1.
Brigham Young University
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Brigham Young University is a private research university in Provo, Utah, United States. Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church, many students either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries. An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities, BYU offers a variety of academic programs, including liberal arts, engineering, agriculture, management, physical and mathematical sciences, nursing, and law. The university is organized into 11 colleges or schools at its main Provo campus, with certain colleges. The universitys primary focus is on education, but it also has 68 masters and 25 doctoral degree programs. BYUs athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the BYU Cougars. Their college football team is an NCAA Division I Independent, while their other teams compete in either the West Coast Conference or Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. BYUs sports teams have won a total of fourteen national championships, on October 16,1875, Brigham Young, then president of the LDS Church, personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper, Utah, in 1867. Hence, October 16,1875, is held as BYUs founding date. The school broke off from the University of Deseret and became Brigham Young Academy, warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April 1876 when Brigham Youngs choice for principal arrived—a German immigrant named Karl Maeser. Under Maesers direction the school educated many luminaries including future U. S. Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland, the school, however, did not become a university until the end of Benjamin Cluffs term at the helm of the institution. At that time, the school was still privately supported by members of the community and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18,1896. A series of odd managerial decisions by Cluff led to his demotion, however, in his last official act, he proposed to the Board that the Academy be named Brigham Young University. The suggestion received an amount of opposition, with many members of the Board saying that the school wasnt large enough to be a university. One opponent to the decision, Anthon H. Lund, later said, in 1903 Brigham Young Academy was dissolved, and was replaced by two institutions, Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University. The Board elected George H. Brimhall as the new President of BYU and he had not received a high school education until he was forty. Nevertheless, he was an excellent orator and organizer, under his tenure in 1904 the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres of land from Provo called Temple Hill. After some controversy among locals over BYUs purchase of property, construction began in 1909 on the first building on the current campus
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Evolution
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Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to biodiversity at every level of organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms. In July 2016, scientists reported identifying a set of 355 genes from the LUCA of all living on Earth. The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction. More than 99 percent of all species that lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates of Earths current species range from 10 to 14 million, more recently, in May 2016, scientists reported that 1 trillion species are estimated to be on Earth currently with only one-thousandth of one percent described. In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection. This teleonomy is the quality whereby the process of natural selection creates and preserves traits that are fitted for the functional roles they perform. The processes by which the changes occur, from one generation to another, are called evolutionary processes or mechanisms, the four most widely recognized evolutionary processes are natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene migration. Natural selection and genetic drift sort variation, mutation and gene migration create variation, consequences of selection can include meiotic drive, nonrandom mating and genetic hitchhiking. In the early 20th century the modern evolutionary synthesis integrated classical genetics with Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection through the discipline of population genetics, the importance of natural selection as a cause of evolution was accepted into other branches of biology. Moreover, previously held notions about evolution, such as orthogenesis, evolutionism, evolutionary computation, a sub-field of artificial intelligence, involves the application of Darwinian principles to problems in computer science. The proposal that one type of organism could descend from another type goes back to some of the first pre-Socratic Greek philosophers, such as Anaximander, such proposals survived into Roman times. The poet and philosopher Lucretius followed Empedocles in his masterwork De rerum natura, in contrast to these materialistic views, Aristotelianism considered all natural things as actualisations of fixed natural possibilities, known as forms. This was part of a teleological understanding of nature in which all things have an intended role to play in a divine cosmic order. In the 17th century, the new method of modern science rejected the Aristotelian approach, however, this new approach was slow to take root in the biological sciences, the last bastion of the concept of fixed natural types. The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 explicitly recognized the nature of species relationships. Other naturalists of this time speculated on the change of species over time according to natural laws
