1.
1913
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As of the start of 1913, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The British Board of Film Censors receives the authority to classify, January 12 – Bolshevik activist Josef Dzhugashvili first publishes an article under the pseudonym Stalin which he adopts hereafter. At this time he, Adolf Hitler and Josip Broz Tito are simultaneously resident in Vienna, January 13 – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland. January 23 – General election in Tasmania, January 23 – In the 1913 Ottoman coup détat, Ismail Enver comes to power. January 30 – The British House of Lords rejects an Irish Home Rule Bill February 1 – New York Citys Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the worlds largest railroad station. February 3 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose, February 9 – Mexican Revolution, Beginning of La Decena Trágica, the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China, February 18 – Mexican Revolution, President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign, pedro Lascuráin serves as President for less than an hour before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office February 22 – Mexican Revolution, Assassination of Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez, February 23 – Joseph Stalin is arrested by the Russian secret police, the Okhrana, in Petrograd and exiled to Siberia. March The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve Chinas parliament and rules as a dictator. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara with 200 on board, march 3 – The Woman suffrage parade of 1913 takes place in Washington, D. C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback. March 4 Woodrow Wilson is sworn in as President of the United States, the U. S. Department of Commerce and U. S. Department of Labor are established by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries and U. S. Coast, march 4–6 – First Balkan War, Battle of Bizani, Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani from the Ottoman Empire. March 7 – The British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, march 12 – Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra. March 13 – Mexican Revolution, Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his exile in the United States. March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy is founded in Uruguay, the Uruguayan Air Force would grow from this foundation. March 18 – George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne and he is succeeded by his son Constantine. March 20 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party, is wounded in an assassination attempt, march 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin an attempt to revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1911 in the United States
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Events from the year 1911 in the United States. President, William Howard Taft Vice President, James S, january 18 – Eugene Burton Ely lands on the deck of the USS Pennsylvania stationed in San Francisco Bay, marking the first time an aircraft lands on a ship. January 30 – The destroyer USS Terry makes the first airplane rescue at sea, saving the life of John McCurdy 10 miles from Havana, january - The Masses socialist magazine begins publication. March – The first installment of a version of Frederick Winslow Taylors monograph, The Principles of Scientific Management. The complete series runs in the March, April, and May issues, March 10 – The Kansas legislature approves House Bill Number 906, effectively the first blue sky law in the United States, culminating an effort by Joseph Norman Dolley, Kansas banking commissioner. March 25 – The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City kills 146, March 29 – The United States Army formally adopts the M1911 pistol as its standard sidearm, thus giving the gun its 1911 designation. April 13 – Mexican Revolution, Rebels take Agua Prieta on the Sonora–Arizona border, April 17 – Southern Methodist University is chartered. April 27 – Following the resignation and death of William P. Frye, April 30 – Sparks from a burning hayshed ignite the Great Fire of 1911, destroying much of downtown Bangor, Maine. May 15 – The United States Supreme Court declares Standard Oil to be a monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act. May 23 – The main branch of the New York Public Library is officially opened, may 30 – The first Indianapolis 500-mile auto race is run. The winner is Ray Harroun in the Marmon Wasp, june 5 – Charles F. Kettering files US patent 1,150,523, for an electric Engine Starting Device. June 15 – IBM is incorporated as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company in New York, june 16 – A 772-gram stony meteorite strikes earth in Columbia County, Wisconsin, near the village of Kilbourn, damaging a barn. July 24 – Hiram Bingham rediscovers Machu Picchu, august 8 – Public Law 62-5 sets the number of representatives in the United States House of Representatives at 435. August 29 – Ishi, last known member of the Yana people, september 11 – Middle Tennessee State University is founded in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, as Middle Tennessee Normal School. September 25 – Groundbreaking for Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, september 30 – Austin Dam breaks, wiping out the town of Austin, Pennsylvania, and continuing downstream about 8 miles into the village of Costello. October 7 – Outlaw Elmer McCurdy and associates are chased after trying to rob a train in Oklahoma, McCurdy on the run is eventually hunted down and shot by authorities. His body is never claimed and later is chemically petrified, afterwards his remains serve as sideshow attractions in carnivals until 1976 when they are diagnosed by forensic experts to be McCurdy. McCurdys body is buried in 1976 after a 65-year Odyssey to the grave
4.
1912 in the United States
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Events from the year 1912 in the United States. January 11–March 12 –1912 Lawrence textile strike, Immigrant textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts, february 14 – Arizona is admitted as the 48th U. S. state. February 28 – Albert Berry makes the worlds first parachute jump from an airplane, march 12 – The Girl Scouts of the USA are founded. March 27 – Mayor Yukio Ozaki of Tokyo gives 3,000 cherry blossom trees to be planted in Washington, april 10 – The British ocean liner RMS Titanic leaves Southampton, England on her maiden voyage for New York City. April 15 – RMS Titanic sinks at 2,20 am, april 18 – The Cunard liner RMS Carpathia arrives in New York City with Titanics 706 survivors. April 19 – The United States Senate initiates an official inquiry into the Titanic disaster, april 20 Tiger Stadium opens in Detroit. Fenway Park, home of the Boston Red Sox, opens, may 6 – Suffragettes and their supporters parade in New York City. May 18 – The Detroit Tigers go on strike to protest the suspension of Ty Cobb, a replacement team recruited from the coaching staff and local colleges is fielded to avoid a forfeiture to the Philadelphia As in a lopsided loss. May 30 – Joe Dawson wins the second Indianapolis 500-Mile Race after Ralph DePalmas Mercedes breaks down within sight of the finish, June 8 – Carl Laemmle founds Universal Studios June 6–June 8 – Mount Novarupta erupts in Alaska. June 25 – The Democratic National Convention nominates New Jersey Governor Thomas Woodrow Wilson in Baltimore. July 19 – A meteorite with a mass of 190 kg explodes over the town of Holbrook in Navajo County. Republicans form the Progressive Party, also known as the Bull Moose Party, September 25 – The Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism is founded in New York City. October 14 – While campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, former President Theodore Roosevelt is shot by saloonkeeper John Schrank, with a fresh flesh wound and the bullet still in him, Roosevelt delivers his scheduled speech. After finishing his speech, he went to the hospital, where it was deduced that if he had not had his speech in his breast pocket when he was shot, he most likely would have died. October 30 – Vice President James S. Sherman dies in office just days prior to the 1912 presidential election. November 5 – U. S. presidential election,1912, Democratic challenger, tafts base is undercut by Progressive Party candidate Theodore Roosevelt, who finishes second, ahead of Taft. The American Little Theatre Movement begins with the founding of the Toy Theatre in Boston, marines intervene in Nicaragua to bolster the conservative government. Sea Scouting begins under the aegis of the Boy Scouts of America, Progressive Era Lochner era January 7 – Charles Addams, cartoonist January 20 – Walter Briggs, Jr. S
5.
