1.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
2.
History of Scotland
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The History of Scotland is known to have begun by the end of the last glacial period, roughly 10,000 years ago. Prehistoric Scotland entered the Neolithic Era about 4000 BC, the Bronze Age about 2000 BC, and the Iron Age around 700 BC. Scotlands recorded history began with the arrival of the Roman Empire in the 1st century, North of this was Caledonia, whose people were known in Latin as Picti, the painted ones. Constant risings forced Romes legions back, Hadrians Wall attempted to seal off the Roman south, the latter was swiftly abandoned and the former overrun, most spectacularly during the Great Conspiracy of the 360s. As Rome finally withdrew from Britain, Gaelic raiders called the Scoti began colonizing Western Scotland, according to 9th- and 10th-century sources, the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata was founded on the west coast of Scotland in the 6th century. In the following century, the Irish missionary Columba founded a monastery on Iona and introduced the previously pagan Scoti, towards the end of the 8th century, the Viking invasions began. Successive defeats by the Norse forced the Picts and Gaels to cease their hostility to each other and to unite in the 9th century. The Kingdom of Scotland was united under the descendants of Kenneth MacAlpin and his descendants, known to modern historians as the House of Alpin, fought among each other during frequent disputed successions. England, under Edward I, would take advantage of the succession in Scotland to launch a series of conquests into Scotland. The resulting Wars of Scottish Independence were fought in the late 13th and early 14th centuries as Scotland passed back, Scotlands ultimate victory in the Wars of Independence under David II confirmed Scotland as a fully independent and sovereign kingdom. When David II died without issue, his nephew Robert II established the House of Stewart, ruling until 1714, Queen Anne was the last Stuart monarch. Since 1714, the succession of the British monarchs of the houses of Hanover and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha has been due to their descent from James VI, during the Scottish Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution, Scotland became one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Later, its decline following the Second World War was particularly acute. In recent decades Scotland has enjoyed something of a cultural and economic renaissance, fuelled in part by a resurgent financial services sector and the proceeds of North Sea oil and gas. Since the 1950s, nationalism has become a political topic, with serious debates on Scottish independence. People lived in Scotland for at least 8,500 years before Britains recorded history, glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and only after the ice retreated did Scotland again become habitable, around 9600 BC. Mesolithic hunter-gatherer encampments formed the first known settlements, and archaeologists have dated an encampment near Biggar to around 8500 BC, numerous other sites found around Scotland build up a picture of highly mobile boat-using people making tools from bone, stone and antlers. The oldest house for which there is evidence in Britain is the structure of wooden posts found at South Queensferry near the Firth of Forth, dating from the Mesolithic period
3.
1913 in the United Kingdom
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Events from the year 1913 in the United Kingdom. Monarch - George V Prime Minister - H. H. Asquith 1 January - The British Board of Film Censors receives the authority to classify,13 January - Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule in Ireland. 15 January - Unemployment and Maternity benefits introduced,30 January - The House of Lords rejects the Third Irish Home Rule Bill for the second time, by 326 to 69. 10 February - News reaches London of the failure of Capt. Scotts 1912 Polar expedition,15 February - Barry Jackson opens the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. 19 February - Suffragette arson attack on a house being built for David Lloyd George near Walton Heath Golf Club, Emmeline Pankhurst claims to have incited this and other incidents. 26 February - The Royal Flying Corps establishes the first operational airfield for fixed-wing aircraft in the U. K. at Montrose in Scotland. C.1 March - British steamship Calvados disappears in the Marmara Sea with 200 on board,28 March - The Morris Oxford 2-seater car goes on sale. 2 April - Suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst sentenced to three years of penal servitude,11 April - The Nevill Grounds cricket pavilion in Royal Tunbridge Wells is destroyed in a suffragette arson attack. 21 April - The Cunard ocean liner RMS Aquitania, built by John Brown & Company, is launched on the River Clyde,9 May–11 July - Major industrial strike in the Black Country of England. 20 May - The first Chelsea Flower Show held in London,4 June - Emily Davison, a suffragette, runs out in front of the Kings horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby. She is trampled and dies four days later, never having regained consciousness,26 June - First female magistrate appointed, Miss Emily Dawson, in London. 7 July - The Irish Home Rule Bill is once again carried in the House of Commons,26 July -50,000 women take part in a pilgrimage in Hyde Park, London organised by the National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies. August -50 sperm whales strand on the coast of Cornwall,7 August - American-born aviation pioneer Samuel Franklin Cody is killed with his passenger when his Cody Floatplane breaks up in a flight from Farnborough, Hampshire. 13 August - Invention of stainless steel by Harry Brearley in Sheffield,31 August - Dublin Lock-out, The Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator and injure 400 in dispersing a demonstration in Sackville Street. 6 September - Arsenal F. C. previously based in Plumstead, South London, move into their new stadium at Highbury,14 October -439 miners die in the Senghenydd Colliery Disaster, Britains worst pit disaster. 16 October - HMS Queen Elizabeth launched at Portsmouth Dockyard as the Royal Navys first oil-fired battleship,20 December - Serious fire at Portsmouth Dockyard destroys the semaphore tower. Caroline Spurgeon named Hildred Carlile professor of English literature, University of London, sir Aston Webb remodels Buckingham Palaces main East Front, in London. Carters Crisps of London introduce commercial manufacture of potato crisps to the U. K. E. C, walter de la Mares Peacock Pie, a book of rhymes
4.
1913 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1913 in Ireland. 13 January – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias,30 January – at Westminster the House of Lords rejects the 3rd Home Rule Bill by 326 to 69. 10 February – John Redmond opens the replacement city bridge over the River Suir in Waterford that will be named after him,7 July – the Home Rule Bill is once again carried in the House of Commons, despite attempts by Bonar Law to obstruct it. 31 August – Dublin Lock-out, the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator,1 September – protest by locked-out workers lead to serious riots in Dublin. Shops are looted and attempts made to tear up tram lines,3 September – a meeting of 400 employers with William Martin Murphy pledges not to employ any persons who continue to be members of the Irish Transport & General Workers Union. 7 September – a large meeting in Sackville Street asserts the right of speech, trade union representation. 17 September In Newry, Edward Carson says that a Provisional Government will be established in Ulster if Home Rule is introduced, in Dublin, labour unrest grows with a march 5,000 through the city. 27 September –12,000 Ulster Volunteers parade at the Royal Ulster Agricultural Societys show grounds at Balmoral in protest at the Home Rule Bill,27 September – in Dublin the food ship, The Hare, arrives bringing forty tons of food raised by British trade unionists. 6 October – an official report on the lockout suggests that workers should be reinstated without having to give a not to join the ITGWU. 16 October –4,000 men and women march through Dublin in support of James Larkin,27 October – James Larkin of the ITGWU is sentenced to seven months in prison for seditious language. 1 November Kingstown trade unionist James Byrne, arrested for his part in the lockout,10 November – the Dublin Volunteer Corps enrolls over 2,000 men. They declare they will preserve the civil and religious liberties of Protestants outside Ulster in the event of Irish Home Rule,19 November – the Irish Citizen Army is founded by James Connolly to protect workers in the general lockout. 25 November – the pro-Home Rule Irish Volunteers are formed at a meeting attended by 4,000 men in Dublins Rotunda Rink. 28 November – Andrew Bonar Law addresses a huge unionist rally in the Theatre Royal in Dublin, declaring that if Home Rule is introduced Ulster will resist, george A. Birminghams comedy General John Regan is premièred in London and New York City. Winifred Mary Letts publishes Songs from Leinster, conal Holmes OConnell ORiordan produces his play Rope Enough. Pádraig Ó Siochfhradhas story An Baile S’Againne is published, katharine Tynans Irish Poems is published. Yeats poem September 1913 is published in The Irish Times during the Dublin Lock-out and his Poems Written in Discouragement is also published this year. English music hall comedian Arthur Lucan meets and marries 16-year-old actress Kitty McShane in Dublin,19 January – Matt OMahoney, international soccer player
5.