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Biblical criticism
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Biblical criticism is the scholarly study and investigation of biblical writings that seeks to make discerning judgments about these writings. It will vary depending on whether the focus is on the Hebrew Bible, the Old Testament. It also plays an important role in the quest for a historical Jesus and it also addresses the physical text, including the meaning of the words and the way in which they are used, its preservation, history and integrity. Biblical criticism draws upon a range of scholarly disciplines including archaeology, anthropology, folklore, linguistics, Oral Tradition studies. Biblical criticism, defined as the treatment of biblical texts as natural rather than supernatural artifacts, a division is still sometimes made between historical criticism and literary criticism. Literary criticism asks what audience the authors wrote for, their purpose. In the 18th century Jean Astruc, a French physician, set out to refute these critics, borrowing methods of textual criticism already in use to investigate Greek and Roman texts, he discovered what he believed were two distinct documents within Genesis. These, he felt, were the original written by Moses, much as the four Gospel writers had produced four separate but complementary accounts of the life. Later generations, he believed, had conflated these original documents to produce the book of Genesis, producing the inconsistencies and contradictions noted by Hobbes. The implications of higher criticism were not welcomed by many religious scholars, quite rightly employed in the case of the Sacred Books. For the fact is that truth is presented and expressed in the various types of historical writing, in prophetical and poetical texts. Reimaruss conclusions appealed to the rationalism of 18th century intellectuals, but were deeply troubling to contemporary believers, baron dHolbach - Ecce Homo -The History of Jesus of Nazareth, a Critical Inquiry, the first Life of Jesus described as a mere historical man, published anonymously in Amsterdam. George Houston translated the work into English—published in Edinburgh,1799, London,1813, the questions they addressed were, What was Jesus’s key message. How was that message related to Judaism, does that message speak to our reality today. The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1948 revitalised interest in the possible contribution archaeology could make to the understanding of the New Testament, contemporary New Testament criticism continues to follow the synthesising trend set during the latter half of the 20th century. The critical methods and perspectives now to be found are numerous, Textual criticism refers to the examination of the text itself to identify its provenance or to trace its history. It takes as its basis the fact that errors crept into texts as generations of scribes reproduced each others manuscripts. For example, Josephus employed scribes to copy his Antiquities of the Jews, as the scribes copied the Antiquities, they made mistakes
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Christian theology
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Christian theology is the study of Christian belief and practice. Such study concentrates primarily upon the texts of the Old Testament, Christian theologians use biblical exegesis, rational analysis and argument. Systematic theology as a discipline of Christian theology formulates an orderly, rational and coherent account of the Christian faith, inherent to a system of theological thought is that a method is developed, one which can be applied both broadly and particularly. Christian theology has permeated much of Western culture, especially in pre-modern Europe, Revelation is the revealing or disclosing, or making something obvious through active or passive communication with God, and can originate directly from God, or through an agent, such as an angel. One who has experienced such contact is called a prophet. Christianity considers the Bible as divinely or supernaturally revealed or inspired, such revelation does not always require the presence of God or an angel. For instance, in the concept called of interior locution by Roman Catholics, thomas Aquinas first described in two types of revelation in Christianity as general revelation and special revelation. General revelation occurs through observation of the created order, such observations can logically lead to important conclusions, such as the existence of God and some of Gods attributes. General revelation is also an element of Christian apologetics, certain specifics, such as the Trinity and the Incarnation, are revealed in the teachings in the Scriptures and can not otherwise be deduced except by special revelation. Christianity regards varied collections of books known as the Bible as authoritative, Biblical inspiration is the doctrine in Christian theology concerned with the divine origin of the Bible and what the Bible teaches about itself. Different groups understand the meaning and details of inspiration in different ways, in many passages of the Bible it claims divine inspiration of itself. In the New Testament, Jesus treats the Old Testament as authoritative and says it cannot be broken in John 10,2 Peter 2 Pet 1, 20–21 says that no prophecy of Scripture. Christians who receive the Bible as authoritative generally think that the Bible is breathed out by God, in English,2 Timothy 3. 