1914 in the United States
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Events from the year 1914 in the United States. Pheil, mayor of St. Petersburg, is the first airline passenger, January 5 – The Ford Motor Company announces an eight-hour workday and a minimum wage of $5 for a days labor. January 9 – The Phi Beta Sigma fraternity is founded at Howard University in Washington, february 13 – Copyright, In New York City the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers is established to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members. April 9 – Tampico Affair, involving U. S. Navy sailors in Mexico, April 11 – Alpha Rho Chi, a professional architecture fraternity, is founded in the Hotel Sherman in Chicago. April 14 – The city of Irving, Texas, is incorporated, April 20 Ludlow Massacre, The Colorado National Guard attacks a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners in Ludlow, Colorado, killing 24 people. President Woodrow Wilson asks Congress to use force in Mexico in reaction to the Tampico Affair. April 21 – United States occupation of Veracruz,2,300 U. S. Navy sailors and Marines from the South Atlantic fleet land in the city of Veracruz, Mexico. The Ypiranga incident occurs when they attempt to enforce an embargo against Mexico by preventing the German cargo steamer SS Ypiranga from unloading arms for the Mexican government in the port. On April 22 Mexico for the time being ends diplomatic relations with the U. S, April 23 – The baseball stadium Weeghman Park, later known as Wrigley Field, opens in Chicago. May 14 – Woodrow Wilson signs a Mothers Day proclamation, june 1 – Woodrow Wilsons envoy Edward Mandell House meets with Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany. July 4 – Lexington Avenue bombing,4 people are killed in New York City when an anarchist bomb intended to kill John D. Rockefeller explodes prematurely in the plotters apartment, July 11 Baseball legend Babe Ruth makes his major league debut with the Boston Red Sox. USS Nevada, the United States Navys first super-dreadnought battleship, is launched, over 5,000 attend a rally in Union Square, Manhattan, called by the Anti-Militarist League to commemorate the anarchists killed in the July 4 Lexington Avenue bombing. July 18 – The Signal Corps of the United States Army is formed, August 1 – New York Stock Exchange closed due to war in Europe, where nearly all stock exchanges are already closed. August 4 – German troops invade neutral Belgium at 8,02 AM, britain declares war on Germany for this violation of Belgian neutrality. This move effectively means a declaration of war by the whole British Commonwealth, August 15 The Panama Canal is inaugurated with the passage of the steamship U. S. S. A dismissed servant kills seven people at architect Frank Lloyd Wrights studio and home, Taliesin in Wisconsin, september 1 – The last known passenger pigeon Martha dies in the Cincinnati Zoo. September 26 – The U. S. Federal Trade Commission is established by the Federal Trade Commission Act, september 30 – The Flying Squadron is established to promote the temperance movement. October 7 – Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr. marries Rose Fitzgerald in Boston, november 16 – A year after being created by passage of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the Federal Reserve Bank of the United States officially opens for business
6.
1915 in the United States
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Events from the year 1915 in the United States. President, Woodrow Wilson Vice President, Thomas R. January 12 The Rocky Mountain National Park is established by an act of the U. S. Congress, the United States House of Representatives rejects a proposal to give women the right to vote. January 21 – Kiwanis International is founded in Detroit, Michigan, January 28 – An act of the U. S. Congress designates the United States Coast Guard, begun in 1790, as a military branch over 19 years. February 2 – Vanceboro international bridge bombing February 8 – The controversial film, The Birth of a Nation, directed by D. W. Griffith, February 12 – In Washington, D. C. the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place. February 20 – In San Francisco, California the Panama-Pacific International Exposition is opened, March 3 – NACA, the predecessor of NASA, is founded. March 25 – The U. S. submarine F-4 sinks off Hawaii,23 are killed, March 28 – The first Roman Catholic Liturgy is celebrated by Archbishop John Ireland at the newly consecrated Cathedral of Saint Paul in Saint Paul, Minnesota. May 6 – Babe Ruth hits his first career home run off of Jack Warhop, may 7 – The RMS Lusitania is sunk on passage from New York to Britain by a German U-boat, killing 1,198. May 22 – Lassen Peak, one of the Cascade Volcanoes in Northern California, erupts, sending an ash plume 30,000 feet in the air and devastating the area with pyroclastic flows. It is the volcano to erupt in the contiguous United States between 1900 and the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. June 9 – U. S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigns over a disagreement regarding his nations handling of the Lusitania sinking. June 21 – Guinn v. United States is decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, july 24 – The steamer Eastland capsizes in central Chicago, with the loss of 844 lives. July 28 – The United States occupation of Haiti begins, august 5–August 23 – Hurricane Two of the 1915 Atlantic hurricane season over Galveston and New Orleans leaves 275 dead. August 17 – Jewish American Leo Frank is lynched for the murder of a 13-year-old girl in Atlanta. August 31 – Jimmy Lavender of the Chicago Cubs pitches a no hitter against the New York Giants, september 11 – The Pennsylvania Railroad begins electrified commuter rail service between Paoli and Philadelphia, using overhead AC trolley wires for power. This type of system is used in long-distance passenger trains between New York City, Washington, D. C. and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. October 19 – Mexican Revolution, The U. S. recognizes the Mexican government of Venustiano Carranza de facto, November 18 – Release of Inspiration, the first mainstream movie in which a leading actress appears nude. November 23 – The Triangle Film Corporation opens its new motion picture theater in Massillon, November 27 – Second Ku Klux Klan established in Stone Mountain, Georgia by William Joseph Simmons. Emory College is rechartered as Emory University, and plans to move its campus from Oxford
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
William Howard Taft
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William Howard Taft served as the 27th President of the United States and as the tenth Chief Justice of the United States, the only person to have held both offices. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, Taft was born in Cincinnati in 1857. His father, Alphonso Taft, was a U. S. Attorney General, William Taft attended Yale and was a member of Skull and Bones secret society like his father, and after becoming a lawyer was appointed a judge while still in his twenties. He continued a rapid rise, being named Solicitor General and as a judge of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, in 1901, President William McKinley appointed Taft civilian governor of the Philippines. In 1904, Roosevelt made him Secretary of War, and he became Roosevelts hand-picked successor, despite his personal ambition to become chief justice, Taft declined repeated offers of appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States, believing his political work to be more important. With Roosevelts help, Taft had little opposition for the Republican nomination for president in 1908, in the White House, he focused on East Asia more than European affairs, and repeatedly intervened to prop up or remove Latin American governments. Taft sought reductions to trade tariffs, then a source of governmental income. Controversies over conservation and over antitrust cases filed