1.
1911
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As of the start of 1911, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. A highlight was the race for the South Pole, through mid-January – First Industrial Airplane Show held in conjunction with the U. S. International Auto Show at Manhattan’s Grand Central Palace in New York. Charles W. Chappelle, a member of the U. S. Aeronautical Reserve, is the only African-American to invent, january 31911 Kebin earthquake, An earthquake of 7.7 moment magnitude strikes near Almaty in Russian Turkestan, killing 450 or more people. Siege of Sidney Street, Two Latvian anarchists die after a siege against a combined police. Home Secretary, Winston Churchill arrived to oversee events, january 5 – Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity is founded at Indiana University Bloomington. January 18 – Eugene B. Ely lands on the deck of the USS Pennsylvania stationed in San Francisco harbor, january 26 – The United States and Canada announce the successful negotiation of their first reciprocal trade agreement. January 30 – The Cypriot football club Anorthosis Famagusta FC was created, february 5 The Missouri State Capitol building in Jefferson City, Missouri is entirely destroyed by fire after a bolt of lightning strikes the dome. The revolution in Haiti is suppressed after the leader, General Montreuil Guillaume, is captured by government troops, General Millionard is executed two days later. February 11 – The Lincoln Memorial Commission is established to find a site for the proposed Lincoln Memorial. February 13 – HNK Hajduk Split, a Croatian football club is founded, february 17 – The first quasi-official airmail flight occurs when Fred Wiseman carries three letters between Petaluma and Santa Rosa, California. February 18 – The first official air mail flight, second overall, takes place from Allahabad, India to Naini, India, march 8 – International Womens Day is celebrated for the first time in history. March 25 – The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City kills 146, march 29 – The United States Army adopts a new service pistol, the M1911 designed by John Browning. It remains the US service pistol for 74 years, April 3 – Jean Sibelius conducts the première of his Symphony No.4 in Helsinki April 8 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers superconductivity. He presents his findings on April 28, April 13 – Mexican Revolution, Rebels take Agua Prieta on the Sonora–Arizona border, government troops take the town back April 17 when the rebel leader Red López is drunk. April 18 – SS Lusitania, a 5, 557-ton Portuguese passenger liner en route from Mozambique to Lisbon, strikes Bellows Rock just off Cape Point, April 19 – Mexican Revolution, Francisco I. Maderos troops besiege Ciudad Juárez but General Juan J. Navarro refuses his surrender demand, April 22 – A passenger train from Port Alfred to Grahamstown in South Africa derails on the Blaauwkrantz Bridge and plunges into the ravine 200 feet below, killing 31 and seriously injuring 23. April 26 – HŠK Građanski Zagreb, a Croatian Association football club, is founded in Zagreb, April 27 – Huanghuagang Uprising takes place in China. This is an insurrection where rebels take five villages in an attempt to create a base to fight Imperial rule
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1909 in the United States
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Events from the year 1909 in the United States. January 28 – United States troops leave Cuba after being there since the Spanish–American War, January 1 to 31 – Torrential rains in California see Helena Mine record 71.54 inches of precipitation for the month, the highest official monthly total in the contiguous US. February 12 – The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is founded, february 22 – The Great White Fleet returns to Hampton Roads, Virginia having circumnavigated the globe. February 24 – The Hudson Motor Car Company is founded, march 4 – William Howard Taft succeeds Theodore Roosevelt as the 27th President of the United States. March 23 – Theodore Roosevelt leaves New York for the Smithsonian-Roosevelt African Expedition, the trip is sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution and National Geographic Society. June 1 – The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition opens in Seattle, june 9 – Alice Huyler Ramsey, a 22-year-old housewife and mother from Hackensack, New Jersey, becomes the first woman to drive across the United States. In 59 days, she drove a Maxwell automobile 3,800 miles from Manhattan, New York to San Francisco, june 22 – Construction begins on the Cape Cod Canal, which would separate Cape Cod from mainland Massachusetts. August 2 – The United States Army Signal Corp Division purchases the worlds first military airplane and they buy the Wright Military Flyer from the Wright Brothers. August 8 – The Rosicrucian Fellowship is launched at Seattle, Washington, august 12 – The first event is held at Indianapolis Motor Speedway. November 2 – The Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity is founded at Boston University, november 6 – The Union Soldiers and Sailors Monument is dedicated in Baltimore. November 11 – The U. S. Navy founds a navy base in Pearl Harbor, november 13 – Ballinger–Pinchot scandal begins, Colliers Magazine accuses U. S. Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger of questionable dealings in Alaskan coal fields. November 18 – Two United States warships are sent to Nicaragua after 500 revolutionaries are executed by order of dictator José Santos Zelaya, December 31 – The Manhattan Bridge opens. The centennial anniversary of Miami University is celebrated, the American Issue Publishing House of the Anti-Saloon League is incorporated. Progressive Era Lochner era Great White Fleet voyage January 1 – Dana Andrews, film actor January 2 – Barry Goldwater, U. S. Senator from California from 1863 to 1869 Charles Vernon Culver, politician April 9 – Francis Marion Crawford, novelist April 21 – David Turpie, senator from Kentucky from 1893 to 1901 December 10 – Red Cloud, Oglala Lakota Chief December 20 – William Harris, U. S
4.
1910 in the United States
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Events from the year 1910 in the United States. President, William Howard Taft Vice President, James S. February 8 – The Boy Scouts of America youth organization is incorporated by William D. Boyce, February 16–18 – The state of Ohio is crippled by a snowstorm. March 14 – The Lakeview Gusher is vented into the atmosphere, march 19 – In the United States, Republicans reduce the powers of the Speaker of the House of Representatives to influence committee membership. March 30 – The Mississippi Legislature founds The University of Southern Mississippi, april 6 – Wildwood Crest, New Jersey is incorporated as a borough of Cape May County, New Jersey. May 11 – The U. S. Congress establishes Glacier National Park in Montana, may 16 – The U. S. Congress authorizes the creation of the United States Bureau of Mines. June 19 – The first unofficial Fathers Day is observed, july 4 – African-American boxer Jack Johnson defeats white boxer James J. Jeffries in a heavyweight boxing match, sparking race riots across the United States. July 22 – A wireless telegraph sent from the S. S. Montrose results in the identification and later arrest, july 24 – James MacGillivray publishes the first account of Paul Bunyan in the Detroit News. August 20 &21 – The Great Fire of 1910 wildfire burns about 3 million acres in northeast Washington, northern Idaho, october 11 – Theodore Roosevelt becomes the first former president to ride in an airplane. November – John Lomaxs pioneering collection Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads is published by Sturgis, november 4 – Antonio Rodríguez is burned at the stake near Rocksprings, Texas after being arrested two days earlier for the murder of Mrs. Lem Henderson at her ranch. His murder incites race riots in both Texas and Mexico, november 7 – The first air flight for the purpose of delivering commercial freight occurs between Dayton, Ohio and Columbus, Ohio by the Wright Brothers and department store owner Max Moorehouse. The trip is flown by Wright pilot Philip Parmalee, november 17 – Ralph Johnstone, a pilot for the Wright Exhibition Team, dies at Denver, Colorado after his machine breaks apart in mid air in full view of about 5,000 spectators. Johnstone becomes the first American pilot to die in the crash of an airplane in the United States and they later arrive at the Jekyll Island Club to discuss monetary policy and the banking system, an event which some say is the impetus for the creation of the Federal Reserve. December 12 – New York City socialite Dorothy Arnold disappears and her family does not notify the police until 6 weeks later, after their own investigations fail to produce any results. December 19 – Edward Douglass White is sworn in as the 9th Chief Justice of the United States, december 31 – Two of Americas premier pioneer aviators are killed on this day, John Moisant in New Orleans and Wright pilot Arch Hoxsey in Los Angeles. US census shows that 20. 9% of the population classed as Negro are of mixed race, progressive Era Lochner era List of American films of 1910 Media related to 1910 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
5.