1913
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As of the start of 1913, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The British Board of Film Censors receives the authority to classify, January 12 – Bolshevik activist Josef Dzhugashvili first publishes an article under the pseudonym Stalin which he adopts hereafter. At this time he, Adolf Hitler and Josip Broz Tito are simultaneously resident in Vienna, January 13 – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland. January 23 – General election in Tasmania, January 23 – In the 1913 Ottoman coup détat, Ismail Enver comes to power. January 30 – The British House of Lords rejects an Irish Home Rule Bill February 1 – New York Citys Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the worlds largest railroad station. February 3 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose, February 9 – Mexican Revolution, Beginning of La Decena Trágica, the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China, February 18 – Mexican Revolution, President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign, pedro Lascuráin serves as President for less than an hour before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office February 22 – Mexican Revolution, Assassination of Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez, February 23 – Joseph Stalin is arrested by the Russian secret police, the Okhrana, in Petrograd and exiled to Siberia. March The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve Chinas parliament and rules as a dictator. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara with 200 on board, march 3 – The Woman suffrage parade of 1913 takes place in Washington, D. C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback. March 4 Woodrow Wilson is sworn in as President of the United States, the U. S. Department of Commerce and U. S. Department of Labor are established by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries and U. S. Coast, march 4–6 – First Balkan War, Battle of Bizani, Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani from the Ottoman Empire. March 7 – The British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, march 12 – Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra. March 13 – Mexican Revolution, Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his exile in the United States. March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy is founded in Uruguay, the Uruguayan Air Force would grow from this foundation. March 18 – George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne and he is succeeded by his son Constantine. March 20 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party, is wounded in an assassination attempt, march 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin an attempt to revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina
6.
Politics of Scotland
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Scotland is a country which is part of the United Kingdom. The UK is de jure a unitary state, and the Parliament of the United Kingdom, located at Westminster, London, is sovereign over the whole state. However, since the late 1990s, a system of devolution has emerged in the UK, under which Scotland, Wales, Scotland entered into a political union with England in 1707, and since then has sent representatives to the Palace of Westminster, which became the British parliament. In 1999, an 129-member Scottish Parliament was established in Edinburgh, it has power to make law in Scotland. In the UK government, Scottish affairs are represented by the Secretary of State for Scotland, the Scottish Government is headed by a First Minister, who is the leader of the political party with the most support in the Scottish Parliament, currently Nicola Sturgeon MSP. The head of state in Scotland is the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, as the UK is part of the European Union, Scotland also elects six Members to sit in the European Parliament. Scotland can best be described as having a multi-party system, in the Scottish Parliament, the centre-left pro-independence Scottish National Party is the party which forms the government, it currently holds a plurality of seats in the parliament. Opposition parties include the Scottish Labour Party, the Scottish Conservative Party, the Scottish Liberal Democrats, elections are held once every five years, with 73 Members being elected to represent constituencies, and the remaining 56 elected via a system of proportional representation. At Westminster, Scotland is represented by 56 MPs from the Scottish National Party, and 1 MP each from the Labour Party, the Conservative Party, today, the creation of an independent Scotland outside the United Kingdom remains a prominent issue. On 18 September 2014, the people of Scotland voted in a referendum on whether to become independent, the party with the largest number of seats in the Scottish Parliament is the Scottish National Party, which campaigns for Scottish independence. The current First Minister of Scotland is SNP leader Nicola Sturgeon, the previous First Minister, Alex Salmond, led the SNP to an overall majority victory in the May 2011 general election, which was then lost in 2016 and now forms a minority government. Other parties represented in the parliament are the Labour Party, Conservative Party which form the opposition, Liberal Democrats. The next Scottish Parliament election is due to be held in May 2021 and this has been done on a number of occasions where it has been seen as either more efficient, or more politically expedient to have the legislation considered by Westminster. The Scotland Office is a department of the United Kingdom government, the current Secretary of State for Scotland is David Mundell MP, a Conservative. Until 1999, Scottish peers were entitled to sit in the House of Lords, the main political debate in Scotland tends to revolve around attitudes to the constitutional question. Under the pressure of growing support for Scottish independence a policy of devolution had been advocated by all three GB-wide parties to some degree during their history. Now that devolution has occurred, the argument about Scotlands constitutional status is over whether the Scottish Parliament should accrue additional powers. To clarify these issues, the SNP-led Scottish Executive published Choosing Scotlands Future, the programmes of legislation enacted by the Scottish Parliament have seen the divergence in the provision of public services compared to the rest of the United Kingdom
7.
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
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The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The monarchs title is King or Queen, the current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952. The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic, as the monarchy is constitutional, the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister. The monarch is, by tradition, commander-in-chief of the British Armed Forces, from 1603, when the Scottish monarch King James VI inherited the English throne as James I, both the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, the Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics, or those who married Catholics, from succession to the English throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the British monarch became nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the worlds surface at its greatest extent in 1921. After the Second World War, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, George VI and his successor, Elizabeth II, adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states. The United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth monarchies that share the person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms. In the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom, the Monarch is the Head of State, oaths of allegiance are made to the Queen and her lawful successors. God Save the Queen is the British national anthem, and the monarch appears on postage stamps, coins, the Monarch takes little direct part in Government. Executive power is exercised by Her Majestys Government, which comprises Ministers, primarily the Prime Minister and the Cabinet and they have the direction of the Armed Forces of the Crown, the Civil Service and other Crown Servants such as the Diplomatic and Secret Services. Judicial power is vested in the Judiciary, who by constitution, the Church of England, of which the Monarch is the head, has its own legislative, judicial and executive structures. Powers independent of government are legally granted to public bodies by statute or Statutory Instrument such as an Order in Council. The Sovereigns role as a monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions. This role has been recognised since the 19th century, the constitutional writer Walter Bagehot identified the monarchy in 1867 as the dignified part rather than the efficient part of government. Whenever necessary, the Monarch is responsible for appointing a new Prime Minister, the Prime Minister takes office by attending the Monarch in private audience, and after kissing hands that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument. Since 1945, there have only been two hung parliaments, the first followed the February 1974 general election when Harold Wilson was appointed Prime Minister after Edward Heath resigned following his failure to form a coalition. Although Wilsons Labour Party did not have a majority, they were the largest party, the second followed the May 2010 general election, in which the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II
8.
