1.
1913
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As of the start of 1913, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The British Board of Film Censors receives the authority to classify, January 12 – Bolshevik activist Josef Dzhugashvili first publishes an article under the pseudonym Stalin which he adopts hereafter. At this time he, Adolf Hitler and Josip Broz Tito are simultaneously resident in Vienna, January 13 – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland. January 23 – General election in Tasmania, January 23 – In the 1913 Ottoman coup détat, Ismail Enver comes to power. January 30 – The British House of Lords rejects an Irish Home Rule Bill February 1 – New York Citys Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the worlds largest railroad station. February 3 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose, February 9 – Mexican Revolution, Beginning of La Decena Trágica, the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China, February 18 – Mexican Revolution, President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign, pedro Lascuráin serves as President for less than an hour before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office February 22 – Mexican Revolution, Assassination of Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez, February 23 – Joseph Stalin is arrested by the Russian secret police, the Okhrana, in Petrograd and exiled to Siberia. March The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve Chinas parliament and rules as a dictator. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara with 200 on board, march 3 – The Woman suffrage parade of 1913 takes place in Washington, D. C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback. March 4 Woodrow Wilson is sworn in as President of the United States, the U. S. Department of Commerce and U. S. Department of Labor are established by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries and U. S. Coast, march 4–6 – First Balkan War, Battle of Bizani, Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani from the Ottoman Empire. March 7 – The British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, march 12 – Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra. March 13 – Mexican Revolution, Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his exile in the United States. March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy is founded in Uruguay, the Uruguayan Air Force would grow from this foundation. March 18 – George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne and he is succeeded by his son Constantine. March 20 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party, is wounded in an assassination attempt, march 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin an attempt to revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1911 in the United States
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Events from the year 1911 in the United States. President, William Howard Taft Vice President, James S, january 18 – Eugene Burton Ely lands on the deck of the USS Pennsylvania stationed in San Francisco Bay, marking the first time an aircraft lands on a ship. January 30 – The destroyer USS Terry makes the first airplane rescue at sea, saving the life of John McCurdy 10 miles from Havana, january - The Masses socialist magazine begins publication. March – The first installment of a version of Frederick Winslow Taylors monograph, The Principles of Scientific Management. The complete series runs in the March, April, and May issues, March 10 – The Kansas legislature approves House Bill Number 906, effectively the first blue sky law in the United States, culminating an effort by Joseph Norman Dolley, Kansas banking commissioner. March 25 – The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City kills 146, March 29 – The United States Army formally adopts the M1911 pistol as its standard sidearm, thus giving the gun its 1911 designation. April 13 – Mexican Revolution, Rebels take Agua Prieta on the Sonora–Arizona border, April 17 – Southern Methodist University is chartered. April 27 – Following the resignation and death of William P. Frye, April 30 – Sparks from a burning hayshed ignite the Great Fire of 1911, destroying much of downtown Bangor, Maine. May 15 – The United States Supreme Court declares Standard Oil to be a monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act. May 23 – The main branch of the New York Public Library is officially opened, may 30 – The first Indianapolis 500-mile auto race is run. The winner is Ray Harroun in the Marmon Wasp, june 5 – Charles F. Kettering files US patent 1,150,523, for an electric Engine Starting Device. June 15 – IBM is incorporated as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company in New York, june 16 – A 772-gram stony meteorite strikes earth in Columbia County, Wisconsin, near the village of Kilbourn, damaging a barn. July 24 – Hiram Bingham rediscovers Machu Picchu, august 8 – Public Law 62-5 sets the number of representatives in the United States House of Representatives at 435. August 29 – Ishi, last known member of the Yana people, september 11 – Middle Tennessee State University is founded in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, as Middle Tennessee Normal School. September 25 – Groundbreaking for Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, september 30 – Austin Dam breaks, wiping out the town of Austin, Pennsylvania, and continuing downstream about 8 miles into the village of Costello. October 7 – Outlaw Elmer McCurdy and associates are chased after trying to rob a train in Oklahoma, McCurdy on the run is eventually hunted down and shot by authorities. His body is never claimed and later is chemically petrified, afterwards his remains serve as sideshow attractions in carnivals until 1976 when they are diagnosed by forensic experts to be McCurdy. McCurdys body is buried in 1976 after a 65-year Odyssey to the grave
4.