1912 in the United States
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Events from the year 1912 in the United States. January 11–March 12 –1912 Lawrence textile strike, Immigrant textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts, february 14 – Arizona is admitted as the 48th U. S. state. February 28 – Albert Berry makes the worlds first parachute jump from an airplane, march 12 – The Girl Scouts of the USA are founded. March 27 – Mayor Yukio Ozaki of Tokyo gives 3,000 cherry blossom trees to be planted in Washington, april 10 – The British ocean liner RMS Titanic leaves Southampton, England on her maiden voyage for New York City. April 15 – RMS Titanic sinks at 2,20 am, april 18 – The Cunard liner RMS Carpathia arrives in New York City with Titanics 706 survivors. April 19 – The United States Senate initiates an official inquiry into the Titanic disaster, april 20 Tiger Stadium opens in Detroit. Fenway Park, home of the Boston Red Sox, opens, may 6 – Suffragettes and their supporters parade in New York City. May 18 – The Detroit Tigers go on strike to protest the suspension of Ty Cobb, a replacement team recruited from the coaching staff and local colleges is fielded to avoid a forfeiture to the Philadelphia As in a lopsided loss. May 30 – Joe Dawson wins the second Indianapolis 500-Mile Race after Ralph DePalmas Mercedes breaks down within sight of the finish, June 8 – Carl Laemmle founds Universal Studios June 6–June 8 – Mount Novarupta erupts in Alaska. June 25 – The Democratic National Convention nominates New Jersey Governor Thomas Woodrow Wilson in Baltimore. July 19 – A meteorite with a mass of 190 kg explodes over the town of Holbrook in Navajo County. Republicans form the Progressive Party, also known as the Bull Moose Party, September 25 – The Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism is founded in New York City. October 14 – While campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, former President Theodore Roosevelt is shot by saloonkeeper John Schrank, with a fresh flesh wound and the bullet still in him, Roosevelt delivers his scheduled speech. After finishing his speech, he went to the hospital, where it was deduced that if he had not had his speech in his breast pocket when he was shot, he most likely would have died. October 30 – Vice President James S. Sherman dies in office just days prior to the 1912 presidential election. November 5 – U. S. presidential election,1912, Democratic challenger, tafts base is undercut by Progressive Party candidate Theodore Roosevelt, who finishes second, ahead of Taft. The American Little Theatre Movement begins with the founding of the Toy Theatre in Boston, marines intervene in Nicaragua to bolster the conservative government. Sea Scouting begins under the aegis of the Boy Scouts of America, Progressive Era Lochner era January 7 – Charles Addams, cartoonist January 20 – Walter Briggs, Jr. S
6.
1913 in the United States
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Events from the year 1913 in the United States. President, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson Vice President, vacant, Thomas R. February 1 – New York Citys Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the worlds largest train station. February 3 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose, February 17 – The Armory Show opens in New York City. It displays the works of artists who are to some of the most influential painters of the early 20th Century. March 3 – The Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 takes place in Washington, march 4 Woodrow Wilson succeeds William Howard Taft as the 28th President of the United States. The U. S. Department of Commerce and U. S. Department of Labor are established by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries and U. S. Coast, the first U. S. law regulating the shooting of migratory birds is passed. March 7 – The British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, march 13 – Mexican Revolution, Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his self-imposed exile in the United States. April 5 – The United States Soccer Federation is formed, april 8 – The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, dictating the direct election of senators. April 24 – The Woolworth Building opens in New York City, designed by Cass Gilbert, it is the tallest building in the world at this date and for more than a decade after. April 26 – Mary Phagan is raped and strangled on the premises of the National Pencil Factory in Atlanta, leo Frank is tried and convicted for the crime. May – The Paul Émile Chabas painting September Morn provokes a charge of indency when displayed in the window of a Chicago art gallery. May 14 – New York Governor William Sulzer approves the charter for the Rockefeller Foundation, June – The first edition of the Christian esoteric magazine Rays from the Rose Cross is published in the United States. June 13 – An International Railway trolley and passengers are buried under the contents of a garbage chute that breaks in Niagara Falls. June 15 – Battle of Bud Bagsak in the Philippines concludes with U. S. troops under General John J. Pershing taking Bug Bagsak from defending Moro rebels, killing at least 500. July 3 – The 50th anniversary commemoration of the Battle of Gettysburg draws thousands of American Civil War veterans and their families to Gettysburg, July 10 – Death Valley, California hits 134 °F which is the highest temperature recorded in the United States. September 8 – The largest commercial building in the world opens in Saint Louis, Missouri. The Railroad Exchange building houses 31 acres under one roof, and its central tenant, September 19 – Francis Ouimet wins the U. S. Open by 5 strokes, becoming the first amateur to ever win the event
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Biloxi, Mississippi
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Biloxi, officially the City of Biloxi, is a city in Harrison County, Mississippi. The 2010 United States Census recorded the population as 44,054, along with the adjoining city of Gulfport, Biloxi is a county seat of Harrison County. The city is part of the Gulfport-Biloxi metropolitan area and the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, pre-Katrina, Biloxi was the third largest city in Mississippi behind Jackson and Gulfport. Post-Katrina, the population of Biloxi decreased, and it became the fifth largest city in the state, being surpassed by Hattiesburg, the beachfront of Biloxi lies directly on the Mississippi Sound, with barrier islands scattered off the coast and into the Gulf of Mexico. Keesler Air Force Base lies within the city and is home to the 81st Training Wing, the name of Biloxi in French was Bilocci, on maps dated circa year 1710/1725 the name was sometimes translated into English as Fort Bilocci. In 1720, the capital of French Louisiana was moved to Biloxi from Mobile. French Louisiana was known in French as La Louisiane in colonial times, at that same time, Louisiana west of the Mississippi, including New Orleans, was ceded to Spain as part of the Treaty of Fontainebleau. British rule persisted from 1763 to 1779, followed by Spanish rule from 1779 to 1810, despite this, the character of Biloxi remained mostly French. In 1811, Biloxi came under United States of America control as part of the Mississippi Territory, Mississippi, and Biloxi with it, were then admitted to the union in 1817. It became a resort, with the advantages of close proximity to New Orleans. Summer homes were built by farmers and commercial figures. Hotels and rental cottages came into existence to serve those who could not afford their own homes, one of Biloxis most known features has been the Biloxi Lighthouse, which was built in Baltimore and then shipped south and completed in May 1848. In the early stages of the Civil War, Ship Island was captured by Union forces, no major battles were fought in the area, and Biloxi did not suffer direct damage from the war. Some local Union sentiment could be discerned following the wars conclusion, in the postbellum period, Biloxi again emerged as a vacation spot. Its popularity as a destination increased with railroad access, in 1881, the first cannery was built in the town, leading to others soon joining the location. Biloxi grew again, and as different ethnic groups came to work in the seafood factories, during World War II, the United States Army Air Forces built Keesler Field, now Keesler Air Force Base, which became a major basic training site and site for aircraft maintenance. The Biloxi economy boomed as a result, again bringing more diverse groups to the area, by 1958, the first Jewish synagogue had been built in the town. Biloxis casino history dates back to a period in the 1940s, open gambling ended during the 1950s
10.