George V
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George V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. He was the son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. From the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession behind his father and his own brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence. From 1877 to 1891, George served in the Royal Navy, on the death of his grandmother in 1901, Georges father became King-Emperor of the British Empire, and George was created Prince of Wales. He succeeded his father in 1910 and he was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar. His reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, the Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, in 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations. He had health problems throughout much of his reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son. George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House and he was the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Albert Edward and Alexandra. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and he was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley. As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871, neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually. For three years from 1879, the brothers served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante. Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, after Lausanne, the brothers were separated, Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire, during his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters then HMS Thrush on the North America station, before his last active service in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–92. From then on, his rank was largely honorary
9.
Secretary of State for Scotland
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Her Majestys Principal Secretary of State for Scotland is the principal minister of Her Majestys Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland representing Scotland. He heads the Scotland Office, a government department based in London, the post was created soon after the Union of the Crowns, but was abolished in 1746, following the Jacobite rebellion. Scottish affairs thereafter were managed by the Lord Advocate until 1827, in 1885 the post of Secretary for Scotland was re-created, with the incumbent usually in the Cabinet. In 1926 this post was upgraded to a full Secretary of State appointment, consequently, the role of Secretary of State for Scotland has been diminished. A recent Scottish Secretary, Des Browne, held the post whilst simultaneously being Secretary of State for Defence, the current Secretary of State for Scotland is David Mundell. John Erskine, 22nd Earl of Mar had served as Secretary of State of an independent Scotland since 1705, following the Acts of Union 1707, he remained in office. The post of Secretary of State for Scotland existed briefly after the Union of the Parliament of Scotland, after the rising, responsibility for Scotland lay primarily with the office of the Home Secretary, usually exercised by the Lord Advocate. The Secretary for Scotland was chief minister in charge of the Scottish Office in the United Kingdom government,1885 saw the creation of the Scottish Office and the post of Secretary for Scotland. From 1892 the Secretary for Scotland sat in cabinet, the Secretary for Scotland post was upgraded to full Secretary of State rank as Secretary of State for Scotland in 1926. All Secretaries for Scotland also held the post of Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland, the post of Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland was held ex officio by Secretaries of State for Scotland from 1926 to 1999. Secretaries of State for Scotland since Donald Dewar have not been Keepers of the Great Seal, with the rise of the SNP in the Scottish and British parliaments and the resultant interest in Scottish Independence, the Secretary of states role has also subsequently increased in prominence. The Scotland office itself has received an increase in budget of 20% from 2013 to 2017 with a 14. 4% increase in 2015/16 alone. The UK governments website lists the Secretary of State for Scotlands responsibilities as being, The main role of the Scottish Secretary is to promote, other responsibilities include promoting partnership between the UK government and the Scottish government, and relations between the 2 Parliaments. This seeming lack of responsibility has in recent years seen calls for the scrapping of the role and the wider department of the Scottish office itself by opposition MPs
10.
Great Seal of Scotland
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The Great Seal of Scotland allows the monarch to authorise official documents without having to sign each document individually. Wax is melted in a mould or matrix and impressed into a wax figure that is attached by cord or ribbon to documents that the monarch wishes to make official. The earliest seal impression, in the Treasury of Durham Cathedral, is believed to be the Great Seal of Duncan II, the Chancellor had the custody of the Kings Seal. Hence, the Scotland Act 1998 refers to the current seal as the appointed by the Treaty of Union to be kept. Nevertheless, the seal is still referred to as the Great Seal of Scotland. Section 12 of the Treason Act 1708, still in force today, the design of the Great Seal is a responsibility of the Lord Lyon King of Arms. The reverse of the shows the monarch on horseback, but is not changed from reign to reign—the current version is that engraved in 1911 for the accession of King George V. The obverse is inscribed ELIZABETH II D G BRITT REGNORVMQVE SVORVM CETER REGINA CONSORTIONIS POPULORUM PRINCEPS F D, the Great Seal is administered by the Keeper of the Great Seal, one of the Great Officers of State. From 1885 this office was held by the Secretary for Scotland and it transferred in 1999 to the First Minister of Scotland, whose place in the order of precedence in Scotland is determined by his or her office as Keeper of the Great Seal. In practice the Seal is in the custody of the Keeper of the Registers of Scotland, 1635–1638, John Spottiswoode, Archbishop of St. https, //archive. org/stream/registrummagnisi07scot#page/n5/mode/2up Director of Chancery
11.
McKinnon Wood (Liberal politician)
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Thomas McKinnon Wood PC was a British Liberal politician. He was also involved in London politics and served as Chairman of the London County Council between 1898 and 1899, born in Stepney, Wood was the only son of Hugh Wood, a merchant and shipowner, by his second wife Jessie McKinnon, daughter of Reverend Thomas McKinnon. His father had been born in Orkney, where his father was a farmer, Wood was educated at the Brewers Company School, Aldenham, Hertfordshire, Mill Hill School, and University College, London. He graduated in 1875 with honours in logic and moral philosophy, after graduating, he worked briefly on the 9th edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, before joining the family business in 1878, after his father lost his sight. Wood was a member of the London County Council for Central Hackney from 1892 to 1909, from 1897 to 1908 he was leader of the Progressive Party and also served as Chairman of the council from 1898 to 1899. In 1907 he was appointed alderman, a post he held until 1909 and he was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant for the County of London in 1899. Wood stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for East Islington in 1895, Glasgow St. Rollox in 1900 and Orkney. However, in 1906 he was elected for Glasgow St Rollox as a Liberal, in 1911 he was made Financial Secretary to the Treasury and admitted to the Privy Council. The following year he was promoted to Secretary for Scotland with a seat in the cabinet and he continued in this post also when the war-time coalition was formed in May 1915. In July 1916 he was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, the latter post was considered very important in the war-time situation, and was not seen as a demotion. However, when Lloyd George became Prime Minister in December 1916, by the time the general election of December 1918 was held, Wood was an anti-coalition Asquith Liberal. In common with most of the Liberals who did not receive the Coalition Coupon he lost his seat and he made one attempt to re-enter the Commons when he stood unsuccessfully for Hackney Central in 1922. Wood married Isabella Sandison, daughter of Alexander Sandison, in 1883 and they had eight children, six sons and two daughters. Two sons and one daughter predeceased him, Wood died in South Kensington two weeks after his wife in March 1927, aged 72. Following a funeral service at Whitefields Tabernacle, Tottenham Court Road and he left estate valued at £130,372. Torrance, David, The Scottish Secretaries Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Thomas McKinnon Wood
12.