16–17 reads, All scripture is given by inspiration of God and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correction and training in righteousness. Some argue that Biblical inspiration can be corroborated by examining the weight of the Bibles moral teaching and its prophecies about the future, corroboration of this sort is a form of Christian apologetics. Others maintain that the authority of the Church and its counsels should carry more or less weight in formulating the doctrine of inspiration, Christianity regards the collections of books known as the Bible as authoritative and written by human authors under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Some Christians believe that the Bible is inerrant or infallible, in addition, for some Christians, it may be inferred that the Bible cannot both refer to itself as being divinely inspired and also be errant or fallible. For if the Bible were divinely inspired, then the source of inspiration being divine, for them, the doctrines of the divine inspiration, infallibility, and inerrancy, are inseparably tied together. Historians note, or claim, that the doctrine of the Bibles infallibility was adopted hundreds of years after those books were written, the Protestant Old Testament is synonymous with the Hebrew Scriptures included in the Jewish canon, but not the Catholic Old Testament, which contains additional texts
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Stake (Latter Day Saints)
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A stake is an administrative unit composed of multiple congregations in certain denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. The name stake derives from the Book of Isaiah, enlarge the place of thy tent, stretch forth the curtains of thine habitation, spare not, lengthen thy cords, a stake is sometimes referred to as a stake of Zion. The first Latter Day Saint stake was organized at church headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio on February 17,1834, the second stake was organized in Clay County, Missouri, later that year on July 3, with David Whitmer as president. The Missouri stake was relocated to Far West, Missouri, in 1836, a stake was organized at Adam-ondi-Ahman in 1838 and abandoned later that year due to the events of the Mormon War. In 1839, the churchs central stake was established at Nauvoo, Illinois, additional stakes were established in the area around Nauvoo in 1840. Immediately after the death of Joseph Smith in 1844, there was a schism in the Latter Day Saint movement. In 1846, all of the stakes, including the Nauvoo Stake, were discontinued as a result of the exodus of the majority of the Latter Day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement, after the death of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young assumed the leadership of the church and led its members to the Salt Lake Valley. The first stake established there was the Salt Lake Stake, established October 3,1847, at the time of Youngs death in 1877, there were 20 stakes in operation with a total of approximately 250 wards. New stakes are created when the congregations in existing stakes or districts have grown sufficiently to support a stake, districts may be elevated to stakes and are then no longer presided over by a mission president. New stakes are also formed by dividing an existing stake. In addition to the size and number of congregations, the creation of a new stake also requires sufficient Melchizedek priesthood holders to fill the required leadership positions. At times the absence of available leadership constrains the creation of new stakes, the geographical area encompassed by a stake varies between countries and regions based on membership density. In Utah, a stake might encompass a few miles in area. In contrast, a stake in another part of the world might require thousands of miles to comprise a sufficient number of members. In December 2012, Jeffrey R. Holland organized the 3, 000th stake in Freetown, at the end of 2015, there were 3,174 stakes in the LDS Church. The stake is a level in the organizational hierarchy of the LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a congregation, is known as a ward or branch
6.
George H. Brimhall
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George Henry Brimhall was President of Brigham Young University. In April 1904, Brimhall became president of the school, which had become Brigham Young University in October 1903, Brimhall was born to George W. Brimhall and his wife the former Rachel Ann Meyer in Salt Lake City. When Brimhall was about one year old the family moved to Ogden, as a boy, Brimhall was taught to love learning by his mother, his first teacher. He studied under Wilson Dusenberry at the Provo Timpanogos Academy, where, as valedictorian and my ruling passion has been to move mens minds, said Brimhall, and his administration was marked by an emphasis on teacher training. Brimhall was involved with the investigation of Ralph Vary Chamberlin, Joseph Peterson and Henry Peterson, all three were forced to resign in 1911 over this controversy. Suffering from chest and abdominal pain, Brimhall resigned the presidency of BYU in July 1921, although he remained head of the Department of Theology, Brimhall committed suicide on July 29,1932. One of Brimhalls daughters was Jennie B, among Brimhalls descendants are John H. Groberg, a general authority in the LDS Church. Creation–evolution controversy Mormon views on evolution Woodger, Mary Jane and Joseph H. Groberg, George H. Brimhalls Legacy of Service to Brigham Young University, newspapers. com- http, //basic. newspapers. com/clip/9897501/about_brimhalls_first_experience_as/ Media related to George H. Brimhall at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Joseph Peterson (psychologist)