by the Taft administration served to separate the two men. Roosevelt challenged Taft for renomination in 1912, Taft used his control of the party machinery to gain a bare majority of delegates, and Roosevelt bolted the party. The split left Taft with little chance of re-election, he took only Utah, after leaving office, Taft returned to Yale as a professor, continuing his political activity and working against war through the League to Enforce Peace. In 1921, President Harding appointed Taft as chief justice, an office he had long sought, Chief Justice Taft was a conservative on business issues, but under him, there were advances in individual rights. In poor health, he resigned in February 1930, after his death the next month, he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, the first president and first Supreme Court justice to be interred there. Taft is generally listed near the middle in historians rankings of U. S. presidents, William Howard Taft was born September 15,1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Alphonso Taft and Louise Torrey. The Taft family was not wealthy, living in a modest home in the suburb of Mount Auburn, Alphonso served as a judge, ambassador and in the cabinet, as War Secretary and Attorney General under Ulysses S. Grant. William Taft was not seen as brilliant as a child, but was a worker, Tafts demanding parents pushed him and his four brothers toward success. He attended Woodward High School in Cincinnati, at Yale College, which he entered in 1874, the heavyset, jovial Taft was popular. One classmate described him succeeding through hard work rather than being the smartest, in 1878, Taft graduated, second in his class out of 121. He attended Cincinnati Law School, and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1880, while in law school, he worked on The Cincinnati Commercial newspaper, edited by Murat Halstead
12.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
13.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
14.
Woodrow Wilson
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Thomas Woodrow Wilson was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. Born in Staunton, Virginia, he spent his years in Augusta, Georgia and Columbia. In 1910, he was the New Jersey Democratic Partys gubernatorial candidate and was elected the 34th Governor of New Jersey, while in office, Wilson reintroduced the spoken State of the Union, which had been out of use since 1801. Leading the Congress that was now in Democratic hands, he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933. The Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, through passage of the Adamson Act that imposed an 8-hour workday for railroads, he averted a railroad strike and an ensuing economic crisis. Upon the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Wilson maintained a policy of neutrality, Wilson faced former New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes in the presidential election of 1916. By a narrow margin, he became the first Democrat since Andrew Jackson elected to two consecutive terms, Wilsons second term was dominated by American entry into World War I. In April 1917, when Germany had resumed unrestricted submarine warfare and sent the Zimmermann Telegram, the United States conducted military operations alongside the Allies, although without a formal alliance. During the war, Wilson focused on diplomacy and financial considerations, leaving military strategy to the generals, loaning billions of dollars to Britain, France, and other Allies, the United States aided their finance of the war effort. On the home front, he raised taxes, borrowing billions of dollars through the publics purchase of Liberty Bonds. In his 1915 State of the Union Address, Wilson asked Congress for what became the Espionage Act of 1917, the crackdown was intensified by his Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to include expulsion of non-citizen radicals during the First Red Scare of 1919–1920. Wilson staffed his government with Southern Democrats who implemented racial segregation at the Treasury, Navy and he gave department heads greater autonomy in their management. Following his return from Europe, Wilson embarked on a tour in 1919 to campaign for the treaty. The treaty was met with concern by Senate Republicans, and Wilson rejected a compromise effort led by Henry Cabot Lodge. Due to his stroke, Wilson secluded himself in the White House, disability having diminished his power, forming a strategy for re-election, Wilson deadlocked the 1920 Democratic National Convention, but his bid for a third-term nomination was overlooked. Wilson was a devoted Presbyterian and Georgist, and he infused his views of morality into his domestic and he appointed several well known radically progressive single taxers to prominent positions in his administration. His ideology of internationalism is now referred to as Wilsonian, an activist foreign policy calling on the nation to promote global democracy and he was the third of four children of Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Jessie Janet Woodrow. Wilsons paternal grandparents immigrated to the United States from Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland and his mother was born in Carlisle, England, the daughter of Rev. Dr. Thomas Woodrow from Paisley, Scotland, and Marion Williamson from Glasgow
15.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
16.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
17.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
18.
Thomas R. Marshall
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Thomas Riley Marshall was an American Democratic politician who served as the 28th Vice President of the United States under Woodrow Wilson. In office, he proposed a controversial and progressive state constitution, the Republican minority used the state courts to block the attempt to change the constitution. While he was president in the United States Senate, a number of anti-war senators kept it deadlocked by refusing to end debate. Marshalls vice presidency is most remembered for a crisis following a stroke that incapacitated Wilson in October 1919. Because of their dislike for him, Wilsons advisers and wife Edith sought to keep Marshall uninformed about the presidents condition to prevent him from easily assuming the presidency. Many people, including officials and Congressional leaders, urged Marshall to become acting president. Marshall is also the only known Vice President of the United States to have been targeted in an assassination attempt while in office. After his terms as president, he opened an Indianapolis law practice. He continued to travel and speak publicly, Marshall died while on a trip after suffering a heart attack in 1925. Thomas Marshalls paternal grandfather, Riley Marshall, immigrated to Indiana in 1817 and settled on a farm in present-day Whitley County. He became wealthy when a deposit of oil and natural gas was discovered on his farm. He was also able to send his child, Daniel. Marshalls mother, Martha Patterson, was orphaned at age thirteen while living in Ohio, Martha was known for her wit and humor, as her son later would be. Martha and Daniel met and married in 1848, Thomas Riley Marshall was born in North Manchester, Indiana, on March 14,1854. Two years later, a sister was born, but she died in infancy, Martha had contracted tuberculosis, which Daniel believed to be the cause of their infant daughters poor health. While Marshall was still a boy, his family moved several times in search of a good climate for Daniel to attempt different outdoor cures on Martha. They moved first to Quincy, Illinois in 1857, the family moved to Osawatomie, Kansas, in 1859, but the frontier violence caused them to move to Missouri in 1860. Eventually, Daniel succeeded in curing Marthas disease, as the American Civil War neared, violence spread into Missouri during the Bleeding Kansas incidents
19.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
20.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
21.