Lewis Hine
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Lewis Wickes Hine was an American sociologist and photographer. Hine used his camera as a tool for social reform and his photographs were instrumental in changing child labor laws in the United States. Hine was born in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, on September 26,1874, after his father was killed in an accident, Hine began working and saved his money for a college education. He studied sociology at the University of Chicago, Columbia University and he became a teacher in New York City at the Ethical Culture School, where he encouraged his students to use photography as an educational medium. Hine led his classes to Ellis Island in New York Harbor. Between 1904 and 1909, Hine took over 200 plates and came to the realization that documentary photography could be employed as a tool for social change, in 1908 Hine became the photographer for the National Child Labor Committee, leaving his teaching position. Over the next decade, Hine documented child labor, with focus on the use of labor in the Carolina Piedmont. In 1913, he documented child laborers among cotton mill workers with a series of Francis Galtons composite portraits, Hines work for the NCLC was often dangerous. As a photographer, he was threatened with violence or even death by factory police. At the time, the immorality of child labor was meant to be hidden from the public, photography was not only prohibited but also posed a serious threat to the industry. To gain entry to the mills, mines and factories, Hine was forced to assume many guises, at times he was a fire inspector, postcard vendor, bible salesman, or even an industrial photographer making a record of factory machinery. During and after World War I, he photographed American Red Cross relief work in Europe, in the 1920s and early 1930s, Hine made a series of work portraits, which emphasized the human contribution to modern industry. In 1930, Hine was commissioned to document the construction of the Empire State Building and he photographed the workers in precarious positions while they secured the steel framework of the structure, taking many of the same risks that the workers endured. In order to obtain the best vantage points, Hine was swung out in a specially-designed basket 1,000 ft above Fifth Avenue and he also served as chief photographer for the Works Progress Administrations National Research Project, which studied changes in industry and their effect on employment. Hine was also a faculty member of the Ethical Culture Fieldston School, in 1936, Hine was selected as the photographer for the National Research Project of the Works Projects Administration, but his work there was not completed. The last years of his life were filled with professional struggles by loss of government, few people were interested in his work, past or present, and Hine lost his house and applied for welfare. He died on November 3,1940 at Dobbs Ferry Hospital in Dobbs Ferry, New York, after Hines death, his son Corydon donated his prints and negatives to the Photo League, which was dismantled in 1951. The Museum of Modern Art was offered his pictures and did not accept them, the Library of Congress holds over 5,000 Hine photographs, including examples of his child labor and Red Cross photographs, his work portraits, and his WPA and TVA images
11.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
12.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
13.
William Howard Taft
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William Howard Taft served as the 27th President of the United States and as the tenth Chief Justice of the United States, the only person to have held both offices. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, Taft was born in Cincinnati in 1857. His father, Alphonso Taft, was a U. S. Attorney General, William Taft attended Yale and was a member of Skull and Bones secret society like his father, and after becoming a lawyer was appointed a judge while still in his twenties. He continued a rapid rise, being named Solicitor General and as a judge of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, in 1901, President William McKinley appointed Taft civilian governor of the Philippines. In 1904, Roosevelt made him Secretary of War, and he became Roosevelts hand-picked successor, despite his personal ambition to become chief justice, Taft declined repeated offers of appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States, believing his political work to be more important. With Roosevelts help, Taft had little opposition for the Republican nomination for president in 1908, in the White House, he focused on East Asia more than European affairs, and repeatedly intervened to prop up or remove Latin American governments. Taft sought reductions to trade tariffs, then a source of governmental income. Controversies over conservation and over antitrust cases filed by the Taft administration served to separate the two men. Roosevelt challenged Taft for renomination in 1912, Taft used his control of the party machinery to gain a bare majority of delegates, and Roosevelt bolted the party. The split left Taft with little chance of re-election, he took only Utah, after leaving office, Taft returned to Yale as a professor, continuing his political activity and working against war through the League to Enforce Peace. In 1921, President Harding appointed Taft as chief justice, an office he had long sought, Chief Justice Taft was a conservative on business issues, but under him, there were advances in individual rights. In poor health, he resigned in February 1930, after his death the next month, he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, the first president and first Supreme Court justice to be interred there. Taft is generally listed near the middle in historians rankings of U. S. presidents, William Howard Taft was born September 15,1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Alphonso Taft and Louise Torrey. The Taft family was not wealthy, living in a modest home in the suburb of Mount Auburn, Alphonso served as a judge, ambassador and in the cabinet, as War Secretary and Attorney General under Ulysses S. Grant. William Taft was not seen as brilliant as a child, but was a worker, Tafts demanding parents pushed him and his four brothers toward success. He attended Woodward High School in Cincinnati, at Yale College, which he entered in 1874, the heavyset, jovial Taft was popular. One classmate described him succeeding through hard work rather than being the smartest, in 1878, Taft graduated, second in his class out of 121. He attended Cincinnati Law School, and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1880, while in law school, he worked on The Cincinnati Commercial newspaper, edited by Murat Halstead
14.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
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Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
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Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
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James S. Sherman
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He was a member of the inter-related Baldwin, Hoar, and Sherman families, prominent lawyers and politicians of New England. Although not an administrator, he made a natural committee chairman. He was the first Vice President to fly in a plane, Sherman is the most recent Vice President to have died in office. Sherman was born in Utica, New York, the son of Richard Updike Sherman and he was educated at Hamilton College in Clinton New York, where he was noted for his skills in oratory and debate. He studied law at Hamilton for a year, and then continued his studies at the Utica office of Beardsley, Cookingham and Burdick and he was admitted to the bar in 1880, and practiced with Cookingham in the firm of Cookingham & Martin. Sherman was also president of the Utica Trust & Deposit Co. and he became mayor of Utica at age twenty-nine. In 1881, he married Carrie Babcock of East Orange, New Jersey, in 1886, Sherman was elected U. S. Representative from New Yorks 23rd congressional district as a Republican, during his House career, Sherman served as chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs from the 54th through the 60th Congresses. Henry Cabot Lodge recognized this job as a major test of integrity and judgment, through Shermans efforts in 1900, the Sherman Indian High School in Riverside, California was built and named after him. In 1908, Sherman was nominated as the Republican candidate for Vice President on the ticket with William Howard Taft, although not an obvious front-runner, he balanced Tafts profile, by being both an Easterner and a conservative, and the New York lobby pressed hard for his nomination. The Republicans won by a margin, though Sherman is not credited as a major vote-winner in this election. At first, Sherman and Taft found themselves at odds over both tariff policy and the role of the Vice President. But Taft presently moved to the right, and the two of them worked together more harmoniously – a relationship eased further by the First Ladys enjoyment of the company of Sherman and his wife. From 1910, Taft had experienced disagreements with ex-President Theodore Roosevelt. But Shermans health was failing by the time of the 1912 campaign, Taft and Butler came in third place in the election, carrying only eight electoral votes from Utah and Vermont. Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson and his running mate Thomas R. Marshall won the election while Progressive candidate Theodore Roosevelt, the office of Vice-President remained vacant until Marshalls inauguration, on March 4,1913. United States presidential election,1908 United States presidential election,1912 United States Congress, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
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New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
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Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
20.