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Joseph Peterson was an American psychologist and a past president of the American Psychological Association. Joseph Peterson was born on September 8,1878 in Huntsville and his parents, Hans Jordon Peterson and Inger Mary Christensen, were Mormon Danish immigrants to the United States. Peterson attended Brigham Young University, the University of Utah and the University of California, before earning a B. S. in 1905 and Ph. D. in 1907 from the University of Chicago. Peterson was the principal of a school in Kanab, Utah from 1899 to 1901, followed by Cassia Academy in Oakley and he was a Fellow at the University of Chicago from 1905 to 1907. He taught psychology at Brigham Young University from 1907 to 1911 and he was Professor of Psychology at the University of Utah from 1911 to 1915. Peterson taught psychology at University of Minnesota from 1915 to 1918, from 1918 to 1935, he was Professor of Psychology at Peabody College in Nashville, Tennessee. During his time at Peabody, Peterson conducted research into race and intelligence, with his former student, Lyle H. Lanier, who by then taught at Vanderbilt University, he co-authored Studies in the comparative abilities of whites and Negroes in 1929. They concluded that the whites were superior due to hereditary differences, moreover, they added that whites finished their tests more quickly, they concluded this was due to cultural factors. A review published in the American Journal of Sociology in 1930 suggested, however, in a review for the American Journal of Psychology, Otto Klineberg argued that based on their evidence, he came to a totally different interpretation. He stressed the role of environment in mental abilities, as New York City blacks tested higher than Southern blacks, nevertheless, he added that the study offered a number of other interesting results which would merit serious discussion. Peterson was a member of Sigma Xi, the National Research Council and he served as the President of the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology in 1922. A decade later, he served as the President of the American Psychological Association in 1934 and he was also the editor of Psychological Monographs. Peterson died of pneumonia on September 20,1935 in Berkeley, California
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Ralph Vary Chamberlin
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Ralph Vary Chamberlin was an American biologist, ethnographer, and historian from Salt Lake City, Utah. He was a faculty member of the University of Utah for over 25 years, where he helped establish the School of Medicine and served as its first dean, Chamberlin was a prolific taxonomist who named over 4,000 new animal species in over 400 scientific publications. He specialized in arachnids and myriapods, ranking among the most prolific arachnologists and myriapodologists in history and he also did pioneering ethnobiological studies with the Goshute and other indigenous people of the Great Basin, cataloging indigenous names and cultural uses of plants and animals. Chamberlin was honored by his colleagues at the University of Utah, however, he was disliked and even considered mean by some arachnologists, after retirement he continued to write, publishing on the history of education in his home state, especially that of the University of Utah. Chamberlin was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ralph Vary Chamberlin was born on January 3,1879, in Salt Lake City, Utah, to parents William Henry Chamberlin, a prominent builder and contractor, and Eliza Frances Chamberlin. Chamberlin traced his lineage to an English immigrant settling in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638. Born to Mormon parents, the young Chamberlin attended Latter-day Saints High School and his brother William, the eldest of 12 children, also shared Ralphs scientific interests and would later teach alongside him. Ralph attended the University of Utah, graduating with a B. S, by 1900 he had authored nine scientific publications. He studied under entomologist John Henry Comstock and earned his doctorate in 1905, montgomery regarded Chamberlins monograph as one of decided importance in using the structure of pedipalps to help define genera, and in its detailed descriptions of species. It is to Professor Chamberlin that credit should be given for starting medical training in the University of Utah, after returning from Cornell, Chamberlin was hired by the University of Utah, where he worked from 1904 to 1908, as an assistant professor then full professor. He soon began improving biology courses, which at the time were only of high grade, to collegiate standards. He was the first dean of University of Utah School of Medicine, in 1907, University officials decided to merge the medical school into an existing department, which made Chamberlins deanship obsolete. He resigned as dean in May,1907, although remained a faculty member, the medical students strongly objected, crediting the schools gains over the past few years largely to his efforts. In late 1907 and early 1908, Chamberlin became involved in a lawsuit with fellow Utah professor Ira D. Cardiff that would cost them both their jobs. Cardiff filed suit for $350, which a court initially decided Chamberlin must pay, the two became estranged and uncommunicative. In March 1908 the university regents fired both Chamberlin and Cardiff, appointing a new professor to head the departments of zoology. In July, upon appeal, the suit was overturned and Cardiff ordered to pay costs, Chamberlin had by then secured a job at Brigham Young University. Brimhall sought to increase its academic standing, LDS College professor J. H. Paul, in a letter to Brimhall, had written Chamberlin was one of the worlds foremost naturalists, though, I think, he is only about 28 years of age
9.