Lord Advocate
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He or she is the chief public prosecutor for Scotland and all prosecutions on indictment are conducted by the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service, nominally in the Lord Advocates name. The officeholder is one of the Great Officers of State of Scotland, the current Lord Advocate is The Rt Hon. James Wolffe, QC. The office of Advocate to the monarch is an ancient one, the first recognised Lord Advocate was Sir John Ross of Montgrenan, recorded in 1483 as serving King James III. Her Majestys Government is now advised on Scots law by the Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate is not head of the Faculty of Advocates, that position is held by the Dean of the Faculty of Advocates. Until devolution in 1999, all Lord Advocates were, by convention, members of the United Kingdom government, since devolution, the Lord Advocate has been an automatically ex officio member of the Scottish Government. From 1999 until 2007, the Lord Advocate attended the weekly Scottish Cabinet meetings, however, after the 2007 election, the new First Minister Alex Salmond decided that Lord Advocate would no longer attend the Scottish Cabinet, stating he wished to de-politicise the post. Until devolution, all Lord Advocates were, by convention, members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords to allow them to speak for the Government and those who were not already members of either house received a life peerage on appointment. Appointments as Senators of the College of Justice were formerly made on the nomination of the Lord Advocate, every Lord Advocate between 1842 and 1967 was later appointed to the bench, either on demitting office or at a later date. Many Lord Advocates in fact nominated themselves for appointment as Lord President of the Court of Session or as Lord Justice Clerk, the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service is headed by the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General for Scotland, and is the public prosecution service in Scotland. It also carries out functions which are equivalent to the coroner in common law jurisdictions. Incorporated within the Crown Office is the Legal Secretariat to the Lord Advocate, the Crown Agent is the principal legal advisor to the Lord Advocate on prosecution matters. He or she acts as Chief Executive for the Department. At trials in the High Court in Edinburgh, they attend as instructing solicitor and they are assisted by other senior legal, managerial and administrative staff. Whilst the Lord Advocate and Solicitor General continue as public prosecutors the principle of separation of powers seems compromised, the potential for a conflict of interest always exists. Resolution of these circumstances would entail an amendment of the contained within the Scotland Act 1998. The judges of Scotlands highest court came to share this view and they noted various ways in which the Lord Advocates roles had caused problems for the judicial system, including the ability to challenge. Virtually any act of a prosecutor has led to a plethora of disputed issues, with delays to the holding of trials and to the hearing. While not specifically favouring any of the three, they noted that the proposal was radical enough to generate considerable controversy
13.
Alexander Ure, 1st Baron Strathclyde
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Alexander Ure, 1st Baron Strathclyde GBE PC QC was a Scottish politician, judge, and georgist land value tax activist. Educated at the University of Glasgow he was admitted to membership of the Faculty of Advocates in 1878 and he was Liberal Member of Parliament for Linlithgowshire from 1895 to 1913. He became a Queens Counsel in 1897 and he served as Solicitor General for Scotland from December 1905 to 1909, and as Lord Advocate from February 1909 to 1913. He was a supporter of Lloyd Georges 1909–10 budget. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1909, in 1909, he conducted the prosecution of Oscar Slater for murder, the conviction was later quashed on appeal. He lived at 31 Heriot Row, a large Georgian townhouse, on leaving Parliament he was raised to the bench as Lord Strathclyde and appointed Lord Justice General, a post he held until 1920. He was raised to the Peerage as Baron Strathclyde, of Sandyford in the County of Lanark, in 1917, he was appointed to the Order of the British Empire as a Knight Grand Cross. He is said to have been skilled in cross-examination, and was suited to life as an advocate than as a judge. The peerage became extinct on his death
14.
Robert Munro, 1st Baron Alness
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Robert Munro, 1st Baron Alness GBE PC QC DL was a Scottish lawyer, judge and Liberal politician. He served as Secretary for Scotland between 1916 and 1922 in David Lloyd Georges coalition government and as Lord Justice Clerk between 1922 and 1933, Munro was born in Alness, Ross-shire, the son of Reverend Alexender Ross Munro and Margaret, daughter of Reverend John Sinclair. He was educated at Aberdeen Grammar School and Edinburgh University, Munro was admitted to the Scottish Bar as an Advocate in 1893. He was a Counsel to the Board of Inland Revenue and became a Kings Counsel in 1910, at the January 1910 general election he was elected Member of Parliament for Wick Burghs, holding the seat until its abolition for the 1918 election. He was then returned to the House of Commons as MP for the new Roxburgh and Selkirk constituency, in 1913 Munro was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Lord Advocate by H. H. Asquith. When David Lloyd George became Prime Minister in December 1916, Munro entered the cabinet as Secretary for Scotland, the latter year he was appointed to the bench as Lord Justice Clerk and President of Second Division of the Court of Session, taking the judicial title Lord Alness. He also held the office of Honourable Bencher, Lincolns Inn in 1924, following his retirement from the bench in 1933, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Alness, of Alness in the County of Ross and Cromarty, on 27 June 1934. He returned to office in May 1940 when Winston Churchill appointed him a Lord-in-Waiting in the newly formed war coalition. He retained this post in Churchills brief 1945 caretaker government, in 1947 he was invested as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire. Lord Alness was also a Deputy Lieutenant of Edinburgh and he married firstly Edith Gwladys, daughter of Reverend John Lewellyan Evans, in 1898. After her death in September 1920 he married secondly Olga Marie, daughter of Jeanes Georges Grumler, Lord Alness died in October 1955, aged 87, when the barony became extinct. Torrance, David, The Scottish Secretaries Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Robert Munro
15.
Solicitor General for Scotland
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Her Majestys Solicitor General for Scotland is one of the Law Officers of the Crown, and the deputy of the Lord Advocate, whose duty is to advise the Crown and the Scottish Government on Scots Law. They are also responsible for the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service which together constitute the Criminal Prosecution Service in Scotland, until 1999, when the Scottish Parliament and Scottish Executive were created, the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General for Scotland advised Her Majestys Government. Since their transfer to the Scottish Government, the British Government has been advised on Scots Law by the Advocate General for Scotland, until 1764, the office was at times held jointly. Solicitor General on the Scottish Government website
16.