1912 in the United States
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Events from the year 1912 in the United States. January 11–March 12 –1912 Lawrence textile strike, Immigrant textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts, february 14 – Arizona is admitted as the 48th U. S. state. February 28 – Albert Berry makes the worlds first parachute jump from an airplane, march 12 – The Girl Scouts of the USA are founded. March 27 – Mayor Yukio Ozaki of Tokyo gives 3,000 cherry blossom trees to be planted in Washington, april 10 – The British ocean liner RMS Titanic leaves Southampton, England on her maiden voyage for New York City. April 15 – RMS Titanic sinks at 2,20 am, april 18 – The Cunard liner RMS Carpathia arrives in New York City with Titanics 706 survivors. April 19 – The United States Senate initiates an official inquiry into the Titanic disaster, april 20 Tiger Stadium opens in Detroit. Fenway Park, home of the Boston Red Sox, opens, may 6 – Suffragettes and their supporters parade in New York City. May 18 – The Detroit Tigers go on strike to protest the suspension of Ty Cobb, a replacement team recruited from the coaching staff and local colleges is fielded to avoid a forfeiture to the Philadelphia As in a lopsided loss. May 30 – Joe Dawson wins the second Indianapolis 500-Mile Race after Ralph DePalmas Mercedes breaks down within sight of the finish, June 8 – Carl Laemmle founds Universal Studios June 6–June 8 – Mount Novarupta erupts in Alaska. June 25 – The Democratic National Convention nominates New Jersey Governor Thomas Woodrow Wilson in Baltimore. July 19 – A meteorite with a mass of 190 kg explodes over the town of Holbrook in Navajo County. Republicans form the Progressive Party, also known as the Bull Moose Party, September 25 – The Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism is founded in New York City. October 14 – While campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, former President Theodore Roosevelt is shot by saloonkeeper John Schrank, with a fresh flesh wound and the bullet still in him, Roosevelt delivers his scheduled speech. After finishing his speech, he went to the hospital, where it was deduced that if he had not had his speech in his breast pocket when he was shot, he most likely would have died. October 30 – Vice President James S. Sherman dies in office just days prior to the 1912 presidential election. November 5 – U. S. presidential election,1912, Democratic challenger, tafts base is undercut by Progressive Party candidate Theodore Roosevelt, who finishes second, ahead of Taft. The American Little Theatre Movement begins with the founding of the Toy Theatre in Boston, marines intervene in Nicaragua to bolster the conservative government. Sea Scouting begins under the aegis of the Boy Scouts of America, Progressive Era Lochner era January 7 – Charles Addams, cartoonist January 20 – Walter Briggs, Jr. S
5.
1914 in the United States
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Events from the year 1914 in the United States. Pheil, mayor of St. Petersburg, is the first airline passenger, January 5 – The Ford Motor Company announces an eight-hour workday and a minimum wage of $5 for a days labor. January 9 – The Phi Beta Sigma fraternity is founded at Howard University in Washington, february 13 – Copyright, In New York City the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers is established to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members. April 9 – Tampico Affair, involving U. S. Navy sailors in Mexico, April 11 – Alpha Rho Chi, a professional architecture fraternity, is founded in the Hotel Sherman in Chicago. April 14 – The city of Irving, Texas, is incorporated, April 20 Ludlow Massacre, The Colorado National Guard attacks a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners in Ludlow, Colorado, killing 24 people. President Woodrow Wilson asks Congress to use force in Mexico in reaction to the Tampico Affair. April 21 – United States occupation of Veracruz,2,300 U. S. Navy sailors and Marines from the South Atlantic fleet land in the city of Veracruz, Mexico. The Ypiranga incident occurs when they attempt to enforce an embargo against Mexico by preventing the German cargo steamer SS Ypiranga from unloading arms for the Mexican government in the port. On April 22 Mexico for the time being ends diplomatic relations with the U. S, April 23 – The baseball stadium Weeghman Park, later known as Wrigley Field, opens in Chicago. May 14 – Woodrow Wilson signs a Mothers Day proclamation, june 1 – Woodrow Wilsons envoy Edward Mandell House meets with Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany. July 4 – Lexington Avenue bombing,4 people are killed in New York City when an anarchist bomb intended to kill John D. Rockefeller explodes