Edward Douglass White
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American politician and jurist, was a United States senator, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and the ninth Chief Justice of the United States, from 1910 to his death in 1921. He was best known for formulating the Rule of Reason standard of antitrust law and he sided with the Supreme Court majority in Plessy v. White was born in 1845 in his parents house, now known as the Edward Douglass White House. He was the son of Edward Douglass White, Sr. a former governor of Louisiana and he was a grandson of Dr. James White, a U. S. representative, physician, and judge. On his mothers side, he was the grandson of Tench Ringgold, appointed as a U. S. marshal of the District of Columbia under the James Monroe and he was also related on his maternal side to the Lee family of Virginia. The White familys large plantation in Louisiana was based on cultivating and processing for market sugar cane, Whites paternal ancestors were of Irish Catholic descent, and he was reared in that religion. He was a devout Roman Catholic his entire life and he studied first at the Jesuit College in New Orleans, then at Mount St. Mary’s College near Emmitsburg, Maryland. Last, he attended Georgetown University in Washington, D. C. where he was a member of the Philodemic Society, after the American Civil War, he returned to academic work and studied law at the University of Louisiana. Whites studies at Georgetown were interrupted by the American Civil War and this is questionable, as his widowed mother had remarried and was living with the rest of the family in New Orleans at the time. When he returned to Louisiana, it was probably to his home in New Orleans. It is possible that White enlisted in the Lafourche militia, as its muster rolls are not complete, there is no documentation, however, that White served in any Confederate volunteer unit or militia unit engaged in campaigns in the Lafourche area. Another account suggests that he was assigned as an aide to Confederate General W. N. R. Beall, Port Hudson had a garrison of 18,000 Confederate soldiers, but a numerically superior Union force surrounded it. After a siege lasting from May 21 to July 8,1863, but, Whites name does not appear on any list of prisoners captured at Port Hudson. According to another account of questionable reliability, White was supposedly sent to a Mississippi prisoner of war camp, when White was paroled, he supposedly returned to the family plantation, to find it abandoned, the canefields barren, and the place nearly empty of most former slaves. These records confirm his service as a lieutenant in Captain W. B, Barrows company of a Louisiana cavalry regiment, for all practical purposes a loosely organized band of irregulars or scouts. One organizing officer of regiment, which was sometimes called Barrows Regiment or the 9th Louisiana Cavalry Regiment, was Major Robert Pruyn. Pruyn served as courier relaying messages from Port Hudsons commander, General Franklin Gardner, to General Joseph E. Johnston, Pruyn escaped from Port Hudson prior to its surrender in the same manner. White was one of three soldiers to serve on the Supreme Court
22.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
23.
Champ Clark
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James Beauchamp Champ Clark was a prominent American politician in the Democratic Party from the 1890s until his death. A Representative of Missouri from 1893 to 1895 and from 1897 to 1921 and he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for President in 1912. Clark was born in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky, to John Hampton Clark, through his mother, he was the first cousin twice removed of the famous lawyer-turned-murderer Jereboam O. Beauchamp. He is also descended from the famous John Beauchamp through his mother. He graduated from Bethany College where he was initiated into Delta Tau Delta Fraternity, and Cincinnati Law School and moved to Missouri in 1875 and he eventually settled in Bowling Green, Missouri, the county seat of Pike County. He served a principal at Marshall College from 1873 to 1874, Clark was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1892. After a surprise loss in 1894 to William M. Treloar, he regained the seat in 1896, and remained in the House until his death, Clark ran for House Minority Leader in 1903 but was defeated by John Sharp Williams of Mississippi. After Williams ran for the Senate in 1908, Clark ran again for the position and won, when the Democrats won control of the House in 1911, Clark became Speaker. In 1911, Clark gave a speech that helped to decide the election in Canada, Clark went on to suggest in his speech that the treaty was the first step towards the end of Canada, a speech that was greeted with prolonged applause according to the Congressional Record. Remarks about the absorption of one country by another grate harshly on the ears of the smaller, the Conservative Party of Canada, which opposed the treaty, won the Canadian election in large part because of Clarks speech. Clarks Speakership was notable for two things, Clarks skill from 1910 to 1914 in maintaining party unity to block William Howard Tafts legislation and then pass Wilsons. Also, Clark split the party in 1917 and 1918, when he opposed Wilsons decision to bring the United States into World War I, in addition, Clark opposed the Federal Reserve Act, which concentrated financial power in the hands of eastern banks. Clarks opposition to the Federal Reserve Act is said to be the reason that Missouri is the state granted two Federal Reserve Banks. Clark was defeated in the Republican landslide of 1920 and died shortly thereafter in his home in Washington, Champ Clark is the namesake of the small community of Champ, Audrain County, Missouri. The former Clark National Forest likewise was named after him, Clark married to Genevieve Bennett Clark on December 14,1881. Together, they had two children, Joel Bennett Clark and Genevieve Clark Thomson, bennet served as a United States Senator from Missouri from 1933 to 1945. Genevieve was a suffragette and a candidate for the House of Representatives for Louisiana, specific General Garraty, John A. and Mark C. New York, Oxford University Press,1999, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
24.
Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
25.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
26.