Andrew Anderson, Lord Anderson
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Andrew Macbeth Anderson KC DL was a Scottish barrister, judge and Liberal Party politician. At the time of his death he was the senior Scottish judge, Anderson was born at Coupar Angus in 1862, the eldest son of Charles Enverdale Anderson, Provost of Coupar Angus. He was educated at the High School of Dundee and Edinburgh University where he graduated with MA and he received a distinction in law and was awarded the Forensic Prize as the most distinguished law graduate of his year. In 1901, he married Agnes Catherine Mackay from Midlothian and they had two sons and two daughters. Anderson was called to the Scottish bar in 1889 and established a practice as an advocate particularly in jury cases. He was made an Advocate Depute in 1906 and took silk in 1908, from December 1911 to October 1913 he held the post of Solicitor General for Scotland. In 1913, he was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice to replace the retired Lord Kinnear, Anderson was selected as Liberal candidate for North Ayrshire in December 1905 to contest the 1906 general election. He faced the sitting Unionist MP, Thomas Cochrane, at the previous general election in 1900, there had been a straight fight between Unionist and Liberal candidates but in 1906 Labour also stood a candidate, James Brown. This had the effect of splitting the anti-Unionist vote and Cochrane held his seat with a majority of 1,016 votes over Anderson, Anderson fought in Ayrshire North again at the general election of January 1910. He again faced Cochrane and Brown as his opponents but this time the Labour vote declined and he gained the seat from Cochrane by a majority of 238 votes. In December 1911, Anderson was appointed Solicitor General for Scotland, in accordance with the constitutional arrangements of the day, he was obliged to resign as an MP and fight a by-election. Although there was no Labour candidate, Anderson was thought to have lost some support among working-class voters because of his opposition to Labour candidates in recent elections. Andersons Unionist opponent was again Duncan Campbell, after another tight contest, Campbell recaptured the seat for the Tories by a majority of 271 votes. After the election, Anderson agreed to be re-adopted as prospective Liberal candidate for North Ayrshire, however the seat disappeared in boundary changes for the 1918 general election and Anderson did not contest any of the successor seats. He did not stand for the House of Commons again, Anderson was sometime Deputy Lieutenant for the County of the City of Edinburgh. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Laws by Edinburgh University and he was Chairman of the Scottish Committee on Aliens, 1917–18 and, more prosaically, was Chairman of the Committee on Glasgow Market Lettings in 1933. Anderson died aged 73 at home,9 Great King Street in Edinburgh late on the evening of Wednesday 27 May 1936 from bronchial pneumonia, despite having been unwell for some time he persevered with his duties on the bench until a few days before he died. He is buried against the wall of the 20th century extension to Dean Cemetery in western Edinburgh with his wife
17.
Thomas Brash Morison, Lord Morison
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Sir Thomas Brash Morison was a Scottish politician and judge. He went to Edinburgh University where he obtained MA and LL. D degrees and he was called to the bar in Scotland in 1891 and then in England in 1899. He took silk in October 1906 and he was senior Advocate-Depute, 1908–1910 and Deputy Chairman of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 1910–1913. During the same period he held the post of Sheriff of Fife. He was made a Bencher of Grays Inn in 1920, in 1920 he was appointed Privy Counsellor and promoted to Lord Advocate, a post he held until 1922. He resigned from the House of Commons on 27 February 1922 by accepting the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds and he is buried against the northern wall of the 20th extension to Dean Cemetery in western Edinburgh with his wife, Isabel Elizabeth Hendry, Lady Morison. Leigh Rayments Historical List of MPs Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Thomas Brash Morison
18.
Lord President of the Court of Session
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The Lord President of the Court of Session is the most senior judge in Scotland, the head of the judiciary, and the presiding judge of the College of Justice and the Court of Session. The Lord President is also the Lord Justice General of Scotland and the head of the High Court of Justiciary, the Lord President has authority over any court established under Scots law, except for the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The office of Lord Justice General is derived from the justiciars who were appointed from at least the twelfth century, from around 1567 onwards it was held heritably by the Earl of Argyll until the heritability was resigned to the Crown in 1607. The current Lord President of the Court of Session is Lord Carloway, in Scotland the Official Oath is taken before the Lord President of the Court of Session. The Lord President is paid according to Salary Group 1.1 of the Judicial Salaries Scale, argadus, Captain of Argyll, in the reign of Ethodius Comes Dunetus, in the reign of King William the Lion. 1372, Sir William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas, Justiciary South of the Forth, Court of Session List of Senators of the College of Justice List of Leading Scottish Legal Cases
19.
Lord Justice General
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The Lord President of the Court of Session is the most senior judge in Scotland, the head of the judiciary, and the presiding judge of the College of Justice and the Court of Session. The Lord President is also the Lord Justice General of Scotland and the head of the High Court of Justiciary, the Lord President has authority over any court established under Scots law, except for the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The office of Lord Justice General is derived from the justiciars who were appointed from at least the twelfth century, from around 1567 onwards it was held heritably by the Earl of Argyll until the heritability was resigned to the Crown in 1607. The current Lord President of the Court of Session is Lord Carloway, in Scotland the Official Oath is taken before the Lord President of the Court of Session. The Lord President is paid according to Salary Group 1.1 of the Judicial Salaries Scale, argadus, Captain of Argyll, in the reign of Ethodius Comes Dunetus, in the reign of King William the Lion. 1372, Sir William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas, Justiciary South of the Forth, Court of Session List of Senators of the College of Justice List of Leading Scottish Legal Cases
20.
Andrew Murray, 1st Baron Dunedin
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Andrew Graham Murray, 1st Viscount Dunedin GCVO PC KC was a Scottish politician and judge. Murray was the son of Thomas Graham Murray and Caroline Jane and his father and grandfather were solicitors, and founding partners of the Edinburgh firm Tods Murray & Jamieson. He was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, Murray was called to the Scottish Bar in 1874 and became a Queens Counsel in 1891. The latter year he was also elected Member of Parliament for Bute, a seat he held until 1905, the Conservatives lost power in 1892 but when they returned to office in 1895 under Salisbury, Murray was once again made Solicitor-General for Scotland. In 1896 he was promoted to Lord Advocate and sworn of the Privy Council and he remained as Lord Advocate when Arthur Balfour became Prime Minister in 1902, but the following year he succeeded Lord Balfour of Burleigh as Secretary for Scotland, with a seat in the cabinet. Murray left the government and parliament in February 1905, on being appointed Lord Justice General and he was raised to the peerage as Baron Dunedin, of Stenton in the County of Perth, on 9 March 1905. He held these posts until 1913, when he was appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, during his tenure as a Law Lord he gave long majority judgments in cases including Metropolitan Water Board v Dick Kerr & Co Ltd concerning frustration and Tredegar v. In 1923 he was chairman of the Political Honours Review Committee and he retired as a Law Lord in 1932. Apart from his legal and political career, Lord Dunedin was Sheriff of Perthshire between 1890 and 1891 and Lord Lieutenant of Buteshire between 1901 and 1905. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1908, in 1926 he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Dunedin, of Stenton in the County of Perth. He married firstly Mary Clementina, daughter of Admiral Sir William Edmonstone, 4th Baronet and they had one son and two daughters. After Marys death in December 1922 he married secondly Jean Elmslie Henderson Findlay, secretary of the Scottish War Savings Committee in WW1 and his only son the Hon. Ronald Thomas Graham Murray was a Major in the Black Watch and fought in the First World War. However, he died married but childless in September 1934, aged 59, Lord Dunedin died in August 1942, aged 92. As he had no surviving male issue both his titles became extinct on his death, notes Sources Torrance, David, The Scottish Secretaries Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Andrew Murray
21.