prematurely in the plotters apartment, July 11 Baseball legend Babe Ruth makes his major league debut with the Boston Red Sox. USS Nevada, the United States Navys first super-dreadnought battleship, is launched, over 5,000 attend a rally in Union Square, Manhattan, called by the Anti-Militarist League to commemorate the anarchists killed in the July 4 Lexington Avenue bombing. July 18 – The Signal Corps of the United States Army is formed, August 1 – New York Stock Exchange closed due to war in Europe, where nearly all stock exchanges are already closed. August 4 – German troops invade neutral Belgium at 8,02 AM, britain declares war on Germany for this violation of Belgian neutrality. This move effectively means a declaration of war by the whole British Commonwealth, August 15 The Panama Canal is inaugurated with the passage of the steamship U. S. S. A dismissed servant kills seven people at architect Frank Lloyd Wrights studio and home, Taliesin in Wisconsin, september 1 – The last known passenger pigeon Martha dies in the Cincinnati Zoo. September 26 – The U. S. Federal Trade Commission is established by the Federal Trade Commission Act, september 30 – The Flying Squadron is established to promote the temperance movement. October 7 – Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr. marries Rose Fitzgerald in Boston, november 16 – A year after being created by passage of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the Federal Reserve Bank of the United States officially opens for business
6.
1915 in the United States
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Events from the year 1915 in the United States. President, Woodrow Wilson Vice President, Thomas R. January 12 The Rocky Mountain National Park is established by an act of the U. S. Congress, the United States House of Representatives rejects a proposal to give women the right to vote. January 21 – Kiwanis International is founded in Detroit, Michigan, January 28 – An act of the U. S. Congress designates the United States Coast Guard, begun in 1790, as a military branch over 19 years. February 2 – Vanceboro international bridge bombing February 8 – The controversial film, The Birth of a Nation, directed by D. W. Griffith, February 12 – In Washington, D. C. the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place. February 20 – In San Francisco, California the Panama-Pacific International Exposition is opened, March 3 – NACA, the predecessor of NASA, is founded. March 25 – The U. S. submarine F-4 sinks off Hawaii,23 are killed, March 28 – The first Roman Catholic Liturgy is celebrated by Archbishop John Ireland at the newly consecrated Cathedral of Saint Paul in Saint Paul, Minnesota. May 6 – Babe Ruth hits his first career home run off of Jack Warhop, may 7 – The RMS Lusitania is sunk on passage from New York to Britain by a German U-boat, killing 1,198. May 22 – Lassen Peak, one of the Cascade Volcanoes in Northern California, erupts, sending an ash plume 30,000 feet in the air and devastating the area with pyroclastic flows. It is the volcano to erupt in the contiguous United States between 1900 and the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. June 9 – U. S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigns over a disagreement regarding his nations handling of the Lusitania sinking. June 21 – Guinn v. United States is decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, july 24 – The steamer Eastland capsizes in central Chicago, with the loss of 844 lives. July 28 – The United States occupation of Haiti begins, august 5–August 23 – Hurricane Two of the 1915 Atlantic hurricane season over Galveston and New Orleans leaves 275 dead. August 17 – Jewish American Leo Frank is lynched for the murder of a 13-year-old girl in Atlanta. August 31 – Jimmy Lavender of the Chicago Cubs pitches a no hitter against the New York Giants, september 11 – The Pennsylvania Railroad begins electrified commuter rail service between Paoli and Philadelphia, using overhead AC trolley wires for power. This type of system is used in long-distance passenger trains between New York City, Washington, D. C. and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. October 19 – Mexican Revolution, The U. S. recognizes the Mexican government of Venustiano Carranza de facto, November 18 – Release of Inspiration, the first mainstream movie in which a leading actress appears nude. November 23 – The Triangle Film Corporation opens its new motion picture theater in Massillon, November 27 – Second Ku Klux Klan established in Stone Mountain, Georgia by William Joseph Simmons. Emory College is rechartered as Emory University, and plans to move its campus from Oxford
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
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