William Henry Chamberlin (philosopher)
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William Henry Chamberlin, Jr. was an American Mormon philosopher, theologian, and educator. His teachings and writings worked to reconcile Mormonism with the theory of evolution and he taught philosophy and ancient languages as well as science and math at several Latter-day Saints institutions including Brigham Young University in the early 20th century. Chamberlin has been called Mormonisms first professionally trained philosopher and theologian, William Chamberlin was born in Salt Lake City, Utah on February 12,1870 to parents William Henry Chamberlin and Eliza Frances Brown Chamberlin. William Jr. was the oldest of 12 children and he showed early interest in botany, geology, and mathematics. His brother Ralph Vary Chamberlin would go on to become a noted biologist, on September 28,1892, Chamberlin married Amelia Telle Cannon, a daughter of President George Q. Cannon, First Counselor in the First Presidency, William and Amelia had six children, Max Cannon, Hester, Martha, Paul, Frances, and Luke. Chamberlins early career was divided between teaching, studying, and working to support his family and he taught in public schools from 1889-1891, and from 1891 to 1897 he taught math, geology, and astronomy at Latter-day Saint College. He finally completed a Bachelor of Arts in science with the University of Utah in 1896, around the turn of the century he donated a large collection of ferns from Utah and the South Pacific to the University of Utahs natural history museum. From 1900 to 1904 he taught science and theology at Brigham Young College, in 1901, Chamberlin began studying philosophy at the University of Chicago. Over several years he studied philosophy with several prominent thinkers, including George Howison at U. C, berkeley and Josiah Royce at Harvard. He earned an M. A. from the University of Chicago in 1906, in 1909, William Chamberlin was recruited to Brigham Young University by president George H. Brimhall, as part of an effort to increase the academic quality of his university. Two years earlier, Brimhall had recruited brothers Joseph and Henry Peterson, professors of psychology and education, as well as Chamberlins own brother Ralph, William Chamberlin taught philosophy and ancient languages. This ignited a great deal of controversy in the school and surrounding community, the Petersons and Ralph Chamberlin left the university in 1911, while William remained for another 5 years, resigning in 1916. In 1917 Chamberlin began a PhD with Harvard philosopher Ralph Barton Perry and he taught philosophy at the University of Utah from 1917 to 1920, and later at Utah State Agricultural College until his death. Chamberlin died in Logan, Utah following a flu infection on May 9,1921, Chamberlin’s philosophical views have been termed “spiritual realism”, and are rooted in the philosophical tradition of personalism. Mormon scholar James M. McLaughlin consolidated Chamberlin’s philosophical views into five major statements, Persons are eternal and this personalism is tied to a pragmatic theory of knowledge in which truth is determined in relation to its outcome and the interests and purposes of persons. Community and sociality is a feature of the being of persons. The moral meaning of the world out of the relation of eternal co-dependence of persons in community
10.