John Macdonald, Lord Kingsburgh
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Sir John Hay Athole Macdonald, Lord Kingsburgh KCB, PC was a Scottish Conservative Party politician and later a judge. He was called to the Scottish bar in 1859, on 30 July 1875 he was appointed by Queen Victoria to be Sheriff of the Shires of Ross, Cromarty, and Sutherland. He was appointed Solicitor General for Scotland from 1876 to 1880 and he was appointed as Sheriff of Perthshire in 1880, and served as Dean of the Faculty of Advocates from 1882 to 1885. Elected as the Member of Parliament for Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities at the 1885 general election, he served as Lord Advocate from 1885 to 1886 and he became a Queens Counsel in 1880, and was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1885. On 5 June 1901 he was appointed Honorary Colonel of the Queens Rifle Volunteer Brigade and he gave up his Parliamentary seat and was appointed Lord Justice Clerk in 1888, taking the title Lord Kingsburgh, and presided over the Second Division of the Court of Session until 1915. He was promoted from Ensign to Lieutenant in the Royal Company of Archers on 18 June 1915 and he was an enthusiastic car owner and was a founding member of the Automobile Club and was the first president of the Scottish Automobile Club. He also registered Edinburghs first ever number plate and it is also believed that Macdonald coined the popular phrase on your bike as he turned away the incumbent Edinburgh mayor who claimed the number plate was rightfully his. As a riposte, he had the number plate S0 produced weeks later, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by John Macdonald
22.
Royal Flying Corps
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The Royal Flying Corps was the air arm of the British Army before and during the First World War, until it merged with the Royal Naval Air Service on 1 April 1918 to form the Royal Air Force. During the early part of the war, the RFC supported the British Army by artillery co-operation, at the start of World War I the RFC, commanded by Brigadier-General Sir David Henderson, consisted of five squadrons – one observation balloon squadron and four aeroplane squadrons. These were first used for spotting on 13 September 1914. Aerial photography was attempted during 1914, but again only became effective the next year, by 1918, photographic images could be taken from 15,000 feet and were interpreted by over 3,000 personnel. By this time parachutes had been used by balloonists for three years, on 17 August 1917, South African General Jan Smuts presented a report to the War Council on the future of air power. On 1 April 1918, the RFC and the RNAS were amalgamated to form a new service, after starting in 1914 with some 2,073 personnel, by the start of 1919 the RAF had 4,000 combat aircraft and 114,000 personnel in some 150 squadrons. The recommendations of the committee were accepted and on 13 April 1912 King George V signed a royal warrant establishing the Royal Flying Corps, the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers became the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps a month later on 13 May. The Flying Corps initial allowed strength was 133 officers, and by the end of year it had 12 manned balloons and 36 aeroplanes. The RFC originally came under the responsibility of Brigadier-General Henderson, the Director of Military Training, and had branches for the Army. Major Sykes commanded the Military Wing and Commander C R Samson commanded the Naval Wing, the RFCs motto was Per ardua ad astra. This remains the motto of the Royal Air Force and other Commonwealth air forces, the RFCs first fatal crash was on 5 July 1912 near Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain. Loraine and his observer, Staff Sergeant R. H. V, an order was issued after the crash stating Flying will continue this evening as usual, thus beginning a tradition. Four months later on 11 December 1912 Parke was killed when the Handley Page monoplane in which he was flying from Hendon to Oxford crashed. The Naval Wing, with pilots and aircraft than the Military Wing. In November 1914 the Royal Flying Corps, even taking the loss of the Naval Wing into account, had expanded sufficiently to warrant the creation of wings consisting of two or more squadrons and these wings were commanded by lieutenant-colonels. In October 1915 the Royal Flying Corps had undergone further expansion which justified the creation of brigades, further expansion led to the creation of divisions, with the Training Division being established in August 1917 and RFC Middle East, being raised to divisional status in December 1917. Finally, the air raids on London and the south-east of England led to the creation of the London Air Defence Area in August 1917 under the command of Ashmore who was promoted to major-general. Two of the first three RFC squadrons were formed from the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers, No.1 Company becoming No.1 Squadron, RFC, a second heavier-than-air squadron, No.2 Squadron, RFC, was also formed on the same day
23.
Fixed-wing aircraft
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A fixed-wing aircraft is an aircraft, such as an aeroplane, which is capable of flight using wings that generate lift caused by the vehicles forward airspeed and the shape of the wings. Fixed-wing aircraft are distinct from rotary-wing aircraft, in which the form a rotor mounted on a spinning shaft. Glider fixed-wing aircraft, including free-flying gliders of various kinds and tethered kites, powered fixed-wing aircraft that gain forward thrust from an engine include powered paragliders, powered hang gliders and some ground effect vehicles. The wings of an aircraft are not necessarily rigid, kites, hang-gliders, variable-sweep wing aircraft. Most fixed-wing aircraft are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, kites were used approximately 2,800 years ago in China, where materials ideal for kite building were readily available. Some authors hold that leaf kites were being flown much earlier in what is now Indonesia, by at least 549 AD paper kites were being flown, as it was recorded in that year a paper kite was used as a message for a rescue mission. Ancient and medieval Chinese sources list other uses of kites for measuring distances, testing the wind, lifting men, signaling, and communication for military operations. Stories of kites were brought to Europe by Marco Polo towards the end of the 13th century, although they were initially regarded as mere curiosities, by the 18th and 19th centuries kites were being used as vehicles for scientific research. This machine may have been suspended for its flight, some of the earliest recorded attempts with gliders were those by the 9th-century poet Abbas Ibn Firnas and the 11th-century monk Eilmer of Malmesbury, both experiments injured their pilots. In 1799, Sir George Cayley set forth the concept of the aeroplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion. Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, in 1856, Frenchman Jean-Marie Le Bris made the first powered flight, by having his glider LAlbatros artificiel pulled by a horse on a beach. In 1884, the American John J. Montgomery made controlled flights in a glider as a part of a series of gliders built between 1883-1886, other aviators who made similar flights at that time were Otto Lilienthal, Percy Pilcher, and Octave Chanute. In the 1890s, Lawrence Hargrave conducted research on wing structures and his box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of aircraft engine, he did not create. Sir Hiram Maxim built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, in 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off, the craft was uncontrollable, which Maxim, it is presumed, realized, because he subsequently abandoned work on it. By 1905, the Wright Flyer III was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods, the flight was certified by the FAI. This was the first controlled flight, to be officially recognised, the Bleriot VIII design of 1908 was an early aircraft design that had the modern monoplane tractor configuration
24.