Edward Douglass White
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American politician and jurist, was a United States senator, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and the ninth Chief Justice of the United States, from 1910 to his death in 1921. He was best known for formulating the Rule of Reason standard of antitrust law and he sided with the Supreme Court majority in Plessy v. White was born in 1845 in his parents house, now known as the Edward Douglass White House. He was the son of Edward Douglass White, Sr. a former governor of Louisiana and he was a grandson of Dr. James White, a U. S. representative, physician, and judge. On his mothers side, he was the grandson of Tench Ringgold, appointed as a U. S. marshal of the District of Columbia under the James Monroe and he was also related on his maternal side to the Lee family of Virginia. The White familys large plantation in Louisiana was based on cultivating and processing for market sugar cane, Whites paternal ancestors were of Irish Catholic descent, and he was reared in that religion. He was a devout Roman Catholic his entire life and he studied first at the Jesuit College in New Orleans, then at Mount St. Mary’s College near Emmitsburg, Maryland. Last, he attended Georgetown University in Washington, D. C. where he was a member of the Philodemic Society, after the American Civil War, he returned to academic work and studied law at the University of Louisiana. Whites studies at Georgetown were interrupted by the American Civil War and this is questionable, as his widowed mother had remarried and was living with the rest of the family in New Orleans at the time. When he returned to Louisiana, it was probably to his home in New Orleans. It is possible that White enlisted in the Lafourche militia, as its muster rolls are not complete, there is no documentation, however, that White served in any Confederate volunteer unit or militia unit engaged in campaigns in the Lafourche area. Another account suggests that he was assigned as an aide to Confederate General W. N. R. Beall, Port Hudson had a garrison of 18,000 Confederate soldiers, but a numerically superior Union force surrounded it. After a siege lasting from May 21 to July 8,1863, but, Whites name does not appear on any list of prisoners captured at Port Hudson. According to another account of questionable reliability, White was supposedly sent to a Mississippi prisoner of war camp, when White was paroled, he supposedly returned to the family plantation, to find it abandoned, the canefields barren, and the place nearly empty of most former slaves. These records confirm his service as a lieutenant in Captain W. B, Barrows company of a Louisiana cavalry regiment, for all practical purposes a loosely organized band of irregulars or scouts. One organizing officer of regiment, which was sometimes called Barrows Regiment or the 9th Louisiana Cavalry Regiment, was Major Robert Pruyn. Pruyn served as courier relaying messages from Port Hudsons commander, General Franklin Gardner, to General Joseph E. Johnston, Pruyn escaped from Port Hudson prior to its surrender in the same manner. White was one of three soldiers to serve on the Supreme Court
21.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
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Joseph Gurney Cannon
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Joseph Gurney Cannon was a United States politician from Illinois and leader of the Republican Party. Cannon is the second-longest continuously serving Republican Speaker in history, having been surpassed by fellow Illinoisan Dennis Hastert, Cannon is also the longest serving Republican Representative ever, as well as first member of congress, of either party, ever to surpass 40 years of service. Cannons congressional career spanned 46 years of cumulative service—a record that was not broken until 1959, although technically the second-longest serving Republican member of Congress ever, he was the longest-serving Republican to never change his party affiliation. Cannon also has the distinction of being the subject of the first Time cover ever, Cannon was born in Guilford County, North Carolina, and in 1840 moved with his parents to Annapolis, Indiana, about 30 miles north of Terre Haute. He was the elder of two sons of Gulielma and Horace Franklin Cannon, a country doctor, Horace Cannon drowned on August 7,1851 when Joseph was fifteen years old as he tried to reach a sick patient by crossing Sugar Creek. Young Cannon took charge of the family farm and his brother William would become a successful banker and realtor. Asked by Terre Haute politician and lawyer John Palmer Usher, future Secretary of the Interior under President Abraham Lincoln, to testify in a slander case, eventually, he asked Usher if he could study law under him and moved to Terre Haute. At age 19 he traveled to Cincinnati, Ohio to attend a semester of law school at the University of Cincinnati law school. In 1858, he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Terre Haute and that year he relocated to Tuscola, Illinois. His choice of a new hometown was somewhat involuntary, taking place while he was travelling from Shelbyville, Illinois, during the trip, he ran out of money. He boarded a Chicago-bound train in Mattoon, Illinois, after the train had started, as Cannon did not have a ticket, he was removed from the train in Tuscola. There, he became States attorney for the judicial district of Illinois. He was one of the members of Tuscolas Masonic Lodge No. 332, which was founded on October 2,1860, in 1876 Cannon moved to Danville, Illinois, where he resided for the rest of his life. He and his wife Mary P. Reed, whom he married in 1862, had two daughters and he became a follower of Abraham Lincoln during the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. After Lincoln was elected President in 1860, Cannon received an appointment as a regional prosecutor, Cannon was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1890 to the Fifty-second Congress, but was elected to the Fifty-third and to the nine succeeding Congresses that sat between 1893 and 1913. He attempted to gain the Speakership four times before succeeding and his antic speaking style, diminutive stature and pugnacious manner were his trademarks. The newspapers frequently lampooned him as a colorful rube, Uncle Joe, as he was known, often clashed with fellow Republican Theodore Roosevelt, asserting that Roosevelt has no more use for the Constitution than a tomcat has for a marriage license
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Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
24.