62nd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from March 4,1911 to March 4,1913, during the third and fourth years of William H. Tafts presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twelfth Census of the United States in 1900, additional House seats were assigned to the two new states of New Mexico and Arizona. The size of the House was to be 435 starting with the new Congress coming into session in 1913, the Senate had a Republican majority, and the House had a Democratic majority. April 27,1911, Following the resignation and death of William P. Frye, a compromise is reached to rotate the office of President pro tempore of the United States Senate. April 30,1911, Great Fire of 1911 May 15,1911, The Supreme Court declared Standard Oil to be a monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act. April 15,1912, The RMS Titanic sank, June 25,1912, The Democratic National Convention nominated New Jersey Gov. Woodrow Wilson in Baltimore. August 5,1912, Dissident Republicans formed the Progressive or Bull Moose Party, october 30,1912, Vice President James S. Sherman died. November 5,1912, U. S. presidential election,1912, Woodrow Wilson beat incumbent William Howard Taft, August 8,1911, Public Law 62-5, Pub. L. 62–5 August 24,1912, Lloyd–La Follette Act, ch, february 14,1912, Arizona admitted to the Union August 24,1912, Alaska Territory created. For the remainder of this Congress, the office rotated among five Senators, the Senate at that time was split between progressive Republicans, conservative Republicans, and Democrats. Each put forth a candidate, and the ballots were deadlocked until August 1911 when a compromise was reached, democrat Augustus Bacon served for one day on August 14,1911, and thereafter he and four Republicans rotated holding the seat for the remainder of the Congress. These Republicans were, Charles Curtis, Jacob H. Gallinger, a few senators were elected directly by the residents of the state. The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. There were 20 changes,6 deaths,2 resignations,1 invalidated election,6 appointees replaced by electees,4 seats added from new states, Democrats had a 4-seat net gain, and no other parties had a net change. Sorted Chronologically by date of vacancy House vacancies are filled by elections. State laws regulate when there will be special elections, Charles F. Riddell of Indiana, elected July 18,1912. Biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress, archived from the original on 1 June 2006. Archived from the original on 1 June 2006, archived from the original on 1 June 2006
27.
63rd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1913 to March 4,1915, during the first two years of Woodrow Wilsons presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Thirteenth Census of the United States in 1910, both chambers had a Democratic majority. March 4,1913, Woodrow Wilson became President of the United States, March 9,1914, The Senate adopted a rule forbidding smoking on the floor of the Senate because Senator Ben Tillman, recovering from a stroke, found the smoke irritating. July 28,1914, World War I began in Europe August 15,1914, The Panama Canal was inaugurated August 19,1914, may 8,1914, Smith-Lever Act, ch. 717,15 U. S. C. §41 October 2,1914, River and Harbors Act of 1914 October 15,1914, Clayton Antitrust Act, a few senators were elected directly by the residents of the state. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, donnelly, Cornelius Ford Secretary, Charles G. Bennett of New York James M. Baker of South Carolina, elected March 13,1913. Clerk, South Trimble of Kentucky, elected April 7,1913, sergeant at Arms, Robert B. Gordon of Ohio, elected April 7,1913. Doorkeeper, Joseph J. Sinnott of Virginia, elected April 7,1913, postmaster, William M. Dunbar of Georgia, elected April 7,1913. Clerk at the Speaker’s Table, Bennett C. Clark Chaplain, Henry N. Couden, Universalist, biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress. Archived from the original on 1 June 2006, archived from the original on 1 June 2006. Archived from the original on 1 June 2006, official Congressional Directory for the 63rd Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 63rd Congress, 2nd Session, official Congressional Directory for the 63rd Congress, 2nd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 63rd Congress, 2nd Session, official Congressional Directory for the 63rd Congress, 3rd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 63rd Congress, 3rd Session
28.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
29.
Emmet O'Neal
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Emmet ONeal was an American Democratic politician and lawyer who was the 34th Governor of Alabama from 1911 to 1915. He was a reformer in the mold, and is best known for securing the commission form of government for the cities of Alabama. ONeal was born on September 23,1853 in Florence, Alabama to Edward A. ONeal and his father Edward A. ONeal was a Confederate Army officer and served as Governor of Alabama from 1882 to 1886, as a Democrat. ONeal received his schooling in Florence and was a student at the University of Mississippi in 1870 and 1871. He received the degree of A. B. from the University of Alabama in 1873, reading law under the supervision of his father, he was admitted to the bar in Florence in 1876. In 1901 and in 1910 he was elected and served as president of the Alabama Bar Association, in 1911 he was made a member of the governing board of the American Bar Association. ONeal served as an elector in Alabamas 8th congressional district in 1888 and was an elector at large from Alabama in 1892 and 1908. He was appointed as United States District Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama and he played a large role in framing the suffrage provisions so as to eliminate the illiterate black vote without running afoul of the US Constitution as then interpreted. In the runup to the 1908 presidential election, he made a speaking tour in the West campaigning for William Jennings Bryan. In 1909, he campaigned against the addition of an amendment to the Constitution of Alabama. ONeal was elected governor in 1910, began his term of service in January 1911 and he was active in urging a new constitutional convention and his legal writings were published and read. He was an member of the Governors conference and took part in all the debates during his term. ONeal was chairman of the Alabama delegation at the 1912 Democratic National Convention that resulted in the nomination of Woodrow Wilson for president, at the time of the conference of Governors, Governor ONeal served as a member of the executive committee of that body. Governor ONeal made the commission system his favored reform, and secure its passage by the legislature in 1911. The cities of Birmingham, Montgomery and Mobile quickly adopted the commission form He was a member of the Knights of Pythias, the Elks, the Presbyterian church, in 1915, Governor ONeal was appointed referee in bankruptcy, with offices in the Federal building in Birmingham. After his term as governor, he worked in manufacturing in Birmingham, serving as secretary. Governor ONeal was a frequent contributor to The North American Review and he also served as a vice-president of the American Bar Association. On July 21,1891, Governor ONeal married Elizabeth Kirkman and they had three children, Kirkman, Olivia and Elizabeth
30.