RAF Montrose
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RAF Montrose was a Royal Air Force station in Forfarshire in Scotland. On 26 February 1913, it became the first operational military aerodrome to be established in the United Kingdom, in 1912, the British government planned twelve Air Stations operated by the Royal Flying Corps. On 13 February 1913 five aircraft of No.2 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps took off from RAF Farnborough under the command of Major C J Burke, the 450 miles journey north was completed in a series of stages over the following 13 days. The aircraft landed at Upper Dysart Farm on 26 February,3 miles south of Montrose, not considering the site ideal, after surveying the area Major Burke gained agreement to move the base to Broomfield Farm,1 mile north of the town. At the end of 1913 Army Engineers erected three hangars of Indian Army Shed design on the site, enabling the squadron to move there in New Year 1914, World War I started on 28 July 1914 and in August of that year No.2 squadron moved to France. The first pilot to land in France after the declaration of war was Lieutenant H. D, another of the squadrons’ pilots, 2nd Lt. W B Rhodes-Moorhouse became the first pilot to be awarded the Victoria Cross. Unfortunately it was awarded posthumously on 26 April 1915, No.2 squadron never returned to Montrose but as the war progressed several new ones were stationed there. Moved to France in February 1916 No.80 Squadron -1 September 1917, flying Sopwith Camel. Sent to France at the start of 1918 in a fighter role No.82 Reserve Squadron formed January 1917 No.83 Squadron -7 January 1917, flying the F. E. 2b as a bomber, and some FE2ds. Starting in 1924 the Major Burkes Sheds were again used, this time for the maintenance, in 1935 the British government decided to expand the RAF in the face of a growing threat from Germany and a key requirement was for more trained military pilots. RAF Montrose, virtually unchanged from the First World War, was re-opened on 1 January 1936 as No.8 Flying Training School. Between that date and the end of the Battle of Britain an estimated 800 pilots trained, many of the British WWII Fighter Aces were trained at Montrose. During World War II, many squadrons and the RNAS served at RAF Montrose. Commonwealth, Polish, Czech, American, Russian, Turkish, Free French, operational duties included serving as a location for the Spitfires and Hurricanes which formed part of the air defence for the city of Edinburgh. From August 1944 RAF Kinnell served as the satellite for No.2 Fighter Interception Squadron until July 1945. The station also flew missions to Norway for reconnaissance, supply drops for the Norwegian resistance movement. On 25 October 1940 three German Junkers Ju 88 aircraft dropped 24 bombs on the station killing five, injuring 18 and they and the pilots who died in local training accidents are buried in a Commonwealth War Graves Commission plot in the local church. Activity was minimal until the crisis in Hong Kong and the onset of the Korean War when the unit became very busy, RAF Montrose closed permanently on 4 June 1952
25.
Cunard Line
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Cunard Line is an British-American cruise line based at Carnival House at Southampton, England, operated by Carnival UK and owned by Carnival Corporation & plc. It has been an operator of passenger ships on the North Atlantic. For most of the next 30 years, Cunard held the Blue Riband for the fastest Atlantic voyage, however, in the 1870s Cunard fell behind its rivals, the White Star Line and the Inman Line. To meet this competition, in 1879 the firm was reorganised as the Cunard Steamship Company, Ltd, Mauretania held the Blue Riband from 1909 to 1929. The sinking of her running mate Lusitania in 1915 was one of the causes of the United States entering the First World War, in the late 1920s, Cunard faced new competition when the Germans, Italians and French built large prestige liners. Cunard was forced to suspend construction on its own new superliner because of the Great Depression, Cunard owned two-thirds of the new company. Cunard purchased White Stars share in 1947, the name reverted to the Cunard Line in 1950, upon the end of the Second World War, Cunard regained its position as the largest Atlantic passenger line. By the mid-1950s, it operated 12 ships to the United States, after 1958, transatlantic passenger ships became increasingly unprofitable because of the introduction of jet airliners. Cunard withdrew from its service in 1968 to concentrate on cruising. The Queens were replaced by Queen Elizabeth 2, which was designed for the dual role, in 1998 Cunard was acquired by the Carnival Corporation, and accounted for 8. 7% of that companys revenue in 2012. Five years later, QE2 was replaced on the transatlantic runs by Queen Mary 2, the line also operates Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth. At the moment, Cunard is the shipping company to operate a scheduled passenger service between Europe and North America. The British Government started operating monthly mail brigs from Falmouth, Cornwall and these ships carried few non-governmental passengers and no cargo. A Committee of Parliament decided in 1836 that to more competitive. The Admiralty assumed responsibility for managing the contracts, the famed Arctic explorer Admiral Sir William Edward Parry was appointed as Comptroller of Steam Machinery and Packet Service in April 1837. Nova Scotians led by their young Assembly Speaker, Joseph Howe, on his arrival in London in May 1838, Howe discussed the enterprise with his fellow Nova Scotian Samuel Cunard, a shipowner who was also visiting London on business. Cunard and Howe were associates and Howe also owed Cunard £300, Cunard returned to Halifax to raise capital, and Howe continued to lobby the British government. The Rebellions of 1837 were ongoing and London realized that the proposed Halifax service was also important for the military and that November, Parry released a tender for North Atlantic monthly mail service to Halifax beginning in April 1839 using steamships with 300 horsepower
26.
Ocean liner
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An ocean liner is a ship designed to transport people from one seaport to another along regular long-distance maritime routes according to a schedule. Liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes, cargo vessels running to a schedule are sometimes called liners. The category does not include ferries or other vessels engaged in trading, nor dedicated cruise ships where the voyage itself. Nor does it include tramp steamers, even those equipped to handle limited numbers of passengers, some shipping companies refer to themselves as lines and their container ships, which often operate over set routes according to established schedules, as liners. Ocean liners are usually built with a high freeboard to withstand rough seas. Additionally, they are designed with thicker hull plating than is found on cruise ships. Once the dominant form of travel between continents, ocean liners were rendered obsolete by the emergence of long-distance aircraft after World War II. Advances in automobile and railway also played a role. As of 2015, RMS Queen Mary 2 was the ship still in service as an ocean liner. Ocean liners were the mode of intercontinental travel for over a century. In addition to passengers, liners carried mail and cargo, ships contracted to carry British Royal Mail used the designation RMS. Liners were also the way to move gold and other high-value cargoes. The busiest route for liners was on the North Atlantic with ships travelling between Europe and North America and it was on this route that the fastest, largest and most advanced liners travelled. Shipping lines are companies engaged in shipping passengers and cargo, often on established routes and schedules, regular scheduled voyages on a set route are called line voyages and vessels trading on these routes to a timetable are called liners. The alternative to liner trade is tramping whereby vessels are notified on a basis as to the availability of a cargo to be transported. The term ocean liner has come to be used interchangeably with passenger liner, beginning at the advent of the Jet Age, where transoceanic ship service declined, a gradual transition from passenger ships as mean of transportation to nowadays cruise ships started. In order for ocean liners to remain profitable, cruise lines have modified some of them to operate on routes, such as the Queen Elizabeth 2. The Italian Lines SS Michelangelo and SS Raffaello, the last ocean liners to be primarily for crossing the North Atlantic
27.