The Salt Lake Tribune
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The Salt Lake Tribune is a daily newspaper published in the city of Salt Lake City, Utah, with the largest weekday circulation but second largest Sunday circulation behind the Deseret News. The Tribune, often referred to as just the Trib, is owned by Paul Huntsman, for almost 100 years it was a family-owned newspaper held by the heirs of U. S. After Kearns died in 1918 the company was controlled by his widow, Jennie Judge Kearns, the newspapers longtime publisher was John F. Fitzpatrick, who started his career as secretary to Senator Kearns in 1913. On April 20,2016, Huntsman Family Investments, a private-equity firm headed by Paul Huntsman, the newspapers motto, at the top of its masthead, is Utahs Independent Voice Since 1871. T. Harrison and Edward W. Tullidge, who disagreed with the churchs economic, after a year its name was changed to the Salt Lake Daily Tribune and Utah Mining Gazette, but soon after that, the name was shortened to The Salt Lake Tribune. In 1873 three Kansas businessmen, Frederic Lockley, George F. Prescott and A. M, hamilton, purchased the company and turned it into an anti-Mormon newspaper which consistently backed the local Liberal Party. Sometimes vitriolic, the Tribune held particular antipathy for LDS Church president Brigham Young, in the edition announcing Youngs death, the Tribune wrote, He was illiterate and he has made frequent boast that he never saw the inside of a school house. His habit of mind was singularly illogical and his public addresses the greatest farrago of nonsense that ever was put in print and he prided himself on being a great financer, and yet all of his commercial speculations have been conspicuous failures. He was blarophant, and pretended to be in daily with the Almighty, and yet he was groveling in his ideas, and the system of religion he formulated was well nigh Satanic. — The Salt Lake Tribune, August 30,1877 In 1901 newly elected United States Senator Thomas Kearns, a Roman Catholic, and his business partner, David Keith, secretly bought the Tribune. Kearns made strides to eliminate the papers anti-Mormon overtones, and succeeded in maintaining good relationships with the state legislature which had elected him to the Senate. After Keith died in 1918 the Kearns family bought out Keiths share of the Salt Lake Tribune Publishing Company, in 1902 the company started up an evening edition, known as The Salt Lake Telegram. John F. Fitzpatrick became publisher in 1924 and worked closely with Tribune and Telegram president Thomas F. Kearns, in 1952 the Tribune entered into a joint operating agreement with the Deseret News and created the Newspaper Agency Corporation. Fitzpatrick was the architect of NAC and the Kearns–Tribunes investment into the cable business, in 1960 Fitzpatrick died of a heart attack. An emergency session of the Kearns–Tribune Corp. board selected John W. Gallivan as the next publisher and he remained in that position until 1984 and chairman of the board until 1997. The Kearns family owned a majority share of the newspaper until 1997 when they merged with Tele-Communications Inc. a multimedia corporation, the Tribune was subsequently sold to Denver, Colorado-based MediaNews Group in 2000. In 2002 the Tribune was mired in controversy after employees sold information related to the Elizabeth Smart kidnapping case to The National Enquirer, Tribune editor James Jay Shelledy resigned from his job at the paper amidst the fallout of the scandal. Two staffers also were removed from their positions as Tribune reporters, in 2004 the paper decided to move from its historic location at the downtown Tribune building, to The Gateway development
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Scopes Trial
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The trial was deliberately staged in order to attract publicity to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, where it was held. Scopes was unsure whether he had actually taught evolution. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality, the trial served its purpose of drawing intense national publicity, as national reporters flocked to Dayton to cover the big-name lawyers who had agreed to represent each side. William Jennings Bryan, three-time presidential candidate, argued for the prosecution, while Clarence Darrow, the case was thus seen as both a theological contest and a trial on whether modern science should be taught in schools. State Representative John W. Butler, a Tennessee farmer and head of the World Christian Fundamentals Association and he succeeded when the Butler Act was passed in Tennessee, on March 25,1925. Butler later stated, I didnt know anything about evolution, id read in