brisbane and was sworn in on 20 November. On 29 June 1906, Chelmsford was invested as a Knight Commander of Order of St Michael and his term was dominated by conflict between the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly and the emergence of three evenly divided parties in the lower house. Following the 1907 election, William Kidston, who had founded his own party, the legislative council, then being an appointed chamber, then refused Kidstons legislative programs on electoral reforms and wage-fixing. Kidston then made a request to Chelmsford to appoint enough members to the Council in order to get his legislation through, chelsmford refused, on the grounds that he did not have a sufficient mandate from the people to make such demands. Kidston resigned in protest and Chelmsford commissioned the Leader of the Opposition, Robert Philp, who formed a ministry, Chelmsford then granted Philp a dissolution, though the parliament was only six months old. Because Supply was denied by Kidston, Chelmsford stepped in and used the powers to ensure that supply was passed until the election. Kidston was returned to office in the 1908 election, the new assembly passed a motion criticising Chelmsfords action and there was widespread speculation that he would be recalled. Despite the admission that their representative had been mistaken in granting a dissolution, the Colonial Office, Chelmsfords term expired just after Kidston resigned from the Labor Government and formed a coalition with Philps Conservatives. In May 1909 Chelmsford accepted the appointment as Governor of New South Wales and was sworn in at Government House on 28 May 1909, unlike in Queensland, his term was comparably stable and was distinguished by good relations with the state government. At the start of his term, Charles Wade, of the Commonwealth Liberal Party, was the Premier, however, following the 1910 election, Wades Liberals were defeated and the Labor Party under James McGowen was sworn in as the states first Labor Government. Despite his conservative background, Chelmsford was able to get well with the Labor Government. Chelmsford became friends with the Attorney General, William Holman, with whom they shared a love of music and as a competent Viola player and he said of the government, I have never had a body of Ministers with whom it has been a greater pleasure to work. They are quiet, unassuming and industrious, and have won the goodwill, from 21 December 1909 to 27 January 1910 Chelmsford acted as Administrator of the Commonwealth when the Governor-General of Australia, The Earl of Dudley was on leave
36.
Governor of South Australia
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The Governor of South Australia is the representative in the Australian state of South Australia of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level. The Governors official residence is Government House, in Adelaide, the states capital, nevertheless, the Governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the Premier. The Westminster system is a form of constitutional monarchy, the first Australian-born Governor of South Australia was Major-General Sir James Harrison, and most subsequent governors have been Australian-born. The first South Australian-born governor was Sir Mark Oliphant, the current governor is Hieu Van Le. The term of the governor, Rear Admiral Kevin Scarce. As from June 2014, the Queen, upon the recommendation of the Premier, accorded all current, future and these people administered the government in the absence of the official governor. Three former governors are alive, the oldest being Sir Eric Neal, the latest-serving former governor to die was Dame Roma Mitchell, on 5 March 2000. The most recent death of a governor was that of Sir Keith Seaman. The Official Website of the Governor of South Australia Previous governors on official website
37.
Day Bosanquet
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Admiral Sir Day Hort Bosanquet, GCMG, GCVO, KCB was the Governor of South Australia from 18 February 1909 until 22 March 1914. Born in Alnwick in Northumberland, Bosanquet joined the Royal Navy in 1857 and he was present at the taking of Canton. He was appointed Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station in 1899, and served as such until June 1902, when he returned home, two years later he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station in 1904 and Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth in 1907. He retired from this post and the Royal Navy on 23 March 1908, in retirement Bosanquet became Governor of South Australia. He was a major landholder around Llanwarne, Herefordshire in England, bosanquets daughter Beatrice Mary married Vice-Admiral Sir Raymond Fitzmaurice in 1919. Bosanquet died at Newbury, Berkshire on 28 June 1923
38.
Governor of Queensland
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The Governor of Queensland is the representative in the state of Queensland of the Queen of Australia. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, in particular the Governor has the power to appoint and dismiss the Premier of Queensland and all other Ministers in the Cabinet, and issue writs for the election of the state Parliament. The current Governor, Paul de Jersey, was sworn in on 29 July 2014, as from June 2014, The Queen, upon the recommendation of then-Premier Campbell Newman, accorded all current, future and living former Governors the title The Honourable in perpetuity. The Governor of Queensland has resided at Government House, Brisbane since 1910, the mansion, set in 14 hectares of gardens and bushland in the Brisbane suburb of Bardon, is also known as Fernberg. Unlike Fernberg, the original Government House was purpose-built and was used from 1862 to 1910, the office of Governor is established by the Constitution of Queensland. Nevertheless, the Governor retains the powers of the Crown, and has the right to appoint and dismiss Ministers, issue pardons. Sir Joh elected to resign on 1 December 1987, the Governor is head of the Executive Council, a Queensland equivalent to the Federal Executive Council. The Council is composed of ministers from the government of the day, the Chief Justice of Queensland and other judges in the Queensland judicial system are appointed by the Governor acting on the advice of the Executive Council. The first Australian- born Governor of Queensland was Lieutenant-General Sir John Lavarack and his successor, Sir Henry Abel Smith was British. All subsequent governors have been Australian-born, except for Leneen Forde, four former governors of Queensland are alive, the oldest being Leneen Forde. The most recent death of a governor was that of Sir Walter Campbell. Administrators and Lieutenant-Governors are deputy roles generally appointed to carry out the duties of the Governor when the Governor is unavailable, the following are the Administrators and Lieutenant-Governors of Queensland, Official Website of the Governor of Queensland
39.