RMS Aquitania
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RMS Aquitania was a Cunard Line ocean liner designed by Leonard Peskett and built by John Brown & Company in Clydebank, Scotland. She was launched on 21 April 1913 and sailed on her voyage to New York on 30 May 1914. Aquitania was the third in Cunard Lines grand trio of express liners, preceded by RMS Mauretania and RMS Lusitania, widely considered one of the most attractive ships of her time, Aquitania earned the nickname Ship Beautiful. In her 36 years of service, Aquitania survived military duty in both wars and was returned to passenger service after each. Aquitanias record for the longest service career of any 20th-century express liner stood until 2004 when Queen Elizabeth 2 became the longest serving Cunard vessel, the origins of Aquitania lay in the rivalry between the White Star Line and Cunard Line, Britains two leading shipping companies. The White Star Lines Olympic, Titanic and the upcoming Britannic were larger than the latest Cunard ships, Mauretania and Lusitania, the Cunard duo were significantly faster than the White Star ships, while White Stars ships were seen as more luxurious. Cunard needed another liner for its weekly transatlantic service, and elected to copy the White Star Lines Olympic-class model with a larger, slower. Aquitania was designed by Cunard naval architect Leonard Peskett, Peskett drew up plans for a larger and wider vessel than Lusitania and Mauretania. With four large funnels the ship would resemble the famous speed duo, but Peskett also designed the superstructure with glassed in touches from the smaller Carmania, another design feature from Carmania was the addition of two tall forward deck ventilator cowlings. Though Aquitania was built solely with Cunard funds however, Peskett designed her to strict British Admiralty specifications, Aquitania was built in the John Brown and Company yards in Clydebank, Scotland, where the majority of the Cunard ships were built. The keel was laid in the plot where Lusitania had been built, and would later be used to construct Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth. In the wake of the Titanic sinking, Aquitania was one of the first ships to carry enough lifeboats for all passengers, eighty lifeboats, including two motorised launches with Marconi wireless equipment, were carried in both swan-neck and newer Welin type davits. As required by the British Admiralty, she was designed to be converted into a merchant cruiser. The ship displaced approximately 49,430 tons of which the hull accounted for 29,150 tons, machinery 9,000, Aquitania was launched on 21 April 1913 after being christened by Alice Stanley, the Countess of Derby, and fitted out over the next thirteen months. In May 1914 she was tested in her sea trials and steamed at one full knot over the expected speed. Steam was provided by twenty-one, forced draft, double ended Scotch boilers having eight furnaces each that were 22 feet long with diameter of 17 feet 8 inches arranged in four boiler rooms. Each boiler room had seven ash expellers with pump capacity of approximately 4,500 tons per hour that could also be used as emergency bilge pumps, steam drove Parsons turbines in three separate engine rooms in a triple expansion system for four shafts. Power was provided for about 10,000 lamps and about 180 electric motors, although Aquitania lacked the lean, yacht-like appearance of running mates Mauretania and Lusitania, the greater length and wider beam allowed for grander and more spacious public rooms
28.
John Brown & Company
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John Brown and Company of Clydebank was a Scottish marine engineering and shipbuilding firm. It built many notable and world-famous ships including RMS Lusitania, HMS Hood, HMS Repulse, RMS Queen Mary, RMS Queen Elizabeth and SS Queen Elizabeth 2. At its height, from 1900 to the 1950s, it was one of the most highly regarded, however thereafter, along with other UK shipbuilders, John Browns found it increasingly difficult to compete with the emerging shipyards in Eastern Europe and the far East. In 1968 John Browns merged with other Clydeside shipyards to form the Upper Clyde Shipbuilders consortium, the company then withdrew from shipbuilding but its engineering arm remained successful in the manufacture of industrial gas turbines. In 1986 it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Trafalgar House, the latter closed the Clydebank engineering works in 2000. Marathon Oil bought the Clydebank shipyard from UCS and used it to oil rig platforms for the North Sea oil industry. UiE Scotland bought the yard in 1980 and closed it in 2001, two brothers — James and George Thomson, who had worked for the engineer Robert Napier — founded the engineering and shipbuilding company J&G Thomson. The brothers founded the Clyde Bank Foundry in Anderston in 1847 and they opened the Clyde Bank Iron Shipyard at Cessnock, Govan, in 1851 and launched their first ship, SS Jackal, in 1852. They quickly established a reputation in building prestigious passenger ships, building SS Jura for Cunard in 1854, the brothers separated their business association in 1850 and, after an acrimonious split, George took over the shipbuilding end of the association. James Thomas started a new business, George Thomson died in 1866, followed in 1870 by his brother James. They were succeeded by the sons of the younger brother George, called James Rodger Thomson and this site at the confluence of the tributary River Cart with the River Clyde, at Newshot Island, allowed very large ships to be launched. The brothers soon moved their iron foundry and engineering works to the same site, the connection to the area was so complete that James Rodger Thomson became the first Provost of Clydebank. Despite intermittent financial difficulties the company developed a reputation based on engineering quality, in 1899 the steelmaker John Brown and Company of Sheffield bought J&G Thomsons Clydebank yard for £923,255 3s 3d. John Brown was born in Sheffield in 1816, the son of a slater, at the age of 14, unwilling to follow his fathers plans for him to become a draper, he obtained a position as an apprentice with Earle Horton & Co. He was so successful, he made enough money to set up his own business, in 1848 Brown developed and patented the conical spring buffer for railway carriages, which was very successful. With a growing reputation and fortune he moved to a site in 1856. He began to make his own iron from ore, rather than buying it. These moves all proved successful and lucrative, and in 1861 he started supplying steel rails to the expanding railway industry
29.
River Clyde
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The River Clyde is a river, that flows into the Firth of Clyde in Scotland. It is the eighth-longest river in the United Kingdom, and the second-longest in Scotland, flowing through the major city of Glasgow, it was an important river for shipbuilding and trade in the British Empire. In the early medieval Cumbric language it was known as Clud or Clut, the Clyde is formed by the confluence of two streams, the Daer Water and the Potrail Water. The Southern Upland Way crosses both streams before they meet at Watermeetings to form the River Clyde proper. At this point the Clyde is only 10 kilometres from Tweeds Well, the source of the River Tweed, and 13 kilometres from the Devils Beef Tub, the source of the River Annan. From there it meanders northeastward before turning to the west, its flood plain used for major roads in the area. On the banks of the Clyde, the industrialists David Dale and Robert Owen, built their mills, the mills harness the power of the Falls of Clyde, the most spectacular of which is Cora Linn. A hydroelectric power station generates electricity here, although the mills are now a museum. Between the towns of Motherwell and Hamilton the course of the river has altered to create an artificial loch within Strathclyde Park. Part of the course can still be seen, and lies between the island and the east shore of the loch. The river then flows through Blantyre and Bothwell, where the ruined Bothwell Castle stands on a defensible promontory, past Uddingston and into the southeast of Glasgow the river begins to widen, meandering a course through Rutherglen and Dalmarnock. From there, it flows past the shipbuilding heartlands, through Govan, Partick, Whiteinch, Scotstoun and Clydebank, all of which housed major shipyards, of which only two remain. The river flows out west of Glasgow, past Renfrew, opposite, on the south shore, the river continues past the last Lower Clyde shipyard at Port Glasgow to Greenock where it reaches the Tail of the Bank as the river merges into the Firth of Clyde. At the mouth of the River Clyde there has been a significant issue of oxygen depletion in the water column, the valley of the Clyde was the focus for the G-BASE project from the British Geological Survey in the summer of 2010. The success of the Clyde at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution was driven by the location of Glasgow, tobacco and cotton trade began the drive in the early 18th century. However, the shallow Clyde was not navigable for the largest ocean-going ships, in 1768 John Golborne advised the narrowing of the river and the increasing of the scour by the construction of rubble jetties and the dredging of sandbanks and shoals. A particular problem was the division of the river into two channels by the Dumbuck shoal near Dumbarton. After James Watts report on this in 1769, a jetty was constructed at Longhaugh Point to block off the southern channel and this being insufficient, a training wall called the Lang Dyke was built in 1773 on the Dumbuck shoal to stop water flowing over into the southern channel