the papers that boys and girls were coming home from school and telling their fathers and mothers that the Bible was all nonsense. Tennessee governor Austin Peay signed the law to support among rural legislators. In response, the American Civil Liberties Union financed a test case in which John Scopes, the American Civil Liberties Union offered to defend anyone accused of teaching the theory of evolution in defiance of the Butler Act. According to Robinson, Rappleyea said, As it is, the law is not enforced, If you win, it will be enforced. If I win, the law will be repealed, the men then summoned 24-year-old John T. Scopes, a Dayton high school science and math teacher. The group asked Scopes to admit to teaching the theory of evolution, Scopes mentioned that while he couldnt remember whether he had actually taught evolution in class, he had, however, gone through the evolution chart and chapter with the class. Scopes added to the group, If you can prove that Ive taught evolution, Scopes urged students to testify against him and coached them in their answers. Judge John T. Raulston accelerated the convening of the grand jury, paul Patterson, owner of The Baltimore Sun, put up $500 in bail for Scopes. Hoping to attract press coverage, George Rappleyea went so far as to write to the British novelist H. G. Wells asking him to join the defense team. Wells replied that he had no training in Britain, let alone in America. John R. Neal, a law professor from Knoxville, announced that he would act as Scopes attorney whether Scopes liked it or not. Bryan had originally invited by Sue Hicks to become an associate of the prosecution and Bryan had readily accepted. In response, the defense sought out Clarence Darrow, an agnostic, the prosecution team was led by Tom Stewart, district attorney for the 18th Circuit, and included, in addition to Herbert and Sue Hicks, Ben B
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History of Brigham Young University
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The history of Brigham Young University begins in 1875, when the school was called Brigham Young Academy. The school did not reach university status until 1903, in a made by the schools Board of Trustees at the request of BYU President Benjamin Cluff. It became accredited during the tenure of President Franklin S. Harris, a period of expansion after the Second World War caused the student body to grow many times in size, making BYU the largest private university of the time. The schools history is connected with its sponsor, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. BYUs origin can be traced back to 1862, in that year, Warren Dusenberry started a Provo school in a prominent adobe building called Cluff Hall located in the northeast corner of 200 East and 200 North. Dusenberry paid the $50 a month in rent and manufactured the desks for the school himself, in 1865, he left the school to enter into private business and to serve a mission for the LDS Church. In 1869, he started school in Provo with his brother. This school flourished, so they relocated to a called the Lewis Building on Center and 300 West. When the student body of the Dusenberry brothers school hit 300, the school in Provo was called the Timpanogos branch. On October 16,1875, Brigham Young, LDS Church president and this is the commonly held founding date of BYU. Young broke the school off from the University of Deseret and christened it Brigham Young Academy, classes at the new Brigham Young Academy commenced on 3 January 1876. Reed Smoot was the first of 29 students to register for classes on that day, Warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April 1876, when Brigham Youngs choice for principal arrived, a German immigrant named Karl Maeser. In January 1884, a fire started in a chemistry lab, students temporarily held class in three separate locations before relocating to a warehouse on University Avenue. The students attended class in the ZCMI warehouse until January 1892, by this time, Maeser had to be replaced as president by the Board of Trustees. He had been called to oversee the entire LDS education program, the Boards initial choice was the twenty-seven-year-old James E. Talmage, but before they could extend the invitation, he was hired by LDS College in Salt Lake City. They instead chose a recent graduate of the University of Michigan, Benjamin Cluff, Maeser was insular and conservative in his teaching methods. He kept his teachings well within the LDS world, and adhered to classical education standards, Cluff was more open to new ideas and methods. He also believed that the world outside Mormonism had a lot to offer the school, Brigham Young Academy was still more like a present-day high school than a university
13.
