1.
Wales
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Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and it had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2. Wales has over 1,680 miles of coastline and is mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon. The country lies within the temperate zone and has a changeable. Welsh national identity emerged among the Celtic Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, Llywelyn ap Gruffudds death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of Englands conquest of Wales, though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century. The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism, Welsh national feeling grew over the century, Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962. Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998, the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, two-thirds of the population live in south Wales, mainly in and around Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, and in the nearby valleys. Now that the countrys traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline, Wales economy depends on the sector, light and service industries. Wales 2010 gross value added was £45.5 billion, over 560,000 Welsh language speakers live in Wales, and the language is spoken by a majority of the population in parts of the north and west. From the late 19th century onwards, Wales acquired its popular image as the land of song, Rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness. The Old English-speaking Anglo-Saxons came to use the term Wælisc when referring to the Celtic Britons in particular, the modern names for some Continental European lands and peoples have a similar etymology. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. The use of the word Cymry as a self-designation derives from the location in the post-Roman Era of the Welsh people in modern Wales as well as in northern England and southern Scotland. It emphasised that the Welsh in modern Wales and in the Hen Ogledd were one people, in particular, the term was not applied to the Cornish or the Breton peoples, who are of similar heritage, culture, and language to the Welsh. The word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century and it is attested in a praise poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. The Latinised forms of names, Cambrian, Cambric and Cambria, survive as lesser-used alternative names for Wales, Welsh
2.
1916 in Wales
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This article is about the particular significance of the year 1916 to Wales and its people. Prince of Wales - Edward Princess of Wales - vacant Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales - Dyfed 1 January The Port Eynon lifeboat capsizes, the Royal laryngologist John Milsom Rees is knighted. 8 January – The Apostolic Church in Wales is established,2 February – Submarine HMS J4 is launched at Pembroke Dock. 7 February – The Roman Catholic archdiocese of Cardiff is established,1 March – Transfer of the National Library of Wales at Aberystwyth into its purpose-built premises is completed. 3 March – Light cruiser HMS Cambrian is launched at Pembroke Dock,31 May–1 June – Hugh Evan-Thomas distinguishes himself in the Battle of Jutland, he is later knighted. 4 July – Royal Welch Fusiliers Lieutenant Siegfried Sassoon attacks a German trench single-handed, 7–12 July – The 38th Division loses so many men in the Mametz Wood action during the Battle of the Somme that it is unable to re-group for a year. 12 July – Railway worker James Dally is awarded the Edward Medal by King George V for his actions in saving a colleague from falling from the Crumlin Viaduct, July – Jimmy Thomas becomes General Secretary of the National Union of Railwaymen, which he had been instrumental in forming. October – T. E. Lawrence is sent into the desert to report on the Arab nationalist movements,7 November – Charles Evans Hughes loses narrowly to Woodrow Wilson in the United States presidential election. November – Christopher Williams visits the scene of the Welsh losses at Mametz Wood,7 December David Lloyd George is the first Welshman to become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. David Alfred Thomas is created Baron Rhondda and he is appointed President of the Local Government Board. National Eisteddfod of Wales Chair - J. Boxing,14 February – Jimmy Wilde wins the British flyweight title at Liverpool
3.