Governor of Arizona
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The Governor of Arizona is the head of the executive branch of Arizonas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Twenty-two people have served as governor over 26 distinct terms, one governor, Evan Mecham, was successfully impeached, and one, Fife Symington III, resigned upon being convicted of a felony. The longest-serving governor was Hunt, who was elected seven times, bolin had the shortest tenure, dying less than five months after succeeding as governor. Four governors were born in Arizona, Campbell, Sidney Preston Osborn, Rose Mofford. Arizona has had four governors, the most in the United States. The current Governor is Doug Ducey, who was elected on November 4,2014 and this proposed territory consisted of the part of New Mexico Territory south of 33°40 N. On April 2, they elected a governor, Lewis Owings, the provisional territory was to exist until such time as an official territory was created, but that proposal was rejected by the U. S. Congress at the time. On March 16,1861, soon before the American Civil War broke out, Lewis Owings remained as territorial governor. The Confederacy took ownership of the territory on August 1,1861, when led by Lieutenant Colonel John Baylor won decisive control of the territory. The territory was organized on February 14,1862, on March 20,1862, Baylor issued an order to kill all the adult Apache and take their children into slavery. When Confederate President Jefferson Davis learned of this order, he strongly disapproved and demanded an explanation. Baylor wrote a letter December 29,1862, to justify his decision, by that time, the government of Confederate Arizona was in exile in San Antonio, Texas, as the territory had been effectively lost to Union forces in July 1862, no new governor was appointed. For the period before Arizona Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Arizona Territory was formed on February 24,1863 from New Mexico Territory, remaining a territory for 49 years. On January 18,1867, the corner of the territory was transferred to the state of Nevada. The state of Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14,1912, the state constitution of 1912 called for the election of a governor every two years. The term was increased to four years by a 1968 amendment, gubernatorial terms begin on the first Monday in the January following the election. Governors who have served the two term limit can run again after four years out of office. Arizona is one of seven states which does not have a lieutenant governor, instead, in the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the Secretary of State, if elected, succeeds to the office
31.
George W. P. Hunt
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George Wylie Paul Hunt was an American politician and businessman. He was the first Governor of Arizona, serving a total of seven terms, in addition, Hunt served in both houses of the Arizona Territorial Legislature and was posted as U. S. Calling himself the Old Walrus, Hunt was 5 feet 9 inches tall, close to 300 pounds, bald, Hunt was also an opponent of capital punishment and a supporter of organized labor. Hunt was born in Huntsville, Missouri, to George Washington and his family was originally well-to-do, with the town of Huntsville having been named for Hunts grandfather, but lost its fortune as a result of the American Civil War. After being educated in a combination of public and private schools, for three years, his family believed he had been killed by Indians while Hunt traveled through Kansas, Colorado and rafted down the Rio Grande. Hunt arrived in Globe, Arizona, his home for the rest of his life and his first job was as a waiter in the Pasco Café. This was followed by a series of odd jobs, including a mucker in a mine and work on a cattle ranch, early experience in the grocery department led Hunt to perform most of his households shopping. The store was purchased by a concern, the Old Dominion Commercial Company. Following his election as governor, he sold his company stock, Hunt married Helen Duett Ellison in Holbrook, Arizona, on February 24,1904. The couple had a daughter, named Virginia. Hunts personal interests included cultivation of rare shrubs and trees along with collection of Southwestern Indian art and he was a Freemason and an Oddfellow. Hunts first foray into politics was an unsuccessful 1890 run for county recorder of Gila County and this was followed by successful runs for the Territorial House of Representatives in 1892 and 1894. During his first term as a Representative, Hunt sponsored legislation authorizing a US$5,000 reward for capture of the Apache Kid, after two terms in the lower house Hunt successfully ran for a seat in the upper house, the Council, in 1896. During the 1897 legislative session, he sponsored legislation requiring children between eight and fourteen years of age attend school for a minimum of twelve weeks per year, Hunt was reelected to the Council in 1898 before voluntarily leaving politics till 1904. Upon reentering politics, he was elected to the council in 1904,1906. During the 23rd Arizona Territorial Legislature, Hunt was President of the Council but was unable to secure passage of his bill providing primary elections to nominate political candidates, during the 1907 legislative session he secured passage of a bill outlawing gambling within the territory. During his final session, Hunt once again served as President of the Council. Following passage of Arizonas Enabling Act, an election was called to select delegates to a constitutional convention, Hunt won election as one of five delegates from Gila County
32.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
33.
George Washington Hays
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George Washington Hays was the 24th Governor of the U. S. state of Arkansas. Hays was born in Camden, Arkansas, Hays was probate and county judge for Ouachita County, Arkansas between 1900 and 1905. Hays served as a judge with the Thirteenth Circuit Court from 1906 to 1913, when Governor Joseph Taylor Robinson resigned in 1913 to serve in the United States Senate, a special election was held and Hays was elected governor. His administration focused on improvement and enactment of a statewide prohibition law. The Hays administration also enacted a child labor law and completed construction of the new capitol building. Hays won reelection in an election in 1914. Hays returned to law practice in Little Rock after his term as governor. Hays died in Little Rock, Arkansas of influenza and pneumonia and is buried in Camden, list of Governors of Arkansas Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture Old Statehouse Museum National Governors Association
34.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
35.
Hiram Johnson
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He was Theodore Roosevelts running mate in the 1912 presidential election on the Progressive party. His mother was Annie DeMontfredy, partially descended of a family of Huguenots who had left France after the Edict of Nantes, Annie was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, claiming descent from a general of the Continental Army. Johnson had a brother and three sisters, after attending public schools and Heald College, Johnson first worked as a shorthand reporter and stenographer in law offices. He eventually pursued a career, studying at the University of California, Berkeley. He was admitted to the bar in 1888 and commenced practice in his hometown, in 1902, he moved to San Francisco. He served as assistant district attorney and became active in reform politics and he attracted statewide attention in 1908 when he assisted Francis J. Heney in the graft prosecution of Abe Ruef and Mayor Eugene Schmitz. His success was due in large measure to the fact that after Heney was gunned down in the courtroom and he married Minne L. McNeal, the couple had two sons. In 1910, Johnson won the election as a member of the Lincoln–Roosevelt League. He toured the state in an open automobile, in office, Johnson was a populist who implemented many important reforms. Among them was the election of U. S. senators. In 1911, Johnson and the Progressives added initiative, referendum, Johnson was instrumental in the establishment of a railroad commission to regulate the power of the Southern Pacific Railroad. On taking office, Johnson soon paroled the convicted Southern Pacific train bandit Chris Evans, nationally, Johnson was a founder of the Progressive Party in 1912. The Progressives finished second ahead of the incumbent Republican, President William Howard Taft. Johnson was re-elected governor of California in 1914, almost doubling his opponents vote total, in 1916, Johnson ran successfully for the U. S. Senate, defeating Democrat George S. Patton, Sr. and assuming office on March 16,1917. It is alleged that was the year that he spoke the words for which he is best remembered today, however, the source of the famous quote has yet to be determined. From 1917 to 1929, he resided at Riversdale in Riverdale Park, following Theodore Roosevelts death in January 1919, Johnson was regarded as the natural leader of the Progressive Party. In 1920, however, he did not attempt to revive the Progressive Party and he was defeated for the Republican presidential nomination by U. S. Johnson also did not get the support of Roosevelts family, who instead supported Roosevelts long-time friend Leonard Wood, at the convention, Johnson was asked to serve as Hardings running mate, but he declined
36.