Signature Books
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Signature Books is a press specializing in subjects related to Utah, Mormonism, and Western Americana. The company was founded in 1980 by George D. Smith and Scott Kenney and is based in Salt Lake City, in the late 1970s, Scott Kenney decided there needed to be a Mormon-related press that didn’t have ties to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In 1980 Kenny and a few investors created Signature Books, in 1981 they published their first book, the satire Saintspeak by Orson Scott Card. Signature Books produces from eight to ten books a year, which deal with topics of western and Mormon history, fiction, essay, humor, among these are the diaries of Mormon leaders such as Joseph Smith, William Clayton, Heber C. Kimball, Wilford Woodruff, L. John Nuttall, Anthon H. Lund, John Henry Smith, Rudger Clawson, B. H. Roberts and Reed Smoot. Signature has also published noted studies of well-known early Mormon theologians such as James E. Talmage, B. H. Roberts, Orson Pratt, a number of books produced by the publisher related to Mormon history have been considered controversial. Some authors view this as quality liberal thinking on controversial LDS topics, Terryl Givens states that the publisher is the main vehicle for publications that challenge the borders of Mormon orthodoxy. Author Simon Southerton referred to Signature Books as a thorn in the side of FARMS. One example was Signature Books publication of Grant H. Palmers book An Insiders View of Mormon Origins, the publication of this book immediately resulted in five negative book reviews by FARMS. Ron Priddis of Signature Books responded to these reviews by stating, at one point in early 1991, FARMS claims that Signature Books threatened a lawsuit over several reviews of its books that appeared in the Review on Books of the Book of Mormon. Signature Books asserts that several of the scholars who participated in New Approaches considered themselves active, the FARMS reviewers, for their part, considered these authors to be opponents to the LDS tradition. Signature management made an inquiry with the FARMS management, holding that such inferences were insulting, peterson, an LDS scholar and member of FARMS, published a response in various newspapers in Utah. I am deeply troubled by what I see as continued efforts to attack honest scholarly work, Card, Orson Scott, A Storyteller in Zion, Salt Lake City, Utah, Bookcraft, ISBN 1-57345-808-2. Cobabe, George E, A Summary of Five Reviews of Grant Palmers An Insiders View of Mormon Origins, Provo, UT, Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research, retrieved 2007-02-07. Givens, Terryl L, By the Hand of Mormon, The American Scripture That Launched a New World Religion, New York, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-513818-X. Midgley, Louis, The Signature Books Saga, FARMS Review of Books, Provo, Utah, Maxwell Institute,16, Ostling, Richard N, Ostling, Joan K, Mormon America, The Power and the Promise, San Francisco, Harper, ISBN 0-06-066372-3. Editors Introduction, Questions to Legal Answers, FARMS Review of Books, Provo, Utah, Maxwell Institute,4, the Word of God, Essays on Mormon Scripture, FARMS Review of Books, Provo, Utah, Maxwell Institute,3, 312–18, retrieved 2007-05-14. Southerton, Simon G, Losing a Lost Tribe, Native Americans, DNA, the official Signature Books Website Out-of-print Signature Books on-line About Signature Books
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
16.
Sunstone (magazine)
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Sunstone is a magazine published by the Sunstone Education Foundation, Inc. a 501 nonprofit corporation, that discusses Mormonism through scholarship, art, short fiction, and poetry. The foundation began the publication in 1974 and considers it a vehicle for free, the magazines motto is Faith Seeking Understanding. In the 1960s-70s, independent Mormon studies associations and publications were emerging, including the Mormon History Association and Dialogue, gathering student volunteers but lacking funding, the team produced and sold a Mormon history calendar in Utah and California. They were encouraged by the Dialogue staff, including editor Robert Rees, who suggested the name Sunstone, after struggles and delays, the first issue was printed in November 1975. The time and effort to produce each issue was demanding on the staff. For Orson Scott Cards ghost-edited issue in Summer 1977, Card had convinced the board to change to a cheaper and more accessible magazine format. Facing financial troubles later that year, Sunstone merged with the New Messenger and Advocate, a new LDS news magazine with plenty of advertising, which further influenced the Sunstone format. In 1978 Kenney returned to three more issues before retiring from the venture, and passing the editorship to Fletcher and Allen D. Roberts who would also go on to start its symposia. The magazine kept its approach for an audience while emphasizing intellectual issues. In 1979, Sunstone began sponsoring an annual symposium in Salt Lake City, since the 1980s, Sunstone has also held regular regional symposia in Washington, D. C. California, Seattle, Chicago, Dallas, and Boston, with a lack of participation from moderate and conservative voices, Sunstone experienced an unbalancing of many presentations toward liberal causes and points of view. The magazine is published four times per year, and in addition to the annual Salt Lake symposium
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