William MacGregor
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Sir William MacGregor, GCMG, CB, AM was a Lieutenant-Governor of British New Guinea, Governor of Newfoundland and Governor of Queensland. MacGregor was born in Hillockhead, parish of Towie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the eldest son of John MacGregor, a crofter, MacGregor was educated at the school at Tillyduke and worked as a farm labourer. Encouraged by his schoolmaster and the doctor who recognised MacGregors ability, he entered Aberdeen Grammar School in April 1866. He graduated MB and C. M. of Aberdeen University in 1872, MacGregor also studied at Andersons Medical College and the University of Edinburgh. MacGregor then became an assistant at the Royal Lunatic Asylum. In February 1873 MacGregor became assistant medical officer at the Seychelles, there he had to grapple with a terrible epidemic of measles, which resulted in the death of 50,000 natives. In 1877 he was made receiver-general and subsequently a variety of offices was added. On more than one occasion he acted as governor, and was also acting high commissioner, in 1884 the ship Syria, with coolies for Fiji, ran ashore about 15 miles from Suva. In January 1886 he represented Fiji at the meeting of the council of Australasia held at Hobart. MacGregors experience with native races led to his being appointed administrator of British New Guinea in 1888, here he had to deal with a warlike people separated in many tribes, and his great problem was to get them to live together in reasonable amity. It was necessary at times to make punitive expeditions, but bloodshed was avoided as much as possible and he did a large amount of exploration not only along the coast but into the interior. Andrew Gibb Maitland was seconded as geologist in 1891, in 1892 the position was sufficiently settled to enable him to publish a Handbook of Information for intending Settlers in British New Guinea. He was awarded the 1896 Founders Medal of the Royal Geographical Society for his services to geography, MacGregor was appointed lieutenant-governor in 1895, and retired from this position in 1898. Much other important work in developing the country was done by making roads and his efforts to improve the health of his community led to his being given the Mary Kingsley Medal in 1910 by the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. He had been transferred in 1904 to Newfoundland of which he was governor for five years, here again his medical knowledge was most useful in the combating of tuberculosis which was then very prevalent in Newfoundland. On 2 December 1909 MacGregor was appointed Governor of Queensland and he also became the first chancellor and took great pride in the early development of the university. MacGregor was also president of the Royal Geographical Society of Queensland and he chaired the inaugural meeting of the Historical Society of Queensland in August 1913 and became its patron. In 1914 MacGregor retired and went to live on an estate in Berwickshire, during World War I he was able to do a certain amount of war work, and also lectured on his experience of German rule in the Pacific
40.
Governor of Tasmania
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The Governor of Tasmania is the representative in the Australian state of Tasmania of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as the Governor-General of Australia does at the national level. Nevertheless, the Governor retains the powers of the Crown. See Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Governor, the official residence of the Governor is Government House located at the Queens Domain. The first Australian-born Governor of Tasmania was Sir Stanley Burbury, the first Tasmanian-born governor was Sir Guy Green. Since Burbury, all Tasmanian governors have been Australian-born, except for Peter Underwood, on 10 November, Premier Will Hodgman announced that University of Tasmania legal academic Kate Warner would be appointed as the states first female governor. Warner was sworn in on 10 December, between 1804 and 1813, Van Diemens Land was divided along the 42nd parallel, and the two sections governed as separate Lieutenant-Governorships under the Governor of New South Wales. Collins was the officially appointed Lieutenant-Governor—upon his death in 1810. The northern settlement at Port Dalrymple was administered by four Commandants until the settlements were merged to form the colony under the governorship of Thomas Davey in 1813. The colony was called Van Diemens Land until 1856, four former governors are alive, the oldest being Sir Phillip Bennett. The latest-serving former governor to die was Sir Stanley Burbury, on 24 April 1995, the most recently serving governor to die was Peter Underwood, who died in office on 7 July 2014. Governors and Lieutenant Governors of Tasmania Parliamentary Library - Governors of Tasmania
41.
Harry Barron
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Major General Sir Harry Barron KCMG CVO was Governor of Tasmania from 1909 to 1913, and Governor of Western Australia from 1913 to 1917. Barron was born in 1847 and he attended Stubbington House School and in 1877 he married Clara Emily, daughter of Major General T. Conyngham Kelly, Barron was Governors of Tasmania from 1909 to 1913, and Governor of Western Australia from 1913 to 1917. In 1920, he was made commandant of the Royal Artillery. Keith, Responsible Government in the Dominions, vol 1, Mercury,28 Dec 1912, West Australian,13 Mar 1913, 3-8,26,27 Feb 1917
42.
Governor of Western Australia
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The Governor of Western Australia is the representative in Western Australia of the Queen of Australia, Elizabeth II. Furthermore, all Bills passed by the Parliament of Western Australia require the Governors signature before they become Acts, the current governor is Kerry Sanderson, who is the first woman to hold the position. She succeeded Malcolm McCusker in October 2014, until the appointment of Sir James Mitchell in 1948, all governors of Western Australia had been British officials. The Governor of Western Australia is styled Her Excellency during her term in office, in August 2014, three of the four living past governors – John Sanderson, Ken Michael, and Malcolm McCusker – were given the title The Honourable, on the recommendation of the premier. The other living former governor, Michael Jeffery, already held the title and this is a list of Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of Western Australia. Stirling had said of his own position, I believe I am the first Governor who ever formed a settlement without Commission, Laws, Instructions, four former governors are alive, the oldest being Michael Jeffery. The most recent governor to die was Sir Francis Burt, on 8 September 2004, Government House, Perth Government House, Western Australia, The Official Website of the Governor of Western Australia