1913 in the United Kingdom
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Events from the year 1913 in the United Kingdom. Monarch - George V Prime Minister - H. H. Asquith 1 January - The British Board of Film Censors receives the authority to classify,13 January - Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule in Ireland. 15 January - Unemployment and Maternity benefits introduced,30 January - The House of Lords rejects the Third Irish Home Rule Bill for the second time, by 326 to 69. 10 February - News reaches London of the failure of Capt. Scotts 1912 Polar expedition,15 February - Barry Jackson opens the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. 19 February - Suffragette arson attack on a house being built for David Lloyd George near Walton Heath Golf Club, Emmeline Pankhurst claims to have incited this and other incidents. 26 February - The Royal Flying Corps establishes the first operational airfield for fixed-wing aircraft in the U. K. at Montrose in Scotland. C.1 March - British steamship Calvados disappears in the Marmara Sea with 200 on board,28 March - The Morris Oxford 2-seater car goes on sale. 2 April - Suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst sentenced to three years of penal servitude,11 April - The Nevill Grounds cricket pavilion in Royal Tunbridge Wells is destroyed in a suffragette arson attack. 21 April - The Cunard ocean liner RMS Aquitania, built by John Brown & Company, is launched on the River Clyde,9 May–11 July - Major industrial strike in the Black Country of England. 20 May - The first Chelsea Flower Show held in London,4 June - Emily Davison, a suffragette, runs out in front of the Kings horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby. She is trampled and dies four days later, never having regained consciousness,26 June - First female magistrate appointed, Miss Emily Dawson, in London. 7 July - The Irish Home Rule Bill is once again carried in the House of Commons,26 July -50,000 women take part in a pilgrimage in Hyde Park, London organised by the National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies. August -50 sperm whales strand on the coast of Cornwall,7 August - American-born aviation pioneer Samuel Franklin Cody is killed with his passenger when his Cody Floatplane breaks up in a flight from Farnborough, Hampshire. 13 August - Invention of stainless steel by Harry Brearley in Sheffield,31 August - Dublin Lock-out, The Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator and injure 400 in dispersing a demonstration in Sackville Street. 6 September - Arsenal F. C. previously based in Plumstead, South London, move into their new stadium at Highbury,14 October -439 miners die in the Senghenydd Colliery Disaster, Britains worst pit disaster. 16 October - HMS Queen Elizabeth launched at Portsmouth Dockyard as the Royal Navys first oil-fired battleship,20 December - Serious fire at Portsmouth Dockyard destroys the semaphore tower. Caroline Spurgeon named Hildred Carlile professor of English literature, University of London, sir Aston Webb remodels Buckingham Palaces main East Front, in London. Carters Crisps of London introduce commercial manufacture of potato crisps to the U. K. E. C, walter de la Mares Peacock Pie, a book of rhymes
4.
1913 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1913 in Ireland. 13 January – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias,30 January – at Westminster the House of Lords rejects the 3rd Home Rule Bill by 326 to 69. 10 February – John Redmond opens the replacement city bridge over the River Suir in Waterford that will be named after him,7 July – the Home Rule Bill is once again carried in the House of Commons, despite attempts by Bonar Law to obstruct it. 31 August – Dublin Lock-out, the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator,1 September – protest by locked-out workers lead to serious riots in Dublin. Shops are looted and attempts made to tear up tram lines,3 September – a meeting of 400 employers with William Martin Murphy pledges not to employ any persons who continue to be members of the Irish Transport & General Workers Union. 7 September – a large meeting in Sackville Street asserts the right of speech, trade union representation. 17 September In Newry, Edward Carson says that a Provisional Government will be established in Ulster if Home Rule is introduced, in Dublin, labour unrest grows with a march 5,000 through the city. 27 September –12,000 Ulster Volunteers parade at the Royal Ulster Agricultural Societys show grounds at Balmoral in protest at the Home Rule Bill,27 September – in Dublin the food ship, The Hare, arrives bringing forty tons of food raised by British trade unionists. 6 October – an official report on the lockout suggests that workers should be reinstated without having to give a not to join the ITGWU. 16 October –4,000 men and women march through Dublin in support of James Larkin,27 October – James Larkin of the ITGWU is sentenced to seven months in prison for seditious language. 1 November Kingstown trade unionist James Byrne, arrested for his part in the lockout,10 November – the Dublin Volunteer Corps enrolls over 2,000 men. They declare they will preserve the civil and religious liberties of Protestants outside Ulster in the event of Irish Home Rule,19 November – the Irish Citizen Army is founded by James Connolly to protect workers in the general lockout. 25 November – the pro-Home Rule Irish Volunteers are formed at a meeting attended by 4,000 men in Dublins Rotunda Rink. 28 November – Andrew Bonar Law addresses a huge unionist rally in the Theatre Royal in Dublin, declaring that if Home Rule is introduced Ulster will resist, george A. Birminghams comedy General John Regan is premièred in London and New York City. Winifred Mary Letts publishes Songs from Leinster, conal Holmes OConnell ORiordan produces his play Rope Enough. Pádraig Ó Siochfhradhas story An Baile S’Againne is published, katharine Tynans Irish Poems is published. Yeats poem September 1913 is published in The Irish Times during the Dublin Lock-out and his Poems Written in Discouragement is also published this year. English music hall comedian Arthur Lucan meets and marries 16-year-old actress Kitty McShane in Dublin,19 January – Matt OMahoney, international soccer player
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