Champ Clark
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James Beauchamp Champ Clark was a prominent American politician in the Democratic Party from the 1890s until his death. A Representative of Missouri from 1893 to 1895 and from 1897 to 1921 and he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for President in 1912. Clark was born in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky, to John Hampton Clark, through his mother, he was the first cousin twice removed of the famous lawyer-turned-murderer Jereboam O. Beauchamp. He is also descended from the famous John Beauchamp through his mother. He graduated from Bethany College where he was initiated into Delta Tau Delta Fraternity, and Cincinnati Law School and moved to Missouri in 1875 and he eventually settled in Bowling Green, Missouri, the county seat of Pike County. He served a principal at Marshall College from 1873 to 1874, Clark was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1892. After a surprise loss in 1894 to William M. Treloar, he regained the seat in 1896, and remained in the House until his death, Clark ran for House Minority Leader in 1903 but was defeated by John Sharp Williams of Mississippi. After Williams ran for the Senate in 1908, Clark ran again for the position and won, when the Democrats won control of the House in 1911, Clark became Speaker. In 1911, Clark gave a speech that helped to decide the election in Canada, Clark went on to suggest in his speech that the treaty was the first step towards the end of Canada, a speech that was greeted with prolonged applause according to the Congressional Record. Remarks about the absorption of one country by another grate harshly on the ears of the smaller, the Conservative Party of Canada, which opposed the treaty, won the Canadian election in large part because of Clarks speech. Clarks Speakership was notable for two things, Clarks skill from 1910 to 1914 in maintaining party unity to block William Howard Tafts legislation and then pass Wilsons. Also, Clark split the party in 1917 and 1918, when he opposed Wilsons decision to bring the United States into World War I, in addition, Clark opposed the Federal Reserve Act, which concentrated financial power in the hands of eastern banks. Clarks opposition to the Federal Reserve Act is said to be the reason that Missouri is the state granted two Federal Reserve Banks. Clark was defeated in the Republican landslide of 1920 and died shortly thereafter in his home in Washington, Champ Clark is the namesake of the small community of Champ, Audrain County, Missouri. The former Clark National Forest likewise was named after him, Clark married to Genevieve Bennett Clark on December 14,1881. Together, they had two children, Joel Bennett Clark and Genevieve Clark Thomson, bennet served as a United States Senator from Missouri from 1933 to 1945. Genevieve was a suffragette and a candidate for the House of Representatives for Louisiana, specific General Garraty, John A. and Mark C. New York, Oxford University Press,1999, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
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Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
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Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
27.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
28.
61st United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from March 4,1909 to March 4,1911, during the first two years of William H. Tafts Presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twelfth Census of the United States in 1900, both chambers had a Republican majority. March 4,1909, William Howard Taft became President of the United States August 5,1909 – Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act,6,36 Stat.11 June 18,1910, Mann-Elkins Act, ch. 309,36 Stat.539 June 25,1910, Mann Act,395,36 Stat.825 March 3,1911, Judicial Code of 1911, ch. A few senators were elected directly by the residents of the state, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Lyon Clerk at the Speaker’s Table, Asher C, biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress. Archived from the original on June 1,2006, archived from the original on June 1,2006. Archived from the original on June 1,2006, official Congressional Directory for the 61st Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 61st Congress, 2nd Session, official Congressional Directory for the 61st Congress, 2nd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 61st Congress, 3rd Session
29.
62nd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from March 4,1911 to March 4,1913, during the third and fourth years of William H. Tafts presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twelfth Census of the United States in 1900, additional House seats were assigned to the two new states of New Mexico and Arizona. The size of the House was to be 435 starting with the new Congress coming into session in 1913, the Senate had a Republican majority, and the House had a Democratic majority. April 27,1911, Following the resignation and death of William P. Frye, a compromise is reached to rotate the office of President pro tempore of the United States Senate. April 30,1911, Great Fire of 1911 May 15,1911, The Supreme Court declared Standard Oil to be a monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act. April 15,1912, The RMS Titanic sank, June 25,1912, The Democratic National Convention nominated New Jersey Gov. Woodrow Wilson in Baltimore. August 5,1912, Dissident Republicans formed the Progressive or Bull Moose Party, october 30,1912, Vice President James S. Sherman died. November 5,1912, U. S. presidential election,1912, Woodrow Wilson beat incumbent William Howard Taft, August 8,1911, Public Law 62-5, Pub. L. 62–5 August 24,1912, Lloyd–La Follette Act, ch, february 14,1912, Arizona admitted to the Union August 24,1912, Alaska Territory created. For the remainder of this Congress, the office rotated among five Senators, the Senate at that time was split between progressive Republicans, conservative Republicans, and Democrats. Each put forth a candidate, and the ballots were deadlocked until August 1911 when a compromise was reached, democrat Augustus Bacon served for one day on August 14,1911, and thereafter he and four Republicans rotated holding the seat for the remainder of the Congress. These Republicans were, Charles Curtis, Jacob H. Gallinger, a few senators were elected directly by the residents of the state. The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. There were 20 changes,6 deaths,2 resignations,1 invalidated election,6 appointees replaced by electees,4 seats added from new states, Democrats had a 4-seat net gain, and no other parties had a net change. Sorted Chronologically by date of vacancy House vacancies are filled by elections. State laws regulate when there will be special elections, Charles F. Riddell of Indiana, elected July 18,1912. Biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress, archived from the original on 1 June 2006. Archived from the original on 1 June 2006, archived from the original on 1 June 2006
30.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
31.