Governor of Colorado
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The Governor of the State of Colorado is the head of the executive branch of Colorados state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Seven people served as governor of Colorado Territory over eight terms, since statehood, there have been 36 governors, serving 41 distinct terms. The longest-serving governors were Richard Dick Lamm and Roy Romer, who served twelve years over three terms. Thus, Peabody served only a few minutes as governor, the current governor is John Hickenlooper, who took office on January 11,2011. The self-proclaimed Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on November 7,1859, Jefferson Territory included all of present-day Colorado, but extended about 3 miles farther east,138 miles farther north, and about 50 miles farther west. The territory was never recognized by the government in the tumultuous days before the American Civil War. The Jefferson Territory had only one governor, Robert Williamson Steele and he proclaimed the territory dissolved on June 6,1861, several months after the official formation of the Colorado Territory, but only days after the arrival of its first governor. For the period before Colorado Territory was formed, see the lists of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Utah Territory, Kansas Territory, the State of Colorado was admitted to the Union on August 1,1876. To serve as governor, one must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen of the United States, and have been a resident of the state for at least two years prior to election. The state constitution of 1876 originally called for election of the governor two years, with their term beginning on the second Tuesday of the January following the election. An amendment passed in 1956, taking effect in 1959, increased terms to four years, originally, there was no term limit applied to the governor, a 1990 amendment allowed governors to succeed themselves only once. There is however no limit on the number of terms one may serve as long as one who has served the two term limit is out of office for four years. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, the lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor until a 1968 amendment to the constitution made it so that they are elected on the same ticket. There are four living former governors of Colorado, the oldest being Roy Romer, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John David Vanderhoof, who died on September 19,2013
37.
Elias M. Ammons
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Elias Milton Ammons served as the 19th Governor of Colorado from 1913 to 1915. Born in 1860 in Macon County, North Carolina, he is perhaps best remembered for ordering National Guard troops into Ludlow and he was also instrumental in starting the National Western Stock Show, which is still active. His son Teller Ammons was also governor of Colorado and he died in Denver, Colorado in 1925 and was buried in Fairmount Cemetery in Denver. He was born in Macon County, North Carolina, at age 26 he moved to Colorado and started in the cattle business. Ammons was elected Governor of Colorado in November 1912 after running as a Democrat, while Governor, Ammons was accused of favoring the mine owners in a strike at many coalmines in the state lasting from 1913-1914. Ammons left office on January 12,1915, and retired from public service, Governor Elias M. Ammons Collection at the Colorado State Archives Colorado Governor Elias Milton Ammons, National Governors Association biography Elias M. Ammons at Find a Grave
38.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
39.
Simeon Eben Baldwin
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Simeon Eben Baldwin, jurist, law professor and the 65th Governor of Connecticut, was the son of jurist, Connecticut governor and U. S. Senator Roger Sherman Baldwin and Emily Pitkin Perkins, on 19 October 1865 he married Susan Mears Winchester, daughter of Edmund Winchester and Harriet Mears. Simeon and Susan had three children, Florence, Roger and Helen, as a boy he attended the Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven, Connecticut. Ties of loyalty and interest bound him to school for the rest of his life. From the Hopkins Grammar School he went to Yale College, from which he was graduated with the class of 1861, there is scant information as to his four years at college. During that period he kept a diary from which he read extracts on the reunion of his class. That the studious traits which he later manifested were not altogether lacking at this time may be inferred from the fact that he was elected a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Skull & Bones. For the two following his graduation from college he studied law at Yale, at Harvard. In 1863 he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law, in the practice of the law he won distinction both in his own state and outside, and with it the financial emoluments that usually accompany success at the bar. He was keenly alive to the side of the lawyers work. Till almost the end of his life he maintained a law office, which he visited daily as long as his health would permit. As late as 1919 his book The Young Man and the Law revealed him still at heart a lawyer, in 1878, he was one of the founders of the American Bar Association and served as President of the American Bar Association from 1890-1891. For twelve years he was the director of the American Bar Associations Comparative Law Bureau, during the middle portion of his life he was actively engaged in teaching law. Probably in his day not a dozen teachers of the law in our country could be placed in his class. To the same effect may be interpreted the action of the Association of American Law Schools, in 1869 he was appointed to the faculty of the Yale Law School, then in a moribund condition. His active participation in the affairs of school was to continue for just fifty years. The revival of the law school was largely his work and he increased the size of the faculty, instituted new courses, developed graduate work, and for a long time carried much of the financial responsibility for the schools existence. In addition to his work as lawyer and teacher he took a part in the public affairs of New Haven
40.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
41.
Charles R. Miller
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Charles Robert Miller was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, Miller was born on September 30,1857 in West Chester, Pennsylvania, the son of Margaretta and Robert Miller. He graduated from Swarthmore College in 1879 and the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1881 and he had married Abigail Morgan Woodnutt in 1874 and they had three children, Thomas W. Clement W. and Mrs. Forest Willard. Charles and family were members of the Episcopal Church, shortly afterwards he came to Delaware as a lawyer for the Wilmington Malleable Iron Company. Miller served one term in the Delaware State Senate, during the 1911/1912 session, after he left state office he practiced law in Wilmington and was President of the Wilmington Farmers Bank. Miller was elected Governor of Delaware in 1912 by defeating Thomas M. Monaghan,1912 was a Democratic sweep, except for Millers narrow victory, perhaps attributed to the fact that Monaghan, his opponent, was a Roman Catholic. During his term ferry service was initiated between New Castle, Delaware and Penns Grove, New Jersey and the Lewes-Rehoboth Canal was built, women were also first admitted to Delaware College. The major event, however, was the outbreak of World War I in Europe, Miller died while visiting a friend at Berlin, New Jersey and is buried in the Wilmington and Brandywine Cemetery at Wilmington. His son, Thomas W. Miller, was the U. S, representative from Delaware during the last two years of his term. His grandson, Clement W. Miller, was a U. S, representative from California from 1959 until 1962. Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1, members of the Delaware General Assembly take office the second Tuesday of January. State Senators have a four-year term, the Governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and has a four-year term. Clearing New Ground, The Life of John G. Townsend, Jr. Wilmington, Delaware, history of Delaware Through its Governors. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States 1789-1978, hall of Governors Portrait Gallery, Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Dover. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States Delaware’s Governors Charles R
42.
Governor of Florida
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The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
43.
Park Trammell
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Park Monroe Trammell, an American politician of the Democratic Party, was the 21st Governor of Florida and represented Florida in the United States Senate from 1917 until 1936. Born in Macon County, Alabama, his family relocated to Polk County, Florida and he attended college at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. During the Spanish–American War he served in the service in Tampa. After the war, he returned to Polk County, settling in Lakeland, Florida and he was married to Virginia Darby Trammell. He held several elected offices in his life. C and he is buried in Roselawn Cemetery in Lakeland, Florida. Vinson–Trammell Act Official Governors portrait and biography from the State of Florida United States Congress, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
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John M. Slaton
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John Marshall Jack Slaton served two non-consecutive terms as the 60th Governor of Georgia. His political career was ended in 1915 after he commuted the death penalty sentence of Atlanta factory boss Leo Frank, because of Slatons law firm partnership with Frank’s defense counsel, claims were made that Slatons involvement raised a conflict of interest. Soon after Slatons action, Frank was lynched, after Slatons term as governor ended, he and his wife left the state for a decade. Slaton later served as president of the Georgia State Bar Association, Slaton was born in Meriwether County, Georgia. Slaton received a master of arts degree with highest honors from the University of Georgia in 1886 where he joined Chi Phi Fraternity, Slaton married Sarah Frances Grant in 1898. S. Senate in 1911, Slaton was appointed acting governor and served in capacity from 1911 to 1912. Slaton was later elected to the governorship for a second term. In 1915, Slaton commuted the sentence for Leo Frank from death to life imprisonment and it means that I must live in obscurity the rest of my days, but I would rather be plowing in a field than to feel that I had that blood on my hands. Because of the almost universal hostility towards Leo Frank by the public in Georgia. Public disapproval of Slaton persisted for a time afterwards. Sparing Franks life had the effect of permanently ending Slatons political career, some viewed the commutation by Slaton as a conflict of interest, as Slaton was a law partner of Franks lead defense counsel. Slatons actions led to threats of mob violence against the governor, fear of retaliation prompted Slaton and his wife to move out of Georgia after his term as governor ended. They did not return to the state for a decade, after his public service, Slaton served as the President of the Georgia State Bar Association and as a member of the General Council of the American Bar Association. The former governor died in Atlanta on January 11,1955 and is interred with his wife Sarah Frances Grant Slaton in the Grant family mausoleum at Atlantas Oakland Cemetery, in 1939, he received an honorary degree in Doctor of Laws from Oglethorpe University. Slaton at the Atlanta History Center and it was the first public honoring of Governor Slaton since his controversial commutation of the Leo Frank death sentence almost 100 years ago to the day. We need to fight for justice under the law, even if we do not immediately prevail. Letters of support for Governor Slaton were presented by Jerry Klinger, President of the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation, from Georgia Governor Nathan Deal, senator David Perdue, U. S. Slaton served in both houses of the Georgia legislature and two terms as governor. While in office, he modernized Georgias tax system and roads, Slatons commutation of Franks death sentence drew national attention but hostile local backlash resulted in Franks lynching in August 1915 and the end of Slatons political career
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Governor of Idaho
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The Governor of Idaho is the head of the executive branch of Idahos state government and commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The governor has the duty to see state laws are executed, Idaho Territory had 16 territorial governors appointed by the President of the United States from the territorys organization in 1863 until the formation of the state of Idaho in 1890. Four of these never took office, resigning before reaching the territory, thirty individuals have held the office of governor of Idaho since the states admission to the Union in 1890, two of whom—C. A. Bottolfsen and Cecil D. Andrus—served non-consecutive terms, the states first governor, George Laird Shoup, had the shortest term of three months, and Cecil D. Andrus served as governor the longest at 14 years. Four governors resigned, but none has died while in office, there have been 20 Republican and 12 Democratic governors. The current governor is C. L. Butch Otter, who took office on January 1,2007, Idaho Territory was created from Dakota Territory, Nebraska Territory, and Washington Territory on March 4,1863. Initially, the territory included all of modern-day Idaho and Montana, on May 26,1864, Montana Territory was split from Idaho Territory, and most of the Wyoming portion was reassigned to Dakota Territory. The portion east of the 111th meridian was split off as part of the new Wyoming Territory on July 25,1868, giving Idaho Territory its final borders. Due to the distance between Washington, D. C. and Boise, there was often a lengthy gap between a governor being appointed and his arrival in the territory, four resigned before even arriving. Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3,1890, since then, the state has had 30 governors, two of whom served non-consecutive terms. The terms for governor and lieutenant governor are four years, commencing on the first Monday in the January following the election, prior to 1946, the offices were elected to terms of two years. If the office of governor is vacant or the governor is out of state or unable to discharge his duties, after the change to four-year terms, self-succession was not initially allowed, newly elected Governor Robert E. There is no limit to the number of terms a governor may serve, Democratic Republican Sixteen of Idahos governors have served higher federal offices or as governors of other states. Nine have served in the U. S. Senate, eight of those representing Idaho, and three have served in the U. S. House, one representing Idaho, one New York, and one the territories of Idaho and Washington. Idaho shares a governor with Arizona Territory, and one was appointed to Washington Territory, Secretaries of the Interior, and one served as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Six governors resigned to take a new office, including both territorial delegates, both Secretaries of the Interior, and two senators, in addition, two people who were appointed governor of Idaho Territory but never took office held other high offices. Gilman Marston, appointed governor in 1870, was a representative and senator from New Hampshire, all representatives and senators mentioned represented Idaho except where noted. There are four living former governors of Idaho, the oldest being Phil Batt, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John V. Evans, at age 89 on July 8,2014
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Media related to 1913 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