B. B. Comer
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Braxton Bragg Comer was a planter, businessman, slave owner, and an American Democratic politician who was the 33rd Governor of Alabama from 1907 to 1911, and a United States Senator in 1920. As governor, he achieved railroad reform, lowering rates for businesses in Alabama to make more competitive with other states. He increased funding for the school system, resulting in more rural schools and high schools in each county for white students. In addition to interests in the Comer familys 30, 000-acre plantation, devoted to corn and cotton production, Comer was born in 1848 at old Spring Hill, Barbour County, Alabama, the fourth son of John Fletcher and Catherine Comer. As planters, Comers parents had built their wealth based on slave labor for their cotton plantation, B. B. Comer began his education at the age of ten under the tutelage of E. N. Brown. In 1864 Comer went to the University of Alabama, but in April 1865 was forced to leave when General John T. Croxtons troops burned the university and he enrolled at the University of Georgia in Athens, where he joined the Phi Kappa Literary Society. He transferred to Emory and Henry College in Virginia, where he graduated in 1869 with AB, following graduation, Comer returned to Spring Hill and helped to manage the family plantation. He primarily grew corn and cotton on what became a 30 and he continued to operate his Barbour County plantation, with his brother John managing it, after he moved his family to Anniston in east central Alabama in 1885. Although a powerful, successful businessman, Comer always advocated for the primacy of importance to be placed on the people of that state, in 1872 Comer married Eva Jane Harris of Cuthbert, Georgia. He built a house for them at Comer Station, Barbour County. He and his wife remained married until her passing on March 6,1920, Comers brother, J. W. Comer, operated the familys plantation in Barbour County. An important source of wealth for John Comer, B. B, Comers brother, was the development of the Eureka Mines. Another of Comers enterprises was the Avondale Mills, which, with his sons help, the Trainer family, who had a textile business in Chester, Pennsylvania, planned to expand its business into the South by way of the new and growing industrial city of Birmingham. It offered stock to business leaders, such as Frederick Mitchell Jackson, accepting the businessmens pledges of financial participation, the Trainers sought a local investor to assume presidency of the mill. In 1897, they approached Braxton Bragg Comer, the future governor accepted the offer, and invested $10,000 in the enterprise. From 1897 until his death in 1927, he served as president of Avondale Mills, in 1897 Comer built the first mill in Avondale, an area that would become part of Birmingham. During the first year of its operation, Avondale Mills used 4,000 bales of cotton, by 1898, Avondale Mills employed 436 laborers and generated $15,000 in profit. By the time B. B. Comer became governor of Alabama in 1907, Avondale Mills declared $55,000 in profit, by the turn of the century, Avondale Mills had set the course for future development
32.
Emmet O'Neal
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Emmet ONeal was an American Democratic politician and lawyer who was the 34th Governor of Alabama from 1911 to 1915. He was a reformer in the mold, and is best known for securing the commission form of government for the cities of Alabama. ONeal was born on September 23,1853 in Florence, Alabama to Edward A. ONeal and his father Edward A. ONeal was a Confederate Army officer and served as Governor of Alabama from 1882 to 1886, as a Democrat. ONeal received his schooling in Florence and was a student at the University of Mississippi in 1870 and 1871. He received the degree of A. B. from the University of Alabama in 1873, reading law under the supervision of his father, he was admitted to the bar in Florence in 1876. In 1901 and in 1910 he was elected and served as president of the Alabama Bar Association, in 1911 he was made a member of the governing board of the American Bar Association. ONeal served as an elector in Alabamas 8th congressional district in 1888 and was an elector at large from Alabama in 1892 and 1908. He was appointed as United States District Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama and he played a large role in framing the suffrage provisions so as to eliminate the illiterate black vote without running afoul of the US Constitution as then interpreted. In the runup to the 1908 presidential election, he made a speaking tour in the West campaigning for William Jennings Bryan. In 1909, he campaigned against the addition of an amendment to the Constitution of Alabama. ONeal was elected governor in 1910, began his term of service in January 1911 and he was active in urging a new constitutional convention and his legal writings were published and read. He was an member of the Governors conference and took part in all the debates during his term. ONeal was chairman of the Alabama delegation at the 1912 Democratic National Convention that resulted in the nomination of Woodrow Wilson for president, at the time of the conference of Governors, Governor ONeal served as a member of the executive committee of that body. Governor ONeal made the commission system his favored reform, and secure its passage by the legislature in 1911. The cities of Birmingham, Montgomery and Mobile quickly adopted the commission form He was a member of the Knights of Pythias, the Elks, the Presbyterian church, in 1915, Governor ONeal was appointed referee in bankruptcy, with offices in the Federal building in Birmingham. After his term as governor, he worked in manufacturing in Birmingham, serving as secretary. Governor ONeal was a frequent contributor to The North American Review and he also served as a vice-president of the American Bar Association. On July 21,1891, Governor ONeal married Elizabeth Kirkman and they had three children, Kirkman, Olivia and Elizabeth
33.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
34.
George Washington Donaghey
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George Washington Donaghey was the 22nd Governor of the U. S. state of Arkansas from 1909 to 1913. Donaghey was born as the oldest of five children to Christopher Columbus and Elizabeth Donaghey and his fathers family was from Ireland and his mothers from Scotland. His father Christopher was a farmer who moved from Alabama to northern Louisiana where he purchased land, from 1882 to 1883, he attended the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville. He was a teacher, carpenter, and he studied both architecture and structural engineering. He served one term as town marshal and was a prohibition candidate for mayor in 1885. Having himself lacked an education, Donaghey worked diligently to bring institutions of higher learning to Conway. Additionally, he gave generously to both institutions, Donaghey entered business as a contractor and constructed courthouses in Texas and Arkansas, including the first bank building in Conway in 1890. When he returned, he reconstructed the Arkansas Insane Asylum after a tornado in 1894 and he built ice plants and roads in Arkansas and water tanks and railroad stations for the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad and often invested in farm and timber land. In 1899, he was tasked with constructing the new state capitol and this started Donagheys run for governor and he ran against Daviss ally William F. Kirby and Donaghey later won the election after defeating Republican John I. Worthington and Socialist J. Sam Jones and he was the first governor indisputably be labeled as progressive but he was also within the southern progressive tradition as well as the businessman to become governor of Arkansas. He won a primary election which broke the power of former Governor Jefferson Jeff Davis on the Arkansas Democratic Party. Victory in the election over Republican John L. Worthington was a mere formality,110,418 to 41,689. Worthington had also run in 1906 against Davis, Donaghey had to wait ten months to take office. In June 1909, he appointed the fourth and final state capitol commission, Donaghey was reelected in 1910, having defeated another Republican, Andrew L. Roland,101,612 to 38,870 (26.5 percent. Another 9,196 ballots were cast for the Socialist candidate and that same year, he negotiated with the Southern Regional Education Board to bring its campaign to Arkansas and had successful results in the state. In 1910, he also improved public health by helping to create the Booneville Tuberculosis Sanatorium, Donagheys achievements included establishment of a new state board of education, support for high schools and the passage of a law making consolidation easier. Although several of the prisoners he pardoned from the convict lease program were black, in 1910 at the state Baptist Colored Convention in Little Rock, he said It is not for any political purpose that I come to talk to you. It is not for the purpose of getting your votes, this you know as well as I do and this, perhaps, is best for you
35.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
36.
James Gillett
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James Norris Gillett was an American lawyer and politician. James Gillett was born in Viroqua, Wisconsin, on September 20,1860, as a young child, Gillett moved with his parents to Sparta, Wisconsin at the age of five. He would remain in Sparta for nearly fifteen years, attending the local grammar, in 1881, Gillett was admitted to the Wisconsin Bar, beginning a law practice in Sparta shortly afterwards. Once in Eureka, Gillett joined the militia as a private in the Eureka Guard Company in 1885. Following the end of his military service, Gillett quickly resumed his career as a lawyer. In 1890, Gillett became the Eureka City Attorney, holding the position until 1895, by the mid-1890s, Gillett had become interested in state politics. Running as a Republican, Gillett was elected to the California State Senate in the 1896 general elections, after serving a single term in the State Senate, Gillett successfully ran for the U. S. House of Representatives in the 1902 House elections. He successfully defended his seat again in the 1904 elections, Gilletts success in Washington was noticed by state Republicans and lobbyists for the Southern Pacific Railroad, who saw Gilletts politics as supporting their own corporate interests. In response to their support, Gillett promised the Southern Pacific waterfront patrongage, the denying of Pardees renomination caused immediate controversy and outrage. Pardee, due to his efficient bureaucracy and direction of the governments response to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. His replacement by Gillett, a Railroad Republican, caused anger both in the press and within political circles, the San Francisco Call printed a photograph taken at the conventions end of Gillett among top party bosses entitled the Shame of California. Gilletts nomination by special interests would fuel calls for a primary law in the state. Langdons strong third place showing of 14. 4% sapped votes away from both the popular contenders Gillett and Bell, yet enough to tip the balance in Gilletts favor, following his successful election, Gillett resigned from his U. S. House seat. Inaugurated on January 9,1907, as the 22nd Governor of California Gilletts agenda included the construction of more transcontinental railroads between California and the East. In addition, Gillett, like his predecessor Pardee, encouraged the California State Legislature to debate the direct primary, Gillett also pushed bills through the Legislature to create state measures assisting federal food safety laws, particularly for the expanding fruit and California wine industries. During his governorship, Gillett encouraged and signed laws to reform state parole guidelines, assisting prisoners to more quickly reform themselves, the law was passed unanimously in the Assembly, and had one dissenting vote in the Senate. Some 19,000 people were sterilized between 1909 and 1950, when eugenics became generally disfavored by the profession due to its connections with Nazi Germany. As automobiles became common along Californias roads, Gillett agreed with the Legislature to pass the State Highway Bond Act of 1909
37.
Hiram Johnson
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He was Theodore Roosevelts running mate in the 1912 presidential election on the Progressive party. His mother was Annie DeMontfredy, partially descended of a family of Huguenots who had left France after the Edict of Nantes, Annie was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, claiming descent from a general of the Continental Army. Johnson had a brother and three sisters, after attending public schools and Heald College, Johnson first worked as a shorthand reporter and stenographer in law offices. He eventually pursued a career, studying at the University of California, Berkeley. He was admitted to the bar in 1888 and commenced practice in his hometown, in 1902, he moved to San Francisco. He served as assistant district attorney and became active in reform politics and he attracted statewide attention in 1908 when he assisted Francis J. Heney in the graft prosecution of Abe Ruef and Mayor Eugene Schmitz. His success was due in large measure to the fact that after Heney was gunned down in the courtroom and he married Minne L. McNeal, the couple had two sons. In 1910, Johnson won the election as a member of the Lincoln–Roosevelt League. He toured the state in an open automobile, in office, Johnson was a populist who implemented many important reforms. Among them was the election of U. S. senators. In 1911, Johnson and the Progressives added initiative, referendum, Johnson was instrumental in the establishment of a railroad commission to regulate the power of the Southern Pacific Railroad. On taking office, Johnson soon paroled the convicted Southern Pacific train bandit Chris Evans, nationally, Johnson was a founder of the Progressive Party in 1912. The Progressives finished second ahead of the incumbent Republican, President William Howard Taft. Johnson was re-elected governor of California in 1914, almost doubling his opponents vote total, in 1916, Johnson ran successfully for the U. S. Senate, defeating Democrat George S. Patton, Sr. and assuming office on March 16,1917. It is alleged that was the year that he spoke the words for which he is best remembered today, however, the source of the famous quote has yet to be determined. From 1917 to 1929, he resided at Riversdale in Riverdale Park, following Theodore Roosevelts death in January 1919, Johnson was regarded as the natural leader of the Progressive Party. In 1920, however, he did not attempt to revive the Progressive Party and he was defeated for the Republican presidential nomination by U. S. Johnson also did not get the support of Roosevelts family, who instead supported Roosevelts long-time friend Leonard Wood, at the convention, Johnson was asked to serve as Hardings running mate, but he declined
38.
Governor of Colorado
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The Governor of the State of Colorado is the head of the executive branch of Colorados state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Seven people served as governor of Colorado Territory over eight terms, since statehood, there have been 36 governors, serving 41 distinct terms. The longest-serving governors were Richard Dick Lamm and Roy Romer, who served twelve years over three terms. Thus, Peabody served only a few minutes as governor, the current governor is John Hickenlooper, who took office on January 11,2011. The self-proclaimed Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on November 7,1859, Jefferson Territory included all of present-day Colorado, but extended about 3 miles farther east,138 miles farther north, and about 50 miles farther west. The territory was never recognized by the government in the tumultuous days before the American Civil War. The Jefferson Territory had only one governor, Robert Williamson Steele and he proclaimed the territory dissolved on June 6,1861, several months after the official formation of the Colorado Territory, but only days after the arrival of its first governor. For the period before Colorado Territory was formed, see the lists of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Utah Territory, Kansas Territory, the State of Colorado was admitted to the Union on August 1,1876. To serve as governor, one must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen of the United States, and have been a resident of the state for at least two years prior to election. The state constitution of 1876 originally called for election of the governor two years, with their term beginning on the second Tuesday of the January following the election. An amendment passed in 1956, taking effect in 1959, increased terms to four years, originally, there was no term limit applied to the governor, a 1990 amendment allowed governors to succeed themselves only once. There is however no limit on the number of terms one may serve as long as one who has served the two term limit is out of office for four years. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, the lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor until a 1968 amendment to the constitution made it so that they are elected on the same ticket. There are four living former governors of Colorado, the oldest being Roy Romer, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John David Vanderhoof, who died on September 19,2013
39.
John F. Shafroth
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John Franklin Shafroth was a representative, member of the United States Senate, and Governor of Colorado. Born in Fayette, Missouri, he attended the common schools and he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1876 and began practice in Fayette. He moved to Denver, Colorado, in 1879 and continued the practice of law, beginning in 1889, one of the attorneys he practiced in partnership with for several years was Charles W. Waterman, later a US Senator. He was city attorney from 1887 to 1891 and was elected as a Republican to the 54th Congress as a representative, to the 58th Congress, he presented credentials as a Democratic member-elect. Subsequently, Shafroth was often referred to as Honest John, Shafroth was Governor of Colorado from 1909 to 1913 and was instrumental in bringing in Colorados ballot initiative institutions. In 1912, he was elected as a Democrat to the Senate, after leaving the Senate, he served as chairman of the War Minerals Relief Commission from 1919 to 1921. He died in 1922 and was interred in Fairmount Cemetery in Denver, Governor John F. Shafroth Collection at the Colorado State Archives United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, John F. Shafroth at Find a Grave
40.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
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Frank B. Weeks
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Frank Bentley Weeks was an American politician and the 64th Governor of Connecticut. Weeks was born in Brooklyn, New York on January 20,1854 son of Elbridge S Weeks and he studied at the Eastman Business College and graduated in 1872. Later in 1872, Weeks became an assistant to the superintendent of the Connecticut Hospital for the Insane and he also served there as a trustee for more than 30 years. He was married on November 4,1875, to Helen L. Hubbard and he was a member of the Hartford Club, Middletown Historical Society, and the Society of Colonial Wars. Weeks worked as director of the Middletown Mutual Assurance Company and the Middletown Savings Bank and he established the Middletown Board of Trade. From 1880 to 1895 he was a partner in Coles and Weeks, Weeks was elected 53rd Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut in November 1908. When George Lilley, who was the Governor of Connecticut at the time, died on April 21,1909, during his term, he followed former Governors economic policies in an attempt to reduce taxes. The population of the state of Connecticut grew rapidly with an influx of immigrants. Weeks regulated the budget and also resisted monopolies in support of industry regulations, after finishing Governor Lilleys term, he left office on January 4,1911, and returned to his business activities. He was a delegate to the 1912 Republican National Convention and he was also a trustee of Wesleyan University. He was a member of the Middletown Historical Society, and a member of the Society of Colonial Wars. Weeks died on October 2,1935, aged 81 years,255 days and he is interred at Indian Hill Cemetery, Middletown, Connecticut. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Weeks at Find a Grave The Political Graveyard National Governors Association
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Simeon Eben Baldwin
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Simeon Eben Baldwin, jurist, law professor and the 65th Governor of Connecticut, was the son of jurist, Connecticut governor and U. S. Senator Roger Sherman Baldwin and Emily Pitkin Perkins, on 19 October 1865 he married Susan Mears Winchester, daughter of Edmund Winchester and Harriet Mears. Simeon and Susan had three children, Florence, Roger and Helen, as a boy he attended the Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven, Connecticut. Ties of loyalty and interest bound him to school for the rest of his life. From the Hopkins Grammar School he went to Yale College, from which he was graduated with the class of 1861, there is scant information as to his four years at college. During that period he kept a diary from which he read extracts on the reunion of his class. That the studious traits which he later manifested were not altogether lacking at this time may be inferred from the fact that he was elected a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Skull & Bones. For the two following his graduation from college he studied law at Yale, at Harvard. In 1863 he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law, in the practice of the law he won distinction both in his own state and outside, and with it the financial emoluments that usually accompany success at the bar. He was keenly alive to the side of the lawyers work. Till almost the end of his life he maintained a law office, which he visited daily as long as his health would permit. As late as 1919 his book The Young Man and the Law revealed him still at heart a lawyer, in 1878, he was one of the founders of the American Bar Association and served as President of the American Bar Association from 1890-1891. For twelve years he was the director of the American Bar Associations Comparative Law Bureau, during the middle portion of his life he was actively engaged in teaching law. Probably in his day not a dozen teachers of the law in our country could be placed in his class. To the same effect may be interpreted the action of the Association of American Law Schools, in 1869 he was appointed to the faculty of the Yale Law School, then in a moribund condition. His active participation in the affairs of school was to continue for just fifty years. The revival of the law school was largely his work and he increased the size of the faculty, instituted new courses, developed graduate work, and for a long time carried much of the financial responsibility for the schools existence. In addition to his work as lawyer and teacher he took a part in the public affairs of New Haven
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Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
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Simeon S. Pennewill
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Simeon Selby Pennewill was an American farmer and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, Pennewill was born near Greenwood, Delaware, son of Simeon and Ann Curry Pennewill. The elder Simeon was one of the larger peach growers and owned the land later became the town of Greenwood. He was also active in the Republican Party and served in the Governors Guard during the Civil War, Simeon, the younger, was educated at Wilmington Conference Academy, now Wesley College in Dover. He married, later in life, after he served as governor, first in 1920, Lydia Wright Elder, there were no children by either marriage. They lived at 228 North State Street in Dover and he was a member of the Methodist Church, Pennewill inherited and continued to operate his familys peach orchards in Greenwood and Bridgeville. Pennewill was elected to two terms in the Delaware State Senate and served from the 1899/1900 session through the 1905/06 session. He then was elected Governor of Delaware by defeating Rowland G. Paynter, like his predecessor, Pennewill began his career as an Addicks Republican, but was dedicated to reuniting the party. Coleman du Pont to begin to build his privately funded highway the length of the state, delawares antiquated whipping post again received embarrassing national attention. Out of state pressure forced Pennewill to reduce the number of given in one sentence. He also made an appointment to his elder brother, James Pennewill. His brother served until his death 26 years later in 1935 and it was during Pennewills term that the DuPont Company lost its anti trust suit and was forced to divest itself of what became the Hercules Powder and Atlas Powder Companies. Pennewill died at Dover and is buried in the Bridgeville Methodist Cemetery at Bridgeville, elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1. Members of the Delaware General Assembly take office the second Tuesday of January, State Senators have a four-year term. The governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and has a four-year term, clearing New Ground, The Life of John G. Townsend, Jr. Wilmington, Delaware, The Delaware Heritage Press. History of Delaware Through its Governors, biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States 1789-1978. Hall of Governors Portrait Gallery, Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States Delaware’s Governors Simeon S
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Governor of Florida
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The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
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Albert W. Gilchrist
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Albert Waller Gilchrist was an American politician who served as the 20th Governor of Florida. He went on to be an engineer, and real estate dealer before settling in Punta Gorda, Florida to become an orange grower. In 1893 he was elected to the Florida House of Representatives and he also served in the Florida state militia until 1898, reaching the rank of brigadier general, when he left to serve in the U. S. Army during the Spanish–American War. He reached the rank of captain in the army, before being discharged in 1899. He was elected governor in 1908, taking the oath of office on January 5,1909 and his main focus as governor was public health. He left office on January 7,1913 and he died on May 15,1926 in New York, New York. The Florida Legislature hearing that the former Governor was dying in a New York hospital quickly introduced and passed a bill naming Gilchrist County after him, upon his death, the bachelor governor left a large portion of his estate to local orphans. The Gilchrist Bridge, is named after the governor which carries U. S. Route 41 bridge over the Peace River from Punta Gorda to Port Charlotte. A dormitory at Florida State University is also named after the former governor, albert W. Gilchrist at Find a Grave
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